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1
Davison, Elizabeth. "Pruning Deciduous Shade Trees." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/144756.
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6 pp.Trees in the wild are never pruned, yet they often have long healthy lives. In a natural setting, their branches develop a balance and form typical of the species. It is when trees are brought into an urban situation that correct pruning becomes so important. Pruning is both a skill and an art. This publication discusses how to prune trees properly. Topics include what and when to prune, equipment and technique, training the young tree and pruning the older tree.
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Davison, Elisabeth, and Tom DeGomez. "Pruning Deciduous Shade Trees." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/560971.
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Revised; Originally published:19996 pp.
The pruning principles discussed in this publication have proven to provide the best possible out comes including tree longevity and safety. Although trees may live for years following improper pruning their life span and safety may be severely reduced. We encourage proper pruning so that the trees we care for may bring us pleasure for many years.
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Kilby, Michael, and Richard Gibson. "Rejuvenation of mature pecan trees by pruning." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/222517.
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Neglected mature 'Wichita' pecan trees were rejuvenated using various pruning techniques in 1997. Trees were pruned using proven horticultural techniques which included dehorning (cutting main scaffolds to within 2 feet of trunk) and cutting main scaffolds by 50%. To date the treatments have resulted in an increase in yield when compared to trees that received no pruning. In 1999 the grower has developed an orchard management program conducive to maximum production.
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DeGomez, Tom. "Training and Pruning Newly Planted Decidous Fruit Trees." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/559564.
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6 pp.Training and pruning newly-planted deciduous fruit trees is one of the most important steps in developing trees with a strong framework (scaffold branches). Trees with a good framework of branches can support heavy crops without limb breakage and will help to bring the young tree into production at an early age. Selection and arrangement of these branches determines the type of development and growth in later years. The goal of pruning and training is to balance vegetative and fruiting wood growth.
5
Schupp, James Rawlinson. "Physiological responses of apple trees to root pruning /." The Ohio State University, 1988. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487590702990348.
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Al, zalzaleh Hani Abdulkariem S. H. "Effects of root modification and container types on landscape trees." Thesis, University of Reading, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.301913.
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Gibson, Richard, and Michael Kilby. "Rejuvenation of Neglected, Mature "Wichita" Pecan Trees By Corrective Pruning." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/226098.
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An attempt was made in 1997 to rejuvenate neglected, mature 'Wichita' pecan trees in a commercial Pinal County grove by applying two types of heading back pruning cuts. The treatments were applied during the dormant season prior to the growing season. The trees were pruned using proven horticultural techniques which included dehorning (cutting main scaffolds to within 2 feet of the trunk) and cutting main scaffolds by 50%. After four years of data, the trees receiving no pruning treatments are producing as well or better than trees to which the pruning treatments were applied. The data suggests that a return to normal irrigation and fertilization practices alone will return neglected, water-stressed trees to normal productivity as early as trees that have been headed-back.
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Pavlis, Michael William. "The Effects of Pruning on Wind Resistance of Shade Trees." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43916.
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Three tree species, Freeman maple (Acer x. freemanii), swamp white oak (Quercus bicolor (Willd.)) and shingle oak (Quercus imbricaria (Michx.)) were tested before and after pruning to determine the effectiveness of pruning on reducing drag and bending moment. Pruning methods were thin, reduce and raise and meet the requirements set by the American National Standard Institute A300 standards for Tree Care Operations Trees, Shrub, and Other Woody Plant Maintenance - Standard Practices (Pruning). Trees were tested up to speeds of 22.4m*s-1 over 1.6km by driving them in the bed of a truck. Drag, based on a centroid of the crown, and a bending moment was calculated. Drag and bending moment were also normalized by tree mass and crown area. Reduction pruning worked more effectively for Freeman maple and raise pruning for swamp white oak at reducing drag. Simple to measure tree characteristics were analyzed to determine the best predictors of drag and bending moment in the field. Tree mass frequently was the best predictor of drag and bending moment. Information should be used with caution due to the fact that the trees tested were small stature and a limited number of trees were tested.Master of Science
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Schupp, James R. "The influence of time of root pruning on vegetative and reproductive growth of apple (Malus X domestica Borkh.)." Connect to resource, 1985. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1133548904.
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Jenniges, Stephanie M. "Factors affecting self-pruning in Northern Red Oak : (Quercus rubra L.) /." Link to full text, 2006. http://epapers.uwsp.edu/thesis/2006/jenniges.pdf.
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Van, der Merwe Izak Schalk. "Studies on the phenology and carbohydrate status of alternate bearing ‘Nadorcott’ mandarin trees." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/71829.
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Thesis (MscAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Alternate bearing is a common phenomenon in most commercial perennial fruit trees. In citrus, the “on” year consists of a heavy crop load with mostly small fruit, often followed by an “off” year with few, large and coarse fruit. Carbohydrates play an important role in affecting alternate bearing, especially during fruit set, but also flowering and fruit maturation, and are essential in maintaining a regular bearing habit. Changes in starch and total sugar accumulation in the leaves of the alternate bearing prone „Nadorcott‟ mandarin were followed over an entire season for both “on” and “off” trees to evaluate the possibility of using carbohydrate levels to predict bearing potential. Starch accumulation followed a distinct pattern with differences between “on” and “off” trees visible in April and May. Starch concentrations in April showed a moderate negative correlation with yield and a moderate positive correlation with return bloom. Rapid starch accumulation started prior to harvest with a peak at the beginning of flowering. Thereafter a sharp decrease in starch levels occurred until after full bloom followed by a steady decrease from physiological fruit drop towards fruit maturity. “On” trees bore 53% more fruit than “off” trees, but the return bloom of “off” trees was 140% more than “on” trees, thus illustrating the negative effect that a large crop has on the next season‟s bloom. It was concluded that for „Nadorcott‟ mandarin, leaf starch concentration in April can be used as an indication of bearing potential the following season. Pruning is a well-established management tool to control alternate bearing. Summer pruned trees had more spring flush vegetative shoots, more nodes per shoot and also more growth per parent shoot overall, compared to unpruned, control trees. Control trees had higher light levels inside the tree compared to summer pruned trees. However, no differences in leaf starch or total sugar levels during April were measured between treatments. Production of new bearing sites should therefore be considered in this experiment. It was concluded that pruning during November followed by early regrowth management gave the best balance between light penetration and production of new bearing units. Pruning in November, rather than during winter, also allowed selective pruning of shoots with or without flowers, depending on whether it was an “on” or an “off” year. When fruit thinning chemicals are applied at the optimum time and concentration, it is an effective way of moderating an alternate bearing cycle. Unfortunately no significant differences were obtained in this experiment even though the thinning treatments did show slightly higher starch levels in April 2012, indicating that the demand for energy was lower in these trees. This response was most likely due to the slightly lower yield and fruit number of the thinning treatments compared to the control. The dichlorprop treatment also showed a higher fruit growth rate, and future research should focus on timing of chemical thinning sprays in late mandarin cultivars
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Alternerende drag is 'n algemene verskynsel by die meeste meerjarige kommersiële vrugtebome. In die “aan” jaar by sitrus word 'n swaar oeslading gedra wat hoofsaaklik uit klein vrugte bestaan gevolg deur 'n “af” jaar met minder, groter en growwer vrugte. Koolhidrate speel 'n belangrike rol, veral gedurende vrugset, maar ook tydens blomtyd en vrugrypwording, en is noodsaaklik om ‟n reëlmatige drasiklus te verseker. Veranderinge in stysel- en totale suiker akkumulasie in die blare van „Nadorcott‟ mandarynbome, is deur die loop van 'n volle seisoen gevolg op beide “aan” en “af” bome om die moontlikheid te ondersoek dat koolhidraatvlakke gebruik kan word om dragpotensiaal te bepaal. Verskille tussen “aan” en “af” bome was in April en Mei sigbaar. Styselvlakke in April het 'n matige negatiewe korrelasie met drag getoon en 'n matige positiewe korrelasie met die volgende seisoen se blom. Styselvlakke het voor oestyd begin toeneem en aan die begin van blomtyd 'n piek bereik waarna 'n skerp daling voorgekom het tot na volblom. Dit is gevolg deur 'n geleidelike afname vanaf fisiologiese vrugval totdat die vrugte ryp was. “Aan” bome het 53% meer vrugte gedra as “af” bome, maar die volgende seisoen se blom van “af” bome was 140% meer. Dit illustreer die negatiewe effek wat ‟n groot oes op die volgende seisoen se blom het. Die gevolgtrekking is dat styselvlakke in blare gedurende April gebruik kan word as 'n aanduiding van die drag-potensiaal vir die komende seisoen vir „Nadorcott‟ mandarynbome. Snoei is 'n gevestigde manier om alternerende drag te beheer. Bome wat in die somer gesnoei is, het 'n groter aantal vegetatiewe lote in die lente, meer knoppe per loot en ook meer groei op ouer-lote gehad in vergelyking met die kontrole bome wat nie gesnoei is. Kontrole bome het hoër ligvlakke binne-in die boom gehad in vergelyking met die bome wat in die somer gesnoei is. Daar is egter in April geen verskille gemeet in die blare se stysel- en totale suikervlakke tussen behandelings nie. Produksie van nuwe dra-posisies moet dus vir hierdie eksperiment in ag geneem word. Die gevolgtrekking was dat, deur in November te snoei en vroeë bestuur van nuwe groei toe te pas, die beste boomvorm verkry is. Deur in November te snoei eerder as in die winter, kon daar ook selektief gesnoei word aan lote met of sonder blomme, afhangende of dit ‟n “aan” of “af” jaar was. Korrekte chemiese vruguitdunning is een van die mees effektiewe maniere om ‟n alternerende drag-siklus te verminder. Ongelukkig is geen betekenisvolle verskille in hierdie eksperiment verkry nie, ten spyte van die feit dat die uitdunningsbehandelings wel ietwat hoër styselvlakke in April 2012 getoon het. Dit dui daarop dat die behoefte aan energie in hierdie bome laer was. Die reaksie was waarskynlik te wyte aan die effens laer oes en vruggetalle as gevolg van die uitdunningsbehandelings in vergelyking met die kontrole. Die dichlorprop-behandeling het ook ‟n hoërvruggroeitempo gestimuleer. Navorsing in die toekoms behoort te fokus op die tydberekening waarvolgens die chemiese uitdunningsmiddels op laat mandarynkultivars toegedien word.
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Sande, Bueno Dickens. "Pollarding and root pruning as management options for tree-crop competition and firewood production." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2355.
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Thesis (MScFor) (Forest and Wood Science)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003.Planting of upperstorey trees along boundaries has been introduced in KabaleUganda with good reception from local farmers. Trees have been planted along agricultural fields, but both Alnus acuminata and Grew/lea robusta out-compete food crops. Managing competition between trees and crops for water, light, and nutrients to the benefit of farmers is a determinant of successful agroforestry. The scarcity and fragmentation of farmland coupled with the hilly nature of Kabale, highlights the need to address the question of tree-crop competition for resources if the technology of on-farm tree planting is to be widely disseminated and adopted in its different guises. Five-year old trees of A acuminata and G. robusta were subjected to treatments of pollarding, or a combination of pollarding and one side root pruning and compared with unpruned controls. The objectives were to assess their potential in reducing competition with food crops and providing firewood to farmers as well as their effects on tree growth. Pollarding has many benefits to farmers because it provides firewood and stakes for climbing beans, it reduces competition for resources between trees and crops and enables continued tree planting on-farm. Continued on-farm tree planting alleviates problems associated with limited land and contributes to environmental resilience. To ensure this, effect of pollarding and root pruning of upperstorey boundary trees of A acuminata and G. robusta was tested on 12 farmers' fields in Kabale. Food crops (beans and maize) grown in the sequence beans-maize-beans, grew very well at less than 50 em from trees that had been pollarded and root pruned one side. In general, pooled data from 12 sites over 5 m away from trees indicated that a combination of pollarding and root pruning increased bean yield by 240% and maize by 154%, while pollarding alone increased bean yield by 181% and maize yield was increased by 123% in comparison to non-pruned trees. However, pollarding and root pruning treatments reduced tree growth rates.Notable was more competition with crops by A. acuminata than by G. robusta. This was attributed to differences in root architecture, diameter at breast height (dbh) sizes, crown spread and crown density between the two species. Five-year-old A. acuminata had bigger dbh (12.40 cm), wider crown spread (6 m) and a dense crown, while G. robusta had dbh 10.82 em, 3 m crown spread and a light crown. A. acuminata also had more branches per tree (34) compared to G. robusta with only 25. These factors influence water uptake, light penetration through the canopy and transpiration rates, and thus affect tree-food crop competition. It is concluded that pollarding and root pruning have a great potential to reduce tree-crop competition, thereby paving the way for continued on-farm tree planting. The effect of pollarding on timber quality, moisture seepage into timber through the cut surface, if any, and the extent of its damage are areas for further research. The rate of root recovery is also to be followed closely to determine an appropriate frequency for cutting back of roots to recommend to farmers how often they need to prune their trees. It is also suggested that a thorough study be conducted on the amount of water uptake from the soil by each of the species Alnus acuminata and Grevillea robusta. This will help further explain the differences in competition between the two species.
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Andriyashin, Anton. "Stock picking via nonsymmetrically pruned binary decision trees with reject option." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16248.
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Die Auswahl von Aktien ist ein Gebiet der Finanzanalyse, die von speziellem Interesse sowohl für viele professionelle Investoren als auch für Wissenschaftler ist. Empirische Untersuchungen belegen, dass Aktienerträge vorhergesagt werden können. Während verschiedene Modellierungstechniken zur Aktienselektion eingesetzt werden könnten, analysiert diese Arbeit die meist verbreiteten Methoden, darunter allgemeine Gleichgewichtsmodelle und Asset Pricing Modelle; parametrische, nichtparametrische und semiparametrische Regressionsmodelle; sowie beliebte Black-Box Klassifikationsmethoden. Aufgrund vorteilhafter Eigenschaften binärer Klassifikationsbäume, wie zum Beispiel einer herausragenden Interpretationsmöglichkeit von Entscheidungsregeln, wird der Kern des Handelsalgorithmus unter Verwendung dieser modernen, nichtparametrischen Methode konstruiert. Die optimale Größe des Baumes wird als der entscheidende Faktor für die Vorhersageperformance von Klassifikationsbäumen angesehen. Während eine Vielfalt alternativer populärer Bauminduktions- und Pruningtechniken existiert, die in dieser Studie kritisch gewürdigt werden, besteht eines der Hauptanliegen dieser Arbeit in einer neuartigen Methode asymmetrischen Baumprunings mit Abweisungsoption. Diese Methode wird als Best Node Selection (BNS) bezeichnet. Eine wichtige inverse Fortpflanzungseigenschaft der BNS wird bewiesen. Diese eröffnet eine einfache Möglichkeit, um die Suche der optimalen Baumgröße in der Praxis zu implementieren. Das traditionelle costcomplexity Pruning zeigt eine ähnliche Performance hinsichtlich der Baumgenauigkeit verglichen mit beliebten alternativen Techniken, und es stellt die Standard Pruningmethode für viele Anwendungen dar. Die BNS wird mit cost-complexity Pruning empirisch verglichen, indem zwei rekursive Portfolios aus DAX-Aktien zusammengestellt werden. Vorhersagen über die Performance für jede einzelne Aktie werden von Entscheidungsbäumen gemacht, die aktualisiert werden, sobald neue Marktinformationen erhältlich sind. Es wird gezeigt, dass die BNS der traditionellen Methode deutlich überlegen ist, und zwar sowohl gemäß den Backtesting Ergebnissen als auch nach dem Diebold-Marianto Test für statistische Signifikanz des Performanceunterschieds zwischen zwei Vorhersagemethoden. Ein weiteres neuartiges Charakteristikum dieser Arbeit liegt in der Verwendung individueller Entscheidungsregeln für jede einzelne Aktie im Unterschied zum traditionellen Zusammenfassen lernender Muster. Empirische Daten in Form individueller Entscheidungsregeln für einen zufällig ausgesuchten Zeitpunkt in der Überprüfungsreihe rechtfertigen diese Methode.Stock picking is the field of financial analysis that is of particular interest for many professional investors and researchers. There is a lot of research evidence supporting the fact that stock returns can effectively be forecasted. While various modeling techniques could be employed for stock price prediction, a critical analysis of popular methods including general equilibrium and asset pricing models; parametric, non- and semiparametric regression models; and popular black box classification approaches is provided. Due to advantageous properties of binary classification trees including excellent level of interpretability of decision rules, the trading algorithm core is built employing this modern nonparametric method. Optimal tree size is believed to be the crucial factor of forecasting performance of classification trees. While there exists a set of widely adopted alternative tree induction and pruning techniques, which are critically examined in the study, one of the main contributions of this work is a novel methodology of nonsymmetrical tree pruning with reject option called Best Node Selection (BNS). An important inverse propagation property of BNS is proven that provides an easy way to implement the search for the optimal tree size in practice. Traditional cost-complexity pruning shows similar performance in terms of tree accuracy when assessed against popular alternative techniques, and it is the default pruning method for many applications. BNS is compared with costcomplexity pruning empirically by composing two recursive portfolios out of DAX30 stocks. Performance forecasts for each of the stocks are provided by constructed decision trees that are updated when new market information becomes available. It is shown that BNS clearly outperforms the traditional approach according to the backtesting results and the Diebold-Mariano test for statistical significance of the performance difference between two forecasting methods. Another novel feature of this work is the use of individual decision rules for each stock as opposed to pooling of learning samples, which is done traditionally. Empirical data in the form of provided individual decision rules for a randomly selected time point in the backtesting set justify this approach.
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Wang, Yuancheng. "Performance of supertree methods for estimating species trees." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Mathematics and Statistics, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/4644.
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Phylogenetics is the research of ancestor-descendant relationships among different groups of organisms, for example, species or populations of interest. The datasets involved are usually sequence alignments of various subsets of taxa for various genes.
A major task of phylogenetics is often to combine estimated gene trees from many loci sampled from the genes into an overall estimate species tree topology. Eventually, one can construct the tree of life that depicts the ancestor-descendant relationships for all known species around the world. If there is missing data or incomplete sampling in the datasets, then supertree methods can be used to assemble gene trees with different subsets of taxa into an estimated overall species tree topology.
In this study, we assume that gene tree discordance is solely due to incomplete lineage sorting under the multispecies coalescent model (Degnan and Rosenberg, 2009). If there is missing data or incomplete sampling in the datasets, then supertree methods can be used to assemble gene trees with different subsets of taxa into an estimated species tree topology. In addition, we examine the performance of the most commonly used supertree method (Wilkinson et al., 2009), namely matrix representation with parsimony (MRP), to explore its statistical properties in this setting. In particular, we show that MRP is not statistically consistent. That is, an estimated species tree topology other than the true species tree topology is more likely to be returned by MRP as the number of gene trees increases. For some situations, using longer branch lengths, randomly deleting taxa or even introducing mutation can improve the performance of MRP so that the matching species tree topology is recovered more often.
In conclusion, MRP is a supertree method that is able to handle large amounts of conflict in the input gene trees. However, MRP is not statistically consistent, when using gene trees arise from the multispecies coalescent model to estimate species trees.
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Woo, Tim. "A Scalable, Secure, and Energy-Efficient Image Representation for Wireless Systems." Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/940.
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The recent growth in wireless communications presents a new challenge to multimedia communications. Digital image transmission is a very common form of multimedia communication. Due to limited bandwidth and broadcast nature of the wireless medium, it is necessary to compress and encrypt images before they are sent. On the other hand, it is important to efficiently utilize the limited energy in wireless devices. In a wireless device, two major sources of energy consumption are energy used for computation and energy used for transmission. Computation energy can be reduced by minimizing the time spent on compression and encryption. Transmission energy can be reduced by sending a smaller image file that is obtained by compressing the original highest quality image. Image quality is often sacrificed in the compression process. Therefore, users should have the flexibility to control the image quality to determine whether such a tradeoff is acceptable. It is also desirable for users to have control over image quality in different areas of the image so that less important areas can be compressed more, while retaining the details in important areas. To reduce computations for encryption, a partial encryption scheme can be employed to encrypt only the critical parts of an image file, without sacrificing security. This thesis proposes a scalable and secure image representation scheme that allows users to select different image quality and security levels. The binary space partitioning (BSP) tree presentation is selected because this representation allows convenient compression and scalable encryption. The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is chosen as the encryption algorithm because it is fast and secure. Our experimental result shows that our new tree construction method and our pruning formula reduces execution time, hence computation energy, by about 90%. Our image quality prediction model accurately predicts image quality to within 2-3dB of the actual image PSNR.
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Caetano, Mayra Cristina Teixeira [UNESP]. "Substratos orgânicos para a produção de mudas de Tabebuia heptaphylla irrigadas com água potável e residuária." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/139448.
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É importante estudar compostos orgânicos na produção de mudas de T. heptaphylla, principalmente com resíduos considerados problemáticos como compostos a base de lixo urbano e restos vegetais oriundos de podas de árvores, bem como o tipo de água de irrigação utilizada. Com o trabalho o objetivo é analisar os substratos formados pela associação de doses de composto de lixo urbano e composto de poda de árvore, em condição de irrigação com água residuária e potável, nas características biométricas e na composição química foliar das mudas de Tabebuia heptaphylla. O delineamento experimental adotado foi em blocos casualizados em um esquema fatorial 8x2, sendo oito combinações de substratos (S): T1 (100% substrato comercial); T2 (100% C.P.A.); T3 (5% C.L. + 95% C.P.A.); T4 (10% C.L. + 90% C.P.A.); T5 (20% C.L. + 80% C.P.A.); T6 (40% C.L. + 60% C.P.A.); T7 (60% C.L. + 40% C.P.A.); e T8 (100% C.L.), associadas a irrigações com dois tipos de água (residuária e potável). As variáveis avaliadas foram: altura da parte aérea, diâmetro do coleto, massa de matéria seca da parte aérea e análise química foliar para determinação da concentração de macronutrientes. Os tratamentos que proporcionaram o melhor desenvolvimento das mudas de Tabebuia heptaphylla, foram os tratamentos 4 (10% CL + 90% CPA), 5 (20% CL + 80% CPA) e 6 (40% CL + 60% CPA). Sendo assim, os resultados permitem concluir que as combinações entre o composto de árvore e de lixo proporcionam resultados satisfatórios no desenvolvimento das mudas e que a utilização da água residuária influencia positivamente no desenvolvimento destas.
It is important to study organic compounds in the production of T. heptaphylla seedlings, especially with problematic considered as waste compounds to urban waste -based and plant remains derived from tree pruning, as well as the type of irrigation water used. The aim of this work was to analyze the biometric characteristics and the chemical composition of T. heptaphylla seedlings developed on different substrates formed by the association between different doses of urban waste compounds (CL) and compost of prunings trees (CPA) in irrigation condition with wastewater and drinking water. The experimental design was a randomized block in a 8x2 factorial design, with eight different combinations of substrates (S): S1 (100%) commercial substrate); S2 (C.P.A. 100%); S3 (5% + 95% C.L. C.P.A.); S4 (10% + 90% C.L. C.P.A.); S5 (20% + 80% C.L. C.P.A.); S6 (40% + 60% C.L. C.P.A.); S7 (60% + 40% C.L. C.P.A.); and S8 (100% C.L.) and with irrigation with two types of water (wastewater and potable). We evaluated the shoot height, stem diameter and leaf analysis to determine the concentration of macronutrients. Treatments that provided the best development of Tabebuia heptaphylla were treatments 4 (10% CL + 90 % CPA ), 5 (20 % CL + 80 % CPA) and 6 ( 40 % CL + 60 % CPA ) . The results obtained allow to conclude that the combination of the compound of tree and garbage provide satisfactory results development of the seedlings and the use of wastewater positively influences the development of these.
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Alves, Barbara Lucia Guimarães. "Gestão de resíduos de poda: estudo de caso da Fundação Parques e Jardins do Município do Rio de Janeiro." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2007. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=8158.
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A partir do consenso já existente, de que o desenvolvimento urbano é responsável, em
parte, pelo desequilíbrio ambiental predominante nas cidades mais populosas, nas quais a
administração dos resíduos gerados torna-se um grande desafio, este estudo foi realizado com
a finalidade de desenvolver um modelo de gerenciamento para os resíduos de poda de árvores
de espaços públicos, visando a utilização do material podado, considerado de boa qualidade, o
que minimizaria a disposição de resíduos em aterros sanitários. Para tanto, foi desenvolvido
um modelo diferenciado do ponto de vista de legal, gerencial, tecnológico e econômico, que
pudesse servir de base à pesquisa e gerar estratégias para beneficiar o meio ambiente. A
Unidade de Conservação, que pertence à Fundação Parques e Jardins da Prefeitura da Cidade
do Rio de Janeiro, localizada na Taquara, foi analisada no Estudo de Caso. As espécies
arbóreas que produzem maior volume de poda nessa seção foram selecionadas de modo que
fosse possível o seu aproveitamento econômico-ecológico. Concluiu-se que há uma
inviabilidade para segregação dos resíduos de poda por parte da Fundação Parques e Jardins e
que os mesmos poderiam ser transferidos diretamente para o aterro receptor, em fase de
encerramento de atividades, sem custos excedentes. Foi feita uma apreciação especial do
Centro de Tratamento de Resíduos Sólidos de Gericinó, por ser grande receptor dos resíduos
produzidos nas operações de manejo da área em evidência. Foi elaborada a proposta de
criação de uma Usina Verde nas áreas já desativadas do aterro, como forma complementar ao
processo de revitalização da área aterrada após o término de suas atividades. Esta ação
contemplaria a região com um bosque, onde seriam absorvidos todos os produtos dos
resíduos de poda. Haveria, também, a probabilidade de utilização operacional dos catadores
nas etapas de obtenção de compostos orgânicos, cobertura morta e equipamentos paisagísticos
entre outros.Its agreeded that the urban development is responsable for the enviromental disequilibrium that predominates in the most populous cities, where the administration of residues becomes a great challenge. This study was made in order to develop a model of urban residues pruning trees management in public places, intending to use of the pruned material which is considered in good conditions. It would also minimize the residues deposit in sanitary landfills. For this, a differentiated model was developed through legal, managemental, tecnological, and economical point of view, which could serve as a reserch base and benefit the enviroment. The Conservation Unit which belongs to the Rio De Janeiro City hall Parks and Gardens Foundation, that is located in Taquara, was analized in the case study. The tree species that produce greater volume of pruning had been selected in this section so that that it was possible the economic and ecological exploitation. It was concluded that it is unviable for the Gardens Foundation to segregate the pruning residues it self, and that, the residues could be transferred directly to its final destination, in closing of activities phase, without extra cost. A special appreciation of the Solid Waste Treatment Center located in Gericinó was done, because of the fact that it is a great receiver for residues produced in the area in evidence handling operations. It was elaborated a proposal of creation of a Green Work in the landfill disactivated areas, as a complementary form to the area filled with earth revitalizating process, after the activity end. This action would comtemplate the regions with a urban forest, where all the pruning residues products would be absorbed. Theres also a operational use probability for the landfill workers in the organic composite attainment stages, death covering and landscaping equipament, among others.
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Donno, Patrick. "Contribuição para o estudo da utilização da poda mecânica de verão em pomares superintensivos de amendoeira." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/30145.
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Este trabalho insere-se num ensaio de avaliação de diferentes alternativas de poda num pomar superintensivo de amendoeiras que foi iniciado em 2017. O presente trabalho decorreu durante 2019 e consideraram-se as seguintes alternativas de poda: tratamento T0 (poda do agricultor) – poda mecânica de verão seguida de complemento manual, efetuadas em junho; tratamento T1- poda manual de inverno; tratamento T3 – poda manual no inverno para controlo da distância da base da copa ao solo e poda mecânica de verão em julho. Avaliaram-se: dimensão das árvores, tempos de poda, lenha retirada pela poda, produção e perdas de amêndoa para o solo. As intervenções de poda mecânica de verão realizadas julho permitiram maior controlo da dimensão da copa das árvores, nomeadamente em altura. As maiores perdas de amêndoa verificaram-se nas alternativas de poda que tinham as árvores maiores. Não se verificaram diferenças na produção total de amêndoa entre os tratamentos; Abstract: Contribution for the study of mechanical summer pruning in superhigh density almond orchards
This work is part of an evaluation trial of different pruning alternatives in a super high density almond orchard that was started in 2017. The present work took place during 2019 and the following pruning alternatives were considered: T0 (farmer pruning) treatment - pruning summer mechanics followed by manual complementation, carried out in June; T1 treatment - manual winter pruning; T3 treatment - manual in winter to control the distance from the base of the canopy to the ground and summer mechanical pruning in July. Tree size, pruning times, pruning firewood, almond yield and soil losses were evaluated. The summer mechanical pruning interventions carried out in July allowed greater control of the treetop size, particularly in height. The highest almond losses were found in the pruning alternatives that had the largest trees. There were no differences in total almond yield between treatments.
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Munalula, Francis. "A method for the non-destructive determination of the knotty core sizes of standing Pinus patula trees, based on ring width assessments at breast height and the pruning history." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4126.
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Thesis (MScFor (Forest and Wood Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to develop and assess a methodology of using pruning information (age and height) and ring width measurements on increment core samples taken at breast height from standing pruned Pinus patula trees for modeling the knotty core sizes in the pruned section of a tree. A total of 170 trees from 17 compartments, representing a wide variety of growth sites from the Mpumalanga escarpment, were selected and destructively sampled. Sample trees were selected to represent the productive timber volume available from the compartments using stratified sampling. Sample discs were removed at breast height (1.3m) and at six meter height. After drying and sanding, the cross-sectional surfaces of one surface of each of the discs were scanned on a document scanner and the ring widths measured, using an image analysis program. A preliminary study, using 30 discs, was undertaken to ascertain the appropriate number of radii per disc to measure. A comparison between results of two opposite radii, as opposed to four radii, showed that the difference in mean ring width resulting from the two approaches was statistically not significant. In practice this means that for ring width assessment, sampling of increment cores opposite to one another at breast height would be sufficiently accurate to study average ring width variation across the radius of a tree. A study was also conducted to determine to what accuracy ring widths at six metre height could be predicted from breast height measurements. It was shown that cumulative growth at six metre height can be predicted from cumulative growth at breast height, site index and cambial age at breast height as independent variables (R2 = 0.96). Ring width measurements at breast height can, therefore, be used to predict incremental growth throughout the pruned section. Combined with available information on the pruning history of a stand (pruning heights and pruning age), this study proved that quantitative knowledge on incremental growth can be used as a basis for estimating changes in knotty core sizes along the entire pruned section of the stem. Analysis of variation for the entire data set from ring width measurements showed that there was far greater variation in knotty core percentages (the percentage of diameter occupied by knotty core) between different compartments than within compartments. Within a tree, the knotty core percentages between three stem sections, 0-2.4m, 2.4–4.8m, and 4.8-7m, were found to increase significantly from the bottom section (49.1%) to the top section (65.4%). A single 2.4m log from the pruned section of each tree was removed and processed into sawn timber at a sawmill. After drying of the boards, a sub-sample of sawn boards from 17 logs, one log from each compartment, was selected and reconstructed into log form. From the reconstructed log (reconstructed to represent their original position in the log) the actual knotty core size was estimated by measuring the distance from the pith to the end of the branch stub. A comparison of the actual knotty core sizes and the modelled knotty core sizes of a sub-sample of trees showed only a modest relationship (R2 = 0.62). Reasons for this might be variability in pruning quality, inaccurate pruning records, nodal swellings and the methodology used to measure the actual knotty core sizes. Knowledge of knotty core sizes of standing trees can be used for many different purposes. Two applications that were assessed and found to be useful include decision support for cross cutting logs and for sawmill production planning purposes. Sawmill simulation software was used to evaluate value -and grade recoveries under different scenarios. Results showed that cross-cutting the pruned sections of logs from a compartment with large within-tree knotty core size variation into shorter logs, as opposed to keeping the pruned sections as single logs, result in increases in grade and value recovery. It was also shown that sawing of pruned logs from compartments with relatively small knotty cores, results in much better grade recoveries than logs from compartments with relatively large knotty cores (this information will be useful for production planning purposes). It can be concluded that the methodology proposed to reconstruct knotty cores from tree ring measurements has the potential to be used as a decision aid in the forest and forest products industry.
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Cai, Jingfeng. "Decision Tree Pruning Using Expert Knowledge." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1158279616.
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Ardeshir, G. "Decision tree simplification for classifier ensembles." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2002. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/843022/.
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Design of ensemble classifiers involves three factors: 1) a learning algorithm to produce a classifier (base classifier), 2) an ensemble method to generate diverse classifiers, and 3) a combining method to combine decisions made by base classifiers. With regard to the first factor, a good choice for constructing a classifier is a decision tree learning algorithm. However, a possible problem with this learning algorithm is its complexity which has only been addressed previously in the context of pruning methods for individual trees. Furthermore, the ensemble method may require the learning algorithm to produce a complex classifier. Considering the fact that performance of simplification methods as well as ensemble methods changes from one domain to another, our main contribution is to address a simplification method (post-pruning) in the context of ensemble methods including Bagging, Boosting and Error-Correcting Output Code (ECOC). Using a statistical test, the performance of ensembles made by Bagging, Boosting and ECOC as well as five pruning methods in the context of ensembles is compared. In addition to the implementation a supporting theory called Margin, is discussed and the relationship of Pruning to bias and variance is explained. For ECOC, the effect of parameters such as code length and size of training set on performance of Pruning methods is also studied. Decomposition methods such as ECOC are considered as a solution to reduce complexity of multi-class problems in many real problems such as face recognition. Focusing on the decomposition methods, AdaBoost.OC which is a combination of Boosting and ECOC is compared with the pseudo-loss based version of Boosting, AdaBoost.M2. In addition, the influence of pruning on the performance of ensembles is studied. Motivated by the result that both pruned and unpruned ensembles made by AdaBoost.OC have similar accuracy, pruned ensembles are compared with ensembles of single node decision trees. This results in the hypothesis that ensembles of simple classifiers may give better performance as shown for AdaBoost.OC on the identification problem in face recognition. The implication is that in some problems to achieve best accuracy of an ensemble, it is necessary to select base classifier complexity.
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Jones, Scott Alan. "Effect of pruning type, pruning dose, and wind speed on tree response to wind load." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0013321.
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Shi, Haijian. "Best-first Decision Tree Learning." The University of Waikato, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2317.
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In best-first top-down induction of decision trees, the best split is added in each step (e.g. the split that maximally reduces the Gini index). This is in contrast to the standard depth-first traversal of a tree. The resulting tree will be the same, just how it is built is different. The objective of this project is to investigate whether it is possible to determine an appropriate tree size on practical datasets by combining best-first decision tree growth with cross-validation-based selection of the number of expansions that are performed. Pre-pruning, post-pruning, CART-pruning can be performed this way to compare.
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Sousa, J?nior Francisco Souto de. "Desenvolvendo e gerenciando compostagem de res?duos s?lidos urbanos: para gera??o de renda e repasse de tecnologia ? acrevi." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2011. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/18675.
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Previous issue date: 2011-07-11Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
Nowadays, as well as in the past decades, the dumping of biodegradable organic waste in landfill is common practice in Brazil, as well as in most parts of the world. Nevertheless due to its rapid decomposition and release of odors, this practice hamper?s the operation and implementation of a recycling system. These facts encouraged our research to find an efficient system for the management of organic waste, not only for the use of official workers responsible for managing these wastes, but also for non-governmental institutions. The Recycling for Life Community Association ? ACREVI (Associa??o Comunit?ria Reciclando para a Vida), together with the municipal authorities of Mossor?-RN, Brazil, have assumed the social role of collecting and recycling solid waste produced by most of the local population. However, it was observed that the organic waste it collected was not receiving any treatment. This present work aims to make compost with mixed waste (green waste and organic household), and then do chemical analysis of the material in view to use the waste as organic fertilizer. The objective being: to share the knowledge acquired by putting it into a very simple language accessible to people with little education. The experiment was conducted at ACREVI, Mossor? (RN), and the compost was obtained following the method "windrow", forming three cells (I, II, III) with conical shape, dimensions of 1.6 meters and 2.0 meters in diameter for cells I and II, and 1.0 meters high and 2.0 meters in diameter for cell III. The process was accompanied by analysis: CHN elemental, a variation of cell temperature, humidity, pH, TKN, bulk density, nutrients and heavy metals. Stabilized organic compounds reached the C/N ratio of 10.4/1 cell I and 10.4/1 in the cell II in the cell, showing how good soil conditions, with potential to improve the physical properties of any soil and pH acid soils, has presented the cell III at the end of the process the C/N 26/1, is a high ratio may be associated with the stack size III, thus changing the optimal conditions for the occurrence of the process. The levels of heavy metals in the analyzed compounds were lower than those established by the SDA normative instruction, N? 27, of 5 June, 2006. The use of pruning trees and grass are used in small-scale composting, while generating a quality compost in the final process, it also created an important condition for a correct sizing of the composting piles. Under the studied conditions it is not advisable to use cells with a height of 1.00 m in height and 2.00 m in diameter, as these do not prevent the rapid dissipation of heat and thus can not be a good product at the end of composting. The composting process in the shed of the association and the preparation of the primer enabled the development of an alternative technology to generate income for members of ACREVI.
Durante d?cadas e ainda hoje no Brasil, assim como em muitos pa?ses do mundo a deposi??o de res?duos org?nicos biodegrad?veis em aterro foi uma pr?tica muito comum, pois a r?pida decomposi??o e a libera??o de odores destes res?duos dificultam a operacionaliza??o e aplica??o de um sistema de reciclagem. Estes fatos incentivam ? busca de medidas eficientes para a gest?o de res?duos org?nicos n?o s? nas entidades oficiais respons?veis pela gest?o destes res?duos, mas tamb?m nas institui??es n?o governamentais. A Associa??o Comunit?ria Reciclando para a Vida ACREVI, com o apoio da prefeitura municipal de Mossor?, Brasil, tem assumido o papel social da coleta e reciclagem de res?duos s?lidos produzido por grande parte da popula??o local. Por?m, observou-se que os res?duos org?nicos que ela coleta n?o est?o recebendo qualquer tratamento. Nesse trabalho objetivou-se realizar a compostagem com misturas de res?duos urbanos (res?duos verdes e org?nicos domiciliares), fazer a an?lise qu?mica desse material, tendo em vista sua utiliza??o como adubo org?nico, e repassar o conhecimento produzido em linguagem bem simples e acess?vel a pessoas com baixa escolaridade via produ??o de uma cartilha de compostagem. O experimento foi realizado na ACREVI, Mossor? (RN) e o produto da compostagem foi obtido seguindo o m?todo windrow , formando tr?s pilhas (I, II, III) com formato c?nico, dimens?es de 1,6 metros de altura e 2,0 metros de di?metro para as pilhas I e II, e 1,0 metro de altura e 2,0 metros de di?metro para a pilha III. O processo foi acompanhado atrav?s das an?lises: elementar de CHN, varia??o de temperatura da pilha, grau de umidade, pH, NTK, densidade aparente, metais pesados e nutrientes. Os compostos org?nicos estabilizados atingiram a rela??o C/N de 10,4/1 na pilha I e 10,4/1 na pilha II, mostrando-se como bons condicionantes de solo, apresentando potencial para melhorar as propriedades f?sicas de qualquer solo e o pH de solos ?cidos, j? a pilha III apresentou no final do processo rela??o C/N 26/1, est? alta rela??o pode ser associada ao tamanho da pilha III, alterando desta forma as condi??es ideais para ocorr?ncia do processo. Os teores de metais pesados analisados nos compostos foram inferiores aos estabelecidos pela instru??o normativa SDA, N? 27 de 05 de Junho de 2006. O uso de podas de arvores e gramas, utilizadas na compostagem em pequena escala, ao mesmo tempo em que gerou um composto de qualidade no produto final do processo, tamb?m criou uma condi??o importante para um correto dimensionamento das pilhas de compostagem. Nas condi??es estudadas n?o ? aconselh?vel utilizar pilhas com altura de 1,00 m de altura e 2,00 m de di?metro, pois estas n?o impedem a r?pida dissipa??o de calor e assim n?o se consegue um bom produto no final da compostagem. O processo de compostagem no galp?o da associa??o e a elabora??o da cartilha viabilizou o desenvolvimento de uma tecnologia alternativa de gera??o de renda para os associados da ACREVI
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Holanda, Pedro Thiago Timbó. "SPST-Index : a self pruning splay tree index for database cracking." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFPR, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1884/46126.
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Orientador : Prof. Dr. Eduardo Cunha de AlmeidaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Exatas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Informática. Defesa: Curitiba, 24/02/2017
Inclui referências : f. 41-43
Área de concentração: Ciência da computação
Resumo: Em Database Cracking, uma coluna de banco de dados se organiza fisicamente, de maneira autônoma, em partições, um índice é então criado para otimizar o acesso a essas partições. A árvore AVL é a estrutura de dados utilizada para implementar esse índice. Contudo, em termos de cache, ela é particularmente ineficiente para consultas de intervalos, já que seus nós acessados apenas algumas vezes e os nós frequentemente acessados estão espalhados por toda a árvore. Esse trabalho apresenta a Self-Pruning Splay Tree (SPST) que é uma estrutura de dados capaz de reorganizar os dados mais e menos acessados, melhorando o tempo de acesso para as partições mais acessadas. Para cada consulta de intervalo, a SPST rotaciona para a raiz os nós que apontam para os valores do predicado da consulta e o valor médio do intervalo. Eventualmente, os nós mais acessados da árvore irão permanecer próximos a raíz, melhorando a utilização da CPU e a atividade de cache. Os nós menos acessados permanecerão próximos às folhas e serão removidos para limparmos dados que não são utilizados, diminuindo o tamanho do índice e obtendo custos de leitura e atualização menores. Palavras-chave: Database Cracking, Índice para Cracking , Árvore Splay.
Abstract: In database cracking, a database is physically self-organized into cracked partitions with cracker indices boosting the access to these partitions. The AVL Tree is the current data structure of choice to implement cracker indices. However, it is particularly cache-inefficient for range queries, because the nodes accessed only for a few times (i.e, "Cold Data") and the most accessed ones (i.e, "Hot Data") are spread all over the index. This work presents the Self-Pruning Splay Tree (SPST) data structure to index database cracking and reorganize "Hot Data" and "Cold Data" to boost the access to the cracked partitions. To every range query, the SPST rotates to the root the nodes pointing to the edges and to the middle value of the predicate interval. Eventually, the most accessed tree nodes remain close to the root improving CPU and cache activity. On the other hand, the least accessed tree nodes remain close to the leaves and are pruned to clean up unused data in order to diminish the storage footprint with significant improvements: smaller lookup/update costs. Keywords: Database Cracking, Cracker Index, Splay Tree.
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Namirembe, S. "Tree shoot pruning to control competition for below-ground resources in agroforestry." Thesis, Bangor University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.297866.
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Gibson, Richard, Linda Nunan, and Michael Kilby. "Pecan yields and nut quality as influenced by soil trenching and tree pruning." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/222518.
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Trenching and pruning applications were placed on mature Wichita pecan trees in Maricopa, Arizona in 1998. Yield and nut quality data from the test are presented. Unfortunately, the cool, favorable growing weather minimized quality degradation during the growing season and confounded the test. Data presented probably do not reflect the true benefits of the treatments.
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Farrell, Robert William. "Structural Features Related to Tree Crotch Strength." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32619.
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Crotches were cut out of red maple (Acer rubrum), callery pear (Pyrus calleryana), and sawtooth oak (Quercus acutissima) trees (2.5â -7â d.b.h.) and then pulled apart in an engineering testing machine to identify physical parameters correlated with crotch strength. Parameters measured included the diameter of the branch and of the trunk above and below the crotch, angle of the branch and branch bark ridge, and the length of the crotch and the branch bark ridge. The force required to break each sample was used to calculate breaking strength based on the formula for bending stress. Each parameter was tested for correlation with crotch strength within the individual species and for the three species combined. The ratio of branch diameter over crotch width had the highest correlation coefficient for crotch strength. Branch angle was also correlated with crotch strength but not as highly as the ratio of the diameters. V-shaped crotches (those with included bark) were significantly weaker than U-shaped crotches for all species. The ratio of the two stem diameters greatly influenced the manner in which the crotches broke. In crotches where the branch diameter was 2/3 the size of the trunk or smaller, the crotch broke by being pulled directly out of the trunk. Crotches with branches more than 2/3 the diameter of the trunk broke when the trunk split longitudinally and had significantly lower strength values. These results indicate that increased crotch strength results from a small branch diameter relative to that of the trunk.Master of Science
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Karim, A. B. "Alley cropping studies in the uplands of Sierra Leone." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.233480.
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Bayala, Jules. "Tree crown pruning as a management tool to enhance the productivity of parklands in West Africa." Thesis, Bangor University, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.247299.
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Limér, Christoffer, and Erik Kalmér. "Monte Carlo Tree Search for Risk." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-297695.
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The idea of using artificial intelligence to evaluatemilitary strategies is relevant for a large number of governmentstoday. With programs like AlphaZero beating world championsin games of ever-increasing complexity, military adaptations areprobably not far away, if they are not in use already. Partof these programs’ recent success is due to a heuristic searchalgorithm called Monte Carlo Tree Search. In this project,we explored the possibility of using this algorithm to build aprogram capable of playing the strategy board game of Riskat a high level. The complexity and stochastic dynamic ofthe game demanded the use of chance nodes and aggressivegameplay limitations, known as action-pruning. By changing theconditions and game environment of the algorithm, we observedperformance differences, mainly simulation length considerablyimproved convergence. We suggest that the created program,optimized with correct algorithm parameters, has the potentialof playing Risk at a high level.Tanken att använda artificiell intelligensför att evaluera militära strategierär relevant för ett stortantal regeringar idag. När program så som AlphaZero slårvärldsmästare i allt mer komplexa spel bör militära tillämpningarinte ligga långt borta, om de inte redanär implementerade. Endel av programmens framgång kan härledas till dess användningav en heuristisk sökalgoritm, kallad Monte Carlo-Trädsökning. Idet här projektet, utforskade vi möjligheten att använda dennaalgoritm för att konstruera ett program, kapabel att spela detstrategiska brädspelet Risk på en hög nivå. Spelets komplexitetoch stokastiska natur krävde användning av så kallade ”chance-nodes” och en aggressiv användning av spelbegränsningar kändasom ”action-pruning”. Genom attändra villkoren och spelmiljönför algoritmen observerades prestandaförändringar, där konver-gensen i huvudsakökade vid begränsningar av möjliga val. Viföreslår att det skapade programmet, optimerat med korrektaalgoritmparametrar, har potentialen att spela Risk på en högnivå.
Kandidatexjobb i elektroteknik 2020, KTH, Stockholm
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Järnevi, Sara. "Lyckad trädflytt : Förberedande åtgärder och efterskötsels inverkan på trädets etablering efter flytt." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för elektronik, matematik och naturvetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-23776.
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Syftet med denna rapport är att sammanställa fakta kring hur åtgärder före och efter trädflytt kan påverka trädets etablering. Rapporten behandlar även vilken inverkan rotbeskärning har på träd och hur nybildning av rötter kan främjas. Rapporten besvarar frågor kring hur ett träd reagerar på att bli flyttat och hur trädart, växtplats och tidigare åtgärder kan påverka resultatet av en trädflytt. Rapporten besvarar även frågor angående vilka åtgärder som kan genomföras, innan och efter trädflytt, för att förbättra trädets etablering på sin nya växtplats, vilken inverkan rotbeskärning har på det flyttade trädet och hur nybildning av finrötter kan främjas. Rapporten är skriven som en traditionell akademisk rapport och är baserad på litteratur som har samlats in från vetenskapliga artiklar, böcker och uppslagsverk. Vid trädflytt förlorar ett träd stora delar, cirka 90 procent, av sitt rotsystem och drabbas av stressymptom. Ett friväxande, sådd i naturen och icke-rotbeskuret, träd kan förlora ännu större delar av sitt rotsystem. Det är viktigt att undersöka om det är ett plantskoleträd eller ett friväxande träd och även vilken trädart som ska flyttas då det kan ha betydelse för hur lyckad trädflytten blir. Genom att utföra rotbeskärning skapas ett kompakt rotsystem som ger en minskad rotförlust. Rotbeskärning främjar även tillväxten av finrötter i rotklumpen, vilket gynnar trädet vid etablering och ger minskad vattenstress. Ofta genomförs en kronreducering för att reducera obalansen mellan krona och rötter. En måttlig kronreducering, mellan 10 och 30 procent, kan gynna trädet. Om trädet ska kunna etablera sig och överleva flytten måste det övervinna stressymptomen. Om ett träd ska kunna bilda nya rötter och ha tillväxt av grenar och skott behöver trädet ha god vitalitet. Bevattning spelar en essentiell roll för trädets överlevnad och etablering. Mulch kan ge god tillväxt av finrötter och bidra till en förbättrad etablering. Rapportens slutsats är att både förberedande åtgärder och efterskötsel har inverkan på trädets etablering och hur väl trädet klarar av att bli flyttat. En korrekt genomförd rotbeskärning bör utföras, en måttlig kronbeskärning av 10-30 procent av kronan bör utföras, träd ska flyttas under sin viloperiod och träd som flyttas bör ha hög vitalitet. Nybildning av rötter främjas av god markfukt, varm jord, jämn bevattning och att mulch läggs på.The purpose of this report was to put together facts regarding how the measures before and after tree transplanting can affect the establishment of the tree. The report also dealt with the impact that root pruning might have on trees and how regeneration of roots can be promoted. The report answers questions concerning how tree transplanting affects a tree and how tree species, locality and previous measures can influence the effect of a tree transplanting. The reports also answers a question concerning which measures could be performed, before and after tree transplanting, to improve the tree’s establishment in it’s new locality. The last question that this report answers is what impact root pruning has on the tree and how regeneration of fine roots can be favoured. The report is written as a traditional academic report and is based on literature that was collected from scientific articles, books and encyclopedias. A tree loses a large amount, approximately 90 percent, of its root system during the tree transplanting. This causes stress symptoms in the tree. A tree, sown and grown in nature, that has never been root pruned will lose even larger amounts of its root system when it’s transplanted. It’s important to do investigations before tree transplanting. Investigations should be done before tree transplanting to determine what kind of tree, nursery-grown or grown in nature, and what species is about to be transplanted. Both of these aspects may have an influence on how successful the transplanting is. Root pruning can make the root system more compact which reduces root loss during transplanting. Root pruning also increases the amount of fine roots in the root ball which is beneficent during establishment and also reduces water stress. The high amount of root loss causes an imbalance between crown and roots. The crown is often reduced to correct this imbalance and in this report it was proven that a moderate crown reduction is beneficial for the tree. The tree must overcome the stress symptoms to be able to survive and to establish itself. Trees need good vitality to be able to regenerate roots, shoots and branches. Irrigation plays an important part in the establishment and the survival of the tree. Mulch can promote regeneration of fine roots and contribute to an improved establishment. The conclusion of the report is that both preparatory measures and after care has an impact on the establishment and on how successful the transplanting of a tree will be. A correctly executed root pruning and a moderate crown pruning (10 to 30 percentage of the crown) should be carried out. Trees should be transplanted during their dormant season and trees, that are going to be transplanted, should have high vitality. Regeneration of roots is promoted by having good soil moisture, warm soil, even watering and applying mulch.
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Lundgren, Jen, and Kajsa Hultén. "Growing Your Own Branch While Pruning the Family Tree : An Exploratory Study of Individual Career Management in the Context of Family Business." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Företagsekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-43866.
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Gerber, Hein Jaco. "Tree training and managing complexity and yield in fig (Ficus carica L.)." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/3184.
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Thesis (MscAgric (Horticulture))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Commercial fig production with popular European cultivars, Bourjasotte Noire, Col de Damme Noire and Noire de Caromb, is new to the Western Cape. Little research on fig production has been conducted in South Africa and producers are struggling to implement effective commercial practices. In order to establish practices that will maximise yield of quality fruit, the most productive one-year-old shoot lengths were identified in a phenological study. All shoot length categories evaluated in ‘Bourjasotte Noire’ (10 – 15 cm, 25 – 40 cm, 50 – 65 cm, 75+ cm) yielded fruit and will probably yield well the following season. In ‘Col de Damme Noire’, shoots longer than 60 cm seem to be suited to reproduction, yet they might produce a poor yield the following season. Shoots 10 – 20 cm long in ‘Noire de Caromb’ are productive relative to their length, while shoots 30 – 50 cm and 60 – 80 cm long are also fairly productive. Shoots longer than 100 cm produced suitable shoot lengths for yield the following season. Two experiments were conducted on ‘Bourjasotte Noire’ and ‘Col de Damme Noire’ to establish the type (Experiment 1, different intensity heading cuts) and timing (Experiment 2) of pruning cuts required to stimulate the growth of shoots of the same length as the shoots selected to be optimal for yield in the phenology study, and to reduce the expression of distal branching. In ‘Bourjasotte Noire’, removing one third of the total length of one-year-old shoots on 21 July by heading stimulated the development of more growth and longer current season shoots compared to other treatments, while reducing yield slightly. Heading back to three nodes in ‘Col de Damme Noire’ stimulated the growth of current season shoots of the optimal length established in the phenology study, while heading cuts on 30 June produced the longest average current season shoot length in ‘Col de Damme Noire’. To further address the effects of distal branching (acrotony), an experiment was conducted to establish whether rest breaking agents (RBA’s) in combination with tip-pruning can increase tree complexity by improving bud break, and whether increased complexity would increase yield in all three cultivars. A second experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of timing RBA applications on bud break and harvest scheduling. Lift® increased the number of buds breaking in ‘Bourjasotte Noire’, while in ‘Noire de Caromb’ Dormex® and oil increased bud break. Tip-pruning increased the average shoot length in ‘Bourjasotte Noire’ and ‘Col de Damme Noire’, while causing a reduction in the amount of new growth in ‘Noire de Caromb’. Lift® applied 3 August and Dormex® applied 30 June shortened the number of days to 50% bud break in ‘Bourjasotte Noire’ and ‘Col de Damme Noire’. Both Lift® and Dormex® applied on 30 June decreased the number of days to 50% bud break and 50% harvest of the breba crop in ‘Noire de Caromb’. These treatments increased the number of fruit in both the breba and main crop of ‘Noire de Caromb’, but reduced fruit size. In conclusion, different approaches with regards to pruning needs to be followed for each cultivar to establish or maintain the optimal shoots for reproduction, while RBA’s can be used to force earlier, increased- bud break and harvest of breba fruit.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Kommersiele verbouing van drie Europese vykultivars, Bourjasotte Noire, Col de Damme Noire en Noire de Caromb is nuut tot die Wes-Kaap. Baie min navorsing oor die verbouing van vye is al in Suid-Afrika gedoen, met die gevolg dat produsente sukkel om effektiewe kommersiële verbouingspraktyke te implementeer. ‘n Fenologiese studie van die drie kultivars is uitgevoer om vas te stel wat die mees produktiewe een-jaar-oue lootlengte is, met die doel om die opbrengs van kwaliteit vrugte te maksimeer. Al vier kategorieë wat ge-evalueer is in ‘Bourjasotte Noire’ (10 – 15 cm, 25 – 40 cm, 50 – 65 cm, 75+ cm) is gevind om geskik te wees vir huidige en volgende seisoen opbrengs. Lote langer as 60 cm is geskik vir opbrengs in ‘Col de Damme Noire’ in die huidige seisoen, maar mag in die volgende seisoen swak presteer a.g.v. die gebrekkige lengte van nuwe lote wat daarop ontwikkel. In ‘Noire de Caromb’ is gevind dat lote 10 – 20 cm lank baie produktief is relatief tot hul lengte en dat lote 20 – 50 cm en 60 – 80 cm lank ook relatief produktief is. Lote langer as 100 cm was minder produktief, maar het nuwe lote gelewer wat geskik is vir opbrengs die volgende seisoen. Twee snoei eskperimente is uitgevoer op ‘Bourjasotte Noire’ en ‘Col de Damme Noire’ om vas te stel wat die mees geskikte tipe snoeisnit (Eksperiment 1, verskillende dieptes van topsnitte) en tydstip om te snoei (Eksperiment 2) is met die doel om lote te produseer soortgelyk in lengte aan die wat in die fenologie studie uitgewys is as die produktiefste, en om moontlik die voorkoms van “kaalnekke” te verminder. In ‘Bourjasotte Noire’ is gevind dat die wegsnoei van ‘n derde van die loot op 21 Julie aanleiding gee tot meer groei, langer een-jaar-oue lote en ‘n effense afname in opbrengs. Geskikte lote langer as 60 cm kan in ‘Col de Damme Noire’ verkry word deur lote te top sodat net drie nodes oorbly. Die uitvoer van topsnitte op 30 Junie het langer gemiddelde lootlengtes tot gevolg gehad. Om die probleem van “kaalnekke” (apikale dominansie) verder aan te spreek, is ‘n eksperiment uitgevoer om vas te stel of rusbreekmiddels gekombineerd met tip-snoei gebruik kan word om kompleksiteit te vermeerder deur knopbreek te verhoog, en indien wel, of dit sal aanleiding gee tot verhoogde opbrengs in al drie kultivars. ‘n Tweede eksperiment met verskillende toedieningstye van rusbreekmiddels is uitgevoer om vas te stel of oeste geskeduleer kan word. Lift® het knopbreek verhoog in ‘Bourjasotte Noire’, terwyl Dormex® en olie knopbreek verhoog het in ‘Noire de Caromb’. Tip-snoei het die gemiddelde lootlengtes verhoog in ‘Bourjasotte Noire’ en ‘Col de Damme Noire’, terwyl dit groei verminder het in ‘Noire de Caromb’. Lift® toediening op 3 Augustus en Dormex® toediening op 30 Junie het die aanvang van 50% knopbreek vervroeg in ‘Boujasotte Noire’ en ‘Col de Damme Noire’. Beide Lift® en Dormex® toediening op 30 Junie het die bereiking van 50% knopbreek- en 50% oes vervroeg in ‘Noire de Caromb’. Hierdie behandeling het ook die aantal vrugte van die breba- en hoofoes vermeerder, maar vruggrootte verminder. Verskillende snoeibenaderings behoort dus gevolg te word om vir elke kultivar die regte lootlengtes te genereer of te onderhou, terwyl rusbreekmiddels gebruik kan word om knopbreek te vervroeg en verhoog, en om die breba oes te vervroeg.
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Muchecheti, Fiona. "Utilization of multipurpose tree prunings as a source of nitrogen for the production of rape (Brassica napus L.) and spinach (Spinacea olearacea L.)." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/33152.
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The production of rape and other leaf vegetables for local and export markets by smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa has been constrained by soil fertility depletion associated with continuous cropping with inadequate addition of major nutrients like Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P) and Potassium (K). Biomass transfer of multipurpose tree prunings (usually legumes) to croplands has been shown to significantly increase the availability of soil N. Nitrogen mineralization of the leguminous biomass provides a major pathway through which the fixed N becomes available for use by other plants. The extent to which a specific type of plant residue influences soil fertility, crop growth and N recovery is in part determined by its biochemical qualities, decomposition patterns and the concurrent timing of nutrient release and crop nutrient demand. Consequently, the main challenge with the use of biomass from leguminous trees is to ensure that the release of N from mineralization is synchronised with the crop‟s demand.
The utilization of multipurpose tree prunings as a source of nitrogen for the production of rape (Brassica napus L.) and spinach (Spinacea olearacea L.) was studied in a series of experiments. Prunings of four leguminous tree prunings commonly found in agroforestry systems namely Leucaena leucocephala, Calliandra calothyrsus, Acacia angustissima and Acacia karoo were used. The objectives of the study were:
i) To determine the effect of chemical composition of the various leguminous tree prunings and their decomposition and N release patterns and
ii) To evaluate the short term nutrient supply of the various leguminous tree prunings with or without supplemental inorganic nitrogen on the growth and yield responses of rape and spinach, respectively.
Results indicated that rates of decomposition and N release decreased in the order: L. leucocephala > A. angustissima > C. calothyrsus > A. karoo. The ratios of lignin-to-N (r = 0.85) and soluble condensed tannins-to-N (r = 0.89) were negatively correlated with N release. The rates of decomposition and nitrogen mineralization of the prunings used as soil ameliorants were best predicted by their (lignin+soluble condensed tannin)-to-N ratios (r = 0.91).
Soil amelioration with the various leguminous prunings significantly increased yields (P < 0.05) relative to the yields of plots that did not receive any amelioration. Total biomass, leaf number, area and size as well as saleable leaf yields increased linearly for all treatments. The quality of the prunings used as soil ameliorants significantly affected (P < 0.05) the efficiency of N recovery. Prunings of L. leucocephala which were the most labile had higher nutrient recovery rates and increased yields compared to the other leguminous amendments. Soil amendment with prunings of A. karoo on the other hand, which were the most recalcitrant, resulted in relatively lower N recovery rates. Supplementation of pruning-N with inorganic fertilizer further increased yields over the 0N treatment, indicating improved N recovery by the leafy vegetables. Crop growth and rates of nitrogen recovery of the leafy vegetables were corroborated by the short term nutrient supply capabilities of the leguminous prunings.
Leguminous tree prunings can be used as a source of N for vegetable production as evidenced by the higher yields realized from amending the soil with the various prunings relative to the unfertilized plants. However, the rate and amount of N mineralized from the prunings and hence the net benefit obtained by the crop determines their suitability for vegetable production.Dissertation (MSc Agric)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
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Plant Production and Soil Science
Unrestricted
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Silva, Dafne Pereira da. "Avaliação do processo de adensamento de resíduos de poda de árvore visando ao aproveitamento energético: o caso do campus da USP na capital." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/106/106131/tde-09112016-141125/.
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Os resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU) são particularmente difíceis de gerenciar por se tratar de um resíduo muito heterogêneo em sua composição (resíduos domésticos, de construção civil, de poda de árvore, entre outros). Com isso torna-se necessário o conhecimento das atuais tecnologias de tratamento de resíduos, para que busquem soluções ambientalmente adequadas, economicamente viáveis, socialmente justas e politicamente aceitáveis. Com base nessa premissa e com a necessidade de se estudar novas fontes renováveis de energia na busca por combustíveis alternativos aos combustíveis fósseis, a utilização de resíduos de poda de árvore como fonte energética apresenta aspectos benéficos ao país, desde que viável econômica e tecnicamente. Assim este trabalho analisa a atual situação da destinação dos resíduos de poda de árvore, e apresenta algumas alternativas para seu aproveitamento energético e não energético. Sendo o objetivo principal desta dissertação avaliar o potencial de utilização dos resíduos de poda de árvore para o seu aproveitamento energético por meio dos processos de adensamento de biomassa (peletização e briquetagem), utilizando como base o caso do campus da Universidade de São Paulo na capital. Nos ensaios de peletização foi possível obter pellets com densidade energética elevada, entre 6 GJ/m3 e 8 GJ/m3, o que corresponde a uma densidade energética de 6 a 9 vezes maior que a da poda de árvore in natura. Os briquetes apresentaram uma densidade energética entre 5 GJ/m3 a 6 GJ/m3, ou seja, uma densidade energética de 5 a 6 vezes maior que da poda de árvore in natura. Entretanto os valores obtidos de durabilidade mecânica dos briquetes foram considerados insatisfatórios nas condições estudadas, ao contrário dos pellets, que apresentaram elevados valores. Neste estudo o processo de peletização se mostrou mais viável tecnicamente do que o de briquetagem, visto que os pellets de resíduo de poda de árvore garantiram uma densidade energética elevada e boa resistência mecânica.Municipal solid wastes (MSW) are particularly difficult to manage because it is a very heterogeneous waste in its composition (household waste, construction, tree pruning, etc). It becomes more than necessary knowledge of current waste treatment technologies, to seek environmentally adequate solutions, economically viable, socially fair and politically acceptable. Based on these assumptions and the need to study new renewable energy sources in the search for alternative fuels to replace fossil fuels, the use of tree pruning waste as an energy source have beneficial aspects to the country, since economic viable and technically. So this paper analyzes the current situation of final disposal of tree pruning waste, and presents some alternatives for its energy and non-energy use. Since the main objective of this work is to evaluate the potential use of tree pruning waste for their energy application through biomass densification processes (pelletizing and briquetting), based on the case of the campus of the University of São Paulo in capital. In the pelleting tests it was possible to obtain pellets with high energy density between 6 GJ/m3 and 8 GJ/m3, which corresponds to an energy density of 6 to 9 times greater than that of tree pruning in nature. The briquettes had an energy density of between 5 GJ/m3 6 GJ/m3, in other words a power density of 5 to 6 times that of tree pruning in nature. However the values obtained from mechanical durability of briquettes were found to be unsatisfactory under the conditions studied, unlike pellets, they showed high values. In this study, the pelleting process is technically more feasible than briquetting. Since the tree pruning waste pellets ensured a high energy density and good mechanical strength.
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Albustanji, Yusuf M. "Agrammatism In Jordanian –Arabic Speakers." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1250650673.
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Saffidine, Abdallah. "Solving Games and All That." Phd thesis, Université Paris Dauphine - Paris IX, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01022750.
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Efficient best-first search algorithms have been developed for deterministic two-player games with two-outcome.We present a formal framework to represent such best-first search algorithms.The framework is general enough to express popular algorithms such as Proof Number Search, Monte Carlo Tree Search, and the Product Propagation algorithm.We then show how a similar framework can be devised for two more general settings: two-player games with multiple outcomes, and the model checking problem in modal logic K.This gives rise to new Proof Number and Monte Carlo inspired search algorithms for these settings.Similarly, the alpha-beta pruning technique is known to be very important in games with sequential actions.We propose an extension of this technique for stacked-matrix games, a generalization of zero-sum perfect information two-player games that allows simultaneous moves.
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Varadarajan, Badri. "The Design of Linear Space-Time Codes for Quasi-static Flat-fading Channels." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/5030.
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The reliability and data rate of wireless communication have traditionally been limited by the presence of multipath fading in wireless channels. However, dramatic performance improvements can be obtained by the use of multiple transmit and receive antennas. Specifically, multiple antennas increase reliability by providing diversity gain, namely greater immunity to deep channel fades. They also increase data rates by providing multiplexing gain, i.e., the ability to multiplex multiple symbols in one signaling interval.
Harvesting the potential benefits of multiple antennas requires the use of specially designed space-time codes at the transmitter front-end. Space-time codes introduce redundancy in the transmitted signal across two dimensions, namely multiple transmit antennas and multiple signaling intervals. In this work, we focus on linear space-time codes, which linearly combine the real and imaginary parts of their complex inputs to obtain transmit vectors for multiple signaling intervals.
We aim to design optimum linear space-time codes. Optimality metrics and design principles for space-time codes are shown to depend strongly on the codes' function in the overall transmitter architecture. We consider two cases, depending on whether or not the space-time code is complemented by a powerful outer error-control code.
In the absence of an outer code, the multiplexing gain of a space-time code is measured by its rate, while its diversity gain is measured by its raw diversity order. To maximize multiplexing and diversity gains, the space-time code must have maximum possible rate and raw diversity order. We show that there is an infinite set of maximum-rate codes, almost all of which also have maximum raw diversity order. However, different codes in this set have different error rate for a given input alphabet and SNR. Therefore, we develop analytical and numerical optimization techniques to find the code in this set which has the minimum union bound on error rate. Simulation results indicate that optimized codes yield significantly lower error rates than unoptimized codes, at the same data rate and SNR.
In a concatenated architecture, a powerful outer code introduces redundancy in the space-time code inputs, obtaining additional diversity. Thus, the raw diversity order of the space-time inner code is only a lower limit to the total diversity order of the concatenated transmitter. On the other hand, we show that the rate of the space-time code places an upper limit on the multiplexing ability of the concatenated architecture. We conclude that space-time inner codes should have maximum possible rate but need not have high raw diversity order. In particular, the serial-to-parallel converter, which introduces no redundancy at all, is a near-optimum space-time inner code. This claim is supported by simulation results.
On the receiver side, we generalize the well known sphere decoder to develop new detection algorithms for stand-alone space-time codes. These new algorithms are extended to obtain efficient soft-output decoding algorithms for space-time inner codes.
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Meneghetti, Gabriela Ignarra Pedreira. "Estudo de dois métodos de amostragem para inventário da arborização de ruas dos bairros da orla marítima do município de Santos, SP." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-27112003-100603/.
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Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar a eficiência de dois métodos de amostragem de árvores de rua para os bairros da orla marítima da cidade de Santos. Foram empregadas a amostragem sistemática simples e a amostragem estratificada por bairros. Cinco estratos corresponderam aos bairros Ponta da Praia, Aparecida, Embaré, Boqueirão, e, o último, denominado Composto, compreendeu três bairros vizinhos, o Gonzaga, o Pompéia e o José Menino. Dos 470 quarteirões não compostos integralmente por áreas verdes e localizados na área de estudo, foram selecionados 70 para compor a amostra (14,9%) tanto da amostragem sistemática simples quanto da amostragem estratificada. A fim de estimar o parâmetro populacional que representa a abundância de árvores, utilizou-se a variável número de árvores por quilômetro de calçada. Foi realizado um inventário qualitativo e quantitativo no qual foram anotados o perímetro dos quarteirões (incluindo as calçadas), o número de elementos existentes (árvores e arbustos vivos ou mortos) e suas características. Os dois métodos de amostragem foram eficientes para o levantamento de árvores de ruas nos bairros da orla marítima da cidade de Santos, mas deu-se preferência para a amostragem sistemática simples, uma vez que o ganho em precisão obtido através da estratificação por bairros foi muito pequeno. Para avaliar a riqueza e a abundância das espécies e as diferenças na composição de espécies dos estratos foram calculados os índices de diversidade de Shannon e de Jaccard. As sete espécies mais freqüentes foram Inga laurina (ingá), Sapindus saponaria (saboneteira), Terminalia catappa (chapéu-de-sol), Ficus benjamina (figueira-benjamin), Delonix regia (flamboyant), Lagerstroemia indica (resedá ou extremosa) e Callophyllum brasiliensis (guanandí). De cada um dos 1282 elementos vivos avaliados foram levantadas características relacionadas ao tamanho das árvores, ao tipo de condução ou poda, à qualidade da copa e do tronco, à fitossanidade, à compatibilidade com o local de plantio, à área livre de pavimentação, aos danos aos passeios e à presença de redes aéreas e de obstáculos ao desenvolvimento das plantas.The aim of the present study is to examine the efficiency of two sampling methods for street trees inventory in the coastal neighborhoods of the city of Santos. Two methods have been employed: the simple systematic sampling and the stratification according to neighborhood. The five strata which have been analyzed correspond to the following neighborhoods: Ponta da Praia, Aparecida, Embaré, Boqueirão and one strata hereby called Compound, which actually comprehends three adjacent neighborhoods, namely Gonzaga, Pompéia and José Menino. Of the 470 blocks not entirely made up of green areas witch still situated in the study area, 70 have been selected to be the sample (14.9%), in the simple systematic method as well as in the stratified type. In order to estimate the population parameter representing the abundance of trees, the variable number of trees per kilometer of sidewalk has been utilized. A qualitative as well as a quantitative inventory has been drawn up in which we have annotated the perimeter of the blocks (sidewalks included), the number of existing elements (trees, bushes and shrubs, either dead or living) and their characteristics. Although both methods of sampling have proven to be efficient for street trees inventories in the coastal neighborhoods of the city of Santos, we have given preference to the simple systematic sampling type, since very little gain in accuracy has been obtained from the sampling method of stratification by neighborhood. So as to estimate the wealth and abundance of the species and the differences in the species composition between the five strata, we have calculated both Shannon and Jaccard diversity indexes. The seven most frequent species are the following ones: Inga laurina (ingá), Sapindus saponaria (saboneteira), Terminalia catappa (chapéu-de-sol), Ficus benjamina (figueira-benjamin), Delonix regia (flamboyant), Lagerstroemia indica (resedá or extremosa) and Callophyllum brasiliensis (guanandí). Of each of the 1.282 evaluated living elements, we have registered characteristics related to the following aspects: tree size, type of conduction or pruning, quality of crown and trunk, insect or disease problems, degree of compatibility with the planted site, areas devoid of paving, damage caused to pavements and the presence of wiring and cables or any obstacles to plant development.
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Seck, Djamal. "Arbres de décisions symboliques, outils de validations et d'aide à l'interprétation." Thesis, Paris 9, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA090067.
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Nous proposons dans cette thèse la méthode STREE de construction d'arbres de décision avec des données symboliques. Ce type de données permet de caractériser des individus de niveau supérieur qui peuvent être des classes ou catégories d’individus ou des concepts au sens des treillis de Galois. Les valeurs des variables, appelées variables symboliques, peuvent être des ensembles, des intervalles ou des histogrammes. Le critère de partitionnement récursif est une combinaison d'un critère par rapport aux variables explicatives et d'un critère par rapport à la variable à expliquer. Le premier critère est la variation de la variance des variables explicatives. Quand il est appliqué seul, STREE correspond à une méthode descendante de classification non supervisée. Le second critère permet de construire un arbre de décision. Il s'agit de la variation de l'indice de Gini si la variable à expliquer est nominale et de la variation de la variance si la variable à expliquer est continue ou bien est une variable symbolique. Les données classiques sont un cas particulier de données symboliques sur lesquelles STREE peut aussi obtenir de bons résultats. Il en ressort de bonnes performances sur plusieurs jeux de données UCI par rapport à des méthodes classiques de Data Mining telles que CART, C4.5, Naive Bayes, KNN, MLP et SVM. STREE permet également la construction d'ensembles d'arbres de décision symboliques soit par bagging soit par boosting. L'utilisation de tels ensembles a pour but de pallier les insuffisances liées aux arbres de décisions eux-mêmes et d'obtenir une décision finale qui est en principe plus fiable que celle obtenue à partir d'un arbre uniqueIn this thesis, we propose the STREE methodology for the construction of decision trees with symbolic data. This data type allows us to characterize individuals of higher levels which may be classes or categories of individuals or concepts within the meaning of the Galois lattice. The values of the variables, called symbolic variables, may be sets, intervals or histograms. The criterion of recursive partitioning is a combination of a criterion related to the explanatory variables and a criterion related to the dependant variable. The first criterion is the variation of the variance of the explanatory variables. When it is applied alone, STREE acts as a top-down clustering methodology. The second criterion enables us to build a decision tree. This criteron is expressed as the variation of the Gini index if the dependant variable is nominal, and as the variation of the variance if thedependant variable is continuous or is a symbolic variable. Conventional data are a special case of symbolic data on which STREE can also get good results. It has performed well on multiple sets of UCI data compared to conventional methodologies of Data Mining such as CART, C4.5, Naive Bayes, KNN, MLP and SVM. The STREE methodology also allows for the construction of ensembles of symbolic decision trees either by bagging or by boosting. The use of such ensembles is designed to overcome shortcomings related to the decisions trees themselves and to obtain a finaldecision that is in principle more reliable than that obtained from a single tree
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Gai, Chunyang. "Pruning methods for classification trees." 2000. http://www.library.wisc.edu/databases/connect/dissertations.html.
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Hsin-MaoChen and 陳心懋. "Partitioned Set-Pruning Segment Trees for Packet Classification." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/01412978938754814182.
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Tsao, Ming-Lih, and 曹明利. "Effect of Pruning Technigues and Planting Types on the Growth of Street Trees." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/05866285862432510823.
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碩士國立嘉義大學
農學研究所
98
The main purpose of this study is based on the management of the existing street trees to obtain available improved management. Study shows that managers, tree-pruning professionals and the public take positive attitudes toward the improvement of the management, techniques and the policies of street trees. The main reason for outsourcing in street trees’ maintenance pruning is the lacking of manpower, the second reason is the lacking of equipments. The study also shows that the biggest problem for pruning professionals is the decision of the pruning place (15.7%). Due to the problem of pruning, 81.1% of the pruning professionals are willing to take street trees pruning seminars to improve skills. There are 36.7% of the professional pruning and management knowledge comes from the seminar. The assessment after the pruning of branches on broken branches, Ventral branch and pest branch comes to a good rating. It has distinguished effects on the techniques of pruning and also the use of pruning equipments. And the use of pruning equipment has extreme effect on the techniques of pruning. The healing observation of Koelreuteria henryi Dummer shows that the pruning diameter between 0-20mm has 62.5% healing. The shape of the healing from 20-40mm are mostly type C2 while 40-60mm are mostly type C1. The closer the pruning place from the trunk, the more probability it will heal and 87.5% are likely to turn into type C1. The Koelreuteria henryi Dummer pruning in wound healing rate showed that pruning branches 20-40 mm diameter in the healing rate of 34% as much area The differences between different types of the street trees' soil pH values are not significant. In different rates of the soil hardness, most trees are signidicantly higher than green belt pattern spices except hole-planting pattern Bischofia javanica Blume. The hardness of the soil which areis covered is much lower than those that are uncoverd. Bischofia javanica Blume's DBH grows faster among all hole-planting pattern street trees. We hope that the result of this research can provide improved methods and better management for the protection of street trees.
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Souhaité, Marie-Odile. "Feature subset selection and pruning in the use of decision trees for PVC detection." 1997. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/37750945.html.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1997.Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaf 44).
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Lin, Cheng-Jung, and 林振榮. "Study on evaluation of Taiwania trees quality grown with different thinning and pruning treatments using nondestructive techniques." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/35450901363585816371.
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博士國立臺灣大學
森林學研究所
92
The effects of different thinning and pruning treatments on the wood properties of Taiwania (Taiwania cryptomerioides Hay) using the ultrasonic wave and drilling resistance methods were investigated, with the following results: 1.The ultrasonic wave velocity (V) in the longitudinal direction tended to decrease with increased density, but the V in the radial and tangential direction also tended to increase with increased density. The dynamic Young''s modulus (DMOE) in the radial and tangential directions tended to increase with increased densities on the whole, while it was independent with density in the longitudinal direction. 2.The V in the longitudinal and radial direction tended to increase with decrease in Moisture content (MC). Above the fiber saturation point (FSP), DMOE values tended to decrease rapidly with decreasing MC; whereas below the FSP, the DMOE values tended to increase gradually with decreasing MC. The k values for the ultrasonic wave propagated through the longitudinal and radial direction of Taiwania plantation lumber were equivalent to 0.58 and 0.33 respectively. Using the effective density and ultrasonic wave velocity to calculate the longitudinal and radial DMOE, it was found that the DMOE tended to remain constant with MC during the MC reducing process from a water-saturated condition to FSP. 3.Moreover, V (in longitudinal direction) tended to decrease linearly with increasing bulk density (BD). On the contrary, V (in radial direction) tended to increase with increasing BD. However, the correlations between ultrasonic velocity, MC, and BD could be represented by polynomial regression model. K value for ultrasonic wave was affected by different density. The adjusted dynamic DMOE remain fairly constant above the FSP by simple method. 4.The average V, DMOE (standing tree, lumber, and specimen), modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), and density (lumber and specimen) in the thinning treatments showed a trend as follows: non-thinning > medium-thinning >heavy-thinning. This indicates that thinning reduces average bending properties. Then, the average V, DMOE, MOE, MOR, and density in the pruning treatments showed a trend as follows: medium-pruning > non-pruning > heavy-pruning. According to the tendency of results, the better average qualities of trees, lumbers and specimens occurred in the non-thinning and medium pruning treatment by ultrasonic-wave technique and static bending tests. Moreover, there were very significant positive relationships between density, V, DMOE, MOE, and MOR. Results of this study also demonstrate that the effect of silvicultural practices on wood properties can be identified with the ultrasonic-wave technique. 5.The drill resistance technique as applied to Taiwania plantation wood uses a liner relationship between the solid density and the drill resistance values. There is a positive significant relationship between the average Dmax+Dmin density (maximum and minimum densities) and the density boundary of early and late wood in a ring. The thinning caused wider annual rings than medium and non-thinning, pruning caused narrower annual rings than non-pruning, and that the thinning treatment affected annual rings more effectively than the pruning treatment. The average ring density in the thinning treatments showed a trend as follows: non-thinning > medium >heavy. This indicates that thinning reduces average ring density. The average ring density in the pruning treatments showed a trend as follows: medium > non-pruning > heavy. The drill resistance values tended to decrease with the decreasing of MC. Positive significant relationships were found among the MC, bulk density, and drill resistance values. In addition, no significant differences were shown for tracheid length and microfibril angle among the three thinning and pruning treatment specimens.
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LEE, CHANG-HUNG, and 李承鴻. "Image Processing Technology Applied to Tree Pruning." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/68568491337508158559.
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碩士國立中正大學
電機工程研究所
104
Taiwan suffered an annual average of 3-4 typhoons. Before the typhoon come, the department of street trees management will be pruning trees against the typhoon. But often excessive pruning, trees only left main part of trunk. We need to use a natural pruning way to prune trees, it good for maintaining the appearance of trees. The internal bad tree branches be pruned to reduce wind resistance. We want to use the existing image processing techniques, the color space conversion to LAB color space, and better channel of color features, image filters (blur), OTSU automatic binary processing and Morphological operations not only to keep the image detail, but also to remove the noise. So we can segment the trees form the image. Then through the main trunk positioning, volume estimates, balance coefficient estimates, we can estimate the balance of the trees when wind is blowing, and let us know which part of the branches must be pruning first. Finally, we use the method of determining bad branches for finding suitable pruning position. The way combined the balance of the trees and the natural method, to prune trees step by step. In the end, we will render pruning finished image.
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Chen, Chung Ming, and 陳重銘. "The Effect of the Linear Fitting Method in Decision Tree Pruning." Thesis, 1995. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/81845860544022974202.
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Cheng, Ching-Pei, and 鄭青佩. "Optimal tree pruning for location update in machine-to-machine communications." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/55431629597054493850.
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碩士國立交通大學
電信工程研究所
101
In this thesis, we propose a parsing-tree-based location update scheme for wireless Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication. In M2M communication networks, there might be a large amount of Machine-Type-Communication (MTC) devices in a small area. If each MTC device periodically performs location update, the MTC server might be overloaded. According to Information Theory, in comparison with periodically performing location update, it is more efficient for a MTC device to perform location update only when the MTC device has to add a new node into the parsing tree. Since a MTC device typically has limited memory and is battery-powered, we propose an optimal tree pruning algorithm that minimizes the weighted sum of the energy cost and the memory cost. In addition, we show that the computation complexity of the proposed scheme is low. Furthermore, we use both analytical results and simulation results to justify the proposed scheme.
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Botha, Christelle Charle. "Alley cropping with Leucaena in semi-arid conditions." Diss., 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/27322.
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