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1
Cady, Jo Ann, and Pamela J. Wells. "Pruning Trees." Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School 21, no. 4 (November 2015): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mathteacmiddscho.21.4.0196.
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Cady, Jo Ann, and Pamela J. Wells. "Pruning Trees." Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School 22, no. 1 (August 2016): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mathteacmiddscho.22.1.0006.
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Kerr, Gary, and Geoff Morgan. "Does formative pruning improve the form of broadleaved trees?" Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 132–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x05-213.
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Formative pruning is the pruning of young trees before canopy closure to encourage the development of a single straight stem at least 6 m in height. The use of formative pruning has been widely recommended; however, this guidance lacks a scientific basis. The experiments described here examined the effects of four levels of formative pruning on precanopy closure stands of European ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.), cherry (Prunus avium L.), European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), and English oak (Quercus robur L.). For the faster growing ash and cherry, two prunings were applied over a 3-year period; for the slower growing oak and beech, there were four prunings over 4–6 years. Form and growth were assessed for up to 9 years after the last pruning treatment. A moderate intensity of formative pruning that removed forks and large branches showed some potential to improve the form of oak and beech. However, there were no form improvements for any level of formative pruning applied to ash or cherry. Attempting to produce the quality of timber required by management objectives by minimizing the number of trees planted and applying formative pruning is risky and likely to fail. A more secure way of obtaining quality improvement is to use traditional pruning after a period of canopy closure.
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KOVCHEGOV, YEVGENIY, and ILYA ZALIAPIN. "HORTON LAW IN SELF-SIMILAR TREES." Fractals 24, no. 02 (June 2016): 1650017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218348x16500171.
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Self-similarity of random trees is related to the operation of pruning. Pruning [Formula: see text] cuts the leaves and their parental edges and removes the resulting chains of degree-two nodes from a finite tree. A Horton–Strahler order of a vertex [Formula: see text] and its parental edge is defined as the minimal number of prunings necessary to eliminate the subtree rooted at [Formula: see text]. A branch is a group of neighboring vertices and edges of the same order. The Horton numbers [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are defined as the expected number of branches of order [Formula: see text], and the expected number of order-[Formula: see text] branches that merged order-[Formula: see text] branches, [Formula: see text], respectively, in a finite tree of order [Formula: see text]. The Tokunaga coefficients are defined as [Formula: see text]. The pruning decreases the orders of tree vertices by unity. A rooted full binary tree is said to be mean-self-similar if its Tokunaga coefficients are invariant with respect to pruning: [Formula: see text]. We show that for self-similar trees, the condition [Formula: see text] is necessary and sufficient for the existence of the strong Horton law: [Formula: see text], as [Formula: see text] for some [Formula: see text] and every [Formula: see text]. This work is a step toward providing rigorous foundations for the Horton law that, being omnipresent in natural branching systems, has escaped so far a formal explanation.
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Wood, Bruce W., Jerry A. Payne, and Owen Jones. "Transplanting Bearing Pecan Trees." HortScience 25, no. 8 (August 1990): 916–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.8.916.
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Overcrowding in young high-density pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch] orchards has prompted a study of tree transplanting and evaluation of survival and tree performance. Shoot growth and nut production characteristics of 13-year-old `Stuart' and `Farley' pecan trees subjected to different stubbing and pruning treatments and then transplanted with a large tree spade indicated that transplants can survive with little or no pruning if moved when dormant. Shoot regrowth was proportional to the degree of pruning, and nut production was inversely proportional to the degree of pruning.
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Ikinci, Ali. "Influence of Pre- and Postharvest Summer Pruning on the Growth, Yield, Fruit Quality, and Carbohydrate Content of Early Season Peach Cultivars." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/104865.
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Winter and summer pruning are widely applied processes in all fruit trees, including in peach orchard management. This study was conducted to determine the effects of summer prunings (SP), as compared to winter pruning (WP), on shoot length, shoot diameter, trunk cross sectional area (TCSA) increment, fruit yield, fruit quality, and carbohydrate content of two early ripening peach cultivars (“Early Red” and “Maycrest”) of six years of age, grown in semiarid climate conditions, in 2008 to 2010. The trees were grafted on GF 677 rootstocks, trained with a central leader system, and spaced 5 × 5 m apart. The SP carried out after harvesting in July and August decreased the shoot length significantly; however, it increased its diameter. Compared to 2009, this effect was more marked in year 2010. In general, control and winter pruned trees of both cultivars had the highest TCSA increment and yield efficiency. The SP increased the average fruit weight and soluble solids contents (SSC) more than both control and WP. The titratable acidity showed no consistent response to pruning time. The carbohydrate accumulation in shoot was higher in WP and in control than in SP trees. SP significantly affected carbohydrate accumulation; postharvest pruning showed higher carbohydrate content than preharvest pruning.
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O'Hara, Kevin L., and Narayanan I. Valappil. "Epicormic sprouting of pruned western larch." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 30, no. 2 (February 15, 2000): 324–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x99-200.
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Western larch (Larix occidentalis Nutt.) trees in western Montana, U.S.A., were monitored for 6 years following pruning to assess incidence of epicormic sprouting. Trees were pruned to either 2.4 or 5.5 m. Epicormic sprouts were more prevalent in smaller diameter trees and in trees pruned to shorter live crown lengths than larger or longer crowned trees. Number of sprouts declined since pruning, but over 30% of trees still had epicormic sprouts 6 years after pruning. Sprouts that did not extend from the bole were prone to becoming dormant or dying over time. Extended sprouts were more persistent and will probably form wood-quality defects that remain outside the defect core. Pruning of western larch may still be successful for enhancing clearwood production if trees are pruned to retain at least a 50% live crown ratio and if pruning is delayed until trees reach about 16 cm diameter at breast height for a short pruning lift (2.4 m) or 22 cm for a higher pruning lift (5.5 m).
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Connell, Joseph H., Warren Micke, James Yeager, Janine Hasey, Bill Krueger, and Craig Weakley. "TRAINING PERMANENT AND TEMPORARY TREES." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1169c—1169. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1169c.
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High orchard establishment costs require greater production early in an orchard's life. Our goal was to develop temporary trees at the least cost with the best early production. Health and longevity of permanent trees is essential. Six pruning treatments were evaluated in five-tree plots using a randomized complete block design. Each treatment was replicated four times on the `Butte' and `Mission' almond cultivars. After six years, temporary trees receiving the least pruning had the highest yields. Permanent trees had lower yields since more pruning was done in the second through fourth dormant seasons to develop branch framework for the long term. `Butte' and `Mission' responses to treatment varied due to varietal growth habits. Effects on tree development and the need for later corrective pruning were noted. After four harvests, yields were greater with less pruning.
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Salami, Olusola, and Oluuolc Osonuhi. "Growth and yield of maize and cassava cultivars as affected by mycorrhizal inoculation and alley cropping regime." Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade 51, no. 2 (2006): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jas0602123s.
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Effect of myeorrhizal inoculation and two pruning regimes in experimental alley cropping treatments on the leaf biomass and nutrient yield of sole and mixed Gliricidica septum (a Modulating plant) ami Senna siamea (a non-nodulating plant) were investigated both in the greenhouse and in the field. The impact of the mixtures of these legumes as hedgerows on maize and one cultivar of cassava was also studied on the Held. Gliricidia sepiuni prunnings were found to have high nutrient yields, notably 358.4 kg ha-1 of N and 14.7 kg ha-1 of P as well as fast decomposition and nutrient release. In both Giricidia and Senna. there was similar leaf dry matter values in sole and mixed inoculated or non-inoculated trees for either of the pruning regime and for most of the pruning harvests, although significant differences occurred between inoculated and non-inoculated mixed or sole trees. There was no difference between the total leaf dry matter of the two- and three-month pruning regimes in G. sepium. However, in contrast to G. sepium, the total leaf dry matter of the two-month pruning regime of iS'. sianica was lower than its three-month pruning regime, except for sole non-inoculated trees. Generally, inoculation and mixing of trees in the same hedgerows significantly increased the total N and P yield in G. sepium and S. siantea with greater values in the former than the latter. In G. sephium and except for mixed inoculated trees, while total N yield in the leaf was higher in three-monthly primed than two-monthly pruned trees, the converse was the case for P. For S. siamea the total N and P yield were higher in three-monthly than two-monthly pruned trees. Myeorrhizal inoculations consistently increased the yield of the cassava root tuber and maize grain over their non-inoculated counterparts.
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Marini, Richard. "SPUR PRUNING `DELICIOUS' APPLE TREES." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1102c—1102. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1102c.
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Twenty-eight-year-old `Starkrimson Delicious' trees were spur pruned in 1986 and 1987 and/or treated with BA + GA4+7 in 1986 in an attempt to improve spur growth and fruit weight. Yield, fruit weight, and spur quality characters were recorded for 1986-1989. All treatment combinations failed to improve yield or fruit weight. Although spur-pruning improved spur length, spur bud diameter, leaf area per spur and leaf dry weight per spur, fruit weight was not improved. BA + GA4+7 reduced yield and fruit weight, and increased the number of pygmy fruit in 1986, but had little effect on fruiting for the three years after treatment.
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Naira, Ashraf, and Ashraf Moieza. "Summer pruning in fruit trees." African Journal of Agricultural Research 9, no. 2 (January 8, 2014): 206–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajar2013.7916.
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Abraham, Romain, Jean-François Delmas, and Hui He. "Pruning of CRT-sub-trees." Stochastic Processes and their Applications 125, no. 4 (April 2015): 1569–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spa.2014.11.008.
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Iorio, Carmela, Massimo Aria, Antonio D’Ambrosio, and Roberta Siciliano. "Informative trees by visual pruning." Expert Systems with Applications 127 (August 2019): 228–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2019.03.018.
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Kappel, Frank, and Michel Bouthillier. "Rootstock, severity of dormant pruning, and summer pruning influences on peach tree size, yield, and fruit quality." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 75, no. 2 (April 1, 1995): 491–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps95-086.
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Peach trees in British Columbia are pruned heavily during the dormant season with some potentially detrimental effects. Summer pruning has been used to control fruit tree vigor and improve fruit quality. The objective of this study was to reduce tree size, increase yield, and improve fruit color by using a less severe dormant pruning system and summer pruning prior to harvest. Over 4 yr, mature, self-rooted (micropropagated) Fairhaven peach trees and Fairhaven on Siberian C rootstock were subjected to two different dormant pruning regimes, with or without summer pruning. Yield, tree growth, pruning weights (dormant and summer) and fruit quality (size and color) measurements were recorded annually. There were no differences in yields per tree for the two rootstocks or for the summer pruning treatments. The lighter ("long") dormant pruning increased yields but average fruit weight was higher in the heavier ("short") dormant pruning treatment. Summer pruning increased the amount of red color on the fruit but only slightly. Own-rooted trees were larger (tree height and ground area covered) than trees budded on Siberian C. Tree height was also increased by the lighter dormant pruning treatment. The partitioning index was higher for trees on Siberian C rootstock, "long" dormant pruned, or non- summer pruned trees. Key words:Prunus persica, fruit color, fruit size, partitioning index
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Gilman, Edward F., Gary W. Knox, and Patricia Gomez-Zlatar. "Pruning Method Affects Flowering and Sprouting on Crapemyrtle." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 26, no. 3 (September 1, 2008): 164–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-26.3.164.
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Abstract ‘Natchez’ (Lagerstroemia indica × fauriei) and ‘Carolina Beauty’ (Lagerstroemia indica L.) crapemyrtle were pruned in three manners including topping, pollarding, and pencil-pruning plus a non-pruned control for four years to determine influence on flowering and sprouting. The topping and pollarding of ‘Natchez’ delayed appearance of the first flower up to one month compared to non-pruned trees for the first two years following initial pruning. In contrast, topping and pollarding ‘Carolina Beauty’ induced flowering by as much as one week sooner one and three years following initial pruning with no effect in years two and four. Topping both cultivars delayed peak flowering date compared to non-pruned trees. Topping ‘Natchez’ the first and second year following initial pruning and pollarding in the second year reduced duration of flowering period compared to the non-pruned trees. Flower effect (panicle number × panicle volume) was not influenced by pruning method on ‘Carolina Beauty’ for any year. Flower effect for topped ‘Natchez’ was significantly smaller than for pollarded and pencil-pruned trees the first year after pruning; flower effect on non-pruned ‘Natchez’ was no different from any of the pruning treatments. Pruning cut diameter was inversely correlated with number of days ‘Natchez’ trees were in flower, number of flower panicles, and date of flowering; however, cut diameter influence on flower effect was not predictable for ‘Carolina Beauty’. Sprouting along the trunk and from the roots increased with diameter of the pruning cut. Topping took less time to complete than other pruning methods in all but the last year which probably accounts for its popularity. Topped trees grew in height following pruning faster than pollarded trees, which grew faster than pencil-pruned trees, which grew faster than non-pruned trees for both cultivars.
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Miller, Stephen S., and Ross E. Byers. "Response of Winter-injured Peach Trees to Pruning." HortTechnology 10, no. 4 (January 2000): 757–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.10.4.757.
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Seven-year-old `Blake'/`Lovell' peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] trees were subjected to four pruning levels (none, light, heavy, and dehorned) each at three times (April, May, and June) in a factorial arrangement following freezing injury in January 1994. Pruning had a significant effect on canopy height, canopy volume and fruit yields. Peach trees pruned in April or dehorned (severe pruning) had less canopy volume in the first fruiting season (1995) after the pruning treatments were initiated than trees pruned in May or June and light or heavy pruned trees. In 1995, yields were lower for trees pruned in June, nonpruned or dehorned trees in 1994. These treatments also produced fewer large fruit at harvest and thus reduced dollar returns per hectare in 1995. In 1996, fruit numbers and fruit sizes did not differ among treatments, but dehorned trees had lower returns per hectare because trees were smaller. The results of this study indicate that peach trees subjected to moderate winter injury should be pruned no later than 2 to 3 weeks after bloom using a heavy level of pruning. There appears to be no economic advantage to dehorn pruning even though canopy volume can be reduced resulting in a smallertree with high quality wood. The results clearly illustrate the long-term negative effect of dehorn pruning on yields resulting from reduced canopy volume. Mean number of cankers per tree increased over time from 1995 through 1998, but pruning treatments did not affect the number of cankers produced. Pruning treatments did affect the size of cankers and the number with visible gumming.
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Charlton, J. F. L., G. B. Douglas, B. J. Wills, and J. E. Prebble. "Farmer experience with tree fodder." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 10 (January 1, 2003): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.10.2003.2989.
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Use of trees for drought feed on New Zealand farms has been practised sporadically for many years, after farmers found that tree prunings were useful as supplementary feed during summer droughts. The Ministry of Agriculture & Forestry (MAF) Sustainable Farming Fund recently funded a farmer-led team to develop the concept of tree fodder use on livestock farms in the southern North Island. Livestock farmers in Hawke's Bay, Rangitikei and Wairarapa who are already using tree fodder were interviewed to generate practical guidelines from their experience. Additional experience from Otago has been included here. Farmers obtain tree fodder by pruning and pollarding soil conservation trees, and by coppicing or grazing livestock on fodder blocks, or by taking advantage of natural leaf fall from poplar trees. The most common practice was pruning willows and poplars originally planted for soil conservation, during summer using a chainsaw. Most farmers found tree fodder feeding a valuable practice and well worthwhile. Over a three-tofour week period, two farmers reported taking 1.5-2 hours per day to feed 1,000 sheep, or cutting five or six trees per day to feed approximately 1,000 ewes. Keywords: tree fodder; poplars; willows; coppicing; pruning.
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Edstrom, J., W. Krueger, J. Connell, W. Micke, J. Osgood, W. Reil, and J. Yeager. "TRAINING AND PRUNING HEDGEROW ALMONDS." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1100f—1100. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1100f.
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In 1979 a Nonpareil-Price almond orchard, was planted 2.2m × 6.7m (270 trees/acre). Four pruning treatments were imposed on the hedgerow planting at the end of the first year. 1. Interplanted: Trees trained to 3 scaffolds then standard pruned 2nd-6th years. Alternate trees were whisked back during 7th and 8th years and whisked trees removed after 9th year. 2. Permanent Hedge: Trees trained to 3 scaffolds and standard pruned throughout. 3. Two Scaffold Hedge: Heavy 2nd and 3rd year training required to form 2 main scaffolds growing into the row middles then standard pruned. 4. Unpruned Hedge: Trees trained to 3 scaffolds then no further pruning. Treatment with alternate trees whisked back had 15% reduced yield each year following whisking. Removing these heavily pruned alternate trees at the 9th year then reduced yields an additional 30%. Now, three years after removal, yield still lags by 18%. Accumulating six years yield data shows no differences between the three treatment maintained as hedgerows. However, whisking and removing alternate trees resulted in 2000 lbs less yield over the 6 year period.
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Bergström, B., R. Gref, and A. Ericsson. "Effects of pruning on heartwood formation in Scots pine trees." Journal of Forest Science 50, No. 1 (January 11, 2012): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4595-jfs.
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The object of this study was to investigate the effect of pruning on heartwood formation in mature Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) trees. Fifty trees were treated by three different intensive pruning regimes: 42, 60 and 70 percentage of defoliation. After five growing seasons numbers of growth rings were counted and the width and the area of sapwood and heartwood were calculated. The results did not show any proportional increase or decrease in the heartwood area or in the number of growth rings in heartwood associated with the pruning. A statistically significant negative effect of pruning was found on the width of the five most recently formed sapwood growth rings. This decreased growth rate did not influence the ratio of sapwood and heartwood. However, it cannot be excluded that the proportion of heartwood may increase during a longer period. It is concluded that pruning is not a practicable silvicultural method for regulating heartwood formation in mature Scots pine trees.
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Olson, William H., D. E. Ramos, K. Ryugo, and R. G. Snyder. "Annual and Biennial Pruning of Mature Lateral-bearing English Walnuts." HortScience 25, no. 7 (July 1990): 756–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.7.756.
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Annual pruning was compared with nonpruning for 8 years and to two biennial pruning treatments for 4 years in a mature full-canopied `Ashley' walnut (Juglans regia L.) orchard. Light penetration and nut distribution through the canopy was improved by pruning. Nut size and percent edible kernel was consistently lower in nonpruned trees than in trees pruned annually or biennially. Yield from annually pruned trees was not significantly different from that of the nonpruned trees because of the removal of fruitful spurs. Yield of biennially pruned trees was similar to annually pruned or nonpruned trees in the year following pruning, but yield was usually greater during years in which trees were not pruned.
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He, Long, and James Schupp. "Sensing and Automation in Pruning of Apple Trees: A Review." Agronomy 8, no. 10 (September 30, 2018): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy8100211.
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Pruning is one of the most important tree fruit production activities, which is highly dependent on human labor. Skilled labor is in short supply, and the increasing cost of labor is becoming a big issue for the tree fruit industry. Meanwhile, worker safety is another issue in the manual pruning. Growers are motivated to seek mechanical or robotic solutions for reducing the amount of hand labor required for pruning. Identifying tree branches/canopies with sensors as well as automated operating pruning activity are the important components in the automated pruning system. This paper reviews the research and development of sensing and automated systems for branch pruning in apple production. Tree training systems, pruning strategies, 3D structure reconstruction of tree branches, and practice mechanisms or robotics are some of the developments that need to be addressed for an effective tree branch pruning system. Our study summarizes the potential opportunities for automatic pruning with machine-friendly modern tree architectures, previous studies on sensor development, and efforts to develop and deploy mechanical/robotic systems for automated branch pruning. We also describe two examples of qualified pruning strategies that could potentially simplify the automated pruning decision and pruning end-effector design. Finally, the limitations of current pruning technologies and other challenges for automated branch pruning are described, and possible solutions are discussed.
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Rom, Curt R., R. Bourne, K. Kupperman, and R. E. Moran. "EXPERIENCES WITH SUMMER PRUNING CLINGSTONE PEACHES." HortScience 27, no. 11 (November 1992): 1168f—1168. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.11.1168f.
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Summer pruning effects on processing peach on fruit quality, light penetration and interception, and % defects was studied in 2 trials. In study A, pillar-trained trees were pruned with the following treatments: a control, summer pruning at stage II fruit growth, summer pruning post-harvest or, pruning twice (all trees dormant pruned). In the first year, pruning prior to harvest significantly increased blush and flesh firmness but reduced soluble solids content (SSC). In the second year, summer pruning reduced yield per tree and fruit drop (weight and % of total) but did not affect fruit size, blush, or SSC. After 2 years, trees pruned post-harvest or twice had significantly smaller height, spread and trunk diameter.1 In study B, 2 cultivars of central leader trained trees were pruned at stage II fruit growth in the following treatments: a control, canopy thinning, and hedging. Thinning pruning improved light penetration and hedging reduced light interception. Thinning pruning reduced % of fungal rotted fruit but did not affect fruit quality.
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Bassi, D., A. Dima, and R. Scorza. "Tree Structure and Pruning Response of Six Peach Growth Forms." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 119, no. 3 (May 1994): 378–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.119.3.378.
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The response of young, nonbearing peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] trees to pruning was studied in six distinct growth forms including semidwarf, spur-type, upright, columnar or pillar, weeping, and standard. Two years after field planting, pillar and upright trees were trained to slender spindle. Semidwarf, spur-type, and standard trees were trained to the open or delayed vase form. Weeping trees were pruned in a manner similar to the Lepage hedge for pear. Branch density before pruning was highest in semidwarf, spur-type, and upright trees and lowest in pillar trees. Standard, semidwarf, and spur-type trees reacted similarly to pruning, but semidwarf trees produced as much wood in the following season as had been pruned off, and produced large numbers of fruiting branches. The small size of semidwarf trees suggested their use for medium-density plantings (MDPs). Pillar trees needed only light pruning. No major cuts were necessary and many fruiting branches were produced even on nonpruned trees. The pillar canopy was 60% thinner and required 50% fewer pruning cuts than the standard canopy and may be particularly suited to high-density plantings (HDPs). The upper canopy of weeping trees grew more than most other forms. They were intermediate in branch density and required an intermediate amount of pruning. Most striking was the unique canopy form of weeping trees, which may be used in developing new training systems. The results of this study suggest that new growth forms have the potential to reduce pruning and training requirements for peach, particularly in MDPs and HDPs. This potential suggests further investigation and exploitation of alternate peach tree growth forms.
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Thorp, T. G., and B. Stowell. "Pruning Height and Selective Limb Removal Affect Yield of Large 'Hass' Avocado Trees." HortScience 36, no. 4 (July 2001): 699–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.36.4.699.
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Avocado (Persea americana Mill. cv. Hass) trees were pruned over 3 years at either 4 or 6 m in height by removing or heading back selected limbs. Yields were compared with those from control trees with no pruning in the upper canopy. All trees had similar crop loads before pruning. Trees were at 9 × 10-m spacing and were 8 years old when first pruned. Fruit yields were recorded for 2 years before the first pruning and then in each year of pruning. In the final year, trees were harvested in four height zones: 0-2m; 2-4 m; 4-6 m; and >6 m. Cumulative yields over 3 years were similar on 6-m and control trees, but were less on 4-m trees due to the large volume of fruiting canopy removed in the first pruning. The height of the main fruiting zone was lowered on the 4-m trees, with yields in the 2-4-m zone similar to those in the 4-6-m zone of the control trees. Pruning to reduce the number and length of scaffold branches increased fruit yields on the remaining scaffolds without reducing fruit size. Results are discussed in terms of harvest efficiency and the benefits of small tree orchard systems.
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Rom, Curt R. "ROOTSTOCK AFFECTS TREE GROWTH AND PRUNING REQUIREMENT." HortScience 28, no. 4 (April 1993): 266B—266. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.4.266b.
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As part of the NC-140 rootstock evaluation trials, `Starkspur Supreme Delicious' on 18 rootstocks planted in 1984 were evaluated for growth and pruning requirement. After 9 seasons, trees on the P.22 produced the smallest trees, 1.1 m width and 1.7 m height. The stocks P.16, P.2 and Bud.9 produced trees 2.0-2.2 m wide and 2.1-2.6 m tall. Trees on MAC.39, C.6, MAC 1, M.26 EMLA P.1, BUD.490, M.7 EMLA, CG.24, and domestic seedling were 2.9-3.4 m wide and 3.7-4.3 m tall. The largest trees were on P.18 and M.4; 3.6 m wide and 4.2 m tall. Dormant pruning time in two seasons significantly increased at an exponential rate with increasing tree width and height. An asymptote for maximum pruning time had an x-axis intersection at approximately 2.7 m tree height. Pruning time per tree significantly increased in a linear manner with increasing trunk cross section. When pruning time was calculated on a per hectare basis, trees planted at 1460 to 2000 trees/ha required less pruning time than when planted at ≤ 750 tr/ha or ≥ 4000 tr/ha. Trees on P.16, P.2, Bud.9 and C.6 required the least pruning per unit of fruit production.
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Harber, Renee M., Andrew P. Nyczepir, Umedi L. Yadava, and Ronald R. Sharpe. "Rootstock, Pruning, and Soil Fumigation in Relation to Dormancy and Cold Hardiness of `Redhaven' Peach." HortScience 27, no. 2 (February 1992): 99–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.2.99.
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The effects of rootstock, pruning, and preplant soil fumigation on floral bud dormancy status and shoot cold hardiness of `Redhaven' peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] trees were monitored. Dormancy status, expressed as percent floral budbreak, was significantly affected by rootstock and pruning, although differences were small. In late January, significant interactions occurred between rootstock and pruning treatments, as well as between pruning and soil treatments. Pruning of trees on Lovell rootstock resulted in significantly lower budbreak as compared to trees on Nemaguard and unpruned trees on Lovell. Also, for trees pruned in December, higher budbreak was associated with those growing in fumigated vs. nonfumigated soil. Treatment effects on dormancy status did not correspond with treatment effects on hardiness. In fact, differences in hardiness were minimal and probably not biologically meaningful.
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Davenport, Thomas L. "Pruning Strategies to Maximize Tropical Mango Production From the Time of Planting to Restoration of Old Orchards." HortScience 41, no. 3 (June 2006): 544–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.3.544.
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Pruning is an unavoidable necessity of virtually all arboreal fruit crops. In the tropics and subtropics, pruning of mango (Mangifera indica L.) is particularly important due to its tendency for frequent flushes, especially in humid tropics. Commercial orchards must maintain control of both tree size and orchard productivity in order to remain productive. Tip, formation, and severe pruning can be used in a variety of circumstances to produce predictable and useful results for a variety of purposes. For example, tip pruning can be used to encourage frequent flushing and branching of young trees to bring them into commercial production years earlier than if left alone. It can also stimulate timely flushes of lateral stems in an annual program to maintain tree size and prepare trees for synchronous flowering. Formation pruning shapes trees in an overgrown orchard to receive the maximum amount of light for high productivity and sets them up for annual pruning in a flowering management program. Severe pruning coupled with subsequent tip pruning of huge, nonproductive trees facilitates rapid restoration of orchard production. Each of these types of pruning can be used to get mango trees into production quickly and thereafter maintain maximum annual production while maintaining their desired size.
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Mederski, Piotr S., Dariusz Szczawiński, Dieter F. Giefing, Kwiryn Naparty, and Mariusz Brunka. "Knot soundness and occlusion time after the artificial pruning of oak." Forest Research Papers 80, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/frp-2019-0001.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Artificial pruning of trees can improve wood quality as well as enhance timber value. Currently, pruning is quite common when veneer timber or plywood is in demand. Cutting off branches, however, creates open wounds in the form of knots, which are exposed to infections. While the pruning of coniferous trees is well-studied, less research has been conducted on broadleaved trees. The objective of this study was to determine 1) if the artificial pruning of oak can lead to decaying knots, 2) if so, how big is the decaying zone around the unsound knot, and 3) how much time is needed for full knot occlusion after artificial pruning. 13- and 16-year-old oak trees located in northern Poland (Lidzbark Forest District) were choosen for this study. Ten years after pruning, sample trees were selected in order to determine if the knots were sound and how many years it had taken for each knot to occlude. The results were compared with those of knots on trees caused by natural pruning. In total, 419 and 104 knots resulting from artificial and natural pruning, respectively, were analysed. It was found that 95% of the artificially pruned knots had very little decay, showing an average of 1.13 cm of unsound knot zone. On the naturally pruned control trees, 98% of the knots were unsound with nearly double the amount of knot decay zone. Additionally, the artificially pruned knots needed less than five years to overgrow, while it took over eleven years for the naturally pruned knots to occlude. Therefore, pruning oak trees is recommended, even though a very small decay zone may appear on the knots, because it takes half the time for these artificial knots to occlude in comparison to unpruned trees.
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Reil, Wilbur, David Ramos, and Ronald Snyder. "PRUNING VS. TREE REMOVAL OF CROWDED `HARTLEY' (JUGLANS REGIA) TREE." HortScience 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 619b—619. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.619b.
Full textAbstract:
Two management systems were initiated in a 10 year old Juglans regia cv. Hartley orchard planted 8 m. × 8 m. in 1977. Annual dormant selective pruning was practiced for the next 8 years on all trees within one treatment (pruning) compared to dormant severe pruning on alternate temporary trees with no pruning on adjacent permanent trees (thinning). Temporary trees were removed in the thinning treatment in 1985. Yield, trunk cross sectional area, pruning weight and nut quality factors were evaluated each year from the 5 replicate, completely randomized trial. Yield and nut quality factors did not differ between the two treatments during the 15 years. In 1990 the pruned trial was again pruned causing a 20% drop in production (p=.06). With no additional pruning yield returned to slightly above the thinned treatment in 1991. This trial demonstrates that Hartley walnut trees (terminal bearing habit) continue to produce satisfactory crops under crowded canopy management but a tree thinning program offers other advantages which also should be considered.
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Schupp, James R., and Highmoor Farm. "EFFECT OF ROOT PRUNING AND CHEMICAL THINNING ON GROWTH AND FRUITING OF `McINTOSH' APPLE TREES." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1153b—1153. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1153b.
Full textAbstract:
Mature `McIntosh'/MM.111 apple (Malus domestica, Borkh.) trees were treated to evaluate the response of root pruned trees to chemical thinning and to determine if reducing the crop load increased fruit size on root pruned trees. The trees were root pruned at full bloom in 1988 and 1989, by cutting on both sides of the row 1m from the trunk and 30cm deep. Water, 600mg/liter carbaryl, 5mg/liter napthaleneacetic acid (NAA), or NAA plus carbaryl were applied when fruit diameter was approximately 10mm. Trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA) was increased by thinning treatments in 1988, but root pruning had no effect. In 1989, root pruning reduced TCSA increment by 35%. Shoot length was reduced by root pruning both years. All treatments reduced percent fruit set in 1989, however root pruned trees and trees treated with NAA had the highest fruit numbers at harvest. Preharvest fruit drop was reduced by root pruning in both 1988 and 1989. Root pruning had no influence on the response of apple trees to chemical thinning. Removing a portion of the crop with chemical thinners was partially successful in counteracting the reduction in fruit size caused by root pruning.
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Gilman, Edward F., and Patti J. Anderson. "Root Pruning and Transplant Success for Cathedral Oak® Live Oaks." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 24, no. 1 (March 1, 2006): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-24.1.13.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Trees that were root pruned regularly throughout the production period grew at a slower rate than trees that were not root pruned, but root pruning only in the last year of production did not affect trunk and canopy growth. Trees with root-pruning fabric installed under liners at planting grew at the same rate as trees without fabric during 39 months of field production. Hand spade root pruning throughout the production period increased the number of small diameter (< 3mm) roots and decreased the number of large diameter roots in the root ball compared to trees that were not root pruned. Root pruning only in the last year of production reduced the number of large diameter roots but did not increase the number of small diameter roots. Fabric had no impact on the root system. Root pruning with a hand spade throughout production or only in the last year of production reduced water stress significantly in trees following digging compared to trees not root pruned during production. Root-pruning fabric installed under liners at planting reduced stress following digging 39 months later, but only on two of the days when water stress was measured.
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Neilsen, W. A., and E. A. Pinkard. "Effects of green pruning on growth of Pinus radiata." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33, no. 11 (November 1, 2003): 2067–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x03-131.
Full textAbstract:
Pruning of plantation trees is completed to produce knot-free timber and veneer logs, thus increasing the value of the plantation. A long-term study (11 years) was established to investigate the effects of selective pruning on radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) stem growth. The 175 stems selected for the experiment had been pruned to 2.4 m at 6 years of age. At ages 8 and 10, the trees were pruned to 45%, 60%, or 75% of tree height and growth was compared with a control (first lift pruned only). Pruning to 45% of tree height had no effect on growth to age 13 years. Responses to the other treatments were apparent soon after pruning and continued until measurements ceased at 17 years of age. Pruning to 60% or 75% of tree height at second lift reduced diameter increment, and increment decreased as pruning severity increased. There was a further separation of the growth curves following third-lift pruning to 60% or 75% of tree height. The results suggested that maintaining a live crown ratio of 55% would minimize effects of pruning on diameter growth. The effect of severe pruning on diameter increment was greater for subdominant trees than for dominant stems. Pruning had less effect on height than diameter increment, but all treatments involving pruning to 75% of height at third lift resulted in trees that were approximately 10% shorter than unpruned trees at 13 years of age. More severe second-lift pruning resulted in smaller diameter over stubs at the time of third-lift pruning. Second-lift pruning to 60% of total height produced acceptable diameter over stubs. Implications for management are discussed.
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Waring, Kristen M., and Kevin L. O'Hara. "Ten-Year Growth and Epicormic Sprouting Response of Western Larch to Pruning in Western Montana." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 20, no. 4 (October 1, 2005): 228–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/20.4.228.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Western larch (Larix occidentalis Nutt.) is a fast-growing, deciduous conifer that is often managed for timber production in the inland Northwest. No previous study has documented the response of this species to artificial pruning. Trees pruned as part of a pruning cost study in 1992 were followed for 10 years to assess growth and epicormic sprout response. Trees were pruned to two heights: 2.4 and 5.5 m in three stands in western Montana. Epicormic sprouting occurred in a majority of trees in the first 2 years after pruning, but subsequently many sprouts died so that by year 10, only approximately 30% of trees had sprouts. Volume increment was adversely affected by more severe pruning among smaller trees pruned to the shorter lift. The volume increment of the trees that received the 5.5 m lift was generally unaffected, but trees receiving the 2.4 m lift were more sensitive to pruning. Initial tree diameter and residual crown length were important variables in predicting the 10-year volume increment in pruned trees. West. J. Appl. For. 20(4):228–232.
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Durner, Edward F. "Dormant Pruning and Fall Ethephon Application Influence Peach Pistil Hardiness." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 120, no. 5 (September 1995): 823–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.120.5.823.
Full textAbstract:
Flower bud hardiness of ethephon-treated (100 mg·liter-1 in October), dormant pruned (in December) `Redhaven' peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch.) trees was studied from December through March using exotherm analysis. In early December, buds not treated with ethephon were 0.5C hardier than ethephon-treated buds. From mid-December through March, ethephon-treated buds were 0.5 to 2.1C hardier than nontreated buds. When a main effect of pruning was detected, buds from pruned trees were 0.8 to 2.8C less hardy than buds from nonpruned trees. On several dates, a significant interaction on flower bud hardiness between ethephon treatment and pruning was detected. For trees not treated with ethephon, buds from pruned trees were 1.8 to 2.2C less hardy than those from nonpruned trees. Pruning did not affect hardiness of buds from ethephon-treated trees. Ethephon delayed bloom to the 75% fully open stage by 9 days. Pruning accelerated bloom to the 75% fully open stage by 3 days compared to nonpruned trees. Flower bud dehardening under controlled conditions was also studied. As field chilling accumulated, flower buds dehardened more rapidly and to a greater extent when exposed to heat. Pruning accelerated and intensified dehardening. Ethephon reduced the pruning effect. The percentage of buds supercooling from any ethephon or pruning treatment did not change as chilling accumulated. In trees not treated with ethepbon, fewer buds supercooled as heat accumulated, and pruning intensified this effect. In pruned, ethephon-treated trees, fewer buds supercooled after exposure to heat. The number of buds supercooling in nonpruned trees did not change with heat accumulation. Flower bud rehardening after controlled dehardening was also evaluated. After dehardening in early February, there was no difference in the bud hardiness of pruned or nonpruned trees. Buds from ethepbon-treated trees were hardier than those from nontreated trees. With reacclimation, buds from pruned trees were not as hardy as those from nonpruned trees. The percentage of buds supercooling from ethephon-treated trees did not change with deacclimation or reacclimation treatments. After deacclimation in late February, buds from pruned trees were 2.2C less hardy than those from nonpruned trees. After reacclimation, buds from pruned, ethephon-treated trees rehardened 2.6C while buds from all other treatments remained at deacclimated hardiness levels or continued to deharden. Ethephon-treated pistils were shorter than nontreated pistils. Pistils from pruned trees were longer than those from nonpruned trees. Deacclimated pistils were longer than nondeacclimated pistils. Differences in hardiness among ethephon and pruning treatments were observed, but there was no relationship between pistil moisture and hardiness.
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Nuorteva, Heikki. "Increased boron concentrations of Scots pine foliage induced by green pruning." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32, no. 8 (August 1, 2002): 1434–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x02-066.
Full textAbstract:
The responses of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) foliar boron (B) concentrations to artificial defoliation by green pruning were studied by examining sample trees for 3 years after the treatments. In winter, concentrations of boron in foliage were determined individually from needles on the lateral top shoots of 168 sample trees (at the beginning 28 m, at the end 410 m tall). To prevent the pruning residues from affecting the nutrition of the sample trees, all pruned branches were transported away from the research area. Before pruning, there were no differences in foliar B among the pruning classes. Reduction of the living crown by pruning (LCRP, % of the initial crown ratio) 50% or more increased the concentrations of foliar B drastically for 3 years. The increase was greatest in the largest trees with the highest LCRP (about 70%), where the mean concentrations of foliar B one year after pruning were nearly 180% higher than in the unpruned trees. Pruning of the dead branch whorls or only the few lowest living whorls did not affect the boron nutrition of the trees. In the current study, the ability of rapid and sufficiently large defoliation to increase B concentrations for several years in the Scots pine foliage was confirmed experimentally; earlier suggestions have been based on analyses made after defoliation. The potential suitability of green pruning is discussed as a method for improving the boron status of trees in boron-deficient areas.
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Mohamed, Abdel-Rahman, Abdel-Rahman M. A. Mohamed, Heba Sayed, Lidia Sas-Paszt, and Augustyn Mika. "A modification in an open centre training system for increasing the crotch angles of peach scaffold branches." Horticultural Science 48, No. 3 (September 24, 2021): 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/64/2020-hortsci.
Full textAbstract:
One-year-old ‘Florida Prince’ cultivar peach trees grafted on a ‘Nemaguard’ rootstock were planted in the early spring of 2018 at the Centre of Agricultural Research and Experiments, Minia University, located in southwest Egypt. The trees were planted 5 × 5 m in a randomised complete block design with four replicates, with ten trees in each replicate. In the late spring, two different pruning systems were applied; traditional open centre (OC) and de-branched top trees (DBT). The OC trees were headed at 80 cm above the ground. DBT is a modification of the OC, but no heading was undertaken and the new shoot growth arising from the 20 cm at the top of the plant were removed. Before the winter pruning took place, measurements were taken on the upper two opposite branches. The average length and diameter values of the upper two opposite branches at the top of the trees trained to the OC were higher than those trained with the DBT. In contrast, the distance between the upper two branches (25 cm) at the top of the DBT trees was significantly higher. Likewise, the values of the crotch angles (48°) and the number of branches (81 of 100 branches) that showed desired crotch angles (more than 40°) were remarkably higher in the trees trained with the DBT. After the winter pruning took place, the DBT trees were higher than the OC trees. Additionally, the trees trained with the DBT had low pruning costs and took less time. Moreover, the pruning wood weight of the DBT trees was about half of the pruning wood weight of the OC trees. In conclusion, the DBT training system showed the desired impact on the crotch angles and the tested pruning characteristics.
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Vashisth, Tripti, and Taylor Livingston. "Assessment of Pruning and Controlled-release Fertilizer to Rejuvenate Huanglongbing-affected Sweet Orange." HortTechnology 29, no. 6 (December 2019): 933–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech04382-19.
Full textAbstract:
Previous research has shown that Huanglongbing {HLB [causal agent Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas)]}-affected sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) trees have a reduced root-to-shoot ratio, potentially due to the high rate of root death. The diminished root system cannot support the existing aboveground canopy and a cycle of imbalance begins. As a result, the tree enters into a continuous carbohydrate stress cycle and, eventually, the tree declines. Therefore, the goal of this study was to evaluate pruning as a strategy to adjust the root-to-shoot ratio to improve growth and productivity of HLB-affected trees. In Jan. 2015, a 3-year trial was initiated on a 14-year-old grove of ‘Hamlin’ sweet orange on Swingle citrumelo (Citrus paradisi × Poncirus trifoliate) rootstock that was symptomatic of HLB and produced less than 180 lb of fruit per tree. The four pruning treatments were as follows: 1) 0% pruning (no canopy removal), 2) 25% pruning (canopy removed), 3) 50% pruning (canopy removed), and 4) 80% pruning (canopy removed). In a split-plot design, two sources of fertilizer were evaluated in combination with the pruning: 1) conventional fertilizer [CNV (dry granular)] applied at 200 lb/acre nitrogen (N) in five split applications per year, and 2) controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) applied at 150 lb/acre N, split in three applications per year. Within each pruning treatment, half of the trees received CNV and the other half received CRF. The fertilizer treatments were applied in each of the 3 years; however, pruning was performed only once in the beginning of the experiment. The trees that were pruned produced new vegetative growth that looked healthy with no visual HLB symptoms (initially); however, the trees remained positive for CLas throughout the study as determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The 80% pruned trees grew vigorously over the course of 3 years but remained significantly smaller in canopy than control trees (0% pruning) for both CRF and CNV treatments. The 25% and 50% pruned tree canopies grew back and were similar in canopy size as 0% pruning (control) treatment by the end of year 2. At the end of the study, the use of CRF on 25% pruned trees resulted in a significantly higher leaf area index as compared with trees receiving CNV. A significant positive linear correlation was observed between canopy volume and root density; the root density decreased with intensive pruning. A significant positive correlation was also observed between canopy volume and yield, and a negative correlation between canopy volume and fruit drop. There were no significant increases in yield resulting from any pruning or fertilization treatments compared with controls (0% pruning). However, with the use of CRF, the amount of N and frequency of application were reduced. Overall, our results indicate that pruning did not improve the productivity of HLB-affected trees over the course of 3 years. Therefore, severe pruning is not a viable option to rejuvenate the HLB-affected trees.
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Sus, Josef, Radka Zeinerová, and Lukáš Zíka. "Influence of the pruning system on the growth and productivity of slender spindle apple trees." Horticultural Science 45, No. 2 (June 4, 2018): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/63/2017-hortsci.
Full textAbstract:
Slender spindle is currently the most widespread pruning system for apple trees in the Czech Republic. However, further modifications of this pruning system have been developed. In this study, two pruning systems were compared in the years 2012 to 2015: slender spindle and modified slender spindle (characterised by ‘click’ pruning). The pruning systems were validated on three varieties, using either winter pruning or winter pruning supplemented with late summer pruning in August. The studied parameters included the average length of annual shoots, increase of trunk cross-sectional area (ITCA), fruit yield per tree, specific yield, average fruit weight, number of fruits and their size in various parts of the tree crown, the number of interventions by pruning and the total weight of the removed biomass. There were no significant differences in most of the parameters mentioned above. Application of the ‘click’ pruning technique over several years significantly increased the number of cuttings but the total biomass removed was lower compared with traditional slender spindle.
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Olesen, Trevor. "The timing of flush development affects the flowering of avocado (Persea americana) and macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia × tetraphylla)." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 56, no. 7 (2005): 723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar04287.
Full textAbstract:
Orchard trees of A4 macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia × tetraphylla) and Hass avocado (Persea americana) were thinned and tip-pruned at different times to generate a range of trees with different stages of leafy flush development. The stagger in the start of the first flush following pruning was repeated in the start of subsequent flushes, so pruning was an effective means of changing the phase of the cycle of flush development. The difference in phase affected flowering. In macadamia, over 80% of the variance in flowering was explained by regression against pruning time. Flowering ranged from 0 to 43% of tip-pruned branches, with the most profuse flowering on flushes appearing in July. In avocado, over 45% of the variance in flowering of the first flush following pruning, and over 35% of the second flush, was explained by regression against pruning time, with more flowering on those flushes starting nearer to the winter solstice. The control trees flowered better than the pruned trees but there was too little information to explain the difference. The macadamia control trees had less synchronised flushing than the pruned trees, and were not subject to internal thinning. The avocado control trees appeared to have a phase of flush development different from the pruned trees, with a summer flush commencing before the first pruning date and maturing before the maturation of the first post-pruning flushes. More research is needed for related canopy management guidelines.
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Pinkard, E. A., and C. L. Beadle. "Aboveground biomass partitioning and crown architecture of Eucalyptus nitens following green pruning." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 28, no. 9 (September 1, 1998): 1419–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x98-119.
Full textAbstract:
The effects of green pruning on aboveground biomass partitioning and crown architecture were explored in a 3-year-old Eucalyptus nitens (Deane and Maiden) Maiden plantation. Responses were measured in five height zones and three foliage age classes over a 20-month period following removal of 0, 50, or 70% of the green crown length. Development of foliage in the upper crowns of 50%-pruned trees was faster and total leaf area at the end of the experiment was greater than in unpruned trees. Leaf area development of 70%-pruned trees was similar to that of unpruned trees. Larger apical leaves, with a lower specific leaf area (SLA), developed following 50% pruning. However, 70% pruning resulted in smaller leaves, and SLA increased in some crown positions. Pruning reduced branch diameter and length in the upper crowns. However, branches of 50%-pruned trees had an increased ratio of foliage to wood dry mass. These responses to green pruning may have increased the carbon-fixing capacity and the efficiency of carbon utilisation of the remaining crown. Following 50% pruning, responses were sufficient to maintain stem dry mass increment at a level similar to that of unpruned trees. However, following 70% pruning, stem and branch dry mass increment was reduced.
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Suzuki, Yumiko, Simon Thompson, and Satoshi Kagami. "Effectiveness Evaluation of Precomputation Search Using Steering Sets." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 22, no. 1 (February 20, 2010): 112–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2010.p0112.
Full textAbstract:
We present a new pruning method for compact precomputed search trees and evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of our precomputation planning with steering sets. Precomputed search trees are one method for reducing planning time; however, there is a time-memory trade-off. Our PreComputed Search tree (PCS) is built with pruning based on a rule of constant memory, i.e., Maximum Size Pruning method (MSP), which is the preset pruning ratio. UsingMSP, we get a large, reasonably sized precomputed search tree. Applying a Node Selection Strategy (NSS) to MSP, extends the tree’s outer edges and enhances the path reachability. We also checked the dispersion in real 5150m2indoor environments, we found the obstacle rate to be 5%. On the uniformed scattered obstacle map with a less than 13% obstacle rate, precomputation planning runtime with steering sets is more than two orders of magnitude faster than the planning without precomputed search trees. With steering sets, our precomputed search tree finds an optimal path at obstacle rate of 12%. Precomputation planning also produces a smooth optimal path speedily in an indoor environment.
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Wells, Lenny. "Mechanical Hedge Pruning Affects Nut Size, Nut Quality, Wind Damage, and Stem Water Potential of Pecan in Humid Conditions." HortScience 53, no. 8 (August 2018): 1203–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci13217-18.
Full textAbstract:
Recent extensive pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] plantings coincided with a shift toward the planting of pecan trees at higher density by Georgia pecan producers in anticipation of maintaining these densities through hedge pruning. Initial studies of mechanical hedge pruning in the low-light environment of the southeastern United States have failed to show significant benefits to pecan production. The objectives of this study were to compare the effects of hedge pruning on pecan nut quality, yield, and midday stem water potential (ψ) of pecan trees in the temperate climate of the southeastern United States and to evaluate the effect of hedge pruning on windstorm damage to pecan trees. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three blocks. Two treatments were evaluated; 1) Hedge-pruned; 2) Nonhedge-pruned (control). Midday stem ψ was 8.5%, 17.6%, and 16.6% higher (P ≤ 0.05), indicating less water stress, on hedged trees than on nonhedged trees during 2015, 2016, and 2017, respectively. Nut weight and percent kernel were increased (P ≤ 0.05) by hedge pruning 2 of 3 years of the study. Although no direct positive effect of hedge pruning on in-shell nut yield was observed, hedge pruning was not detrimental to pecan yield in the short term. Hurricane/Tropical Storm Irma brought damaging winds to the entire pecan-producing region of Georgia on 11 Sept. 2017, resulting in blown down trees, broken branches, and immature nuts blown from the trees. Hedged trees had 60% less wind damage in the form of major limb breakage and tree loss than did nonhedged trees.
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Wilkie, J. D., M. Sedgley, and T. Olesen. "The timing of pruning affects flushing, flowering and yield of macadamia." Crop and Pasture Science 61, no. 7 (2010): 588. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp09167.
Full textAbstract:
Macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia, M. integrifolia × M. tetraphylla) trees were pruned at different times at sites near Alstonville, northern New South Wales, Australia, to examine the effects on vegetative flushing, subsequent flower raceme production and yield. Pruning of cv. 849 and cv. A268 modified the cycle of flush development. Pruning times that resulted in immature flushes on the canopy in late autumn or early winter inhibited raceme production. In contrast, pruning in late May and early June did not generally reduce raceme production relative to production on unpruned trees. The times of pruning that reduced raceme production also reduced yield. The yields of trees pruned in late May were also reduced, presumably because of decreased light interception. In the season after treatment the trees pruned in early April had greater numbers of racemes per unit of tree canopy volume than the trees pruned in late May. The trees of the lighter flowering cv. 849 pruned in early April had higher yield efficiencies than the trees pruned in late May, whereas there was no effect on yield efficiency in the prolifically flowering cv. A268. The differences in raceme production in the season after pruning may have been due to a combination of an alternate bearing response, characteristics of the stems produced after pruning, or maturity of the flushes. In a separate experiment, uniconazole sprays immediately after pruning reduced the length of the new stems, slowed canopy expansion, and increased kernel recovery compared with untreated hedged trees, but did not affect flowering or yield. In another experiment, hedging in early June had no effect on raceme production in cv. 849 trees in consecutive seasons, and no effect on canopy volume or yield in the first season. In contrast, canopy volume and yield were reduced in the second season. Finally, pruning of young, yet-to-flower cv. 849 trees from late winter to spring staggered flush development, with the earliest pruned trees producing more racemes and setting more fruit than the later pruned trees.
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Omule, S. A. Y., D. E. Paul, and L. M. Darling. "Cost of pruning Douglas-fir in coastal British Columbia." Forestry Chronicle 70, no. 1 (February 1, 1994): 80–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc70080-1.
Full textAbstract:
Artificial pruning can increase the quantity of high-value clear lumber harvested from Douglas-fir, but the pruning cost per tree is relatively high. To prune a young Douglas-fir to 6 metres in one lift and two lifts took, respectively, 9.5 and 10.1 minutes in 14- and 18-year old stands with average spacing between trees of about 3 metres on flat or 0-30% south-facing slopes in coastal British Columbia. The associated costs were $2.09 and $2.22. This included minor travel time between trees, but excluded the cost of travelling to the site, selecting and marking trees to be pruned, and purchasing and maintaining the pruning equipment. Differences in pruning time between one-lift pruning and two-lift pruning, in one or two passes, were small. A D-handled saw was preferred to the more strenuous snap-cut pruner with ratchet-style pinions, based on observations on a pruning time-study of 5 operators. Key words: pruning saw, snap-cut pruner, pruning time, one-lift pruning, two-lift pruning
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Klädtke, Joachim, and Andreas Ehring. "Ergebnisse eines Grünästungsversuchs mit Bergahorn, Buche, Eiche und Esche." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 168, no. 2 (February 1, 2017): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2017.0067.
Full textAbstract:
Results of a green pruning experiment with maple, beech, oak, and ash Object of the investigation is a pruning experiment in maple, beech, oak and ash stands in southwest Germany, which started in 2004. Aim of the experiment was to quantify the effects of green pruning on wood decay, discoloration, epicormic shoot formation, radial increment, and occlusion time. At top heights of 8–14 m, trials for each species were placed in stands where the natural pruning had not yet reached the achieved knot-free bole length. In each trial, ten trees were pruned in spring and summer respectively, by cutting 40% of the crown in average and branches up to 80 mm diameter. Additionally, ten unpruned trees were selected on each trial and, as the pruned trees, released from competitors. In 2011 and 2012 respectively, the trees were felled and measured, and wood samples with branches were taken and analysed. Results show that green pruning did not cause any wood decay. Compared to the control trees, increased discoloration was observed in the stems of the pruned trees. However, this was limited to the knotty center of the trunk and did not diffuse to the knotless part. Pruning intensified the formation of epicormic branches, but, except for oak, these branches diminished to the level of the control trees already during the time of observation. Radial increment shows a short-term decrease due to the green pruning, but with an extent below the effect of the dry year in 2003. With branch diameters of 3–4 cm, the pruned trees needed three to five years until the branching wounds were occluded, whereas about nine years were necessary for trees with natural pruning.
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Marquard, Robert D., and James W. Hanover. "Floral response of Piceaglauca to gibberellin A4/7, napthaleneacetic acid, root-pruning, and biennial treatment." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 15, no. 4 (August 1, 1985): 743–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x85-124.
Full textAbstract:
The floral response of 6-year-old seedling white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss.) was evaluated after treatment in 1981 with the gibberellin mixture of A4 and A7 (GA4/7), napthaleneacetic acid (NAA), and root-pruning. To evaluate the effectiveness of biennial treatment, trees treated in 1981 were again treated in 1983 and compared with a second group of trees treated only in 1983. Trees treated in 1981 with 500 mg•L−1 GA4/7 plus 25 mg•L−1 NAA and root-pruning averaged 42 female strobili per tree and control trees remained vegetative. Root-pruning significantly reduced terminal shoot growth and shoot water potential. No male strobili were produced on study trees. Trees treated in 1981 and again in 1983 were as productive (based on female counts) as trees treated only in 1983. Two treatments in 1983 significantly enhanced female strobilus production over the control: (i) 500 mg•L−1 GA4/7 alone and (ii) 250 mg•L−1 GA4/7 plus root-pruning. These treatments averaged 150 and 192 female strobili per tree, respectively; control trees averaged 30. Biennial treatment with GA4/7 and root-pruning can effectively continue to increase female cone production of white spruce.
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Worley, Ray. "LONG TERM SELECTIVE LIMB PRUNING INTENSITY FOR `STUART' PECAN." HortScience 29, no. 7 (July 1994): 734d—734. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.7.734d.
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Trees were pruned by removing 1, 2, or 3 leader limbs per year or not pruned from 1975 through 1993. Cuts were made flush with another limb below 9 m from the ground. Pruning induced trees to respond like younger trees. Pruning increased leaf N, P, Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn, vigor, color intensity, terminal growth, nut size, and nuts per terminal. Kernel grade was reduced slightly by pruning. Yield was reduced by two or three pruning cuts per year, but not by one cut. Pruned trees were lower, more spreading, and more efficient to spray. Removal of one leader per year satisfactorily held the tree within the 21.3 × 21.3 m spacing without reducing yield. The lower height of pruned trees should decrease loss from high winds. All pruned trees survived a hurricane and a small tornado, while many unpruned trees in the area were blown down.
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Hinesley, L. Eric, and Layne K. Snelling. "Basal Pruning Fraser Fir Christmas Trees." HortScience 32, no. 2 (April 1997): 324–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.2.324.
Full textAbstract:
Fraser fir [Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.] Christmas trees were basal pruned (branches were removed from the lower 15 to 25 cm of the stem, i.e., handle) at heights ranging from 0.6 to 0.9 m up to 1.5 to 1.8 m tall, and were harvested 2 to 4 years later. Basal pruning reduced cutting time ≈25%, and baling time ≈10%. Commercial height and stem diameter were unaffected, but the average harvest weight of pruned trees 2.1 to 2.4 m tall (2 to 4 years after basal pruning) was reduced ≈1.4 kg.
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Zhang, L., A. B. Koc, X. N. Wang, and Y. X. Jiang. "A review of pruning fruit trees." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 153 (May 2018): 062029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/153/6/062029.
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Day, Kevin R., and R. Scott Johnson. "Minimal Pruning during Orchard Development Improves Yield of Late-season `Fairtime' Peaches." HortScience 32, no. 3 (June 1997): 497B—497. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.497b.
Full textAbstract:
Minimal dormant pruning after the first and second growing seasons, followed by standard pruning thereafter, improved total tree yield in the 3rd, 4th, and 5th years after planting. Trees that were pruned in accordance with standard local practice had ≈50% yield compared to minimally pruned trees in years 3 through 5. Fruit from minimally pruned trees was sgnificantly smaller, but mathematical adjustment of crop load indicated that overall yield efficiency was improved in the 3rd and 4th years for trees receiving minimal pruning.