Relevant bibliographies by topics / Proxy indicators

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Proxy indicators'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Proxy indicators"

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Perrin, Caroline, Lothaire Hounga, and Antoine Geissbuhler. "Systematic review to identify proxy indicators to quantify the impact of eHealth tools on maternal and neonatal health outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries including Delphi consensus." BMJ Open 8, no. 8 (August 2018): e022262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022262.

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ObjectiveTo identify interventions that could serve as reliable proxy indicators to measure eHealth impact on maternal and neonatal outcomes.DesignSystematic review and Delphi study.MethodsWe searched PubMed, Embase and Cochrane from January 1990 to May 2016 for studies and reviews that evaluated interventions aimed at improving maternal/neonatal health and reducing mortality. Interventions that are not low-income and middle-income context appropriate and that cannot currently be diagnosed, managed or impacted by eHealth (eg, via telemedicine distance diagnostic or e-learning) were excluded. We used the Cochrane risk of bias, Risk Of Bias In Non- randomised Studies - of Interventions and ROBIS tool to assess the risk of bias. A three-step modified Delphi method was added to identify additional proxy indicators and prioritise the results, involving a panel of 13 experts from different regions, representing obstetricians and neonatologists.ResultsWe included 44 studies and reviews, identifying 40 potential proxy indicators with a positive impact on maternal/neonatal outcomes. The Delphi experts completed and prioritised these, resulting in a list of 77 potential proxy indicators.ConclusionsThe proxy indicators propose relevant outcome measures to evaluate if eHealth tools directly affect maternal/neonatal outcomes. Some proxy indicators require mapping to the local context, practices and available resources. The local mapping facilitates the utilisation of the proxy indicators in various contexts while allowing the systematic collection of data from different projects and programmes. Based on the mapping, the same proxy indicator can be used for different contexts, allowing it to measure what is locally and temporally relevant, making the proxy indicator sustainable.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42015027351.
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Travers, Peter, and Sue Richardson. "Proxy Indicators and the Real World." Australian Quarterly 63, no. 3 (1991): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20635633.

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Payette, Serge. "Diatoms: faithful proxy indicators of climate change?" Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 6, no. 8 (October 2008): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2008)6[411a:dfpioc]2.0.co;2.

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Lowy, Adam. "Are deprivation indicators a proxy for morbidity?" Journal of Public Health 16, no. 1 (March 1994): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.pubmed.a042912.

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Gilmour, Daniel, and Edward Simpson. "Urban regeneration indicators: a proxy for assessing common good." Emerald Open Research 3 (May 26, 2021): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.35241/emeraldopenres.14099.1.

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Public realm urban regeneration projects aim to provide facilities for the common good such as improved road systems, public parks, museums and cultural institutions. Driven by political priorities, the expected benefits for society comprise of the proposed regeneration outcomes articulated in a masterplan vision. As a philosophical concept, common good in the context of urban regeneration is explored in this study to understand the expectations for major, long-term regeneration projects and the intended project objectives. In the approach to governance, there should be a relationship between monitoring indicators adopted by the regeneration project as part of the governance framework and their alignment with the common good. These concepts are analysed through a case study of the development and reporting of benchmark indicators established at the start of a major 20-year urban redevelopment in 2010. The monitoring and enhancement concept implemented required indicators to be developed and embedded in the regeneration process to, not only monitor, but also enhance sustainability. The longitudinal case study, at the interim point 10 years since the establishment of these indicators, will evaluate the sustainability of the urban regeneration and evaluate current evidence for the common good. The indicators were developed following the principles of a theme orientated framework in line with the UK and Scottish Government approach at that time. The process of indicator development was iterative, refined and finalised through working closely with local authority, Scottish Enterprise and partnership stakeholders (civic oriented organisations) to capture evidence of progress towards the masterplan vision. Ten years on, conclusions examine whether these indicators could be used a proxy for common good. The conclusion will identify the extent to which we would need to revise indicators to address any gaps to become a more accurate measure of common good.
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Viotti, Eduardo Baumgratz, Cristiano Roberto dos Santos, Luiz Ricardo Mattos Teixeira Cavalcante, Roberto de Pinho Dantas de Pinho, and Leonardo Rodrigues Mattos da Costa. "Innovation output indicators." Revista Brasileira de Inovação 21 (September 9, 2022): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/rbi.v21i00.8665691.

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This article introduces a new family of innovation output indicators as an alternative to the EU 2020 indicator. The latter is a composite indicator that bears a complex and weak relation to the actual innovation output of economies. The proposed family of indicators (DINNOV) estimates the participation in the economy of enterprises that are both dynamic (or high-growth) and innovative. Its indicators take advantage of both the tradition of indicators produced from enterprise data collected by surveys of innovation and of indicators of business demography and entrepreneurship. Values of DINNOV indicators for Brazil are computed as a proof of concept. A proxy of the DINNOV indicators – the DINNOV-Simplex – is estimated for Brazil and 17 European economies. The new indicators avoid several drawbacks of the EU 2020 innovation output indicator and are easier to communicate to policymakers and the general public.
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Wagner, James, Brady T. West, Michael R. Elliott, and Stephanie Coffey. "Comparing the Ability of Regression Modeling and Bayesian Additive Regression Trees to Predict Costs in a Responsive Survey Design Context." Journal of Official Statistics 36, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 907–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jos-2020-0043.

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AbstractResponsive survey designs rely upon incoming data from the field data collection to optimize cost and quality tradeoffs. In order to make these decisions in real-time, survey managers rely upon monitoring tools that generate proxy indicators for cost and quality. There is a developing literature on proxy indicators for the risk of nonresponse bias. However, there is very little research on proxy indicators for costs and almost none aimed at predicting costs under alternative design strategies. Predictions of survey costs and proxy error indicators can be used to optimize survey designs in real time. Using data from the National Survey of Family Growth, we evaluate alternative modeling strategies aimed at predicting survey costs (specifically, interviewer hours). The models include multilevel regression (with random interviewer effects) and Bayesian Additive Regression Trees (BART).
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Chambers, Frank M., Robert K. Booth, Francois De Vleeschouwer, Mariusz Lamentowicz, Gael Le Roux, Dmitri Mauquoy, Jonathan E. Nichols, and Bas van Geel. "Development and refinement of proxy-climate indicators from peats." Quaternary International 268 (August 2012): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2011.04.039.

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Swart, P. K., and A. Grottoli. "Proxy indicators of climate in coral skeletons: a perspective." Coral Reefs 22, no. 4 (December 1, 2003): 313–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00338-003-0332-3.

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Zabel, I. H. H., K. C. Jezek, S. P. Gogineni, and P. Kanagaratnam. "Search for proxy indicators of young sea ice thickness." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 101, no. C3 (March 15, 1996): 6697–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/95jc02957.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Proxy indicators"

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Schaller, Tobias Lukas. "Redox-sensitive metals in recent lake sediments proxy-indicators of deep-water oxygen and climate conditions /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1996. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=11901.

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Doran, Sophie. "Development of proxy indicators for methane output by sheep using rapid-throughput field and laboratory techniques." Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2160/0bd2e0a2-4827-4796-b395-3fa9b3740228.

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Methane production by ruminants is a significant contributor to agricultural greenhouse gas emissions (Webb et al., 2013). However, current values used to estimate methane output by sheep are default values and do not take into account animal and dietary factors that may affect methane output (Bernstein et al., 2007). Strategies to reduce ruminant methane output are the focus of a large body of research (Iqbal et al., 2008) and, in order to implement these strategies fully, a greater understanding of factors that influence ruminant methane emissions is necessary. The "gold standard" method for measuring methane output by sheep is the use of respiratory chambers (Blaxter and Clapperton, 1965). However, this method is expensive, time-consuming and labour intensive, making it unsuitable for use in an on-farm situation. The work presented in this thesis explores the potential of three proxies to estimate methane output by sheep, which could be used or adapted to be used as a practical means of estimating methane emissions from sheep on a large scale. The proxies investigated here are a Laser Methane Detector (LMD), used to take measurements of methane concentration from air expired by sheep, in vitro gas production analysis of feeds offered to sheep, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis of feeds offered to sheep. Predictions of methane output obtained from each of the proxies are validated using respiratory chamber measurements taken from sheep offered a variety of feeds during different experiments. With further development and validation, all three proxies presented in this thesis demonstrate potential to be used to successfully estimate or predict methane output by sheep as measured in respiratory chambers.
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Mele, Antoni Rosell i. "Long-chain alkenone and alkyl alkenoate, and total pigment abundancies as climatic proxy-indicators in the the northeastern Atlantic : analytical methods, calibration and stratigraphy." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386102.

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Sousa, Janailson Queiroz. "Modelagem microscÃpica aplicada na avaliaÃÃo do desempenho da seguranÃa viÃria em interseÃÃes urbanas." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2012. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=9059.

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nÃo hÃ
A modelagem microscÃpica do fluxo de veÃculos na infraestrutura viÃria urbana tem se constituÃdo uma potencial ferramenta para a anÃlise do desempenho da seguranÃa viÃria (DSV) frente aos tradicionais mÃtodos de anÃlise com base nos estudos observacionais. Para consolidar essa abordagem existem desafios prÃticos e metodolÃgicos que foram tratados como objetivos nesta pesquisa, dentre os quais se destacam: (i) a identificaÃÃo de indicadores proxy eficientes para as anÃlises de seguranÃa nesse ambiente; (ii) a anÃlise dos algoritmos de microssimulaÃÃo quanto a sua eficÃcia de representaÃÃo dos processos de conduÃÃo no meio urbano, (iii) a definiÃÃo de um procedimento sistemÃtico de estimaÃÃo do DSV com o uso de microssimuladores de trÃfego e (iv) a validaÃÃo dos indicadores sintÃticos usados para medir o DSV. Diante deste contexto, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo geral apresentar uma contribuiÃÃo metodolÃgica para a utilizaÃÃo da microssimulaÃÃo de trÃfego nas anÃlises do DSV no processo de planejamento tÃtico operacional dos sistemas de transporte com foco nas interseÃÃes urbanas. O procedimento metodolÃgico proposto considerou a realizaÃÃo de cinco etapas: 1) seleÃÃo e caracterizaÃÃo do local de estudo, 2) codificaÃÃo do local no microssimulador, 3) planejamento da simulaÃÃo, 4) calibraÃÃo e validaÃÃo do modelo e 5) estimaÃÃo dos indicadores. A aplicaÃÃo do procedimento considerou trÃs interseÃÃes semaforizadas da cidade de Fortaleza, utilizando a plataforma de microssimulaÃÃo de trÃfego VISSIM. Os resultados alcanÃados indicaram que foi possÃvel estimar o DSV com relativo nÃvel de confianÃa e um procedimento complementar de validaÃÃo dos indicadores revelou um nÃvel de consistÃncia entre o nÃmero estimado de conflitos de interaÃÃes longitudinais e o nÃmero observado de colisÃes traseiras observadas em campo.
The microscopic modeling of traffic flow in urban road infrastructure has proven to be a potential tool for analyzing the performance of road safety (DSV) compared to traditional methods of analysis based on observational studies. To consolidate this approach there are practical and methodological challenges that have been treated as objectives in this research, among which are: (i) the identification of efficient synthetic indicators for the analysis of safety in this environment, (ii) the analysis of the microscopic algorithms and their effectiveness in the representation of the driving processes in urban areas, (iii) the definition of a systematic procedure for estimating the DSV using a microscopic platform and (iv) concerning the validation of synthetic indicators used to measure the DSV. Given this context, this research intended to provide a general methodological contribution to the use of microscopic traffic simulators for the analysis of the DSV in tactical and operational transportation systems planning process with focus on urban intersections. The proposed methodological procedure considered the completion of five steps: 1) selection and site characterization study, 2) coding the site in microsimulator 3) planning of the simulation, 4) calibration and validation of the model and 5) estimation of the indicators. The procedure considered three signalized intersections in the city of Fortaleza, using VISSIM Â as simulation platform. The results indicated that it was possible to estimate the DSV with relative confidence level and a complementary procedure for validation of the indicators showed a consistent level of consistency between the estimated number of conflicts of longitudinal interactions and observed number of rear end collisions observed in the field.
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Pollack, Gerald D. "Timing and Characterization of the Change in the Redox State of Uranium in Precambrian Surface Environments: A Proxy for the Oxidation State of the Atmosphere." unrestricted, 2008. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-12052008-125923/.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Georgia State University, 2008.
Title from file title page. Eirik J. Krogstad, committee chair; Andrey Bekker, committee co-chair; W. Crawford Elliott, Timothy E. LaTour, committee members. Description based on contents viewed Aug. 27, 2009. Includes bibliographical references (p. 207-219).
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Moita, Galba Freire. "Avaliação integrativa de performance multidimensional e decisão multicritério: um proxy de painel de indicadores de eficiência, efetividade e qualidade para governação de organizações hospitalares e serviços de saúde no Brasil." Doctoral thesis, [s.n.], 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/88714.

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A criação do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), em 1988, no Brasil, representou avanços do ponto de vista de garantias de atendimento, da organização sistêmica e da descentralização da gestão única, porém com frágil governação de desempenho. Por sua vez, a Nova Gestão Pública (NGP), ou Gerencialismo, tem exigido dos gestores públicos de saúde esforços de monitoramento de resultados, controladoria e responsabilização (accountability) dos gastos públicos, visto que muitos países da Europa e América Latina aplicam cerca de 9 a 10% do PIB-GDP em saúde. Este estudo analisou algumas metodologias de mensuração de resultados em saúde no cenário mundial como os projetos QIP e AHRQ (EUA), EFQM (Europa) e PATH (OMS), e projetos brasileiros como o PROADESS, PNASH, PNASS, PMAQ e as matrizes de indicadores como IDB-Ripsa e IDSUS, em busca de desenvolver um quadro teórico-conceptual (base teórico-metodológica) de avaliação de performance para organizações de saúde, aplicável às unidades do SUS. De seguida, envolveu gestores e profissionais para a captação e validação da perceção desses agentes chaves (stakeholders) quanto as dimensões e indicadores chaves para a mensuração de desempenho em organizações e serviços de saúde no contexto do SUSBrasil de hospitais, policlínicas e outras unidades do SUS. Utilizou metodologias científicas de apoio à decisão, como Design Research e o método misto (qualitativo e quantitativo) de avaliação para responder à questão: há diferentes proxies de painel de indicadores de avaliação multidimensional para previsão e monitoramento de performance e resultados em serviços de saúde, conforme os multicritérios dos decisores chaves da rede de serviços na saúde pública do Brasil? Através de estatística descritiva, correlação quantílica e análise factorial, foram analisadas as ponderações de itens de avaliação de performance, na perspetiva dos gestores e decisores e também de itens de análise de qualidade/ satisfação de usuários. Algumas hipóteses sobre variáveis latentes e observadas desses ítens de avaliação foram propostas e testadas por análise estatística, quanto às três possíveis variáveis moderadoras. Por fim, operacionalizou a validação multicêntrica, tendo construído modelos finais através de análise de cargas factoriais, validade e confiabilidade dos itens, de proxies de painéis de indicadores com 453 decisores chaves e uma adaptação transcultural da escala SERVQUAL que resultou em uma escala inovadora de avaliação da qualidade e satisfação, com subescalas de intervenção, tendo sido validada por 195 especialistas e gestores e, aplicada a 2.547 usuários de 74 unidades do SUS.
The creation of the Unified Health System (SUS) in 1988, in the Brazil, represented advances from the standpoint of service guarantees, systemic organization and decentralization of unified management but with weak governance performance. In turn, the New Public Management (NPM), or Managerialism, has required public health managers monitoring efforts results, controllership and accountability of the spending of public funds, as a lot of countries of Europe and Latin America apply about 9-10 % of health – PIB-GDP. This study analyzed some health outcomes measurement methodologies on the world stage as QIP and AHRQ projects (USA), EFQM (Europe) and PATH (WHO), and Brazilian projects as PROADESS, PNASH, PNASS, PMAQ and panel of indicators such as IDB-Ripsa and IDSUS, seeking develop a conceptual framework (theoretical and methodological basis) performance assessment for health organizations applicable to the SUS units. Then engaged managers and professionals (stakeholders) for the capture and validation of the perception of stakeholders as the dimensions and key indicators for performance measurement in organizations and health services in the context of SUS-Brazil hospitals, polyclinics and other SUS units. It used even scientific methods of decision support, as Design Research and mixed method (qualitative and quantitative) assessment to answer the question: there are different proxies’ multidimensional evaluation indicators dashboard for forecasting and monitoring performance and outcomes in hospitals and health services, according to the multiple criteria of the key stakeholders of the care network of the public health in Brazil? Descriptive statistics, quantum correlation and factorial analysis were used to analyze the weighting of performance evaluation items from the perspective of managers and decision makers, as well as user quality/satisfaction analysis items. Some hypotheses about latent and observed variables of these evaluation items were proposed and tested by statistical analysis, regarding the three possible moderating variables. Finally, it operates the multicentric validation, having built final models through analysis of factor loads, validity and reliability of items, of proxies of indicators panels with 453 key decision makers and a cross-cultural adaptation of the SERVQUAL scale that resulted in an innovative scale of evaluation of quality and satisfaction, with intervention subscales, having been validated by 195 specialists and managers, and applied to 2,547 users of 74 SUS units.
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Elliott, Graham. "Holocene solifluction sediments : evaluating their potential as a proxy climatic indicator." Thesis, University of Reading, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.363459.

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Fillios, Melanie A. "Measuring complexity in early Bronze Age Greece : the pig as a proxy indicator of socio-economic structures /." Oxford : J. and E. Hedges, 2007. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41221201h.

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Servera-Vives, Gabriel. "Dynamique holocène du paysage et mobilités des pratiques territoriales au mont Lozère (Massif central, France) : Approche paléoenvironnementale multi-indicateurs à haute résolution spatio-temporelle." Thesis, Limoges, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIMO0031/document.

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Un total de cinq séquences a été étudié sur le Mont Lozère afin de reconstruire la dynamique paysagère et les usages du sol sur la longue durée. L’approche multiproxy utilisé a permis de déterminer les principaux rythmes d’anthropisation et de déterminer son caractère régional et/ou local. Ce travail mené à haute résolution spatiale, chronologique et analytique a permis d’intégrer les résultats avec les données obtenus dans le cadre du PCR-Mont Lozère, afin de caractériser les modes d’occupation de la montagne qui ont modelé ce paysage culturel depuis le Néolithique jusqu’à nos jours. Une longue histoire des interactions socio-environnementales a été mise en évidence au Mont Lozère, avec une première phase à caractère agropastoral dès le Néolithique ancien, vers ca. 4550-4400 cal BC. Le Néolithique final est une période clé caractérisée par un important impact agropastoral fondé sur l’utilisation du feu pour l’ouverture de clairières. Pendant l’Âge du Fer, un déboisement marqué dans les espaces d’altitude et de piedmont coïncide avec un développement des activités agropastorales et métallurgiques. Le Haut Moyen Âge se caractérise par l’amplification des déforestations, contemporaines d’un essor des activités agropastorales. Durant le Moyen Âge Central, un système diversifié d’exploitation des ressources naturelles inclue de la métallurgie, l’agriculture, le pastoralisme, l’extraction minière et le charbonnage. Le développement agropastoral du Bas Moyen Âge aboutit à une déforestation marquée du massif qui s’étend jusqu’à la moitié du 19ème siècle, quand commencent la déprise agropastorale et les reboisements au Mont Lozère. L’histoire de la nardaie qui caractérise les espaces sommitaux suit ces phases majeures de l’anthropisation et dévoile le rôle clé qu’a joué l’agropastoralisme dans la genèse et l’évolution de ce paysage culturel de moyenne montagne
Five sedimentary sequences have been studied in the Mont Lozère with the aim to reconstruct the landscape dynamics and the land-use through the longue durée. The use of a multi-proxy analysis has allowed us both to identify distinct rhythms of human-induced landscape shift and to establish the local/regional extent of these changes. The use of high spatial, chronological and analytical resolution has enabled a correct integration of the results of this research with those supplied by the PCR-Mont Lozère project. As a result, a series of land-uses in a mountain environment from the Neolithic to present time has been proposed. A long history of socio-environmental interactions in Mont-Lozère is evidenced. A first shepherding phase in Early Neolithic (4550-4400 cal BC) has been evidenced. During Late Neolithic pastoral practices and related slash-and-burn strategies attain its highest activity. In the Iron Age Period a noticeable deforestation of both foothills and higher environments takes place as a consequence of the overall increase farming and metallurgical activities. Forest clearances increase even more during High-Medieval times, at the same time that farming activities reinforce. During the Middle Ages a more complex and diversified land-use system, including farming, metallurgy, mining and charcoal production, is recorded. The development of farming activities in the Late Medieval resulted in a more evident forest clearance of the Massif. This area remained unchanged until the 19th century, when the decay of agriculture and shepherding occurs and forest replanting in Mont Lozère is recorded. The history of highland herb communities of Nardus stricta correctly matches the main phases of land-use and underlines the key-role of farming in the genesis and evolution of this cultural landscape
Se han estudiado cinco secuencias sedimentarias en el Mont Lozère con el objetivo de reconstruir la dinámica paisajística y los usos del suelo en la longue durée. La utilización de un análisis multiproxy ha permitido determinar los principales ritmos de antropización y establecer su carácter regional y/o local. La alta resolución espacial, cronológica y analítica hapermitido la integración de resultados con aquellos obtenidos en el marco del PCR-Mont Lozère y proponer los usos de la montaña que han modelado el paisaje cultural desde el Neolítico hasta la actualidad. Se ha evidenciado una larga historia de las interacciones socioambientales en el Mont Lozère, con una primera fase de carácter agropastoral en el Neolítico Antiguo, en ca. 4550-4400 cal BC. El Neolítico Final es una fase de marcado impacto agropastoral en la que se generalizan las quemas para abrir claros en el bosque. En la Edad del Hierro se inicia una marcada deforestación en el piedemonte y los espacios de altitud, coincidiendo con un desarrollo agropastoral y metalúrgico. En el periodo altomedieval se amplifican las deforestaciones coincidiendo con un marcado incremento de las actividades agropastorales. En la Plena Edad Media se evidencia un sistema diversificado que implica metalurgia, agricultura, pastoreo, minería y carboneo. El desarrollo agropastoral de la Baja Edad Media supone una marcada deforestación en el macizo que se extiende hasta mitad del s. XIX, momento en que se inicia el declive del agropastoralismo y empiezan las reforestaciones en el Mont Lozère. La historia de las formaciones herbosas con Nardus stricta de los espacios somitales sigue estas principales fases de antropización y revela el papel clave del agropastoralismo en la génesis y evolución de este paisaje cultural
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Larsson, Hanna. "Artbestånden i fossila trädgårdskonstruktioner : En teoretisk studieav de dynamiska relationerna mellan växter, insekter och agromiljöer samt derasimplikationer för den arkeologiska tolkningen." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för idé- och samhällsstudier, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-144010.

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The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the possibility of paleoentomology as a proxy in garden archaeology research. Garden contexts can prove difficult to identify and interpret due to the many changes the contexts go through during their activity period. Mixing of materials, harvesting and cultivation of many different plants will affect the environmental data that is retrieved from them and thus our interpretation of horticulture. This essay looks at the contexts and materials involved in the gardening process; irrigation sources, fertilizer, garden plant macrofossils and modern ecological insect and host plant relationships. The goal is to suggest a conceptual indicator group of insect and plant species that could aid in the identification of garden context and the in situ growth of relic plants. Paleoentomological information from the relating contexts (middens, composts, wells etc.) and other indicator groups have been included along with the ecological data in order to get a more complex picture over the garden contexts and their varying content. For instance, many of the plants found in garden soils are recorded as host plants to several insect species. This paper argues that investigation of these relationships can aid garden archaeology and further our understanding of herbivorous insects’ and associated species’ relationships to plant domestication in pre-history.
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Books on the topic "Proxy indicators"

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United Nations Assistance Mission in Sierra Leone. Civil Affairs Section. Proxy indicators: Restoration of state authority and recovery : progress report as of March 2003. Freetown, Sierra Leone: United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone, Civil Affairs Section, 2003.

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Johannsen, Julia. Operational assessment of monetary poverty by proxy means tests: The example of Peru. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2009.

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Sheila, Girling, ed. Conservation by Proxy: Indicator, umbrella, keystone, flagship, and other surrogate species. Washington, DC: Island Press, 2010.

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Measuring complexity in early Bronze Age Greece: The pig as a proxy indicator of socio-economic structures. Oxford: John and Erica Hedges Ltd., 2007.

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Godfried J. P. van Griensven. The use of mortality statistics as a proxy indicator for the impact of the AIDS epidemic on the Thai Population. Bangkok: Institute of Population Studies, Chulalongkorn University, 1998.

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Regan, Patrick M. A Perceptual Approach to Quality Peace. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190680121.003.0003.

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This chapter tackles the problem of finding data-derived indicators to measure the quality of peace, versus a definition of peace simply as the absence of war. Conceptually, peace is seen as an equilibrium condition where resort to violence is minimal and where the highest quality of peace exists when the idea of armed violence approaches the unthinkable. The author draws upon the early work of Quincy Wright and Kenneth Boulding and progresses from there, establishing first their definitions of and conditions for peace. To put his theories to work, he introduces two proxy indicators: black market currency exchanges and bond market prices. Specifically, he examines and compares the premiums attached to the black market values of currencies in less stable economies and relates them to factors that promote destabilization of the equilibrium. Similarly, he compares the strip spreads on sovereign bonds as an indicator of government stability and instability.
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Finkelstein, Sarah. Reconstructing Middle and Late Holocene Paleoclimates of the Eastern Arctic and Greenland. Edited by Max Friesen and Owen Mason. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199766956.013.6.

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The eastern Arctic and Greenland are characterized by diverse paleoclimatic histories. A range of biological, geochemical, and geophysical indicators preserved in ice cores, lake, and ocean sediments, landscape features, or boreholes can be applied to reconstructing Holocene climates over the period of human occupation. Soon after humans arrived in the eastern Arctic around 4800 cal B.P., regional temperatures began to decline. While the proxy records show a strong regional signal, this period of Neoglacial cooling has considerable local variability related to degree of continentality, sea ice conditions and elevation. Much later, the effect of the Medieval Warm Period (AD 850-1360) on the Thule migration appears to have been overstated. Because of the considerable spatiotemporal variability in available paleoclimate reconstructions from the eastern Arctic, data from multiple sites must be integrated, and for archaeological applications, regional syntheses need to be considered alongside highly local reconstructions.
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Book chapters on the topic "Proxy indicators"

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Marzouk, Nabil. "The Syrian Conflict: Selective Socioeconomic Indicators." In Syria: From National Independence to Proxy War, 115–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98458-2_6.

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Ouellet-Bernier, Marie-Michèle, and Anne de Vernal. "Proxy Indicators of Climate in the Past." In Climate Changes in the Holocene, 41–76. Boca Raton : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351260244-2.

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García Portilla, Jason. "c) Cuba: A Sui Generis Case Study (Communist Proxy)." In “Ye Shall Know Them by Their Fruits”, 309–17. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78498-0_20.

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AbstractThe anti-clerical elements of the Revolution helped Cuba succeed in various indicators (e.g. education quality and coverage, equality, health). The Cuban regime seized, dismantled, and limited the institutional influence of Roman Catholicism on these areas of public life. However, a strong cultural influence of a highly syncretised Roman Catholicism persists in Cuba even if its institutional influence has been curbed. Also, the Communist regime, by adopting Marxism, “threw the baby out with the bathwater” through persecuting all types of religion, including Protestant liberals. Finally, the Cuban regime conveniently turned to Rome to legitimise itself after the collapse of the Soviet Union and to silence Protestantism with a corporatist strategy. The socialist legal tradition had an effect opposite to its claims (e.g. lack of freedom, corruption), even if its anti-clerical element was an advantage. Comparing the Cuban experience to other Latin American countries with leftist dictatorships (e.g. Venezuela) helps understand their failure to achieve the Cuban indicators (e.g. education). The crucial factor in this regard is whether or not the power and influence of the Roman Church-State are reduced.
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Briffa, Keith R., Philip D. Jones, Fritz H. Schweingruber, Wibjörn Karlén, and Stepan G. Shiyatov. "Tree-ring variables as proxy-climate indicators: Problems with low-frequency signals." In Climatic Variations and Forcing Mechanisms of the Last 2000 Years, 9–41. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61113-1_2.

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Rosell, A., J. Grimalt, and G. Eglinton. "Organic Compounds as Proxy-Indicators of Sea Surface Palaeotemperature: The Uk 37 Index." In Long-Term Climatic Variations, 239–49. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79066-9_9.

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Cooper, Lee W., and Corina Solis. "18O and 13C in Leaf Litter Versus Tree-ring Cellulose as Proxy Isotopic Indicators of Climate Change." In Ecological Studies, 140–59. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0021-2_9.

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García Portilla, Jason. "Component 1 (Macro): Quantitative (Regression) Analysis." In “Ye Shall Know Them by Their Fruits”, 211–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78498-0_15.

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AbstractThis chapter corresponds to the macro-quantitative component. It discusses how competitiveness and corruption were modelled, how the methods were applied in the correlation analysis and which empirical results were achieved.Regression analysis is used to test the relationship between variables of some prominent prosperity/corruption theories. This part does not seek to prove causation, but instead empirically explores whether competitiveness/transparency are related to indicators such as state religion or a population’s religious affiliation.Consistent results of the models on competitiveness (GCI) are: (1) a positive influence of EPI on GCI; (2) a positive influence of a German legal origin (or German language) on GCI; (3) a negative influence of an Orthodox population on GCI; and (4) a negative influence of a Roman Catholic population (or Roman Catholic State Religion) on GCI. These results are also consistent with the predictions in the theory chapters (Chaps. 10.1007/978-3-030-78498-0_6–10.1007/978-3-030-78498-0_11).The corruption model applied here tests the interrelations between GDP, political liberties (democracy proxy), and language and ethnic fractionalisation. The results of the models on corruption are entirely compatible with theory. The results confirm my hypothesis that transparency levels are directly (i.e. positively) related to the proportion of Protestants in countries in Europe and the Americas.
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Bryson, Reid A. "Proxy Indications of Holocene Winter Rains in Southwest Asia Compared with Simulated Rainfall." In Third Millennium BC Climate Change and Old World Collapse, 465–73. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60616-8_19.

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Raisbeck, G. M., and F. Yiou. "10Be as a Proxy Indicator of Variations in Solar Activity and Geomagnetic Field Intensity During the Last 10,000 Years." In Secular Solar and Geomagnetic Variations in the Last 10,000 Years, 287–96. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3011-7_17.

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"Appendix D Proxy Indicators for Competitiveness." In Adaptive Governance. The MIT Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/7991.003.0022.

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Conference papers on the topic "Proxy indicators"

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Nedelchev, Rostislav, Jens Lehmann, and Ricardo Usbeck. "Proxy Indicators for the Quality of Open-domain Dialogues." In Proceedings of the 2021 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.emnlp-main.618.

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Sultasn, Syed Fahad, Hamza Humayun, Umar Nadeem, Zubair Khurshid Bhatti, and Sohaib Khan. "Mobile phone price as a proxy for socio-economic indicators." In the Seventh International Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2737856.2737892.

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Pasutto, Pierrick, and Karim Zeghal. "Flight efficiency indicators in descent: a proxy for fuel burn?" In AIAA AVIATION 2022 Forum. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2022-3836.

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Schütze, Florian. "Google Trends Topic-Based Uncertainty: A Multi-National Approach." In CARMA 2020 - 3rd International Conference on Advanced Research Methods and Analytics. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/carma2020.2020.11622.

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Several studies have shown that uncertainty among economic actors influences business cycle dynamics. This paper uses Google Trends topic queries to construct an uncertainty proxy that can be applied to every country where Google is active. Using a VAR approach, this paper demonstrates that the obtained impulse-response functions of main economic indicators to a one-standard deviation shock to the constructed indicator, are similar to those from an already-existing uncertainty proxy, the EPU. This is true for the G7 countries and Russia. On average, the uncertainty indicator constructed for this paper leads to more statistically significant responses than does the EPU. Thus, this paper shows that Google Trends is a helpful tool for obtaining timely information about uncertainty among economic actors. The main improvement in this uncertainty proxy is in its language independence. Existing uncertainty-measurement approaches, in contrast, rely on certain keywords that often vary across countries.
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Markelova, Oksana S., and Aleksandra V. Ivanovskaya. "Diagnostics of a Ship Diesel Engine by Proxy Indicators of Fuel Combustion." In 2022 Conference of Russian Young Researchers in Electrical and Electronic Engineering (ElConRus). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/elconrus54750.2022.9755542.

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Fouques, Sébastien, and Ole Andreas Hermundstad. "Structural Integrity Assessment of Free-Fall Lifeboats by Combining Fast Monte-Carlo Simulations With CFD by Means of Proxy Load Variables." In ASME 2016 35th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2016-54343.

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The paper is concerned with the launch of free-fall lifeboats (FFL). It proposes a method that complies with the DNV-OS-E406 standard in order to select characteristic launches from Monte Carlo simulations for further structural load assessment with CFD and FEM. Proxy variables derived from kinematic parameters and aiming at predicting pressure load indicators are computed with the VARUNA launch simulator developed by MARINTEK. The statistical distributions of the proxy variables obtained from the Monte Carlo simulations are used to identify critical scenarios, and characteristic launches can then be selected from a chosen probability level. The feasibility of the proposed method is documented in the paper for several types of pressure loads. Existing model test data from various FFL-launch campaigns in calm water and in waves are used to compute the proxy variables as it would be done in the VARUNA simulator. Scatter diagrams showing the correlation with actual measured pressure load indicators are then established to assess the quality of the chosen proxy variables.
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FERUNI, Nerajda. "MACROECONOMIC INDICATORS OF HAPPINESS: CASE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES." In Happiness And Contemporary Society : Conference Proceedings Volume. SPOLOM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31108/7.2021.23.

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The aim of this paper is to test empirically the relationship between life satisfaction, another term used for happiness, and macroeconomic indicators such as GDP per capita, which is a proxy for economic growth, unemployment, inflation, income distribution and government expenditure in the European Union countries during the period of 2005-2017. The chosen variables are some of the most significant determinants of economic growth as well. Using the Fixed Effects model, which falls under the Panel Generalized Least Square method, the empirical results are in accordance with the literature review and suggest that unemployment and inflation have negative significant impacts on life satisfaction. Additionally, higher government expenditures and a higher level of economic growth lead to a higher level of life satisfaction in the EU countries, while unfair income distribution leads to a lower level of life satisfaction. Keywords: life satisfaction, macroeconomic indicators, economic growth, EU
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Chamberlin, Jessica, Camryn Soehnlein, Nicholas Nweeia, Benjamin R. Tanner, and Jason M. Evans. "ESTABLISHMENT OF PROXY INDICATORS OF MANGROVE AND SALT MARSH DEPOSITION AND APPLICATION TO SOIL CORES." In 68th Annual GSA Southeastern Section Meeting - 2019. Geological Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019se-327226.

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Didenko, D., and N. Grineva. "Methodological approaches to modeling the role of institutions and technologies in the economic growth of the late USSR (mid-1950s – late 1980s)." In Historical research in the context of data science: Information resources, analytical methods and digital technologies. LLC MAKS Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m1787.978-5-317-06529-4/40-48.

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Based on historical data, we test our modified production functions, derived from exogenous growth model by Mankiw, Romer, Weil (1992) and theoretical ideas by Romer (1990). Besides physical and human capital, we augment them with proxy indicators for institutional and technological environments, and with a source of endogenous growth, i.e. R&D expenditures. We present our preliminary assessments of the role of these factors in economic growth of the late USSR in inter-country comparison.
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Didenko, D., and N. Grineva. "Methodological approaches to modeling the role of institutions and technologies in the economic growth of the late USSR (mid-1950s – late 1980s)." In Historical research in the context of data science: Information resources, analytical methods and digital technologies. LLC MAKS Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m1787.978-5-317-06529-4/40-48.

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Based on historical data, we test our modified production functions, derived from exogenous growth model by Mankiw, Romer, Weil (1992) and theoretical ideas by Romer (1990). Besides physical and human capital, we augment them with proxy indicators for institutional and technological environments, and with a source of endogenous growth, i.e. R&D expenditures. We present our preliminary assessments of the role of these factors in economic growth of the late USSR in inter-country comparison.
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Reports on the topic "Proxy indicators"

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Hicks, Jacqueline. Defining and Measuring Diplomatic Influence. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.032.

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This review found no sources of straightforward indicators for use in measuring diplomatic influence. The literature and evaluations found to recommend the use of tailor-made evaluations to account for “differences in diplomatic settings, diplomatic activities and policy fields”. They hinge on developing a theory of change alongside questions and evaluation criteria that are context-specific. They rely on assessing intermediate goals as a ‘proxy’ for the immeasurable long-term influence, and causal contributions (contributed to a result) rather than causal attributions (caused a result). It was also frequently mentioned that programme designers tend to design programmes to support diplomatic influence without specific and measurable objectives because influencing processes are by nature non-linear. In these cases, evaluations will be correspondingly unable to provide specific and measurable indicators of achievement.
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Marcellino, Massimiliano, and Dalibor Stevanovic. The demand and supply of information about inflation. CIRANO, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54932/djgr5759.

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In this article we study how the demand and supply of information about inflation affect inflation developments. As a proxy for the demand of information, we extract Google Trends (GT) for keywords such as "inflation", "inflation rate", or "price increase". The rationale is that when agents are more interested about inflation, they should search for information about it, and Google is by now a natural source. As a proxy for the supply of information about inflation, we instead use an indicator based on a (standardized) count of the Wall Street Journal (WSJ) articles containing the word "inflat" in their title. We find that measures of demand (GT) and supply (WSJ) of inflation information have a relevant role to understand and predict actual inflation developments, with the more granular information improving expectation formation, especially so during periods when inflation is very high or low. In particular, the full information rational expectation hypothesis is rejected, suggesting that some informational rigidities exist and are waiting to be exploited. Contrary to the existing evidence, we conclude that the media communication and agents attention do play an important role for aggregate inflation expectations, and this remains valid also when controlling for FED communications.
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Broto, Carmen, Luis Fernández Lafuerza, and Mariya Melnychuk. Do buffer requirements for European systemically important banks make them less systemic? Madrid: Banco de España, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53479/24876.

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Buffers for systemically important institutions (SIIs) were designed to mitigate the risks posed by these large and complex banks. With a panel data model for a sample of listed European banks, we demonstrate that capital requirements for SIIs effectively reduce the perceived systemic risk of these institutions, which we proxy with the SRISK indicator in Brownlees and Engle (2017). We also study the impact of the adjustment mechanisms that banks use to comply with SII buffer requirements and their contribution to systemic risk. The results show that banks mainly respond to higher SII buffers by increasing their equity, as intended by the regulators. Once we control for the options SIIs employ to fulfil these requirements and SII characteristics (e.g. total asset size), we find a residual effect of having SII status. This result suggests that being an SII provides a positive signal to markets by further decreasing its contribution to systemic risk.
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Rahmani, Mehran, and Manan Naik. Structural Identification and Damage Detection in Bridges using Wave Method and Uniform Shear Beam Models: A Feasibility Study. Mineta Transportation Institute, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.1934.

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This report presents a wave method to be used for the structural identification and damage detection of structural components in bridges, e.g., bridge piers. This method has proven to be promising when applied to real structures and large amplitude responses in buildings (e.g., mid-rise and high-rise buildings). This study is the first application of the method to damaged bridge structures. The bridge identification was performed using wave propagation in a simple uniform shear beam model. The method identifies a wave velocity for the structure by fitting an equivalent uniform shear beam model to the impulse response functions of the recorded earthquake response. The structural damage is detected by measuring changes in the identified velocities from one damaging event to another. The method uses the acceleration response recorded in the structure to detect damage. In this study, the acceleration response from a shake-table four-span bridge tested to failure was used. Pairs of sensors were identified to represent a specific wave passage in the bridge. Wave velocities were identified for several sensor pairs and various shaking intensities are reported; further, actual observed damage in the bridge was compared with the detected reductions in the identified velocities. The results show that the identified shear wave velocities presented a decreasing trend as the shaking intensity was increased, and the average percentage reduction in the velocities was consistent with the overall observed damage in the bridge. However, there was no clear correlation between a specific wave passage and the observed reduction in the velocities. This indicates that the uniform shear beam model was too simple to localize the damage in the bridge. Instead, it provides a proxy for the overall extent of change in the response due to damage.
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