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Döös, Marianne, and Lena Wilhelmson. "Proximity and distance: phases of intersubjective qualitative data analysis in a research team." Quality & Quantity 48, no. 2 (2012): 1089–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11135-012-9816-y.
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Chikezie, Uchechukwu, and Nkeiruka Yvonne. "Phytochemical And Proximate Compositions of Tetracarpidium Conophorum [African Walnut] Seeds." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 7, no. 1 (2018): 967–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jbt.v7i1.6411.
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A sample of boiled Tetracarpidiumconophorum (African walnut) seeds was analyzed for the phytochemical and proximate compositions. The result of the phytochemical [qualitative] screeningrevealed the presence of high concentrations of Alkaloids and Steroids, and moderate concentration of Tannins. There were no traces of Saponins, Phlobotannins, Flavonoids, Phenols and Glycosides. The proximate analysis showed that the boiled seeds contained 5.5% moisture, 19.3% carbohydrate, 17.9% protein, 53.4% crude fat, 1.24% crude fiberand 2.67% ash. Data from thisstudy showedthat theboiled Tetracarpidiumconophorum seeds contain some bioactive compounds and have good nutritional composition. They could be useful in pharmaceutical formulations and as food.
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Akoul, Mustapha, Said Lotfi, and Mohamed Radid. "Qualitative modelling of accompaniment’s postures in training spatio-temporal analysis." Global Journal of Guidance and Counseling in Schools: Current Perspectives 10, no. 1 (2020): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjgc.v10i1.4550.
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This is a qualitative study that aims at exploring textual data in a coherent set of journal articles on the theme of educational and training support. This textual study allowed us to identify four different postures in all our analyses. Firstly, the time allocated to accompaniment: moving from permanent to periodicals. In the second place, it is about the space where the exchanges between the person being accompanied and the accompanier take place: from proximity to distance in exchanges. On the theoretical level, the aim of this article is to propose a qualitative model through four postures of accompaniment in training and education. On a practical level, it also aims at clarifying the specificities of these four postures, the typical tools of their exercises, the expected effects and the conditions of their application and, finally, the limits of their adoption in different contexts. The relevance of this work is the prescription of a progressive approach on a set of characteristics specific to each of the four postures observed. This progressive continuum obeys an evolutionary dynamic going from the most caring posture for the person being supported to the most empowering for him.
 
 Keywords: Accompaniment, distance, space-time, modelling, postures, proximity.
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Rutten, Roel. "Comparing causal logics: A configurational analysis of proximities using simulated data." Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftsgeographie 64, no. 3 (2020): 134–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zfw-2019-0023.
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AbstractUnnoticed by economic geography for fifteen years, Boschma’s (2005) proximity paper conflates two different causal logics: regularity and substantive interpretation. The former is dominant in variable-based methods, the latter in case-based methods. Using the proximities approach as an example, this paper explains the differences between both logics. A QCA (Qualitative Comparative Analysis) study on simulated data demonstrates how case-based methods use substantive interpretation for causal inference. QCA is an important innovation in case-based methods that, thus far, economic geography has largely missed. QCA challenges the search for causal effects of individual causes and presents configurational causality as a compelling alternative.
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Sundari, Dike, Jumatul Hidayah, Sarwo Edy, and Farida Esmianti. "Error Analysis of English Sentence Structure in Students’ Written Paragraphs." ENGLISH FRANCA : Academic Journal of English Language and Education 5, no. 1 (2021): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.29240/ef.v5i1.2173.
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This research aimed to find out the types of sentence structure errors in English paragraphs written by tertiary English students and the factors causing the errors. This research employed an explanatory mixed-method design. Fourth-semester students from the English department of IAIN Curup were engaged as the subjects of this research. Positivism-governed document analyses and constructivism-based interviews were conducted to solicit the data as desired. The quantitative findings garnered from document analyses endorsing a ready-to-use construct proposed by Dulay, Burt, and Krashen (1982), revealed that there were four types of sentence structure errors students made, namely omission, addition, misformation, and misordering. Those types of errors were exhibited in a proximate composition which meant that the students had compatible difficulties in terms of the four types of errors. As uncovered from students' writing works, the four types of errors were found in the domains of words, phrases, and clauses. Subsequently, the qualitative findings, elicited from interviews, demonstrated that the factors of sentence structure errors extended to students' mother tongue interference, overgeneralization in the use of English rules and norms, and the lecturer's teaching material delivery and method. Anchored in the data gained, this research discussed the data from the perspective of interlanguage theory, wherein some reviews of SLA and EFL pedagogy-related theories were offered to help lower the factors causing English sentence structure errors in writing skills. Keywords: Errors, Sentence Structure, English writing skill
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Magsi, Habibullah, Andre Torre, Yansui Liu, and M. Javed Sheikh. "Land Use Conflicts in the Developing Countries: Proximate Driving Forces and Preventive Measures." Pakistan Development Review 56, no. 1 (2017): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v56i1pp.19-30.
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This research aims to analyse land use conflicts mainly caused by infrastructural development projects in the developing countries. For this purpose, qualitative data is gathered which is frequently published on land use conflicts against the development related infrastructure projects in Brazil, China, India, Indonesia and Pakistan. It identifies and defines land use conflicts, their dynamic features and contestations. The results reveal as to how the conflicts have been germinated by the property and human right violators? Further, it also focuses on the governance roles and responsibilities, the institutional inconsistency towards justice, and the local population’s mistrust in the respective case study areas. The analysis concludes with an overview of the root causes and consequences of land use conflicts, by indicating as to how land use decisions for infrastructural settings have changed rural economy, and induced local population to displace and oppose the projects. Finally, the study proposes some preventive measures to manage such conflicts. JEL Classification: D74, O16, H54 Keywords: Conflict, Proximity Relations, Infrastructure, Developing Countries
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Engelbart, Jacklyn M., Sydney Evans, Xiang Gao, et al. "Rural comprehensive cancer care: A qualitative analysis of current challenges and limitations." Journal of Clinical Oncology 39, no. 15_suppl (2021): e18538-e18538. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2021.39.15_suppl.e18538.
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e18538 Background: Providing comprehensive and coordinated cancer care in rural settings can be difficult due to limited resources. Meeting cancer care standards established by the American Society of Clinical Oncology Quality Oncology Practice Initiative or the American College of Surgeons Commission on Cancer is also challenging due to limited resources; the vast majority of certified or accredited practices/hospitals are in metropolitan areas. It is critical to describe barriers faced by rural providers so models can be developed to facilitate high quality cancer care. Qualitative interviews were conducted to elicit current challenges and barriers among rural Iowa cancer care providers, with the goal of identifying strategies that could facilitate high quality cancer care in rural areas. Methods: Eleven cancer providers associated with 10 (out of 12) Iowa hospitals that diagnose or treat > 100 cancer patients annually and are in non-metropolitan/rural counties (Rural-Urban Continuum Code: 4-9) were interviewed via telephone or video conference. Questions focused on services offered, perceived patient- and system-level barriers to cancer care, perceived strengths and challenges in providing and assessing quality cancer care, challenges to meeting standards of cancer care set forth by national organizations, and referral experiences. Results: The major identified strength of rural hospitals was their geographic proximity to rural patients. Most hospitals provided outpatient chemotherapy, and a minority provide radiation oncology services. Common reasons for referral outside rural hospital networks were lack of specialized diagnostic procedures and complex surgical resections more commonly available at tertiary institutions. Other reasons for referrals include 1) lack of advanced technologies and treatments; 2) lack of certification secondary to inadequate staffing to support data infrastructure for quality improvement or to meet accreditation standards of national organizations; and 3) lack of ancillary patient services such as navigation, survivorship programs, genetic counseling, and education. A final important cause of referral is limited access to clinical trials, an impediment to rural patient participation in investigational treatments. Identified benefits of strengthening collaborations with larger urban/academic cancer centers were access to educational opportunities, tumor boards, shared resources and strategies for data management, clinical trials, patient navigation services and survivorship programs. Conclusions: Rural cancer care providers identified a number of challenges that could be addressed through resource sharing from larger cancer centers. Further research is needed to develop models and approaches that extend resources, services and expertise to rural providers to facilitate high-quality cancer care for all rural patients.
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Mahdad, Maral, Thai Thi Minh, Marcel L. A. M. Bogers, and Andrea Piccaluga. "Joint university-industry laboratories through the lens of proximity dimensions: moving beyond geographical proximity." International Journal of Innovation Science 12, no. 4 (2020): 433–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijis-10-2019-0096.
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Purpose There is little known about investigating the importance of all proximity dimensions simultaneously as a result of geographical proximity on university-industry collaborative innovation. This paper aims to answer the question of how geographically proximate university and industry influence cognitive, social, organizational, institutional and cultural proximity within university-industry joint laboratories and finally, what is the outcome of these interplays on collaborative innovation. Design/methodology/approach The study uses an exploratory multiple-case study approach. The results are derived from 53 in-depth, semistructured interviews with laboratory directors and representatives from both the company and the university within 8 joint laboratories of Telecom Italia (TIM). The data collection was carried out in 2014 and 2015. The analysis follows a multi-grounded theory approach and relies on a mix of deductive and inductive reasoning with the final goal of theoretical elaboration. Findings This study finds the role of social and cultural proximity at the individual level as a result of geographical proximity as an enabler of collaborative innovation by triggering mutual learning, trust formation and frequent interactions. Cognitive proximity at the interface level could systematically influence collaborative innovation, while organizational and institutional proximity has marginal roles in facilitating collaborative innovation. The qualitative analysis offers a conceptual framework for proximity dimensions and collaborative innovation within university-industry joint laboratories. Practical implications The framework not only advances state-of-the-art university-industry collaboration and proximity dimension but also offers guidance for managers in designing collaborative innovation settings between university and industry. Originality/value With this study, the paper advances the understanding beyond solely the relationship between proximity and collaboration and shed light on the interplay between geographical proximity and other proximity dimensions in this context, which has received limited scholarly attention.
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Ford, Nicholas, Paul Trott, and Christopher Simms. "Food portions and consumer vulnerability: qualitative insights from older consumers." Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal 22, no. 3 (2019): 435–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qmr-10-2017-0134.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore older people’s food consumption experiences. Specifically, the paper seeks to provide understanding on the influence of food intake on consumer vulnerability and how this manifests within people’s lives. Design/methodology/approach The study adopts an interpretive, exploratory approach, using in-depth interviews with 20 older consumers in the UK. Thematic analysis is conducted, establishing patterns and contradictions with the data. Findings The findings demonstrate how biological, psychological and social age-related changes can contribute to reduced food intake in later life. The loss of control over one’s consumption experiences as a result of inappropriate portion sizes acts as a source of both immediate and future vulnerability. Resultant food wastage can serve as an immediate reminder of negative associates with ageing, while the accumulative effect of sustained under-consumption contributes to increased frailty. As a result, consumer vulnerability can pervade other contexts of an individual’s life. Practical implications The research reveals opportunities for firms to use packaging development to reduce experiences of consumer vulnerability through reduced apportionment of packaged food products. However, this needs to be considered within a multi-demographic marketplace. Originality/value This paper contributes to literature by providing a unique lens with which to understand consumer vulnerability. The findings offer a developmental perspective on the experience of consumer vulnerability, revealing the stages of proximate, immediate, intermediate and ultimate vulnerability. This perspective has the potential to offer more detailed, nuanced insights into vulnerability in other contexts beyond food consumption.
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Agius, Alan, Grazia Pastorelli, and Everaldo Attard. "Cows fed hydroponic fodder and conventional diet: effects on milk quality." Archives Animal Breeding 62, no. 2 (2019): 517–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-62-517-2019.
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Abstract. The technology of green fodder production is especially important in arid and semiarid regions. Hydroponics improves on average the amount of crops in the same space, as traditional soil-based farming and can reduce water consumption compared to traditional farming methods. Limited research has been carried out on the use of hydroponic fodder and milk quality. A comparative study of traditional (Malta farm) and hydroponic fodder (Gozo farm) was conducted in Malta with 20 cows of the Holstein–Friesian breed from two farms. Individual and bulk-tank milk samples were collected once a week for a period of 1 month in order to evaluate physical (pH, conductivity, density, freezing point) and chemical (fat, protein, ash, lactose, solid nonfat) parameters as well as mineral (Zn, Cu, Pb, Ba) content. Milk proximate and physical data were processed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures and an ANOVA procedure with farm and time as effects for minerals. The results indicated differences in fat content and pH, showing higher values (P<0.05) in milk samples of cows fed with the hydroponic rather than the traditional fodder; a significant time effect (P<0.001) was found in all qualitative analyses except for lactose and salts. Minerals were in the range as reported elsewhere; Cu and Pb content was significantly higher (P<0.001) in the Gozo farm than the one in Malta, whereas Zn content showed higher values in Malta (P<0.001) than Gozo. Although the proximate results were similar for both farms, except for the higher fat content for the Gozo farm, principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that milk quality for the Gozo farm was superior to that of the Malta farm. However, further studies are needed to determine the effects of different hydroponic fodder using a large herd size.
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Kruckeberg, Bradley M., Jorge Chahla, Gilbert Moatshe, et al. "Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of the Medial Patellar Ligaments: An Anatomic and Radiographic Study." American Journal of Sports Medicine 46, no. 1 (2017): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546517729818.
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Background: The qualitative and quantitative anatomy of the medial patellar stabilizers has been reported; however, a quantitative analysis of the anatomic and radiographic attachments of all 4 ligaments relative to anatomic and osseous landmarks, as well as to one another, has yet to be performed. Purpose: To perform a qualitative and quantitative anatomic and radiographic evaluation of the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL), medial patellotibial ligament (MPTL), medial patellomeniscal ligament (MPML), and medial quadriceps tendon femoral ligament (MQTFL) attachment sites, with attention to their relationship to pertinent osseous and soft tissue landmarks. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: Ten nonpaired fresh-frozen human cadaveric knees were dissected, and the MPFL, MPTL, MPML, and MQTFL were identified. A coordinate measuring device quantified the attachment areas of each structure and its relationship to pertinent bony landmarks. Radiographic analysis was performed through ligament attachment sites and relevant anatomic structures to assess their locations relative to pertinent bony landmarks. Results: Four separate medial patellar ligaments were identified in all specimens. The center of the MPFL attachments was 14.3 mm proximal and 2.1 mm posterior to the medial epicondyle and 8.3 mm distal and 2.7 mm anterior to the adductor tubercle on the femur and 8.9 mm distal and 19.9 mm medial to the superior pole on the patella. The MQTFL had a mean insertion length of 29.3 mm on the medial aspect of the distal quadriceps tendon. The MPTL and MPML shared a common patellar insertion and were 9.1 mm proximal and 15.4 mm medial to the inferior pole. The MPTL attachment inserted on a newly identified bony ridge, which was located 5.0 mm distal to the joint line. The orientation angles of the MPTL and MPML with respect to the patellar tendon were 8.3° and 22.7°, respectively. Conclusion: The most important findings of this study were the correlative anatomy of 4 distinct medial patellar ligaments (MPFL, MPTL, MPML, MQTFL), as well as the identification of a bony ridge on the medial proximal tibia that consistently served as the attachment site for the MPTL. The quantitative and radiographic measurements, while comparable with current literature, detailed the meniscal insertion of the MPML and defined a patellar insertion of the MPTL and the MPML as a single attachment. The data allow for reproducible landmarks to be established from previously known bony and soft tissue structures. Clinical Relevance: The findings of this study provide the anatomic foundation needed for an improved understanding of the role of medial-sided patellar restraints. This will help to further refine injury patterns and/or soft tissue deficiencies that result in lateral patellar instability, which can then be addressed with an anatomic-based reconstruction or repair technique and potentially lead to improved outcomes.
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Rathi, Dinesh, Lisa M. Given, and Eric Forcier. "Knowledge needs in the non-profit sector: an evidence-based model of organizational practices." Journal of Knowledge Management 20, no. 1 (2016): 23–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jkm-12-2014-0512.
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Purpose – This paper aims to present findings from a study of non-profit organizations (NPOs), including a model of knowledge needs that can be applied by practitioners and scholars to further develop the NPO sector. Design/methodology/approach – A survey was conducted with NPOs operating in Canada and Australia. An analysis of survey responses identified the different types of knowledge essential for each organization. Respondents identified the importance of three pre-determined themes (quantitative data) related to knowledge needs, as well as a fourth option, which was a free text box (qualitative data). The quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistical analyses and a grounded theory approach, respectively. Findings – Analysis of the quantitative data indicates that NPOs ' needs are comparable in both countries. Analysis of qualitative data identified five major categories and multiple sub-categories representing the types of knowledge needs of NPOs. Major categories are knowledge about management and organizational practices, knowledge about resources, community knowledge, sectoral knowledge and situated knowledge. The paper discusses the results using semantic proximity and presents an emergent, evidence-based knowledge management (KM)-NPO model. Originality/value – The findings contribute to the growing body of literature in the KM domain, and in the understudied research domain related to the knowledge needs and experiences of NPOs. NPOs will find the identified categories and sub-categories useful to undertake KM initiatives within their individual organizations. The study is also unique, as it includes data from two countries, Canada and Australia.
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Sutarman, Sutarman, Martin L. Manda, and Hamzah A. Machmoed. "On Morphological Analysis of Spatial Deixis in Mǝriaq-mǝriqu Dialect of Sasak Language." ELS Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities 3, no. 3 (2020): 415–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.34050/elsjish.v3i3.11323.
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This paper concentrates on the spatial deixis and its morphological structures in Mǝriaq-mǝriqu dialect of Sasak language. It includes in a typological study with qualitative method. This research employs two forms of data; primary data and secondary data. The primary data include the information obtained from the informants from every dialect. Secondary data are the data obtained from any documents of Sasak language such as folklore. There are two methods of data collection; field linguistic method and library method. Of the two methods, there are two techniques used in collecting data: Observation and interview. The results of this study accommodated all types of demonstratives by Diessel (1999) and Dixon (1988) and discover some new types contributing to the theory. The types of spatial deixis in this dialect are pronominal, adnominal, quantifier, intensifier, identificational, adverbial, verbal, and referential. In term of morphological structure, the demonstrative in this dialect is constructed of some affixes and the combination of two or more spatial deixis. Nominal demonstrative usually becomes stem of other demonstratives. Quantifier is constructed of prefix ‘se-‘plus manner demonstrative adverb(MDA). Intensifier is constructed of prefix ‘s-‘ plus pronominal, LDA is constructed of prefix ‘n-‘ plus pronominal for proximal, MDA is constructed of prefix ‘mer-‘ and ‘m-‘ plus pronominals, verbal demonstrative is constructed of confix ‘pe-q’ plus MDA, Referential demonstrative is constructed of MDA plus suffix ‘-q’.
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AMAN, Tauseef, Mussawar SHAH, Humera JAMAL, Younas KHAN, Muhammad ARIF, and Rubina NOOR. "A Cross Sectional Analysis of Tourism Development and Social Development." Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 12, no. 2 (2021): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jemt.12.2(50).16.
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The major objective of this study was to measure the association between various interventions and Chitral Gole National Park (CGNP) role in preservation of bio-diversity and socio-economic uplift. A sample size of 346 respondents was randomly selected from total population of 3326 from the 4 selected villages on the basis of close proximity. A conceptual framework including dependent variable social development and independent variable tourism development were taken. The data were analyzed through frequency and percentage distribution. Moreover, Chi-square test was applied to know the relationship between dependent and independent variables at bi-variate level. In bi-variate analysis a highly significant (P=0.000) relation was found between CGNP is main source of promoting tourism in Chitral,tourists do any impacts upon local community in terms of increased business activities, local culture is safeguarded despite influx of tourists in the area, tourism produced employment opportunities, and social development. Qualitative data supported the empirical findings, however tourism brings economic opportunities at micro and macro level, but unfortunately CGNP is not as satisfactory regarding generating income since its establishment. The government should ensure to make such polices pertaining to the entrance fee, provides accommodation services on payment to the tourists and to reserve the entrance fee or any other form of taxes to ensure CGNP to spend on self-sustaining basis by ensuring refinement in the procedures as well.
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Ikram, Amir, Qin Su, and Muhammad Asif Sadiq. "Technical Efficiency And Its Determinants: An Empirical Study Of Surgical Instruments Cluster Of Pakistan." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 32, no. 2 (2016): 647. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v32i2.9601.
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The empirical study was conducted to examine the technical efficiency of SMEs in the export-oriented surgical instruments cluster of Sialkot, Pakistan. Data was collected through survey questionnaire from 70 SMEs, listed at Census of Manufacturing Industries and Federal Bureau of Statistics. For data analysis, Cobb-Douglas production function and an inefficiency model based on stochastic frontier approach, estimated through OLS method, were employed. The study draws on its inferences from both the qualitative and quantitative data. There was widespread prevalence of technical inefficiencies and provision of indirect inputs, labor, material and energy found to be significant determinants of technical efficiency. Moreover, this export-oriented industrial cluster is shown to experience constant returns to scale. Provision of proximate specialized surgical instruments and raw-material market is recommended. We also put forward cluster-specific suggestion of pursuing of 'triple-helix+1' model, whereby local community is integrated with the traditional triple helix forces. It was further advocated that by reducing the prevailing technical inefficiency in this urbanization economy, productivity can be enhanced by as much as 5.6%. Implications for cluster-based industries are drawn from our findings to provide pragmatic recommendations to both policymakers and prospective entrepreneurs.
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Sterrett, John, Sarah Parkinson, Michelle Chandley, Sean Fox, Kaitlyn Webb, and W. Andrew Clark. "Microbiome Diversity and Differential Abundances Associated with Gastrointestinal Symptoms, BMI, Immune Markers, and Fecal Short Chain Volatile Fatty Acid Profiles." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (2020): 1589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa062_046.
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Abstract Objectives The gut microbiota and its metabolites – namely short chain volatile fatty acids (SCVFAs) – interact with the digestive, immune, and nervous systems. States of microbiome dysbiosis are highly associated with obesity and GI symptoms, and profiles of SCVFAs, which serve functions as fuel sources and signaling molecules, mimic this dysbiotic state. This study aimed to further our understanding of associations between bacterial diversity and GI symptoms, BMI, immune markers, and SCVFAs and to identify bacteria differentially abundant with changes to the previously mentioned variables. Methods Data (measures of GI distress, BMI, immunoglobulins, fecal proximate analysis, SCVFAs, and 16s RNA sequences) was extracted from a study containing non-celiac gluten-sensitive and control participants. QIIME2 was used to process 16s RNA data, analyze quantitative, qualitative, phylogenetic quantitative, and phylogenetic qualitative measures of alpha and beta diversity and to perform an analysis of composition of microbes (ANCOM) for differential abundances data. Results Many significant differences were seen, namely in multiple measures of alpha diversity for IgG4 (P &lt; 0.018), propionate (P &lt; 0.014), caproate (P &lt; 0.003), heartburn (P &lt; 0.004), urgent need to defecate (P &lt; 0.027), and feelings of incomplete evacuation (P &lt; 0.024). Statistical significance was seen in multiple measures of beta diversity between normal and overweight (P &lt; 0.01), normal and obese (P &lt; 0.005), and overweight and obese BMI (P &lt; 0.016), IgG4 (P &lt; 0.033), propionate (P &lt; 0.001), increased gas (P &lt; 0.024), and urgent need for defecation (P &lt; 0.026). The ANCOM identified multiple species of bacteria differentially abundant with changes to variables. Conclusions Findings suggest differences in both alpha and beta diversity with various GI symptoms, SCVFAs, and BMI. This research supports plans to apply analysis to larger sample sizes to train machine learning classifiers to identify important features of microbial profiles associated with certain SCVFA and markers of health. Funding Sources ETSU (CCRHS, Deans's Research Enhancement Award and CPH, Health Sciences Funding, Honors College Summer Research Fellowship) and Shield Nutraceuticals, LLC.
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Mander, Luke, Stefan C. Dekker, Mao Li, Washington Mio, Surangi W. Punyasena, and Timothy M. Lenton. "A morphometric analysis of vegetation patterns in dryland ecosystems." Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 2 (2017): 160443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160443.
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Vegetation in dryland ecosystems often forms remarkable spatial patterns. These range from regular bands of vegetation alternating with bare ground, to vegetated spots and labyrinths, to regular gaps of bare ground within an otherwise continuous expanse of vegetation. It has been suggested that spotted vegetation patterns could indicate that collapse into a bare ground state is imminent, and the morphology of spatial vegetation patterns, therefore, represents a potentially valuable source of information on the proximity of regime shifts in dryland ecosystems. In this paper, we have developed quantitative methods to characterize the morphology of spatial patterns in dryland vegetation. Our approach is based on algorithmic techniques that have been used to classify pollen grains on the basis of textural patterning, and involves constructing feature vectors to quantify the shapes formed by vegetation patterns. We have analysed images of patterned vegetation produced by a computational model and a small set of satellite images from South Kordofan (South Sudan), which illustrates that our methods are applicable to both simulated and real-world data. Our approach provides a means of quantifying patterns that are frequently described using qualitative terminology, and could be used to classify vegetation patterns in large-scale satellite surveys of dryland ecosystems.
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Ghansah, Benjamin, Ben Bright Benuwa, Ernest Kwame Ansah, Nathaniel Ekow Ghansah, Cwebile Magama, and Elias Nii Noye Ocquaye. "Factors that Influence Students' Decision to Choose a Particular University: A Conjoint Analysis." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 27 (December 2016): 147–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.27.147.
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Ghanaian universities have employed various marketing mix to stimulate demand for their services; particularly in recruitment and engagement of home and international students. This paper examines the relative influence of factors affecting the college choice decisions of students. It is based on a survey of 2,534 admitted students at a major university in Ghana, to which 39 percent of the sample responded. We used Factor analysis to rate 26 University borne attributes upon which student decisions are based. The outcome was used to build a five-scale preference measure, which were evaluated with a qualitative approach in analyzing gathered data using descriptive statistics, cross tabulation and chi square. The results revealed some marketing strategies that can be used in institutions of higher learning to boost students’ enrolment in their order of perceived effectiveness. The following were found to influence decisions: word of mouth (family and friends), proximity/nearness, accreditation/affiliation, affordability and lecturing Style.
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Chertina, Elena Vitalievna, Anastasia Evgenievna Kvyatkovskaya, Lyubov Borisovna Aminul, and Kirill Igorevich Kvyatkovskiy. "Mathematical methods and algorithms for data mining in IT estimation of project investment attractiveness." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Management, computer science and informatics 2020, no. 2 (2020): 95–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2072-9502-2020-2-95-108.
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The article is concerned with developing mathematical support and algorithms for solving the problem of economic diagnostics of enterprises. IT-companies and start-ups (IT projects) that have special characteristics during the growth period were selected as the object of research. Based on the system analysis of data domain there has been developed a system of quantitative and qualitative characteristics to identify the economic state of the IT companies and start-ups in the external and internal environment. Scales of indices of different nature have been determined. Methods to introduce order and equivalence relations for the found peer companies have been given in order to compare their proximity to the analyzed company. Metrics used for comparing the companies are considered taking into account the quantitative and qualitative characteristics. The possibilities of distributing innovative IT projects using fuzzy clustering algorithms are considered. The comparative analysis of two basic algorithms - Fuzzy Classifier Means algorithm and Gustafson - Kessel algorithm - has been given. The clustering procedure for each algorithm is shown, as well as the graphic results of their operation. There was done the clustering quality assessment using a distribution coefficient, entropy of classification, and Hie-Beni index. It has been inferred that using Gustafson - Kessel algorithm provides better results for solving the problem of splitting IT projects for their economic diagnostics
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Rutz, Fredrik. "Recording Mobile Learning." International Journal of Mobile and Blended Learning 4, no. 3 (2012): 68–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jmbl.2012070105.
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Data collection in M-TEL (Mobile Technology Enhanced Learning) studies is associated with great challenges, as both the learners and data collectors are mobile. One context for M-TEL is outside the controlled environment of the classroom, meaning disturbing sound and noise from the environment, which forces the research community to re-evaluate how the community collects data. This study evaluates how many audio recording devices are needed when collecting data for a subsequent qualitative analysis of an M-TEL study; in the author’s case through interaction and conversation analysis. The author analyzed how much of one learner’s speech was recorded by an audio recorder attached to that learner, and compared this with how much that learner’s speech was recorded by her peer learners’ audio recorders, as well as by a close-up video camera. This article presents a quantitative analysis of the material from different points of view; consecutive in time, the proximity of the learners, activity of the learners, a union between audio recorders, and a union between video and an audio recorder. The author’s conclusion is that in a group of learners, it is necessary to let every learner carry an audio recorder to sufficiently record their speech for later qualitative analysis.
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O'Hara, Nathan N., Alisha Garibaldi, Sheila Sprague, et al. "Rehabilitation, not injury or treatment details, dominate proximal humeral fracture patient concerns: a thematic analysis." European Journal for Person Centered Healthcare 5, no. 3 (2017): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/ejpch.v5i3.1328.
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Background, objectives, and aims: To provide treatment using a patient-centered care model, the provider must understand the needs and wants of the patient and ensure the patient has access to appropriate and necessary health information. The objective of this study was to determine what information is most desired by proximal humeral fracture patients following their injury.Methods: This qualitative study enrolled patients aged 60 years or older presenting with a proximal humeral fracture. Semi-structured interviews were conducted within one-month of injury and at 6-months post-injury. The interviews were transcribed, coded and analyzed using thematic analysis.Results: Four themes (biomedical information, recovery, engagement opportunities and support available) emerged from the coded data. Within one-month post-injury, the most commonly identified themes were rehabilitation and support available. Six-months after the injury, the most commonly identified theme remained rehabilitation, while the second most frequently identified theme shifted to engagement opportunities. The biomedical information theme emerged infrequently at both interviews. Conclusions: Patient-centered care models for proximal humeral fracture patients could be improved by adapting to dynamic information concerns. While the effect of the injury on the patient’s rehabilitation remained the leading concern for the duration of the study period, secondary concerns did change over time. Providing germane information to patients at timely intervals supports patient-centered care, patient engagement and ultimately may improve patient care.
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Riggio, Giacomo, Angelo Gazzano, Borbála Zsilák, Beatrice Carlone, and Chiara Mariti. "Quantitative Behavioral Analysis and Qualitative Classification of Attachment Styles in Domestic Dogs: Are Dogs with a Secure and an Insecure-Avoidant Attachment Different?" Animals 11, no. 1 (2020): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11010014.
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Since several modified Strange Situation Procedures (SSP) have been used to investigate dog-to-owner attachment, in this study two different samples of dog-owner dyads underwent two modified versions of the SSP. Dogs’ attachment style to the owner was assessed based on a novel adaptation of the attachment pattern classification used for infant-caregivers. Dogs’ behavioral data were collected using continuous sampling and, in the second protocol, also with a scoring system for greeting and social play. In both studies, secure and avoidant dogs’ behavior was compared using the Mann Whitney test, while differences within each group across episodes were analyzed using the Wilcoxon paired sample test. The classification seemed to be effective at identifying both avoidant and secure attachment patterns in dogs. As expected, differences in key attachment behaviors, such as proximity/contact seeking toward the caregiver, between secure and avoidant dogs were more evident in the final episodes of the test. Differently from secure dogs, avoidant dogs did not show an increase in proximity/contact seeking behavior with the caregiver in any of the procedures. Further studies with larger samples are needed to support the effectiveness of this classification and investigate on the remaining attachment styles.
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Dwiputra, Ivan Danny, Angela Christysonia Tampubolon, and Hanson E. Kusuma. "THE INFLUENCE OF USER ACTIVITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS DIMENSIONS ON SENSE OF PLACE IN CITY PARKS." DIMENSI (Journal of Architecture and Built Environment) 45, no. 2 (2019): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.9744/dimensi.45.2.165-172.
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City parks have certain environmental characteristics and accommodate various types of activities that affect the sense of place of the user. This study was conducted with the aim of identifying the dimensions of user activities and environmental characteristics, and sense of place levels related to city parks, as well as the causal relationships between them. Qualitative research was done using an online survey with open-ended questions. The collected text data were analyzed using content analysis. Quantitative research was done using an online survey with closed-ended questions that were compiled based on the results of the qualitative research analysis. The collected numerical data were analyzed by factor analysis and multivariate regression analysis. The analysis revealed four user activity dimensions (recreation, social interaction, work, and sports and hobby), seven environmental characteristics dimensions (natural environment, design, facilities, comfort, location, proximity, and entertainment), and two sense of place dimensions (compatibility with a place and dedication to a place). The dimension compatibility with a place tended to be influenced by the accessibility and visual quality of a park (location, natural environment, and park design), while the dimension dedication to a place tended to be influenced by user engagement (sport and hobby, and facilities).
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Jang, Weon, Ji Soo Song, Sang Heon Kim, and Jae Do Yang. "Comparison of Compressed Sensing and Gradient and Spin-Echo in Breath-Hold 3D MR Cholangiopancreatography: Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis." Diagnostics 11, no. 4 (2021): 634. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11040634.
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While magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) is routinely used, compressed sensing MRCP (CS-MRCP) and gradient and spin-echo MRCP (GRASE-MRCP) with breath-holding (BH) may allow sufficient image quality with shorter acquisition times. This study qualitatively and quantitatively compared BH-CS-MRCP and BH-GRASE-MRCP and evaluated their clinical effectiveness. Data from 59 consecutive patients who underwent both BH-CS-MRCP and BH-GRASE-MRCP were qualitatively analyzed using a five-point Likert-type scale. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the common bile duct (CBD), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) of the CBD and liver, and contrast ratio between periductal tissue and the CBD were measured. Paired t-test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and McNemar’s test were used for statistical analysis. No significant differences were found in overall image quality or duct visualization of the CBD, right and left 1st level intrahepatic duct (IHD), cystic duct, and proximal pancreatic duct (PD). BH-CS-MRCP demonstrated higher background suppression and better visualization of right (p = 0.004) and left 2nd level IHD (p < 0.001), mid PD (p = 0.003), and distal PD (p = 0.041). Image quality degradation was less with BH-GRASE-MRCP than BH-CS-MRCP (p = 0.025). Of 24 patients with communication between a cyst and the PD, 21 (87.5%) and 15 patients (62.5%) demonstrated such communication on BH-CS-MRCP and BH-GRASE-MRCP, respectively. SNR, contrast ratio, and CNR of BH-CS-MRCP were higher than BH-GRASE-MRCP (p < 0.001). Both BH-CS-MRCP and BH-GRASE-MRCP are useful imaging methods with sufficient image quality. Each method has advantages, such as better visualization of small ducts with BH-CS-MRCP and greater time saving with BH-GRASE-MRCP. These differences allow diverse choices for visualization of the pancreaticobiliary tree in clinical practice.
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Mahlein, Anne-Katrin. "Plant Disease Detection by Imaging Sensors – Parallels and Specific Demands for Precision Agriculture and Plant Phenotyping." Plant Disease 100, no. 2 (2016): 241–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-03-15-0340-fe.
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Early and accurate detection and diagnosis of plant diseases are key factors in plant production and the reduction of both qualitative and quantitative losses in crop yield. Optical techniques, such as RGB imaging, multi- and hyperspectral sensors, thermography, or chlorophyll fluorescence, have proven their potential in automated, objective, and reproducible detection systems for the identification and quantification of plant diseases at early time points in epidemics. Recently, 3D scanning has also been added as an optical analysis that supplies additional information on crop plant vitality. Different platforms from proximal to remote sensing are available for multiscale monitoring of single crop organs or entire fields. Accurate and reliable detection of diseases is facilitated by highly sophisticated and innovative methods of data analysis that lead to new insights derived from sensor data for complex plant-pathogen systems. Nondestructive, sensor-based methods support and expand upon visual and/or molecular approaches to plant disease assessment. The most relevant areas of application of sensor-based analyses are precision agriculture and plant phenotyping.
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Nugroho, Arissetyanto, and Janfry Sihite. "DOES THE SOCIAL NETWORK RELATE WITH THE ENTREPRENEURSHIP? AN EMPIRICAL CONTENT ANALYSIS." Jurnal Manajemen 19, no. 2 (2017): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/jm.v19i2.124.
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The aim of the content analysis is to construct social network terminology in entrepreneurship journal. There are 97 journal abstracts that analyzed from six keyword search query in Proquest, the queries are “Entrepreneur & Behavior”, “Entrepreneurship & Creativity & Innovation”, “Entrepreneurship & Social Network”, “Entrepreneurship & Culture”, “Entrepreneurship & Marketing” and “Global Entrepreneurship Monitor”. All the abstracts analyzed with Provalis Research QDA Miner, a Qualitative Quantitative Data Analysis software. QDA miner identified relevant keyword, relate keywords with jaggard coefficient of cooccurrence and the proximity plot. All the relevant keywords being analyzed with Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) and construct the relevant keywords regards to social network. Finally, there are two main findings, the first finding distinquishes the three level of analysis framework which are the individual level, the firm level and the macro level as representation of the continuous process to accumulate resources. The second finding construct social network as national culture, furthermore the construct of social network closely related with social capital and human capital. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk membangun konstruksi terminologi jejaring sosial berdasarkan jurnal kewirausahaan. Abstrak jurnal yang akan dianalisa diperoleh dengan kata kunci pencarian “Entrepreneur & Behavior”, “Entrepreneurship & Creativity & Innovation”, “Entrepreneurship & Social Network”, “Entrepreneurship & Culture”, “Entrepreneurship & Marketing” dan “Global Entrepreneurship Monitor”, total diperoleh 97 abstrak jurnal yang kemudian dianalisa dengan software analisa kualitatif kuantitatif Provalis Research. Kata kunci yang relevan diidentifikasi, selanjutnya coocurence dan proximity plot kata kunci dianalisa dengan koefisien jaccard. Didalam tahapan akhir semua kata kunci selanjutnya dianalisa dengan Multidimensional Scaling (MDS). MDS membangun konstruksi kata kunci yang berhubungan dengan jejaring sosial. 2 temuan utama didalam penelitian ini adalah: pertama, penelitian ini mendukung kerangka kerja analisa 3 tingkat kewirausahaan yaitu tingkat individual, perusahaan, dan makro sebagai kerangka kerja yang mencerminkan proses berkesinambungan kewirausahaan dalam akumulasi sumber daya. Temuan kedua membangun konstruksi bahwa jejaring sosial berkaitan erat dengan budaya nasional, modal sosial dan modal sumber daya manusia.
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Price, Linda L., Eric J. Arnould, and Patrick Tierney. "Going to Extremes: Managing Service Encounters and Assessing Provider Performance." Journal of Marketing 59, no. 2 (1995): 83–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002224299505900207.
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The authors advance a framework for analysis and comparison of service encounters using three neglected dimensions—duration, affective content, and spatial proximity. They focus on service encounters that fall at the extreme of these three dimensions, termed extended, affectively charged, intimate (EAI) encounters. Employing qualitative and quantitative data, they develop measures of service provider performance and test a structural model of the relationships among service provider performance, affective response and service satisfaction for EAI encounters.
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GRKOVIĆ, N., V. TEODOROVIĆ, V. DJORDJEVIĆ, et al. "Biochemical composition and biometric parameters of Mytilus galloprovincialis from Boka Kotorska Bay in Southern Adriatic Sea." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 71, no. 3 (2020): 2338. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.25095.
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This study reports, for the first time, different physico-chemical analyses, of Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) from harvesting areas in the Montenegro coast of the Adriatic Sea, in order to evaluate the influence of origin on different parameters and assessed the quality of shellfish grown in this area. The Boka Kotorska Bay is situated in Montenegro, in the south-eastern part of the Adriatic Sea The mussel samples were collected at the same time in the spring of 2019 at six locations in Boka Kotorska Bay, Montenegro: Kotor and Tivat Bays. Biometric parameters, percentage of meat, condition index, proximate composition, sensory evaluation and lipid profiles of mussels were studied. The concentrations of some micro and macro elements and heavy metals in mussels, were also analyzed. Significant differences were found between mussels from different locations. Mean biometric parameters of mussels grown in Sv.Nedjelja, were considerably higher than in mussels grown elsewhere.. Protein, lipid, ash and glycogen content were varied from 7.80 to 10.26%; 1.36 to 2.18%; 1.73 to 3.34% and 12.81 to 15.38%, respectively. Gas chromatographic analysis showed that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were dominant lipids in mussels (37.56 to 41.08%), followed by monounsaturated (MUFAs) (30.52 to 38.31%) and saturated (SFAs) (21.89 to 29.45%) fatty acids. Fatty acid profiles were investigated and revealed high contents of n-3 PUFAs and high n-3/n-6 ratios in all mussels from Montenegro In the mussel samples high concentrations of K, Mg, Ca, and Na, and much lower concentrations of Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu were found. Some of toxic elements (As, Pb, Hg and Cd) were determined also.. The qualitative sensory assessment showed that all mussels were acceptable. All mussels in the current study achieved scores of 3 or more out of 5 in the qualitative category. Data on biochemical composition and quality indices of the mussels cultured in the Boka Kotorska Bay demonstrated that these products could be accepted well by consumers and could compete with other currently available mussels from other locations in Adriatic Sea.
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Hidayati, Hidayati, and Desrita Desrita. "The phenotype characteristics and decline population of Sawang duck in Sawang Village, Karimun Regency, Riau Islands Province." Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Peternakan 32, no. 41 (2021): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jiip.2021.031.01.05.
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Sawang duck is one of Indonesia's local dual-purpose type ducks due to the offspring of Tsaiya ducks originating from Taiwan. Tsaiya ducks enter the Sawangarea, brought by residents from Singapore around 1955 and subsequently bred in the Sawang Village, adapting to the environment and the local farming. This research was conducted in August-December 2018. Primary data on the qualitative, morphometric, and potential feed were taken in Sawang Village, Karimun Regency, Riau Islands Province. Currently, Sawang duck is only found in Sawang Village, maintained by two farmers. Secondary data of potential areas and poultry populations were obtained from the Department of Food and Agriculture of Karimun Regency, and proximate analysis was carried out at the Ruminant Nutrition Laboratory, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Andalas University. The research method was conducted by survey with census sampling techniques. The Sawang duck has a diversity of colors for feather, skin, beak, and shank. The morphometric decrease was indicated by bodyweight of 1,450 ± 119.52 grams, femur length of 7.41 ± 1.62 cm, tibia length of 9.94 ± 0.51 cm, length of shank 4.38 ± 0.25 cm, third finger length 6.36 ± 0.90 cm, maxilla length 5.21 ± 0.16 cm, backbone length 20.13 ± 1.13 cm, wing bone length 26.65 ± 1.70 cm, bone length chest 10.63 ± 0.80 cm, and shank circumference 1.24 ± 0.10 cm. Efforts to preserve ducks Sawangneed to be considered so that their existence is not destroyed by exploiting the existing area's potential.
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Radomska, M. M., I. V. Horobtsov, L. M. Cherniak, and O. M. Tykhenko. "The analysis of airports' physical factors impacts on wildlife." Scientific Bulletin of UNFU 31, no. 3 (2021): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.36930/40310311.
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The impacts of manmade structures on wildlife are often underestimated due to misbelieve that wild animals avoid living in close proximity to any kind of technogenic object. However, such objects may offer a range of benefits to animals and thus become points of attraction, being still a source of hazards for these living organisms. The airports are considered to be dangerous industrial facilities for they create chemical and physical pollution, as well as host a variety of biohazards, originating from transported items and dense groups of population. Meanwhile they are often located outside the urban areas in previously pristine areas, specially allocated for this purpose and animals, whose habitat they occupy undergo all these impacts equally with passengers and staff. The aim of the research is to conduct differential analysis of physical factors of influence within the airport impact area and evaluate the negative trends for exposed animals. The physical factors were divided into the physical objects and physical fields. The assessment of these factors was based on the data obtained using special metering equipment for measuring the level of noise, light and electro-magnetic pollution, while the intensity of visual pollution and fragmentation effects by airport infrastructure were evaluated using qualitative approach. The airport facilities itself and ground access infrastructure are showed as the causes of habitat destruction by barrier and edge effects, as well as structural transformations of landscapes, in particular, relief and phytocenosis. The impact of physical fields coming from the airport territory is formed by light, vibration and electro-magnetic pollution. The intensity of considered factors is different, but the sensitivity of laboratory animals to these factors is high enough to cause a range of effects. However, the methods for mitigation of some other airport impacts can exacerbate the value of the existing sources of impacts. The light pollution is measured and defined as the most significant and damaging. Thus, there is a clear need to pay attention to the interactions between an airport and wildlife to reduce the intensity of negative effects. The predicted and described effects for wildlife could be very diverse, but they need verification by field surveys in the impacts areas of airports is highlighted.
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Oliveira, Karime Rodrigues Emilio de, Monica Martins Trovo, Amanda Creste Martins da Costa Ribeiro Risso, and Eliana Mara Braga. "The teaching approach on communicative skills in different teaching methodologies." Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem 71, no. 5 (2018): 2447–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0728.
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ABSTRACT Objective: to understand, from the perspective of professors, which are the facilities and difficulties in the development of communication skills in nursing undergraduates who experiment different teaching-learning methodologies. Method: qualitative research performed with 30 nursing professors from two public education institutions. The data was collected by semi-structured individual interview with guiding questions. We used Bardin's content analysis for the data processing and analysis. Results: the development of communication skills is influenced by factors such as the experience of practical activities, students' individual characteristics, use of active methodologies, access to the mass media, relationship of proximity between student and professor, and knowledge of theoretical concepts of communication and nursing. Final considerations: there is similarity between the influential factors, however, the use of active methodologies seems to favor the development of communication skills.
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Haruna, Hussein, Asad Abbas, Zamzami Zainuddin, Xiao Hu, Robin R. Mellecker, and Samira Hosseini. "Enhancing instructional outcomes with a serious gamified system: a qualitative investigation of student perceptions." Information and Learning Sciences 12, no. 5/6 (2021): 383–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ils-05-2020-0162.
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Purpose This paper aims to evaluate the students’ perception of their learning experiences concerning serious gaming and gamification instructions and determines whether they were motivated enough and engaged during the educative process in a resource-poor context. Moreover, the study evaluated the impact of interactive instructional environment outcomes in terms of students’ perceptions of the learning catalysed by gamified systems, particularly in enhancing attitude change coupled with knowledge acquisition. Design/methodology/approach This study used a qualitative research design technique to collect the data. A total of 108 first year secondary school students participated in a sexual health literacy course that lasted for a five-week learning period. Using a cluster-sampling technique, three classes were randomly assigned to serious gaming, gamification and teacher-centred instructions. Individual face-to-face interviews were used to assess students’ perceives required satisfaction with three instructions. Data were audio-recorded, and coding analysis was used using NVivo software facilitated qualitative data analysis. Findings The results show that serious gaming and gamification instructions trumped the traditional teacher-centred instruction method. While intervention students were all positive about the serious gaming and gamification instructions, non-intervention students were negative about conservative teacher-centered learning whose limited interactivity also undermined learning relative to the two innovative interventions. Research limitations/implications As a justification to limit face-to-face classes, this study may be useful during an emergency phenomenon, including the current situation of amid COVID-19. The implementation of serious gaming and gamification as remotely instructional options could be among the measures to protect educational communities through reducing close-proximity, and eventually, control contamination and the spread of viruses. Originality/value The application of serious gaming and game elements should not be conceptualised as universal but context-specific. This study shows that particularism is essential to optimise the results in terms of coming up with a specific design based on the scope of evaluation for positive results and develop an intervention that will work, especially in the resource-poor context of the developing world.
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Zaharia, Sebastian Marian, Mihai Alin Pop, Lucia Antoneta Chicos, et al. "An Investigation on the Reliability and Degradation of Polycrystalline Silicon Solar Cells Under Accelerated Corrosion Test." Materiale Plastice 54, no. 3 (2017): 466–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.17.3.4872.
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Using the reliability accelerated tests in the early stage of solar cells life cycle, by using an high level of stress, in order to highlight the one or more degradation factors, on which could be quickly acquired a series of the experimental data, leads to point out the design errors of solar cells and to predictive assessment of reliability indicators. Environmental factors influence the lifetime of a solar cell. The action of each factors determines its aging and finally its degradation as the result of the combined action of sunlight, emissions, climate change, temperature and humidity, the action of dust, the saturated air from the proximity of oceans and seas, whose actions a solar cell undergoes during normal operation. In this paper has been analysed 10 polycrystalline solar cells subjected to accelerated corrosion tests. It has been also carried out two analyses, the first a quantitative analysis by determining the values of reliability indicators and the second one was a qualitative analysis of the degradation of polycrystalline solar cells using the optical microscope.
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Verdiansyah, Okki. "A Desktop Study to Determine Mineralization Using Lineament Density Analysis at Kulon Progo Mountains, Yogyakarta and Central Java Province, Indonesia." Indonesian Journal of Geography 51, no. 1 (2019): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijg.37442.
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A geological study was conducted in Kulon Progo and its surrounding areas (Kulon Progo and Purworejo Regency). It focused on regional geology, tectonic configuration, geodynamics and magmatism, lithology and volcanology, and mineralization. Although there has been considerable research of mineralization in the area—particularly in Kokap (Kulon Progo Regency), Bagelen (Purworejo Regency) and Gupit (Magelang Regency), the potential of precious metals has not been determined due to data limitations. The study combined qualitative and semi-quantitative methods using a desktop geologic analysis, which facilitates lithology interpretation, volcanic boundary system, and lineament density assessment. The geology of the region is composed of an ancient volcanic complex of the Old Andesite Formation formed during the Late Oligocene-Miocene, and the mineralization in Kokap, Bagelen, and Gupit is epithermal. Based on the analysis results, the mineralization occurs in the central to proximal facies of the paleo-volcano, and the system ranges from 2.2 to 3.8 km in diameter. The manual analysis of the lineament density showed that the main direction of the lineaments was SE-NW with a maximum density of 2025.9 m/km2 and an anomaly limit of >1800 m/km2. In the combined semi-automatic analysis, the maximum density was 8.3 km/km2. The target area of mineralization included four anomalous areas, namely Bagelen-Kokap, Salaman, Kaligesing, and Loano, associated with the central and proximal facies of each small paleo-volcano.
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Mousavi-roknabadi, Razieh Sadat, Marzieh Momennasab, Mehrdad Askarian, Abbas Haghshenas, and Brahmaputra Marjadi. "Causes of medical errors and its under-reporting amongst pediatric nurses in Iran: a qualitative study." International Journal for Quality in Health Care 31, no. 7 (2018): 541–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzy202.
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Abstract Objectives To explore the causes of medical errors (ME) and under-reporting amongst pediatric nurses at an Iranian teaching hospital. Design A qualitative study, based on individual, in-depth, semi-structured interviews and content analysis approach. Settings The study was conducted at the Pediatric Department of the largest tertiary general and teaching hospital in Shiraz, southern Iran. Participants The study population was all pediatrics nurses who work at Pediatric Department and they had been trained on ME, as well as methods to report them through the hospital’s ME reporting system. Purposive sampling was used by selecting key informants until data saturation was achieved and no more new information was obtained. Finally, 18 pediatric nurses were interviewed. Main outcome measure(s) Pediatrics nurses’ views on the causes of ME and under-reporting. Results We found five main factors causing ME and under-reporting: personal factors, workplace factors, managerial factors, work culture and error reporting system. These factors were further classified into proximal and distal factors. Proximal factors had direct relationship with ME and distal factors were contextual factors. Conclusion Causes of ME and under-reporting amongst pediatric nurses are complex and intertwined. Both proximal and distal factors need to be simultaneously addressed using context-specific approaches. Further research on other groups of healthcare workers and using a quantitative approach will be beneficial to elucidate the most appropriate interventions.
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Lynch, Myles L., Cindy L. Hartman, Nate E. Trauntvein, and Cari A. E. Moorhead. "Camp Organizational Support for Creativity Among New And Returning Camp Counselors." Journal of Youth Development 15, no. 1 (2020): 24–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/jyd.2020.795.
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Creativity supports interest, imagination, empowerment, intrinsic motivation, and overall engagement. Satisfied employees, who are supported in their creativity, have increased performance, motivation, and commitment. Residential summer camp is a demanding 24-hour job in which camp counselors use creativity on a regular basis via lesson planning, teaching activities, resolving conflict, and living within close proximity to coworkers. The purpose of the current study was to explore organizational support for creativity among first-year and returning staff at the beginning and end of one season of employment. Camp counselors (n = 113) participated in the current study utilizing quantitative and qualitative methods. Quantitative analysis compared pretest data on creativity to posttest items using paired samples t-tests. First-year and returning counselors indicated significant decreases in perceptions of the camp organization valuing creativity. Counselors’ self-identification as a creative employee significantly decreased among returning employees. Qualitative data analysis produced 46 independent responses and 3 content areas describing barriers to creativity, including personal (intimidation, inexperience), structural (time/money), and camp traditions (status quo) barriers. Summer camps should prioritize support for creativity as a vital component needed for a positive work culture. Ultimately, a camp mission, culture, and training, which support creativity may empower counselors (of various experience levels) to create new ideas, camp traditions, and activities.
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Namiq, K., Sh S. Mahmood, N. M. Abdulrahman, B. R. Hassan, A. A. Sadraddin, and R. M. Rashed. "Effect of feeding common carp (Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758)) with water fern (Azolla filiculoides (Lam.)) on its fillet quality." Ribogospodarsʹka nauka Ukraïni., no. 1(55) (March 31, 2021): 94–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/fsu2021.01.094.
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Purpose. Qualitative study of fillets of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)fed with natural powder of water fern (Azollafiliculoides) and comparison with previous studies. Methodology. The proximate composition of the samples of fish fillets was done: protein content through Kjeldahl method, lipid content was determined according to AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists) official method.Sensory evaluations were done by panelists. Methods for determining water holding capacity, cooking losses and biochemical analysis were standard, accepted in the world scientific community. Findings. Dissimilarities in the composition of proteins and fats were revealed. There was a significant difference in water holding capacity, cooking losses and biochemical analysis results. According to research, the powder of water fern is recommended for use in the feeding of carp, in order to improve the quality of its fillets. Originality. In recent years, a significant amount of research has focused on the use of plants or their extracts in fish nutrition, due to the presence of antioxidants in them. Water fern powder is one of the cheapest dietary supplements, which can be used in aquaculture to reduced spending on cultivation, contemporaneously improving fish health. This is due to the fact that these aquatic plants are widespread in water bodies of most warm countries and contain many important antioxidants that can positively affect the quality of fish fillets. Practical value. Based on the data obtained, a method for improving the quality of carp fillets has been developed. So, using water fern powder in its feeding, it is possible to improve the biochemical composition, increase taste, reduce losses during cooking, and also adjust the ability to retain water. Therefore, the proposed diet is also very useful for processing aquaculture products. Keywords: water fern (Azollafiliculoides), carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), fish feeding, fish fillets quality.
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Seers, Kate. "Qualitative data analysis." Evidence Based Nursing 15, no. 1 (2011): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ebnurs.2011.100352.
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Peri, Yogev, Ben Sadeh, Chen Sherez, et al. "Quantitative assessment of effective regurgitant orifice: impact on risk stratification, and cut-off for severe and torrential tricuspid regurgitation grade." European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Imaging 21, no. 7 (2019): 768–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jez267.
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Abstract Aims Asses the added value of quantitative evaluation of tricuspid regurgitation (TR), the proper cut-off value for severe TR and ‘torrential TR’ based on outcome data. The added value of quantitative evaluation of TR, and the cut-off values associated with increased mortality are unknown. Methods and results In patients with all-cause TR assessed both qualitatively and quantitatively by proximal iso-velocity surface area method, long-term and 1-year outcome analysis was conducted. Thresholds for excess mortality were assessed using spline curves, receiver-operating characteristic curves, and minimum P-value analysis. The study involved 676 patients with all-cause TR (age 73.9 ± 14 years, male 45%, ejection fraction 52.9 ± 14%). Effective regurgitant orifice (ERO) was strongly associated with decreased survival in unadjusted [hazard ratio (HR) 2.38 (1.79–3.01), P &lt; 0.0001 per 0.1 cm2 increment] and adjusted [2.6 (1.25–5.0), P = 0.01] analyses. Quantitative grading was superior to qualitative grading in prediction of outcome (P &lt; 0.01). The optimal cut-off value for the best separation in survival between groups of patients with severe vs. lesser degree of TR was 0.35 cm2 [P &lt; 0.0001, HR =2.0 (1.5–2.7)]. ERO negatively impacted survival, even when including only the subgroup of patients with severe TR [HR 1.5 (1.01–2.3); P = 0.04]. The optimal threshold corresponding for the best separation for survival between groups of patients with severe vs. ‘torrential’ TR was 0.7 cm2 [P = 0.005, HR =2.6 (1.2–5.1)]. Conclusion TR can be severe and even ‘torrential’ and is associated with excess mortality. Quantitative assessment of TR by ERO measurement is a powerful independent predictor of outcome, superior to standard qualitative assessment. The optimal cut-off above which mortality is increased is 0.35 cm2, similar albeit slightly lower than suggested in recent guidelines. Torrential TR &gt;0.7 cm2 is associated with poorer survival compared to patients with severe TR (ERO &gt; 0.4 cm2 and &lt;0.7 cm2).
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Slapø, Helena, Alexander Schjøll, Børge Strømgren, Ingunn Sandaker, and Samira Lekhal. "Efficiency of In-Store Interventions to Impact Customers to Purchase Healthier Food and Beverage Products in Real-Life Grocery Stores: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Foods 10, no. 5 (2021): 922. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10050922.
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Grocery stores are important settings to promote healthier food and beverage choices. The present paper aims at reviewing the effectiveness of different types of in-store interventions and how they impact sales of different product category in real grocery stores. Systematic search was conducted in six databases. In-store interventions were categorized according to the framework by Kraak et al. (2017) into one or more of eight interventions (e.g., place, profile, portion, pricing, promotion, healthy default picks, prompting and proximity). This systematic theme-based review follows the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) data screening and selection. Thirty-six studies were included in the qualitative synthesis and 30 studies were included in the meta-analysis, representing 72 combinations of in-store interventions. The analysis demonstrates that interventions overall had small significant effect size (ES) using Cohen’s d on food purchase behavior (d = 0.17, 95% CI [0.04, 0.09]), with largest ES for pricing (d = 0.21) and targeting fruits and vegetables (d = 0.28). Analysis of ES of in-store interventions show that pricing, and pricing combined with promotion and prompting, effectively impacted purchase behavior. Interventions significantly impacted both sales of healthy and unhealthy products and significantly increased sales of fruits and vegetables, healthy beverage and total volume of healthy products. Results should however be interpreted with some caution, given the relatively low quality of overall evidence and low number of studies and observations for some types of intervention. Further research exploring impact on different in-store interventions and targeting especially unhealthy products are needed.
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Jiang, Bin, Chao Yang, Takashi Yamada, and Takao Terano. "A Brownian Agent Model for Analyzing Changes in a Nation's Product Space Structure." International Journal of Intelligent Information Technologies 11, no. 1 (2015): 52–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijiit.2015010104.
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This paper proposes a Brownian agent model for simulating and analyzing changes in a nation's product space structure. A measurement of proximity has been employed to quantify a relationship between two products and proved to be useful in product space analysis. This study employs such proximity measurement, and estimates a continued structure transformation of a nation's product space through feedback between agent movements and network evolutions. Labor resources of an enterprise or a firm are regarded as Brownian agents; they move through different product spaces for higher economic rewards. The simulation results show that trade areas were self-organized through Brownian agent migration and cooperative production with a random initial distribution. Furthermore, we have verified the applicability and efficiency of the model in analyzing changes in Chinese product space structure with empirical data. Main contributions of this paper are: 1) it provides a bottom-up model for analyzing changes of a nation's product space structure; and 2) it also provides both qualitative and quantitative analysis methods for a nation's product space structure.
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XU, CHAO, MICHELLE PETERS, and SUE BROWN. "INSTRUCTOR AND INSTRUCTIONAL EFFECTS ON STUDENTS’ STATISTICS ATTITUDES." STATISTICS EDUCATION RESEARCH JOURNAL 19, no. 2 (2021): 7–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.52041/serj.v19i2.107.
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Using data from 23 statistics instructors and 1,924 students across 11 post-secondary institutions in the United States,we employ multilevel covariate adjustment models to quantify the sizes of instructor and instructional effects on students’ statistics attitudes. The analysis suggests that changes in students’ statistics attitudes vary considerably across statistics instructors. Instructor-associated changes instudents’ statistics attitudes are positively associated with instructional practices most proximal to tasks involving data as well as with instructors’ attitudestoward teaching their statistics classes. Moreover, instructor-associated changes in students’ statistics attitudes are positively related to changes in students’ expected grades. These findings lend support to previous qualitative findings about links between certain dimensions of teaching practices and students’ statistics attitudes.
 First published June 2020 at Statistics Education Research Journal Archives
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Tremblay, Dominique, Nassera Touati, Susan Usher, and Johanne Cournoyer. "Encouraging teamwork and innovative practices by creating proximity: A qualitative study of continuous improvements in the Quebec Cancer Network." Journal of Clinical Oncology 39, no. 15_suppl (2021): e13509-e13509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2021.39.15_suppl.e13509.
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e13509 Background: Quality cancer care relies on each profession keeping up with advances and best practices and spreading these across a complex multi-team system1. It requires enabling multiple providers and people living with cancer to bridge the distance between them and complement each other's contributions. The proximity framework2 provides a valuable way to understand conditions that increase the likelihood of knowledge sharing, innovation and collaboration. Methods: A qualitative study design of the Quebec Cancer Network was undertaken, with data collected from interviews with policymakers, managers, providers and users (N=22), observation of national and local level meetings (N=28) and document review. Interpretive Description using content analysis sought to identify actions that created proximity dimensions and the perceived influence these had on the development and spread of new approaches. Results: Deliberate actions taken within the network created different dimensions of proximity that impacted teamwork. Prescriptions from network leadership – including consistent promotion of the National cancer plan, patient participation in governance structures, shared quality indicators, and establishment of multidisciplinary committees at local level, created cognitive proximity: a shared mental model emphasizing patient-centred care and organizational proximity: shared standards across the network. Support for professional communities of practice created relational and institutional proximity, increasing trust and knowledge sharing. Local committees enhanced relational and cognitive proximity as providers came to appreciate and optimize each other's contribution to care. Conclusions: The combination of proximity dimensions created through communities of practice and prescriptions from the national level help develop and spread improvements that are tailored to - and take advantage of - networked team-based cancer care delivery. This reflects a balanced proximity where communities of practice pursue new knowledge and innovative practices that can be introduced in local committees to see how it fits with other contributions to solving a problem, thereby promoting recognition of interdependency within and between teams. Synergy between actions is essential to enhancing proximity. The proximity framework offers a complementary perspective to better understand opportunities for improving models of care. References: 1Weaver, S. J., et al. (2018). Unpacking care coordination through a multiteam system lens. Medical care, 56(3), 247-259. et al. Unpacking Care Coordination Through a Multiteam System Lens. Medical Care. 2018;56(3):247-59. 2Knoben, J., & Oerlemans, L. A. (2006). Proximity and inter‐organizational collaboration: A literature review. I nternational Journal of management reviews, 8(2), 71-89.
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Mohamed, Rfifi, and Ait Brahim Lahsen. "Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the ground movement risk on an urban cartographic scale Example of QUEMADO (Eastern Rif, Morocco)." MATEC Web of Conferences 149 (2018): 02039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814902039.
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The morphostructural examination of QUEMADO slope, contributes to distinguish the vulnerability indications that refer to the ground movements. They are supported by the combination of geological, geo morphological, hydro geological parameters. In addition, the seismic activity that is known in this area increases the vulnerability of the coastal areas. Thus, many cracks and locatable indices in the studied area constitute a witnesses of movement risk that threat directly the projects, the installations and the urban constructions of Al Hoceima city, in proximity of the studied cliff. The present study is consecrated to achieve a comparative study of the evaluated risk “ground movement” by two methodological approaches. The qualitative approach which is most usually employed, and the quantitative approach that requires a scientific effort of adaptation and reproducibility. The risk evaluation is based on using four data components; mainly the topographical slope, the lithology, the geomorphology and the ground occupation. The results were interpreted by a discrete analysis of the unstable areas through the land reconnaissance
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Hedgecock, Jon, Christopher Cheng, Matthew Solomito, and James Pace. "RISK FACTORS FOR PATELLAR INSTABILITY USING A QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF TROCHLEAR DYSPLASIA." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 8, no. 7_suppl6 (2020): 2325967120S0034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120s00344.
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Objectives: Multiple studies have described several anatomic and demographic risk factors of patellar instability (PI). Trochlear dysplasia (TD) has been shown to be a dominant risk factor for patellar instability but most prediction models have used the qualitative Dejour system to evaluate the influence of TD on PI. The lateral trochlear inclincation (LTI) angle is a described quantitative method to evaluate TD and a recent measurement technique has near perfect inter and intra rater reliability. Our hypothesis is that, in combination with other known radiographic and demographic risk factors of PI, that using a quantitative and numeric evaluation for TD, a highly reliable prediction model for PI can be created. Methods: 98 patients in a pediatric and adolescent sports medicine practice were identified with documented PI that had magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies available for review. A matched cohort of 100 patients with no history of PI but with MRI’s were identified as a control group. Anatomic risk factors evaluated included the LTI, sulcus angle, lateral condyle index (LCI), lateral patellar inclination angle (LPI), proximal and distal tibial tubercle-trochlear groove distance (pTTTG and dTTTG), Caton-Deschamps ratio (CD ratio), and patellotrochlear index (PTI). Demographic data included age and sex. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed for each variable to identify which variables were the best predictors of PI (ROC value >0.7). Using the ROC curves with a Youden’s J statistic and setting specificity at 0.9, cutoff values for each variable were created. Each radiographic and demographic variable was analyzed for significance and those that were found to be significant were analyzed. Area under the curve (AUC) was determined for each variable. Two predictive models were created. One was developed from the ROC curve results while the other evaluated all measured variables. The models were designed to produce the best possible fit while trying to limit the total number of predictors. These models were tested on a second cohort of 45 patients with PI and 42 control patients. Results: ROC curve data is in Table 1. Of the two models, the superior model was the model that evaluated all variables, regardless of ROC cutoff value. The model takes on the form of a general logistic regression (Eq 1, Eq 2). Model accuracy on the validation set showed 84% accuracy with 78% sensitivity and 88% specificity. These values are based on a probability of >90%. Patellar height measures had significant AUC’s but were not prime drivers of the final model. Age was not significant in the ROC analysis. Conclusion: This study establishes a highly reliable and predictive model for PI that is driven by various direct (LTI, sulcus angle, LCI) or indirect (dTT-TG, LPI) quantitative measurements of TD. Patellar height did correlate with PI but was not a prime driver of the model which suggests that patella alta is a less common risk factor for PI.
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Wolff, Saskia, Makarius V. Mdemu, and Tobia Lakes. "Defining the Peri-Urban: A Multidimensional Characterization of Spatio-Temporal Land Use along an Urban–Rural Gradient in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania." Land 10, no. 2 (2021): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10020177.
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Highly dynamic peri-urban areas, particularly in the Global South, face many challenges including a lack of infrastructure, ownership conflicts, land degradation, and sustainable food production. This study aims to assess spatial land use characteristics and processes in peri-urban areas using the case of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. A mixed-method approach was applied, consisting of expert interviews and spatial data analysis, on a local scale along an urban–rural gradient. Expert interviews were conducted during a field study and analyzed regarding the characteristics and processes of peri-urban land development. A GIS-based analysis of land use patterns was applied using satellite imagery and Open Street Map data to identify a number of variables, such as building density and proximity to environmental features. Results show specific patterns of land use indicators, which can be decreasing (e.g., house density), increasing (e.g., tree coverage), static (e.g., house size), or randomly distributed (e.g., distance to river), along a peri-urban gradient. Key findings identify lack of service structures and access to public transport as major challenges for the population of peri-urban areas. The combination of qualitative expert interviews and metrics-based quantitative spatial pattern analysis contributes to improved understanding of the patterns and processes in peri-urban land use changes.
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Muttaqin, Imam, та Abdul Wahab Rasyidi. "Taf’īl al-Anmāṭ at-Tafā‘uliyyah fī Ta’līm al-Lugah al-‘Arabiyyah Dākhila al-Bī`ah al-Iṣṭinā’iyyah ‘alā Ḍau’i an-NaẒariyyah al-Ijtimā‘iyyah aṡ- Ṡaqafiyyah li Vygotsky". LISANIA: Journal of Arabic Education and Literature 4, № 2 (2020): 196–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.18326/lisania.v4i2.196-216.
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The interaction patterns of Arabic learning can be realized in an artificial environment based on Vygotsky's socio-cultural theory. This research aims; 1. To know the interaction patterns of learning Arabic in an artificial environment. 2. To know how to activate the interaction patterns of learning Arabic in an artificial environment based on Vygotsky's socio-cultural theory. This research is a qualitative analysis descriptive study with a symbolic interactional approach. The data collected by using observation, interviews and documentation. The results of data analysed by using the Miles and Huberman analysis methods. For validating the data used triangulation method. This study finds out that, 1. The pattern of Arabic learning interaction; a. Interaction between teachers students. b. Interaction between teachers groups of students, c. Interaction between teacher groups student groups. 2. There are important thing in activating the interaction pattern; a. Mediated learning. b. Ensure the regulation in children by using scaffolding techniques in zone proximal development of student (ZPD). c. Apply the micro genesis model by providing collaborative learning. d. Watch for and supervise the use of children's "inner speech" and "private speech" considering their level of cognition and age. e. Using an active system in Arabic learning.
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Møller Hartley, Jannie. "When Homo Academicus meets Homo Journalisticus: An inter-field study of collaboration and conflict in the communication of scientific research." Journalism 18, no. 2 (2016): 211–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464884915608817.
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The longstanding tension between journalists and academics is explored by analysing data from qualitative interviews with 25 journalists and scientists using an analytical framework derived from Bourdieu’s field theory. The article empirically shows how journalism and science are both constructed around the opposition between knowledge (content) and communication (form). Based on the analysis of narratives in the communication processes between the two fields, the article shows that scientists and journalists take different positions according to the existing ideals within their respective fields, revealing different science-communication habitus. The article presents a typology of proximity and distance, in which communication between the fields becomes easier or more difficult as both fields try to protect their historic professional identities.
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Paul, Uttam, and Bandyopadhyay Arup. "Qualitative Research: Data Analysis." Bengal Physician Journal 5, no. 2 (2018): 18–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10070-5206.
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ABSTRACT Qualitative research is a simple, inexpensive and effective tool in medical research. The data analysis in qualitative researches, though based on certain ground rules, do not follow a rigid process like the data analysis of quantitative researches. It is ongoing through and through method. One interesting feature of data collection and analysis in qualitative research is “constant comparison”. This is a highly unique method in this type of research as compared to the quantitative research. Qualitative researches usually involve inductive reasoning, but there is deductive reasoning also. The first step of analyzing qualitative data is to transcribe all data into English from vernacular language. This transcript is then subjected to selection of “codes” which are nothing but descriptive names applied to certain thoughts coming up repeatedly in a transcript. Several codes together make a broader “category”. Themes are emerged from categories which are broad categories of information. The process of transcript analysis is called “content analysis” and this is at the end converted into “thematic analysis” which gives the meaning of the whole research and the answers to the original research question(s). There is ‘consolidated criteria’ for reporting qualitative research (COREQ) which is a 32 item check list for interviews and focus group discussions.
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Bernard, H. Russell. "Qualitative Data, Quantitative Analysis." CAM Journal 8, no. 1 (1996): 9–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1525822x960080010401.
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