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Journal articles on the topic 'Prussian army'
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1
Bara, Xavier. "The Kishū Army and the Setting of the Prussian Model in Feudal Japan, 1860–1871." War in History 19, no. 2 (2012): 153–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0968344511432980.
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In 1860–1 the Tokugawa bakufu established diplomatic relations with the kingdom of Prussia. The fascination for the Prussian military system rapidly spread in Japan, a land that was destabilized by political struggles between principalities and engaged in a military modernization. As a consequence of the Austro-Prussian War and the Second Chōshū War in 1866, the principality of Kishū was the first Japanese state to apply the Prussian system to its army. This was the root of the crucial Prussian influence on the Imperial Japanese Army from the late nineteenth century.
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Trąbski, Maciej. "Prusacy podchodzą pod Wawel – plany obrony Krakowa z wiosny 1793 roku." Prace Historyczne 148, no. 3 (2021): 487–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20844069ph.21.034.14010.
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The Prussians are attacking the Wawel castle – plans of Cracow defence in the spring of 1793 At the beginning of 1793, the Prussian army marched onto the territory of the western provinces of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, executing the plan of the Second Partition of Poland signed in Saint Petersburg. Due to the lack of information concerning the maximum range of the annexation in the early spring, the Confederate authorities started to fear that Cracow might be taken too – by Prussia or by Austria. Thus, general Józef Wodzicki was tasked with securing the city. However, he had to face the fact that there was no possibility of planning his actions around the fortifications and that he had only modest forces at his disposal.
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Grudniewski, Jakub. "Formowanie landwery podczas pruskiej wojny wyzwoleńczej 1813 roku na przykładzie Śląska." UR Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 19, no. 2 (2021): 36–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/johass.2021.2.3.
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After the defeat of the Napoleonic army in the Russian campaign in 1812–1813, Prussia renounced the alliance with France and entered the war known as the “liberation war”. The King of Prussia, Frederick William III, addressed his subjects with an appeal “An mein Volk” (“To my people”), calling for a fight against Napoleon. One of the pillars of this struggle was the creation of units of a voluntary military formation composed of the "people" - the landwehr. After defeating Napoleon landwehr became part of the legend of the Prussian army's strength, which was to cover the ignominious defeat of the Prussian army during the autumn campaign of 1806. Formations like the landwehr were known as early as the 18th century, but their formation was forbidden because of the fear of violating the prevailing social relations. In the end, however, in the spring of 1813, in the spring of 1813, it was decided to establish a landwehr. Despite the initial optimism, its creation encountered numerous difficulties, including the lack of willing recruits, the widespread phenomenon of desertion and problems with weapons. These problems were obvious in the Prussian province of Silesia. The article presents the genesis of this formation, the uniforms and equipment of the landwehr, problems related to recruiting soldiers to the landwehr in Lower and Upper Silesia, and the final division of the landwehr into military units.
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Bellinger, Vanya Eftimova. "Carl von Clausewitz’s Last Campaign: Clausewitz’s Role as Chief of Staff for the Prussian Army of Observation in the Polish-Russian War of 1831." Przegląd Historyczno-Wojskowy 22, no. 4 (2021): 52–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.32089/wbh.phw.2021.4(278).0002.
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Relatively little is known about Carl von Clausewitz’s involvement in the November Uprising as the Chief of Staff for the Prussian Army of Observation. This article argues that in Prussia’s strategy of no direct involvement in the Polish-Russian conflict, Clausewitz’s formidable skills as a military planner played an integral role. The tightened control over the borders deprived the Polish army of critical manpower and resources, while not giving Great Powers sympathetic to the Polish independence like France a clear cause for intervention. Additionally, Clausewitz’s visceral opposition to the November Uprising stemmed from his fears about Prussia’s strategic vulnerabilities.
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Winkel, Carmen. "The King and His Army: A New Perspective on the Military in 18th Century Brandenburg-Prussia." International Journal of Military History and Historiography 39, no. 1 (2019): 34–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24683302-03901003.
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Brandenburg-Prussia has always occupied a special place in the German-speaking historiography. However, this has not resulted in a particularly differentiated state of research. Rather, the Prussian military of the 18th century is still characterized by attributes such as ‘monarchic’ and ‘absolutist, which unreflectively continues the narratives of 19th-century historiography. This article is explicitly challenging this image by assuming a differentiated concept of rulership as well as of the military in the 18th century. Using the aristocratic elites, it will examine how Frederick William I (1713–1740) and Frederick II (1740–1786) ruled the army, and ruled using the army.
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Gallaher, John G. "The Prussian Regiment of the Napoleonic Army." Journal of Military History 55, no. 3 (1991): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1985683.
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MARTIN, MICHÈLE, and CHRISTOPHER BODNAR. "The illustrated press under siege: technological imagination in the Paris siege, 1870–1871." Urban History 36, no. 1 (2009): 67–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926808005981.
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ABSTRACTDuring the Franco-Prussian War, Paris was besieged by the Prussians from the middle of September 1870 until the end of January 1871. During most of the period, the main means of transportation – railways, roads, telegraph, bridges, etc. – were cut off by the Prussians. This article shows that, given the elimination of the main means of diffusion of news, some novel strategies were used to preserve a democratic distribution of information. An analysis of the content of four illustrated periodicals – The Illustrated London News and The Graphic in London and L'Illustration and Le Monde Illustré in Paris – shows that innovative methods involving such things as the balloon and the carrier pigeon were used to circulate news inside and outside the fortifications of Paris and beyond the surrounding Prussian army. The article also demonstrates that while this distribution had a different form from that occurring in normal situations, it did not prevent the papers from reaching a balance among the various issues related to the war and covered by their content.
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White, Charles E. "Scharnhorst’s Mentor: Count Wilhelm zu Schaumburg-Lippe and the Origins of the Modern National Army." War in History 24, no. 3 (2017): 258–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0968344515625372.
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Imperial count of the Holy Roman Empire and sovereign ruler Friedrich Wilhelm Ernst zu Schaumburg-Lippe (1724–1777) established in his small state of Schaumburg-Lippe the prototype of the nation in arms decades before the French levée en masse. Count Wilhelm also founded an educational institution designed to educate and train both civilian and military leaders in homeland defence. He was also the first German prince to condemn aggressive, offensive war. His most famous student was Gerhard von Scharnhorst. After Prussia’s catastrophic defeat in 1806, Scharnhorst was able to lay the foundations of a modern Prussian military along the lines of Count Wilhelm’s national army. Using primary and secondary source material, this article analyses the tremendous contribution of Count Wilhelm zu Schaumburg-Lippe to modern military history.
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Fann, Willerd R. "Foreigners in the Prussian Army, 1713–56: Some Statistical and Interpretive Problems." Central European History 23, no. 1 (1990): 76–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938900021087.
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It is often assumed, especially in the Anglo-American literature, that Frederick William I (1713–40), by establishing the “canton System” in 1733, lessened his need to rely on foreign mercenaries for military manpower and moved in the direction of a national, conscript army. As put by Robert Ergang: “The establishment of this so-called ‘canton system’ not only assured… a large permanent supply of recruits; it was also a long step toward making the Prussian army a national one. Recruiting abroad was still continued, but it was only supplementary. Native recruits now formed the backbone of the Prussian army.” This persistent assumption, stated in different ways by different authors, has even penetrated the textbook literature. A closely related assumption holds that Frederick the Great after 1740, by increasing the proportion of foreign manpower to as much as two-thirds of the total, “reversed” the trend toward making the army more national in character. The purpose of this essay will be to demonstrate that both of the above-mentioned assumptions are false; they depend on a misunderstanding of the real trends in Prussian recruiting bolstered, in the latter case, by faulty statistics.
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Showalter, D. E. "Hubertusberg to Auerstadt: The Prussian Army in Decline?" German History 12, no. 3 (1994): 308–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gh/12.3.308.
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Showalter, D. E. "Hubertusberg to Auerstadt: The Prussian Army in Decline?" German History 12, no. 3 (1994): 308–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026635549401200303.
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Pimenov, Oleg Vladimirovich. "The East Prussian operation (1914) coverage in Russian newspapers." Samara Journal of Science 9, no. 1 (2020): 178–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv202091209.
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The paper deals with the issues of the East Prussian operation (1914) coverage in Russian Newspapers. On the basis of various newspapers the author analyzes the coverage of the Russian and German troops actions in East Prussia in August-September 1914. The author also reveals fundamental themes of Russian newspapers when covering the East Prussian operation. The paper is based on various newspapers of the Russian Empire. The following Russian newspapers were analyzed: Vestnik voyny, Donetskaya zhizn, Mariupolskaya zhizn, Moskovskaya kopeyka, Novoye vremya, Permskaya zemskaya nedelya, Rech, Russkoe slovo, Utro v Kharkiv. The study was focused on Petrograd and Moscow newspapers, as well as regional newspapers that, among other things, reprinted material from other publications on their pages. The study showed that Russian newspapers, when covering the East Prussian operation, were characterized by creating a positive impression among readers, focusing on the successes of the tsarist army. Readers were introduced to victories, both at the level of large military formations and at the level of small military units. The defeats of the Russian troops were presented by the newspapers not as a tragedy, but as a short-term failure, followed by quick victories.
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Kloes, Andrew. "Dissembling Orthodoxy in the Age of the Enlightenment: Frederick the Great and his Confession of Faith." Harvard Theological Review 109, no. 1 (2016): 102–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017816015000504.
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The name of Friedrich II and his nearly half-century reign from 1740 to 1786 are virtually synonymous with the advent and advance of the Enlightenment in Prussia. In his famous 1784 answer to the question posed by the Berlinische Monatsschrift, “What is enlightenment?” Immanuel Kant asserted that enlightenment could be partially conceptualized as a temporal epoch, one whose salient characteristics, especially in regards to religion, were manifested in the personal opinions and public policies of his royal Prussian sovereign. “We do not live in an enlightened age, but in an age of enlightenment – the century of Friedrich.” In a similar spirit, a generation after Kant wrote, Friedrich Schleiermacher delivered a paean to Friedrich II's memory in a January 24, 1817 address to the Prussian Academy of Sciences on what would have been Friedrich II's one-hundred-and-fifth birthday. Schleiermacher heralded Friedrich II as “a friend of the muses,” who doubtlessly conversed with Plato in the afterlife, the legacy of whose domestic initiatives had been to transform Prussia into a more cultured society, while his “heroic” and “glorious” victories secured for the Prussian Army its vaunted reputation for military prowess. As the 29-year-old king himself wrote in a February 24, 1741 battlefield letter from the frontlines of the First Silesian War, “I love war for its glory, but if I were not a ruler, I would be nothing but a philosopher.”
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Wintjes, Jorit. "“Not an Ordinary Game, But a School of War”." Vulcan 4, no. 1 (2016): 52–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134603-00401003.
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Although the Prussian Kriegsspiel was a key training instrument in the Prussian army, it has so far attracted comparatively little scholarly attention. The article covers the early history of the Prussian Kriegsspiel, which was officially adopted as a training tool in 1824, and concentrates on the development of the first two Prussian wargames by Georg Leopold von Reiswitz (1812) and Georg Heinrich von Reisswitz (1824). A closer look at the immediate prehistory of the Prussian Kriegsspiel reveals that these two versions were not solitary inventions but emerged during a period when thinking about wargames design was en vogue among certain circles in Germany. None of these games gained official recognition, but the 1824 game introduced a number of key innovations that fundamentally changed the playing experience, resulting in the Prussian army’s chief of staff famously stating that the Kriegsspiel was “not an ordinary game, but a school of war.”
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Anisimov, M. Yu. "THE RUSSIAN PRISONERS OF WAR DURING SEVEN YEARS' WAR: TO STATEMENT OF A PROBLEM." Izvestiya of Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. History Sciences 3, no. 2 (2021): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.37313/2658-4816-2021-3-2-5-13.
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The article is based on the still rare and scattered data on situation of the Russian prisoners in the Prussian captivity during Seven years' war of 1756-1763. On the basis of the published memoirs and single archival documents the author draws a conclusion on difference in keeping of captured officers and the lower ranks. The situation of the soldiers in captivity was very difficult; they were pressured to go into the Prussian service, they felt the need for clothing and warm rooms, some of the prisoners was forcibly sent to the Prussian army and, contrary to international agreements, remained there even after the end of the war.
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Anisimov, M. Yu. "РОССИЙСКИЕ ПЛАНЫ УСИЛЕНИЯ РЕЧИ ПОСПОЛИТОЙ В 1746 г.: ПОЛЬСКАЯ МИССИЯ М. ЛИВЕНА И М.Н. ВОЛКОНСКОГО". Izvestiya of Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. History Sciences 2, № 4 (2020): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.37313/2658-4816-2020-2-4-79-92.
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In 1746 in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth the next seym (parliament) on which the Polish Royal Court decided to pass the decision on increase in the Polish army limited during Great Northern war had to be called. Strengthening of Prussia was one of the main reasons of emergence of this plan. It threatened with power annexation of the western Polish territories by Berlin. In St. Petersburg where Elizabeth Petrovna’s government was also anxious with growth of power of Prussia, decided to support the Polish plans and to turn Poland into the ally of Russia in anti-Prussian fi ght. For training of the Polish magnates and to clarifi cation of opportunities of the organization of the pro-Russian party, the Russian emissaries M. Liewen and M.N. Volkonsky were sent to Poland. On return to Russia emissaries reported that, despite fears of Prussia, Poles are not ready to take any steps provoking it, including increase in army. Also emissaries presented candidacies of the magnates capable to be active supporters of Russia. From now on the Russian Court, having refused the idea of strengthening of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, did not lose sight of an internal political situation in Poland any more and supported the infl uential group of princes Czartoryski’s which was guided by rapprochement with Russia.
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Winkel, Carmen. "Adliger Stand und militärischer Rang. Konflikt- muster hochadliger Offiziere in der brandenburgisch- preußischen Armee (1713–1786)." Militaergeschichtliche Zeitschrift 72, no. 2 (2013): 267–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mgzs-2013-0011.
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Abstract During the 18th century, the officers of the European standing armies were usually of noble origin. The requirements the army had towards the officers conflicted with their own self understanding. It was requirement of them to leave their »lone soldier « attitude behind and subordinate into a hierarchically system. The officer corps of the early modern times were dominated by nobles and the aforementioned conflicts had an impact of different intensity on the relation between the point d’honneur and the requirements of the military service. As for the Prussian example, it was assumed that this conflict between noble origin and military rank was less virulent than in the French army. Reason for that believe was mainly that the majority of the Prussian officers originated from the gentry. It was also assumed that the monarch was able to impose a better discipline among his officers. One group of officers, members of the high nobility, has been completely ignored so far. That comes as a surprise given the fact that they accounted for 10 percent of all generals. Those princes had a protestantic background, served in the army for several reasons and were preferentially promoted. Their service in the army did not come without potential conflicts which required the monarch to compromise and using different strategies to solve them.
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Gawron, Przemysław. "Organizational transformations of the Crown Army during the war of the Vistula mouth, 1626–1629." Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana, no. 2 (30) (2021): 37–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu19.2021.203.
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The article explores the organizational transformations of the Crown army during the war with Sweden in the years 1626–1629. On the basis of fiscal sources, correspondence, and war accounts, the author established that the number of Sigismund III’s troops increased. In 1629 they were more numerous in Prussia than the combined armies in Prussia and in Ukraine three years earlier. Positional warfare with the Swedes, who had a considerable number of well-trained infantry and perfect artillery, required a change in the structure of the army, over half of which during hostilities consisted of dragoons and infantry formations, especially those of the foreign contingent. Over the course of the war, free companies (freikompanie), which made up a core of the infantry at the beginning of the war, were mostly replaced by large regiments of over three thousand pay rates. Also, successful attempts were made to create infantry units trained and armed in the German manner, commanded by foreigners, but recruited among Sigismund III’s subjects, and the ranks of Polish-Hungarian infantry were reinforced. In the ranks of cavalry, reiters were of more importance than in Ukraine. They grew into a third force in the Polish cavalry, after Polish hussars and Cossacks. Considerably smaller changes occurred for artillery, which despite significant expenses was still inferior to that of the Swedish artillery. Sigismund III’s troops also struggled with the deficiency of experienced engineers and cartographers. Although after the Altmark armistice the king had to reduce the army, from which the infantry disappeared almost entirely, dragoons were preserved in Ukraine thanks to Crown Field Hetman Koniecpolski. From that time on, they would constitute an indispensable part of the wojsko kwarciane (quarter army). The significance of the Prussian war for the development of the Crown military is best illustrated by the fact that in 1633, in the course of preparations for the war with Muscovy for Smolensk, Władysław IV and his advisers organized the army largely in the manner of the years 1626–1629.
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Drozda, Martin. "Prusko-francouzská válka v kramářských tiscích." Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae – Historia litterarum 66, no. 3-4 (2021): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.37520/amnpsc.2021.018.
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The study deals with the Franco-Prussian War in chapbooks. This conflict provided the last major stimulus for this medium, which gradually disappeared in the second half of the 19th century. Chapbooks on the subject of the Franco-Prussian war comprised mostly broadside ballads, but prayers and small prose prints were created as well. The importance of satirical songs significantly increased at that time. The article studies the interpretation of the war conflict in chapbooks, especially the glorification of French commanders and the authors’ hatred for Prussian soldiers, which stemmed from the defeat of the Austrian army in 1866. Attention is also paid to reflections on the main figures in the conflict (Napoleon III, Otto von Bismarck). The paper shows the genre diversity of chapbooks in the second half of the 19th century, at a time when they were gradually disappearing.
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Hagemann, Karen. "Of “Manly Valor” and “German Honor”: Nation, War, and Masculinity in the Age of the Prussian Uprising Against Napoleon." Central European History 30, no. 2 (1997): 187–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938900014023.
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These words introduced a collection entitledDeutsche Wehrlieder für das Königlich-Preussische Frei-Corps(German Military Songs for the Royal Prussian Volunteer Corps), that appeared in March 1813 immediately after Prussia declared war on France. It was not only in this songbook that the patriotic national mobilization for the struggle against Napoleonic rule was closely linked to the propagation of “valorous manliness” (wehrhafte Mannlichkeit). In the period of the Wars of Liberation between 1813 and 1815, the press and topical literature teemed with similar phrases and cultivated a veritable cult of manliness. A new breed of “patriotically”-minded, “combat-ready” men was needed if, as intended, a “people's army” of conscripts was to fight a successful “national war” against France. This phenomenon has generated scant interest in the extensive historical literature about the time between 1806 and 1815, which is considered as the birth period of the German national movement.
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Stübig, Heinz. "The Prussian German Army: School of the Nation in the Nineteenth Century." European Education 34, no. 3 (2002): 5–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/eue1056-493434035.
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Sondhaus, Lawrence. "The Austro-Hungarian Naval Officer Corps, 1867–1918." Austrian History Yearbook 24 (January 1993): 51–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0067237800005257.
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Two Decades Ago, Holger Herwig's The German Naval Officer Corps: A Social and Political History, 1890–1918 (1973) chronicled the story of the new military elite that rose to prominence when imperial Germany went to sea: a corps that sought to emulate the traditions of the Prussian army, its middle-class officers eager to embrace the values and attitudes of the more aristocratic army officer corps.1 Recently Istvan Deak's excellent work Beyond Nationalism: A Social and Political History of the Habsburg Officer Corps, 1848–1918 (1990) has provided a comprehensive picture of the officer corps of the Habsburg army.2 Like imperial Germany, Austria-Hungary was a central European land power with few long-standing traditions at sea, but differences in social composition, training, and outlook distinguished the Austro-Hungarian naval officer corps from its German counterpart. Within the Dual Monarchy the navy had to deal with the nationality question and other challenges that also faced the army, but in many respects its officer corps reflected the diversity of the empire more than the Habsburg army officer corps did, contributing to the navy's relatively more successful record as a multinational institution.
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Eley, Geoff, Steven E. Clemente, and John Moncure. "For King and Kaiser: The Making of a Prussian Army Officer, 1860-1914." Journal of Military History 59, no. 2 (1995): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2944588.
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Schiemenz, Günter P. "A heretical look at the Benzolfest." British Journal for the History of Science 26, no. 2 (1993): 195–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087400030752.
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The Benzolfest of 1890 in honour of August Kekulé fell into that economically prosperous, politically peaceful period of European imperialism which is characterized by the splendour of the courts of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Empress of India; Emperor Franz Josef of Austria, King of Hungary; and the German Emperor Wilhelm II, King of Prussia. Whoever could afford it (and even some of those who could not) tried to imitate these models and to participate at least to a modest extent in the glamour of the imperial courts. Merits were honoured by the bestowal of titles, orders and medals, and many an effort to the benefit of the common weal in deeds and money was induced by the prospect of becoming a Privy Councillor (Geheimrat) or a Councillor of Commerce (Kommerzienrat), of being awarded the Order of the Red Eagle [of Prussia] (the fourth class being almost automatically given to a major of the Prussian army who in this peaceful time had never had a chance to distinguish himself, and not so automatically to a distinguished professor on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday), or even of being raised to hereditary nobility, the epithet von added to the name being the permanently visible sign of particular excellence.
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Landsberg, Hannelore, and Marie Landsberg. "Wilhelm von Blandowski's inheritance in Berlin." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 121, no. 1 (2009): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rs09172.
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This article discusses Blandowski’s collections held in various libraries and museums in Berlin, Germany. Wilhelm von Blandowski (1822-1878) was a Prussian ‘Berliner’. He was born in Upper Silesia, a province of Prussia. He worked there in the mining industry and later attended lectures in natural history at the University of Berlin. Following a period in the army, he was influenced by the March Revolution in Germany in 1848. As a result, he left the civil service and migrated to Australia. Blandowski’s first approach to the Museum of Natural History in Berlin was an offer of objects, lithography and paintings ‘forwarded from the Museum of Natural History, Melbourne Australia’ in 1857. After returning to Prussia, Blandowski tried unsuccessfully to get support for publishing Australien in 142 photographischen Abbildungen. Today the Department for Historical Research of the Museum of Natural History owns more than 350 paintings as the ‘Legacy Blandowski’. The paintings illustrate Blandowski’s time in Australia, his enormous knowledge of natural history, his eye for characteristic details of objects and his ability to instruct other artists and to use their work. The text will show these aspects of Blandowski’s life and work and will give an insight into the database of Blandowski’s paintings held at the Humboldt University, Berlin.
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Palmarini, Luca. "La fuga del capitano Charles Lux dalla fortezza di Glatz (Kłodzko) in Bassa Slesia: la narrazione tra funzione estetica e persuasiva." Romanica Silesiana 17 (June 29, 2020): 123–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31261/rs.2020.17.10.
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This article analyzes the presence of propaganda and its persuasive strategies in the narration born on the occasion of the famous escape in 1912 by Charles Lux, captain of the French army, from the several Prussian fortress of Glatz, present-day Kłodzko (Poland). In particular, through the analysis of the articles published by the French press after his escape, as well as the captain memoirs, it can be seen how the persuasive technique acquires a particular meaning in the narration.
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GREENFIELD, JEROME. "THE MEXICAN EXPEDITION OF 1862–1867 AND THE END OF THE FRENCH SECOND EMPIRE." Historical Journal 63, no. 3 (2020): 660–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x19000657.
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AbstractThe French expedition to Mexico from 1862 to 1867 rarely features in accounts of the origins of the Franco-Prussian War or of the liberalization of the French Second Empire in its final years. By contrast, this article uses a range of archival and published sources to argue that the failure of the Mexican expedition was an important factor in the crisis that convulsed French politics in the late 1860s. The legitimacy of the fiscal-military system was undermined, partly because of the burdens that the expedition imposed on the French people. There resulted difficulties over finance and the army, which hindered the Second Empire's ability to confront the Prussian threat and accelerated the emergence of the ‘Liberal Empire’ with the constitutional reforms of 1867–70. Liberalization, though, could not rescue the imperial regime, and the legitimacy crisis of the Second Empire was only resolved by a transition to a parliamentary democracy under the Third Republic.
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Drnovský, Pavel, Petr Hejhal, and Erika Průchová. "Novověký vojenský tábor jako archeologická lokalita. Výzkum polního ležení v Semonicích u Jaroměře (okr. Náchod) / An Early Modern military camp as an archaeological site. The excavation of the field camp in Jaroměř–Semonice (northeast Bohemia)." Archeologické rozhledy 73, no. 1 (2021): 102–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.35686/ar.2021.4.
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The study addresses the archaeological excavation of the military field camp of the Prussian or Austrian army from 1745, 1758 or 1778. Features with a burnt layer, apparently field kitchens, and other features that probably served as dwellings were documented at the site uncovered during the construction of the motorway in northeast Bohemia. The burial of a man was found in the ditch that was part of camp fortifications. The find assemblage is composed primarily of items that can be regarded as waste and lost items.
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Pandit, J. J. "Deaths by horsekick in the Prussian army - and other ‘Never Events’ in large organisations." Anaesthesia 71, no. 1 (2015): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/anae.13261.
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Schillinger, Nicolas. "Playing Soldiers: The War Game in Late Qing and Republican China." Journal of Chinese Military History 9, no. 1 (2020): 38–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22127453-bja10003.
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Abstract In the early twentieth century, Chinese military reformers introduced the war game to improve the training of officers and professionalize their education according to foreign role models. The war game or Kriegsspiel was a tabletop device used to simulate tactical and strategic problems, which originated from the Prussian army and was very popular among German officers. It was adopted in other European countries and the United States as well as Japan, and was eventually played in the late Qing New Armies and the Guomindang’s National Revolutionary Army. From its inception at the turn of the century until the end of the Republican era, it was supposed to increase tactical abilities, leadership skills, discipline, and knowledge of specific procedures and regulations. Besides improving their skills as military commanders, wargaming enabled Chinese officers to incorporate transnational military cultural codes of conduct, and thus emulate and perform “modern” military professionalism.
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Sondhaus, Lawrence. "‘The Spirit of the Army’ at Sea: The Prussian-German Naval Officer Corps, 1847–1897." International History Review 17, no. 3 (1995): 459–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07075332.1995.9640717.
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Lackey, Scott. "The Habsburg Army and the Franco-Prussian War: The Failure to Intervene and its Consequences." War in History 2, no. 2 (1995): 151–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096834459500200202.
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Vojnovic, Zarko. "If Joakim Vujic really translated "Zalostnoe vozvrascenje Francuzov'' iz'' Rossje", who wrote it?" Prilozi za knjizevnost, jezik, istoriju i folklor, no. 79 (2013): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pkjif1379047v.
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This paper focuses on book Zalostnoe vozvrascenje Francuzov'' iz'' Rossje printed 1814th in Buda. In our bibliographical science this translation is attributed to Joakim Vujic, which is very difficult to determine in exact way. However, completely unknown original author of this text has been finally revealed. It is a Prussian officer (later general) Ernst von Pfuel, who at the time of the expulsion of Napoleon?s army in Russia in 1812. was in the Russian service. His testimony about the war he recorded as a witness. The book R?ckzug der Franzosen bis zum Niemen was issued by him in Berlin already in 1813. year.
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Mori, Jennifer. "Responses to Revolution: the November Crisis of 1792." Historical Research 69, no. 170 (1996): 284–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2281.1996.tb01859.x.
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Abstract This article examines the British government's domestic policies during the last two months of 1792, when the arrival of domestic popular radicalism and the success of the French army against opposing Austro-Prussian forces in the Low Countries suggested that Britain and other neighbouring states of France would follow it into revolution. Based on official and private papers, it is claimed that the decisions of the Younger Pitt's ministry vis-à-vis war and revolution were not determined by simple panic or ‘tory’ intellectual and social considerations, but rather by long-established patterns of eighteenth-century official action and the strength of traditional ‘whig’ convictions.
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Frick, David A. "Franklin's Free Will; or, Optimism in Cracow, 1798." Austrian History Yearbook 28 (January 1997): 59–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0067237800016325.
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On January 7, 1796, two days after Austrian rule came to Cracow in the wake of the Third Partition of Poland, Jan May resumed printing his recently established newspaper, the Cracow Gazette (Gazeta Kra-kowska), with a lead article brimming with enthusiasm for the new order: “Finally, the wishes of all have been fulfilled. The City of Cracow, destined for the rule of His Majesty, the Most Illustrious Roman Emperor, has, as of today, after the withdrawal of the Prussian armies, with the greatest satisfaction, seen within its walls the army of the desired Monarch.” Some of May's readers may indeed have been pleased to see Prussian troops leave. There may also have been a few aristocrats—if we credit accounts of a “Jacobin” fear—who were happy to see the Austrians come to Cracow. Probably many were relieved at having some sort of order after years of unrest. But many were also unhappy to find themselves under Austrian rule in those early days of the partitions. If readers recalled May's quite recent Jacobin leanings and his role as chief printer to the Kościuszko Uprising, they may have read his front-page effusions as a sudden servilism, a strategic response to political necessity, a bleak contextual joke in the form of excess flattery, or some combination of all these things.
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Javelle, Jean-Pierre, and Daniel Rousseau. "Les débuts mouvementés de l'observatoire météorologique du parc Montsouris à Paris (1869-1872)." La Météorologie, no. 114 (2021): 021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37053/lameteorologie-2021-0071.
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L'observatoire météorologique du parc Montsouris à Paris a été créé en 1869 dans un contexte de controverses scientifiques et institutionnelles. Nous décrivons les premières années de son fonctionnement pendant une époque historiquement très troublée, marquée par la guerre franco-prussienne de 1870-1871 et la Commune de Paris. Les observations météorologiques effectuées à Montsouris permettent d'analyser la période 1869-1872 à Paris sur le plan climatologique. Depuis 1816, seuls cinq hivers ont connu des séquences de température moyenne inférieure à -6 °C sur 16 jours consécutifs. L'hiver très froid de 1870-1871 en fait partie ; s'y ajoutèrent la famine, due au siège de la capitale, et les bombardements de l'armée prussienne. The meteorological observatory at the Parc Montsouris in Paris was created in 1869 in a context of scientific and institutional controversies. We describe the first years of its operation during a historically very troubled period, marked by the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871 and the Paris Commune. Meteorological observations made at Montsouris allow us to analyze the period 1869-1872 in Paris from a climatological point of view. Since 1816, only five winters have known sequences of average temperature, on 16 consecutive days, lower than -6 °C. The very cold winter of 1870-1871 was one of them, and also incurred the famine, due to the siege of the capital, and the bombings of the Prussian army.
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Komarov, Dmitriy. "Prospects of Studying Smolensk People’s Feat in World War I with Reference to the Restoration of the Monument to the Heros of World War I in Vyazma." Izvestia of Smolensk State University, no. 3 (55) (January 26, 2022): 154–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.35785/2072-9464-2021-55-3-154-169.
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With reference to the reconstruction of the monument in Vyazma to the heroes of World War I, the article considers the possibility of studying the participation of the natives lived in Smolensk Governorate in the events of World War I. The article shows what prospects are created for the study of the history of the Smolensk region and its individual regions during World War according to digitized documents and memoirs about World War I, that are posted in the public domain on the Internet.
 The article shows the history of individual military units. The author reconstructs the events associated with the participation of the XIII Army Corps in the East Prussian operation. It has been proved that a significant part of this corps was made up of the lower ranks called up from the territory of Smolensk
 Governorate as a result of mobilization. The study determines the reasons that had a negative impact on the combat characteristics of the corps. The article describes circumstances of the defeat of the XIII Army Corps. The author of the article draws examples of courage and heroism shown by individual units and
 servicemen, natives of the Smolensk region. The study determines a number of those drafted into the Russian army from the territory of Smolensk Governorate
 and makes an attempt to establish an approximate number of Smolensk people died at the fronts and from wounds in the rear. Moreover, the author indicates possible prospects for studying Smolensk people’s participation in World War I.
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Glabisz, Grzegorz. "“How can we free ourselves from this despotic Moscow oppression?” The attitude of Poznan and Kalisz voivodeships noblemen towards the Russian army actions in the years 1758-1759. Contribution to the history of the Seven Years’ War." Open Military Studies 1, no. 1 (2020): 141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/openms-2020-0111.
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Abstract The aim of the text is to show the attitude of the nobility from the Poznan and Kalisz provinces in the years 1758-1759 during the Seven Years’ War. This area, despite the neutrality of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, became a place of Prussian-Russian fighting. The article is a contribution to reflection on the functioning of the political elites and state structures of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
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Trumpener, Ulrich. "For King and Kaiser! The Making of the Prussian Army Officer, 1860-1914, by Steven E. ClementeFor King and Kaiser! The Making of the Prussian Army Officer, 1860-1914, by Steven E. Clemente. New York, Greenwood Press, 1992. xv, 280 pp. $45.00 U.S." Canadian Journal of History 28, no. 1 (1993): 128–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjh.28.1.128.
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Davies, Frank. "Land policy by other means: democracy and the military in contemporary urban Brazil." Brasiliana: Journal for Brazilian Studies 10, no. 2 (2022): 453–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.25160/bjbs/10.2.21.
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This paper explores the relationship between the Armed Forces and the land market in Brazilian metropolises. Highlighting the important of the urban dimensions of this relationship, this research sheds light on agents usually invisibilized by the literature in an attempt to understand their role in land policy. The practices, meanings, and outcomes of the Armed Forces’ involvement is reflectedin the decision-making conditions that characterize Brazilian democracy. By establishing a dialogue with a well-known aphorism from Prussian strategist Carl von Clausewitz, that war is the continuation of politics by other means, we present and analyze land policies as continued by war operators. As we analyze military management practices and the commodification of public spaces, we find the city’s production dynamics are galvanized by Army generals. Beyond security, surveillance, and population control, the Armed Forces have carried out a complex set of strategies regarding the occupation of cities, fueling debates around the nature of democracy underway in contemporary Brazil.
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Strieter, Terry W. "The Impact of the Franco-Prussian War on Veterans: The Company-Level Career Patterns of the French Army 1870–1895." War & Society 7, no. 1 (1989): 24–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/106980489790304804.
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Darragh, Thomas A. "William Blandowski: A frustrated life." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 121, no. 1 (2009): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rs09011.
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When Johann Wilhelm Theodor Ludwig von Blandowski (1822-1878), was appointed Government Zoologist on 1 March 1854, Victoria gained a scientist, who had attended Tarnowitz Mining School and science lectures at Berlin University. He had been an assistant manager in part of the Koenigsgrube coal mine at Koenigshütte, but as a consequence of some kind of misdemeanour, resigned from the Prussian Mining Service and joined the Schleswig-Holstein Army in March 1848. After resigning his Lieutenant’s commission and trying unsuccessfully to obtain another appointment in the Prussian Mining Service, he left for Adelaide in May 1849 as a collector of natural history specimens. After some collecting expeditions and earning a living as a surveyor he moved to the Victorian goldfields. He undertook official expeditions in Central Victoria, Mornington Peninsula and Western Port and in December 1856 he was leader of the Murray-Darling Expedition, but control of the Museum passed to Frederick McCoy with Blandowski relegated to the position of Museum Collector. Feted on his return from the Expedition, he fell out with some members of the Royal Society of Victoria over somewhat puerile descriptions of new species of fishes and he also refused to recognise McCoy’s jurisdiction over him. After acrimonious arguments about collections and ownership of drawings made whilst he was a government officer, Blandowski resigned and left for Germany, where he set up as a photographer in Gleiwitz in 1861, but some kind of mental instability saw him committed to the mental asylum at Bunzlau (now Boleslawiec, Poland) in September 1873, where he died on 18 December 1878. Assessments of Blandowki’s scientific and artistic career in Australia have been mixed. The biographical details presented provide the opportunity to judge assessments of Blandowski in Australia against his actions both before and after his arrival there.
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Kretinin, Gennady, and Maxim Megem. "Vasily I. Suvorov, the governor of Prussia." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2021, no. 04-2 (2021): 144–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202104statyi11.
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The article examines the administrative activities of General-Lieutenant Vasily I. Suvorov during the Seven Years’ War of 1756-1763 in connection with supply of the Russian army with provision and other types of allowances. Particular attention is paid to his administration of the province of Prussia in 1761, relations with the local population, and assistance to the Prussians in eliminating the consequences of flood.
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Włodarczyk, Zdzisław. "Powoływanie landratów w Prusach Południowych (1793–1806)." Przegląd Archiwalno-Historyczny 6 (2019): 9–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/2391-890xpah.19.001.14930.
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Artykuł niniejszy omawia politykę personalną zaborcy przy obsadzaniu stanowiska landrata/ deputowanego powiatowego w Prusach Południowych – prowincji utworzonej z ziem zagarniętych przez Hohenzollernów w wyniku II rozbioru Polski (1793). Sposób ich powoływania ulegał pewnym modyfikacjom, na co wpływ miały czynniki zewnętrzne oraz sytuacja wewnątrz prowincji. Początkowo oficjaliści ci wyłaniani byli bezpośrednio przez administrację zaborczą, bez udziału czynnika stanowego. Istotna była konfesja nominata: sprzyjano osiadłym tu od pokoleń ewangelikom-reformowanym. Wszystko to zgodnie z postulatami ministra Buchholza sformułowanymi w początkach 1793 r. W czasie trwania insurekcji kościuszkowskiej wielu z wybrańców wystąpiło przeciwko Prusakom. Odpowiedzią władz było usunięcie ich z zajmowanych stanowisk oraz nominacja osób niepowiązanych z administrowanym powiatem. Jednak już wkrótce (1795) zaczęto liczyć się z postulatami szlacheckich posesjonatów, zwłaszcza, że podnosili oni wierność monarsze podczas insurekcji (Radomsko), lub postulowali nominację byłego oficera pruskiego (Częstochowa). Ten sposób nominacji funkcjonował również podczas drugiego okresu urzędowania ministra Vossa w Prusach Południowych (po objęciu tronu przez Fryderyka Wilhelma III). Tym samym, zgodnie z Powszechnym Prawem Krajowym, życzeniami zgłaszanymi przy zajmowaniu prowincji („petyty”), jak i propozycjami samego ministra z początków jego urzędowania – pozwolono szlachcie wybierać kandydatów spośród swego grona. Appointment of landrats in South Prussia (1793–1806) The article reviews the personnel policy of the occupant regarding the appointment of the landrat/ county supervisor in South Prussia — a province created from the territories seized by the Hohenzollerns following the second partition of Poland in 1793. Due to external factors and the situation in the province, the process of appointing landrats underwent some modifications. Initially, these officials were elected directly by the Prussian administration, with no contribution from the nobles. The denomination of the nominee played an important role — Evangelical Reformed Church members who had been living in these territories for generations were preferred. All of it was in accordance with the demands of minister Bucholz formulated in the early 1793. During the Kościuszko Uprising many of these elected officials took up arms against the Prussians. As a consequence, they were removed from their positions, and people with no ties with the county they were meant to administer were nominated. However, as early as 1795, the demands of middle noblemen were taken into account, especially since they pledged their allegiance to the monarch during the uprising (in Radomsko) or called for the nomination of a former Prussian officer (in Częstochowa). This nominating procedure also functioned during the second term of minister Voss in South Prussia (after Frederick William III of Prussia had come to the throne). At that point, noblemen were allowed to choose the candidate among themselves, which was in compliance with the General State Laws for the Prussian States, wishes submitted when assuming supervision over the province, as well as the suggestions of the minister himself from the early days of his office.
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Jędrysiak, Jacek. "Benefits for the Prussian army by the inhabitants of the Grand Duchy of Poznań between 1815–1844. State of research and research perspectives." Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych 81 (December 1, 2020): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/rdsg.2020.08.
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Becker, Thomas. "Women in Roman forts – lack of knowledge or a social claim?" Archaeological Dialogues 13, no. 1 (2006): 36–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1380203806261853.
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The classic idea of the Roman army, especially of the legions, is that of a man's world, where discipline and military drill dominate, and where there is no room for women, whatever their social status or function. This idea has been fostered by the picture painted by the antique authors, in which fighting by women is reserved to goddesses (Athena/Minerva) and exceptional personages. The normal female is described as a mother or wife, whose chief occupations were confined to the organization of the household, the up-bringing of the children, spinning and weaving (Marquardt 1975, 58). This role model fits in excellently with the social structure of 19th-century Europe, where women were also absent from military camps. This, in turn, can be traced back to the to the Prussian view of military virtues, which would be diminished by the presence of women. Many concepts of Roman military archaeology have their origin in this period. In many ways these traditions still influence our views on Roman life, as analyses of the roles of women and children in archaeological illustrations have shown (Röder 2002; Becker and Hölschen in press). German archaeological research, especially, concentrates on questions of building-structures, military units or dating, whilst social aspects of life in the camps or on the frontier are normally neglected.
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Borzęcki, Jerzy. "German Anti-Semitism à la Polonaise." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 26, no. 4 (2012): 693–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325412448098.
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A military report of September 1919 singled out Polish troops from the formerly Prussian province of Poznania as particularly abusive of, and prejudiced against, Belarusian Jews. This appears to have been a rather unusual case of German anti-Semitism in its Polish version. The Poznanians’ prejudice against Eastern Jews, so characteristic of German anti-Semitism, was exacerbated by their hostility against Poznanian Jews, with whom they had been in longstanding conflict. Experiencing a culture clash upon entering the settlements of Eastern Jews, they regarded their inhabitants not only as very strange and unfamiliar but also as far less civilized and even more Jewish than their Poznanian coreligionists. This attitude was compounded by the Poznanians’ twofold sense of superiority. First, Poznania was much more developed and contained a much smaller proportion of Jews than did Congress Poland, Galicia, and especially Belarus. Second, the Poznanians considered themselves the best unit of the Polish army and therefore looked down upon units from Congress Poland and Galicia, and especially on their officer corps, which they considered “Jew-ridden.” Many of these prejudices were shared by the Poznanian officer corps whose members, in any event, were reluctant to punish their men for anti-Jewish excesses because of their own sense of insecurity. As a result, the Poznanians were much more likely than any other Polish troops to abuse Belarusian Jews.
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Kulakov, V. I. "Sudovians in Sambia in the 13th–14th centuries." VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII, no. 2(53) (May 28, 2021): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2021-53-2-8.
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The aim of the proposed work is to ascertain, based on archeological data and written sources, the presence of individuals of the easternmost tribe from the community of the Western Balts — Sudins/Yotvingians. Both scien-tific data from old German excavations and the latest archaeological research in the Zelenogradsk district of the Kaliningrad region are introduced into the scientific discourse. There are no funeral monuments of the Teutonic Order in the territory of the ‘Sudovian corner’ (Lat. Campus Sudowitarum) in the northwestern part of the Sambia peninsula. Ethnographic data on this part of the Amber Coast, provided by the local history manuscripts of the 16th–17th c., include data on the West Baltic population of Western Sambia without actual confirmation of its tribal affiliation. In fact, authors of Polish written sources of the Order time do not draw distinction between the Sudins and Prussians either. Individual burials of male warriors and women with features characteristic of the Sudovian funeral rituals were found at the Prussian burial grounds of the Northern Sambia. Anthropological data confirm this conclusion. In the eastern part of the Prussian tribal area, occupied by the Prussians in the pre-Order times, according to the dating of the burial grounds, two burials with spearheads were encountered amongst the com-plexes of the 14th c., which can be tentatively associated with bearers of the Sudovian traditions. The low repre-sentation of the Sudovian burials at Prussian burial grounds attests to the fact that the Order authorities could have appointed individual representatives of the Sudovian aristocracy, who sided with the conquerors, in order to strengthen the Order in the local polcas (volosts). Using the linguistic and cultural closeness with the Sembians, these Sudins possessed military power (presence of spearheads in the burials, with the common absence of weapons in the Prussian community graves) and could have been collecting taxes on behalf of the Order (the presence of a Western European moneybag in burial Ve-161). The seemingly unnatural presence of the Baltic warriors in the service of the Teutonic Order is symbolized by the decoration of the buckle from burial Ve-161, which bears the coat of arms of the Order and a stylized image of the mythical companion of God Perkuno — the sacred goat, an object of the Prussian sacrifices, presented here as a symbol of the native spiritual traditions.
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Bucholz, Arden. "For King and Kaiser: The Making of the Prussian Army Officer, 1860–1914. By Steven E. Clemente. New York: Greenwood Press. 1992. Pp. xv + 280. S45.00. ISBN 0-313-28004-5." Central European History 25, no. 4 (1992): 473–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938900021555.
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Szymański, Jarosław. "Wydarzenia kryminalne i egzekucje we Wrocławiu w świetle diariusza Ottona Wenzla von Nostitz-Rieneck z lat 1726 – 1729 i 1737 – 1744." Studenckie Prace Prawnicze, Administratywistyczne i Ekonomiczne 28 (September 26, 2019): 363–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/1733-5779.28.26.
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Informacje źródłowe dotyczące wydarzeń kryminalnych oraz funkcjonowania wymiaru sprawiedliwości we Wrocławiu w pierwszych dekadach XVIII wieku są ograniczone. Przy rekonstrukcji tego typu faktów zdani jesteśmy między innymi na źródła takie jak pamiętniki czy dzienniki, zwłaszcza te pisane przez przedstawicieli ówczesnego wymiaru sprawiedliwości. Jednym z owych źródeł jest diariusz Ottona Wenzla von Nostitz-Rieneck, starosty księstwa wrocławskiego w latach 1726–1741. Dwa tomy tego dziennika znajdują się we wrocławskim Archiwum Państwowym w Rep. 135 pod numerem 573 559 stron i 574 736 stron. Obejmują okres od 6 listopada 1726 do 26 października 1729 roku oraz od 9 listopada 1737 do 31 grudnia 1744 roku. Pierwsza część dziennika dotyczy okresu, w którym jego autor był najwyższym przedstawicielem wymiaru sprawiedliwości w księstwie wrocławskim. Z tego powodu niejako urzędowo miał kontakt z osobami skazanymi oraz interesował się przebiegiem egzekucji, o czym wspominał w swoich zapiskach. Drugi okres opisywany przez Nostitza to lata 1737–1744, a więc czas, kiedy Śląsk przeszedł pod pruskie panowanie, on sam zaś przestał pełnić funkcję starosty księstwa. Złamanie neutralności Wrocławia w sierpniu 1742 roku oraz zajęcie miasta przez wojsko pruskie spowodowały występowanie różnych ekscesów, jak bójki i kradzieże, które były udziałem wojskowych. Nostitz informował też o egzekucjach dezerterów, a przede wszystkim towarzyszących im kobiet, wymieniał czyny samobójcze oraz zbrodnie, których dopuszczali się wojskowi i cywile. Criminal events and executions in Wrocław according to the diary of Otto Wenzel von Nostitz-Rieneck for the years 1726 – 1729 and 1737 – 1744The amount of source information on the criminal events and the functioning of the justice system in Wrocław in the first decades of the 18th century is quite limited. When reconstructing such events we have to rely on sources such as diaries and journals, especially those kept by representatives of the judiciary at that time. The diary by Otto Wenzel von Nostitz-Rieneck, Starost of Wrocław Duchy 1726–1741 is a great example of such a source. Two volumes of the diary are kept in the National Archives in Wrocław under the Rep. 135 No. 573 559 pages and 574 736 pages. They cover the period from November 6, 1726 to October 26, 1729 and from November 9, 1737 to December 31, 1744. The first part of the journal deals with the time when the author was the highest representative of the judiciary in the Wrocław Duchy. His position allowed him to have contact with convicts. He was also interested in the process of execution, which he mentions in his notes. The other time Nostitz describes in his diary is the period between 1737 and 1744, when Silesia was under Prussian rule, while he himself stopped being the Starost of the Duchy. The break of Wroclaw’s neutrality in August 1742 and the city’s occupation by the Prussian army resulted in various excesses, such as brawls and thefts, that involved military men. Nostitz reported on the executions of deserters, and especially the women accompanying them; he wrote about suicide and crimes committed by the military and by civilians.