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Journal articles on the topic 'Przewalski's horse'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 July 2024

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1

Kuzmina, T., N. Zvegintsova, and T. Zharkikh. "Strongylid Community Structure of the Przewalski's Horses (Equus ferus Przewalskii) from the Biosphere Reserve "Askania-Nova", Ukraine." Vestnik Zoologii 43, no. 3 (2009): e-5-e-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10058-009-0010-1.

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Strongylid Community Structure of the Przewalski's Horses (Equus ferus Przewalskii) from the Biosphere Reserve "Askania-Nova", UkraineSpecies composition and the structure of strongylid community of the Przewalski's horse (Equus ferus przewalskiiPoljakov, 1881) semi-free population at the "Askania-Nova" Biosphere Reserve were studied by thein vivomethod of diagnostic deworming. After deworming of 24 adult Przewalski's horses by the anthelmintic "Univerm" (0.2% aversectin C, Russia), 25,815 strongylid specimens were collected and identified. Thirty-one strongylid species of 12 genera were found including 6 species of the subfamily Strongylinae and 25 — of Cyathostominae. Nine to 18 strongylid species (average 14.5 ± 2.5) were found per horse. Cyathostomes (Cyathostominae) dominated in the Przewalski's horse strongylid community: 9 species (Cyathostomum catinatum, C. pateratum, Cylicocyclus nassatus, C. insigne, C. leptostomum, C. ashworthi, Cylicostephanus longibursatus, C. goldi and C. minutus) were found in more than 80% of horses examined and composed 94.1% of the total number of strongylid collected. Strongyles (Strongylinae) were found in 100% of theE. ferus przewalskiiexamined; prevalence of separate species was from 4.2% to 58.3%. The general structure of the strongylid community was multimodal with dominant (9 species), subdominant (4), background (4) and rare (14) species. The list of strongylid species found in the Przewalski'si horses in Ukraine was enlarged to 37 species.

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2

Fincham, Daron A., John Clive Ellory, and James D. Young. "Characterization of a novel variant of amino acid transport system asc in erythrocytes from Przewalski's horse (Equus przewalskii)." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 70, no. 8 (1992): 1117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y92-155.

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In thoroughbred horses, red blood cell amino acid transport activity is Na+-independent and controlled by three codominant genetic alleles (h, l, s), coding for high-affinity system asc1 (L-alanine apparent Km for influx at 37 °C [Formula: see text] 0.35 mM), low-affinity system asc2 (L-alanine Km[Formula: see text] 14 mM), and transport deficiency, respectively. The present study investigated amino acid transport mechanisms in red cells from four wild species: Przewalski's horse (Equus przewalskii), Hartmann's zebra (Zebra hartmannae), Grevy's zebra (Zebra grevyi), and onager (Equus hemonius). Red blood cell samples from different Przewalski's horses exhibited uniformly high rates of L-alanine uptake, mediated by a high-affinity asc1-type transport system. Mean apparent Km and Vmax values (± SE) for L-alanine influx at 37 °C in red cells from 10 individual animals were 0.373 ± 0.068 mM and 2.27 ± 0.11 mmol (L cells∙h), respectively. As in thoroughbreds, the Przewalski's horse transporter interacted with dibasic as well as neutral amino acids. However, the Przewalski asc1 isoform transported L-lysine with a substantially (6.4-fold) higher apparent affinity than its thoroughbred counterpart (Km for influx 1.4 mM at 37 °C) and was also less prone to trans-stimulation effects. The novel high apparent affinity of the Przewalski's horse transporter for L-lysine provides additional key evidence of functional and possible structural similarities between asc and the classical Na+-dependent system ASC and between these systems and the Na+-independent dibasic amino acid transport system y+. Unlike Przewalski's horse, zebra red cells were polymorphic with respect to L-alanine transport activity, showing high-affinity or low-affinity saturable mechanisms of L-alanine uptake. Onager red cells transported this amino acid with intermediate affinity (apparent Km for influx 3.0 mM at 37 °C). Radiation inactivation analysis was used to estimate the target size of system asc in red cells from Przewalski's horse. The transporter's in situ apparent molecular weight was 158 000 ± 2500 (SE).Key words: amino acid transport, erythrocyte, Przewalski's horse.

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3

Ryder, Oliver A. "Przewalski's horse — putting the wild horse back in the wild." Oryx 22, no. 3 (1988): 154–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605300027770.

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Efforts are under way to re-establish free-living populations of Przewalski's horse Equus przewalskii from zoo-bred individuals. The time is opportune to begin such initiatives as there are more than 660 individuals dispersed in over 70 zoological collections. In addition, the captive population is now increasing rapidly and has the potential to provide reasonable numbers of animals for reintroduction programmes without jeopardizing the maintenance of the population that serves as an ex-situ gene pool nucleus.

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4

Cambre, R. C. "Uterine Prolapse in a Przewalski's Horse (Equus przewalskii)." Journal of Zoo Animal Medicine 17, no. 1 (1986): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20094779.

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5

Thompson, Rachel, Aníbal G. Armién, James M. Rasmussen, and Tiffany M. Wolf. "UTERINE ADENOCARCINOMA IN A PRZEWALSKI'S WILD HORSE (EQUUS FERUS PRZEWALSKII)." Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 45, no. 2 (2014): 441–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2013-0200r1.1.

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6

Kenny, David E., Steven J. Dugan, Felicia Knightly, and Jeffery Baier. "INTRACAPSULAR LENS REMOVAL IN A PRZEWALSKI'S WILD HORSE (EQUUS CABALLUS PRZEWALSKII)." Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 34, no. 3 (2003): 284–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/02-027.

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7

Durrant, Barbara S., and Michael L. Hoge. "Ultrasonography in a Przewalski's horse mare,." Theriogenology 29, no. 1 (1988): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0093-691x(88)90068-4.

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8

Sasaki, Motoki, Hideki Endo, Daishiro Yamagiwa, Masako Yamamoto, Kazuyoshi Arishima, and Yoshihiro Hayashi. "Morphological character of the shoulder and leg skeleton in Przewalski's horse (Equus przewalskii)." Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger 181, no. 4 (1999): 403–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0940-9602(99)80138-1.

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9

SASAKI, Motoki, Yoshihiro HAYASHI, Hiroshi KOIE, et al. "CT Examination of the Guttural Pouch (Auditory Tube Diverticulum) in Przewalski's Horse (Equus przewalskii)." Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 61, no. 9 (1999): 1019–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1292/jvms.61.1019.

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10

Ji, Shengnan, Yanpeng Zhu, Shaopeng Cui, Huaiqing Deng, and Chunwang Li. "The road home for Przewalski's horse in China." Oryx 56, no. 5 (2022): 652. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605322000758.

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11

Ryder, Oliver A. "Przewalski's Horse: Prospects for Reintroduction into the Wild." Conservation Biology 7, no. 1 (1993): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1993.07010013.x.

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12

Collins, C. W., S. L. Monfort, M. M. Vick, et al. "154 REPRODUCTIVE SEASONALITY AND FOLLICULAR DYNAMICS IN THE PRZEWALSKI'S HORSE." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 21, no. 1 (2009): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv21n1ab154.

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Artificial insemination has served as a valuable tool for the genetic management of small, isolated populations of several wildlife species (Pukazhenthi B et al. 2004 Development 16, 33–46). The overall aim of the present project was to develop a successful protocol for AI in the Przewalski horse (Equus ferus przewalskii), which is formally listed on the IUCN Red List as “extinct in the wild.” Achieving the long-term goal requires a series of requisite studies to improve our fundamental understanding of reproductive biology in this rare species of equid; therefore, our specific objectives in the present project were to (1) characterize ejaculate traits and examine the influence of seasonality in stallions; and (2) determine the follicular dynamics in mares. Stallions (n = 7) were anesthetized and subjected to a standardized electroejaculation procedure (Collins CW et al. 2006 Anim. Reprod. Sci. 94, 46–49). Testicular volume (TTV) and seminal traits [total sperm concentration (TSC), and total (TM) and progressive sperm motility (PM)] were assessed once each season (winter, January to March; spring, April to June; summer, July to September; fall, October to December) for 1 year, with data analyzed by repeated-measures ANOVA. Mares (n = 8) were examined by ultrasonography in a specialized chute system 3 days/week during breeding season (April to June) over 3 years. At each examination, ovarian structures [size of the dominant follicle and presence of corpora lutea (CL)] were assessed. Values for total ejaculate volume (mean ± SEM, 33.0 ± 22.2 mL), sperm motility (TM, 58 ± 19%; PM, 49 ± 18%), and TSC (2.8 ± 0.3 × 109) were highly variable among individuals. Seasonality significantly (P < 0.05) influenced TSC, which was highest in summer (4.41 ± 0.09 × 109) compared with spring (2.7 ± 0.5 × 109), fall (1.7 ± 0.4 × 109), and winter (2.5 ± 0.4 × 109). Season had no influence on TTV or other seminal traits (P > 0.05), with motile sperm being recovered at all ejaculation attempts. Ultrasonography revealed that the reproductive cycle of the Przewalski mare was composed of two phases. The follicular phase (4.3 ± 2.2 days; range, 3 to 7) was characterized by the presence of one dominant follicle that grew at a rate of 2.9 ± 0.2 mm (range, 1–6 mm) per day and ovulated at a size of 43.8 ± 1.5 mm in diameter (range, 30–57 mm). The luteal phase was distinguished by the presence of a CL that was sustained and evident on the ovary for 12.2 ± 3.3 days (range, 9–15) before regression. In summary, the basic reproductive physiology of the Przewalski horse is comparable with the domestic horse, including the ability of stallions to retain year-round spermatogenesis and ovarian follicular dynamics (including number, size, and growth rate) in the mare. These data allow us to suggest that established protocols for AI in the domestic horse (including estrus induction) likely will have relevance to adapting this technology to the genetic management of the rare Przewalski horse. Morris Animal Foundation (Grant No. D07ZO-403), Sichel Endowment Fund, Smithsonian Endowment Fund, Animal Management staff at CRC and The Wilds.

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13

Rüegg, Simon R., Paul R. Torgerson, Marcus G. Doherr, et al. "EQUINE PIROPLASMOSES AT THE REINTRODUCTION SITE OF THE PRZEWALSKI'S HORSE (EQUUS FERUS PRZEWALSKII) IN MONGOLIA." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 42, no. 3 (2006): 518–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-42.3.518.

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14

Sander, Samantha J., Priscilla H. Joyner, Carolyn Cray, David S. Rotstein, and Copper Aitken-Palmer. "ACUTE PHASE PROTEINS AS A MARKER OF RESPIRATORY INFLAMMATION IN PRZEWALSKI'S HORSE (EQUUS FERUS PRZEWALSKII)." Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 47, no. 2 (2016): 654–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2015-0059.1.

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15

Pukazhenthi, Budhan S., Francesca Lapiana, Luis Padilla, et al. "Improved Sperm Cryopreservation in the Critically Endangered Przewalski's Horse (Equus ferus przewalskii) Using Different Cryoprotectants." Biology of Reproduction 83, Suppl_1 (2010): 675. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolreprod/83.s1.675.

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16

Breen, M., P. Downs, Z. Irvin, and K. Bell. "Intrageneric amplification of horse microsatellite markers with emphasis on the Przewalski's horse (E. pmewalskii)." Animal Genetics 25, no. 6 (2009): 401–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2052.1994.tb00530.x.

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17

Pereladova, O. B., A. J. Sempéeré, N. V. Soldatova, V. U. Dutov, G. Fisenko, and V. E. Flint. "Przewalski's horse—adaptation to semi-wild life in desert conditions." Oryx 33, no. 01 (1999): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605300030234.

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18

Dunnington, E. A. "Przewalski's horse — The history and biology of an endangered species." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 45, no. 3-4 (1995): 317–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1591(95)90009-8.

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19

Turner, John W., L. Boyd, and K. A. Houpt. "Przewalski's Horse: The History and Biology of an Endangered Species." Journal of Wildlife Management 61, no. 2 (1997): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3802620.

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20

Pereladova, O. B., A. J. Sempéeré, N. V. Soldatova, V. U. Dutov, G. Fisenko, and V. E. Flint. "Przewalski's horse—adaptation to semi-wild life in desert conditions." Oryx 33, no. 1 (1999): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3008.1999.00038.x.

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AbstractIn 1989 an experiment was started at the Bukhara Breeding Centre, Kyzylkum Desert, Uzbekistan, to discover whether zoo-bred Przewalski's horses Equus przewalskiicould adapt to semi-wild desert conditions. One stallion and four mares of different ages were released into a 5126-ha fenced area and monitored over a period of 17 years. This paper presents the information gained from the studies concerning home ranges, interactions with other ungulate species, adaptation to new food resources and comparative changes in daily activity. The results of breeding and changes in the structure of the group are also presented. The horses appeared to adapt well to the new conditions and there appeared to be no negative effects of interspecific interaction with introduced kulans Equus hemionus kulan in the release area.

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21

Collins, C. Wynne, Steven L. Monfort, Mandi M. Vick, et al. "Oral and injectable synthetic progestagens effectively manipulate the estrous cycle in the Przewalski's horse (Equus ferus przewalskii)." Animal Reproduction Science 148, no. 1-2 (2014): 42–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2014.03.018.

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22

Lau, Allison N., Lei Peng, Hiroki Goto, Leona Chemnick, Oliver A. Ryder, and Kateryna D. Makova. "Horse Domestication and Conservation Genetics of Przewalski's Horse Inferred from Sex Chromosomal and Autosomal Sequences." Molecular Biology and Evolution 26, no. 1 (2008): 199–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msn239.

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23

Bowling, Ann T., and Oliver A. Ryder. "Switched identity of two Przewalski's horse mares detected by blood typing." Zoo Biology 7, no. 1 (1988): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zoo.1430070109.

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24

Barsuren, Enkhbolor, Bandi Namkhai, and Hong Sik Kong. "Differences in serum protein 2D gel electrophoresis patterns of Przewalski's (Mongolian wild horse) and thoroughbred horses." Animal Science Journal 86, no. 4 (2014): 443–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/asj.12303.

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25

Liu, S. H., D. F. Hu, and K. Li. "Parasites observed in the proximal alimentary tract of a Przewalski's horse in China." Equine Veterinary Education 30, no. 1 (2016): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eve.12593.

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26

Volf, Jiří. "An extremely low gene pool for breeding of Equus przewalskii (Perissodactyla: Equidae)." Lynx new series 48, no. 1 (2017): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/lynx-2017-0018.

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Only 62 individuals of the Przewalski’s horse (Equus przewalski) were brought from the wild to captivity during the period of the known existence of their wild population (1881 – ca. 1968), 24 males and 30 females in 1899–1903; 1 male and 4 females in 1942–1945; 1 male and 2 females in 1947. Of these horses, only 12 individuals (6 males, 6 females) from the first imports and a female from 1947 entered the global breeding programme of the Przewalski’s horse.

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27

Keiper, Ronald R. "Przewalski's Horse: The History and Biology of an Endangered Species.Lee Boyd , Katherine A. Houpt." Quarterly Review of Biology 70, no. 2 (1995): 231–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/419019.

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28

Liu, Gang, Chao-Qun Xu, Qing Cao, et al. "Mitochondrial and pedigree analysis in Przewalski's horse populations: implications for genetic management and reintroductions." Mitochondrial DNA 25, no. 4 (2013): 313–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/19401736.2013.800487.

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29

Kuzmina, T. A., N. S. Zvegintsova, and T. L. Zharkikh. "Gastrointestinal Parasite Community in a New Population of the Przewalski’s Horse (Equus Ferus Przewalskii) in the Orenburg State Reserve, Russia." Vestnik Zoologii 51, no. 3 (2017): 243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/vzoo-2017-0030.

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Abstract The Przewalski’s horse (Equus ferus przewalskii, Poljakov, 1881) is an endangered subspecies of wild horses (Equus ferus) native to steppes of Central Asia. In 2015, the Program of Establishing of a Semi-Free Population of the Przewalski’s Horse in the Orenburg Reserve was launched by FGFI “Orenburg Reserves”. The first group of 6 Przewalski’s horses (2 males and 4 females) born in the semi-reserve Le Villaret, France, was transported to the Orenburg Reserve. Th e aim of this work was to investigate the species composition of the intestinal parasite community and to monitor the dynamics of the parasite infection of the newly established Przewalski’s horse population. The level of infection by gastrointestinal parasites within the horses was examined by the McMaster method. Gastrointestinal parasites were collected in vivo after deworming of the horses with macrocyclic lactone drug “Univerm” (0.2 % aversectin C, PharmBioMed, Russia). Totally, 20 species of parasites were found: 19 species of nematodes (species of the family Strongylidae and Habronema muscae) and one species of botflies from the genus Gasterophilus. Th e widest species diversity (18 species from 8 genera) was observed in strongylids: 2 species from the subfamily Strongylinae and 16 species from Cyathostominae. Distribution of strongylid species between ten prevalence classes revealed a bimodal structure (“core-satellite” mode) of the strongylid community. Th e results obtained in this study are to be considered as the initial data for the further parasitological monitoring of Przewalski’s horses at the Orenburg State Reserve.

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Hemmings, A. J., and S. D. McBride. "Brain based phenotypic differences occurring in crib-biting horses: continuing the search for a heritable component." BSAP Occasional Publication 35 (2006): 275–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00042890.

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Approximately 8% of European performance horses engage in cribbiting behaviour (McGreevy et al.,1995, Redbo et al., 1998), a trait which can reduce both financial value and welfare status of the animal. An increase in prevalence to 26% was reported in those families originating from crib-biting sires (Vecchiotti and Galantini 1986), tentatively implying that a genetic component may be involved. Indeed, in a herd of Przewalski's horse, there was an 84% chance of offspring crib-biting if they originated from cribbing parents (Marsden and Henderson 1994). Finally, hereditary transmission has been more reliably demonstrated in the rodent, where stereotypy can be induced following 9 days of food restriction in the highly inbred DBA mouse strain, but not the C57 strain (Cabib and Bonaventura 1997) suggesting 1) propagation of a genetic component within the DBA genotype and 2) the requirement of an environmental stressor for stereotypy development. In the rodent model this genetic pre-disposition manifests physiologically as a facilitation of dopamine transmission within the mesolimbic projection following a period of stress (Cabib et al., 1998).

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MILLER, PHILIP S. "Selective Breeding Programs for Rare Alleles: Examples from the Przewalski's Horse and California Condor Pedigrees." Conservation Biology 9, no. 5 (1995): 1262–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1995.9051244.x-i1.

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MILLER, PHILIP S. "Selective Breeding Programs for Rare Alleles: Examples from the Przewalski's Horse and California Condor Pedigrees." Conservation Biology 9, no. 5 (1995): 1262–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1995.9051262.x.

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33

Henry, J. Steven, Valentine A. Lance, and J. Michael Conlon. "Primary structure of pancreatic polypeptide from four species of perissodactyla (Przewalski's horse, zebra, rhino, tapir)." General and Comparative Endocrinology 84, no. 3 (1991): 440–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-6480(91)90093-l.

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Korableva, Daria D., and Vyacheslav A. Ivantsov. "Anatomical features of the dentoalveolar apparatus in representatives of Equus." Veterinariya, Zootekhniya i Biotekhnologiya 10, no. 119 (2023): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/vet.zoo.bio.202310003.

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This publication reflects the anatomical characteristics of the dentoalveolar apparatus in representatives of the genus Equus, as well as the frequency of its pathologies. The studies were conducted on the basis of the Department of Anatomy and Histology of Animals named after Prof. A. F. Klimov of the K. I. Skryabin Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biology and the craniological collection of the Zoological Museum of the Moscow State University named after M. V. Lomonosov. The object of the study were representatives of Equus (n=40): kulan, domestic horse, and Przewalski's horse at the age of 5–15 years. Methods of macromorphological analysis, morpho- and odontometry with the subsequent calculation of odontometric indices and statistical processing of the obtained numerical data were used. According to the results of the studies, the general ancestral regularities and peculiarities of anatomical organization of the dento-mandibular apparatus in representatives of Equus were established. On the basis of the analysis of odontometric indices the peculiarities of distribution of biomechanical load at masticatory act are established. At an estimation of a condition of the dento-mandibular apparatus of the horses studied, it is revealed, that the greater quantity of its pathological changes (92 %) has been found out in animals being in conditions with unnatural habitat. The obtained results are basic for diagnostics, identification and evaluation of pathomorphosis of dentoalveolar apparatus injuries in representatives of Equus.

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35

Tang, Yongqing, Gang Liu, Shasha Zhao, et al. "Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Diversity of the Reintroduction Populations of Endangered Przewalski’s Horse." Genes 13, no. 5 (2022): 928. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13050928.

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Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes are the most polymorphic in vertebrates and the high variability in many MHC genes is thought to play a crucial role in pathogen recognition. The MHC class II locus DQA polymorphism was analyzed in the endangered Przewalski’s horse, Equus przewalskii, a species that has been extinct in the wild and all the current living individuals descend from 12 founders. We used the polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) to detect the polymorphism within the MHC DQA in 31 Przewalski’s horses from two reintroduced populations. Consequently, only seven alleles were identified, with only four presenting in each population. In comparison with other mammals, the Przewalski’s horse demonstrated less MHC variation. The nucleotide genetic distance of the seven ELA-DQA alleles was between 0.012 and 0.161. The Poisson corrected amino acid genetic distance of the founded alleles was 0.01–0.334. The allele and genotype frequencies of both reintroduced populations of Przewalski’s horse deviated from the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. Specific MHC DQA alleles may have been lost during the extreme bottleneck event that this species underwent throughout history. We suggest the necessity to detect the genetic background of individuals prior to performing the reintroduction project.

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36

Plasteeva, N. A., and A. M. Klement’ev. "Late Pleistocene horse Equus (Equus) ferus (Perissodactyla, Equidae) from the Cis-Baikal and Transbaikalia." Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS 321, no. 2 (2017): 180–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2017.321.2.180.

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The paper presents morphological examination of caballoid horse remains (Equus (Equus)) from the Baikal region. The study area stretches from Angara river basin up to western Transbaikalia. Fossil material was dated to the second half of the Late Pleistocene, from Kargin Interstadial to the Late Glacial. In all 18 upper and lower jaws, 34 isolated teeth, 37 metacarpal and 56 metatarsal bones were measured. Comparative analysis of horse remains from the Cis-Baikal area, Transbaikalia, and contemporaneous material from the south of Eastern Europe, the Ural Mountains, Western and North-Eastern Siberia revealed marked intraspecific variation in the Late Pleistocene horses. Observed size variation in skeletal elements reflects temporal and regional variation in horse body size. Multivariate analysis showed that despite the significant size variation between local populations, fossil horses were homogeneous in their morphology. Relative proportions of metacarpal and metatarsal bones remained constant through the Late Pleistocene. Horse remains from the Cis-Baikal area and Transbaikalia were attributed to Equus ferus – a circumpolar species in the Late Pleistocene. Przewalski’s horse (Equus przewalskii) differs from fossil horses by the relative proportions of the limb bones. Based on morphometric analysis we can conclude that E. przewalskii did not inhabit the Baikal region during the Late Pleistocene.

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37

Terio, Karen A., Ilse H. Stalis, Jack L. Allen, Jeffery L. Stott, and Michael B. Worley. "COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS IN PRZEWALSKI'S HORSES (EQUUS PRZEWALSKII)." Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 34, no. 4 (2003): 339–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/02-005.

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Volf, Jiří. "Body weight, dentition and longevity in Equus przewalskii kept in the Prague Zoo (Perissodactyla: Equidae)." Lynx, new series 47, no. 1 (2016): 133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/lynx-2016-0009.

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Abstract The survival rate in ungulates is limited by tooth-abrasion that makes it difficult for senescent individuals to feed effectively. I examined correlation between age, body weight and dentition condition in the Przewalski’s horses (Equus przewalskii) kept in the Prague Zoo. The body weight of thirty adult horses aged 2–25 years ranged 250–300 kg. The individuals older than 30 years showed a significant loss in body weight up to one third of the normal condition. However, the weight loss was less pronounced in alpha individuals. For example, the stallion “Uran” weighted 270 kg even after he reached the age of 30 years. The weight loss in senescent individuals was generally correlated with pathological changes in dentition caused by gradual abrasion of the teeth. On the contrary, only six individuals (less than 3%) kept in the Prague Zoo lived longer than 30 years, although the mare “Verona” reached the age of almost 37 years which is the highest age ever recorded in the Przewalski’s horse. Anyway, the tooth-abrasion is an important factor leading to body weight loss in the majority of the senescent Przewalski’s horses.

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Volf, Jiří, and Petr Benda. "Jedinci koně Převalského (Equus przewalskii) ve sbírce Národního musea v Praze (Perissodactyla: Equidae)." Lynx new series 52, no. 1 (2022): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.37520/lynx.2021.013.

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Specimens of Equus przewalskii in the collection of the National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic (Perissodactyla: Equidae). A complete list of 50 specimens of the Przewalski’s horse (Equus przewalskii) housed in the collection of the National Museum, Prague, is presented. It consists of two complete skeletons, twelve partial skeletons, 20 skins (two of them mounted), and 40 skulls.

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Zvegintsova, N., T. Zharkikh, and N. Yasynetska. "Dynamics of Infection with Strongylidae of the Przewalski Horse (Equus Przewalskii) Population in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone." Vestnik Zoologii 42, no. 4-5 (2008): e73-e78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10058-008-0011-5.

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Dynamics of Infection with Strongylidae of the Przewalski Horse (Equus Przewalskii) Population in the Chernobyl Exclusion ZoneDynamics of Infection with Strongylidae of the Przewalski Horse (Equus przewalskii) Population in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone. Zvegintsova N. S., Zharkikh T. L., Yasynetska N. I.— In 1998 and in 1999, several Przewalski horses (PH) from the Reserve Askania Nova were transferred to the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone (CEZ), a free-roaming breeding population was therefore established. Parasitological monitoring of the population was carried out between 1998 and 2006. Before the transportation, PHs were dewormed with Albendazole. On arrival, the PHs were placed in large pasture enclosures for acclimatization, where they were kept between a few weeks and eight months before releasing into the wild. Besides PHs, some domestic working horses were kept in the enclosures. After transportation to CEZ, the level of infection with intestinal helminths in PHs increased. Probably, it was due to the following factors: 1) larvae of helminthes, which survived in intestines after deworming, developed, 2) the pasture in acclimatization enclosures was contaminated with parasites, as PHs shared the enclosures with domestic horses. Over the first three years, the prevalence of Strongylidae were 98.8%, the mean intensities varied from 248.0 ± 51.3 to 612.0 ± 278.2 eggs per gram faeces (epg). A mean intensity in bachelor males was higher than in members of harem groups, as the bachelors had closer contacts with domestic horses. After domestic horses had been transferred outside of CEZ in 2001, the overall intensity in PHs has progressively decreased. During 2004-2006, the mean intensity became stable with range 80.9 ± 25.5 to 138.9 ± 33.2 epg, with prevalence of 93.1%. In 3.5% of faecal samples,Parascaris equorum(Ascarididae) were found; a mean intensity was 29.0 ± 10.7 epg. A few eggs ofAnoplocephala perfoliata(Anoplocephalidae) were found in three samples only. Due to negligible contamination of pastures excluded from farming industry long ago, there are comparatively low levels of infection in the free-roaming PHs. The present level of infection is considered harmless to the horses as clinical symptoms of helminthoses were never noticed.

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Kútvölgyi, Gabriella, Kristin Brabender, Magnus Andersson, et al. "Andrological and cytogenetic investigations of an infertile Przewalski’s stallion." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 69, no. 2 (2021): 189–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/004.2021.00027.

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AbstractThe case of an 8-year-old, sexually active but infertile Przewalski’s stallion (Equus ferus przewalskii) was studied. Besides the infertility, the stallion also showed permanent problems with its body condition, being obviously weaker than all the other group members. The horse was kept in a separate place for two years with 12 mares in its harem group (six mares had foals earlier); however, none of the mares covered got pregnant. Andrological and cytogenetic investigations revealed underdeveloped testes, arrested spermatogenesis, azoospermia, and XY/XXY/X0 mosaicism. We classify the case as a mosaic Klinefelter syndrome, the first reported case in Przewalski’s horse.

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Henry, J. Steven, Valentine A. Lance, and J. Michael Conlon. "Purification and Characterization of Insulin and the C-Peptide of Proinsulin from Przewalski's Horse, Zebra, Rhino, and Tapir (Perissodactyla)." General and Comparative Endocrinology 89, no. 2 (1993): 299–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/gcen.1993.1036.

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Tang, L., Y. Xiu, L. Yan, et al. "Drug efficacy of ivermectin against primary nematodes parasitizing captive Przewalski’s horse (Equus ferus przewalskii) after ten years of annually treatment." Helminthologia 57, no. 1 (2020): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/helm-2020-0004.

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SummaryReintroduction of endangered species to natural habitat is considered as an important tool for conservation. The effect of drug management on captive population of reintroduced species is largely neglected. Decreased drug efficacy could pose a substantial threat to health of animals. More importantly, captive population without proper drug administration could act as transmission medium of resistance nematodes to wild population, making it important to delay the occurrence of drug resistance in captive population. Ivermectin have been used in captive Przewalski’s horse (Equus ferus przewalskii) to eradicate intestinal parasitic nematodes annually, while no available studies describing the drug efficacy in the recent ten years. Here, fecal egg counts pre- and post-treatment were performed with ivermectin through individual trace. Both large and small strongyles were identifi ed by larval culture. The fecal egg count reduction was almost 100% based on egg counting data of 448 samples from 13 Przewalski’s horses. Feces of two Przewalski’s horses were sampled for successive 20 days. Eggs per gram feces usually increased dramatically at the period of 1 – 2 post-treatment days and declined persistently to 0.0 within 15 days. A sustained high ivermectin efficacy against neither Parascaris equorum nor strongyles was indicated, which can be partly explained by the low deworm frequency.

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Souris, Anne-Camille, Petra Kaczensky, Romain Julliard, and Christian Walzer. "Time budget-, behavioral synchrony- and body score development of a newly released Przewalski's horse group Equus ferus przewalskii, in the Great Gobi B strictly protected area in SW Mongolia." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 107, no. 3-4 (2007): 307–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2006.09.023.

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Mokhnachova, N. B., L. F. Starodub, and M. L. Dobryanska. "OPTIMIZATION OF THE METHOD OF DNA ISOLATION FROM FOSSILS." Animal Breeding and Genetics 60 (November 23, 2020): 110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.60.14.

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The history of the origin and domestication of farm animals has always interested mankind. However, these issues are covered in the literature in great detail only from the time when herds of domestic animals have already formed. Most often, the genesis of individual species, the original forms that formed the basis of domestication, remain unclear. [2] An example is the history of domestication of the horse, as the horse played a central role among other domestic animals in the development of human society. In the study of mammal fauna of the Pleistocene-Holocene of Europe there is a problem of studying the origin of the domestic horse Eguus cabalus L., ie, the establishment of wild ancestors of domesticated breeds, place, time and process of their domestication. Analysis of literature data on paleontological and archaeological finds in Ukraine showed that most researchers believe that the first domesticated horses began to recognize horses, the remains of which were found during archaeological excavations of the settlement of the third millennium BC. BC in Botai (Northern Kazakhstan), but from which taxon the opinions of scientists differ. Some believe that it could be Tarpan, however, there is an opinion that a large horse could not come from a small tarpan and Przewalski's horse. Therefore, preference was given to the hypothesis of the origin of the domestic horse from the ancient Pleistocene. At present, the problem of the origin of the domestic horse does not go beyond hypotheses and assumptions, and this is primarily due to the slight difference between the bones of the domestic and wild horse. The plasticity of the skeleton of the genus Eguus is very weak and this explains the problems faced by paleontologists in trying to develop the evolutionary history of horses. Thus, to understand the processes of domestication of this animal, in addition to archaeological and paleontological research methods, it is necessary to use tools from other fields of science, such as molecular genetic analysis of DNA samples. One of the variants of test systems for studying genetic polymorphism is the use of ISSR markers, which allow to analyze DNA fragments and make certain phylogenetic connections in the studied groups. In the laboratory of genetics of the Institute of Breeding and Genetics of Animals named after M.V.Zubets NAAS began research in the field of paleogenetics, namely – the study of the molecular genetic component in the fossils of ancient members of the genus Eguus using ISSR-markers. Inverted repeats are of particular interest because they are unevenly distributed throughout the genome and do not require prior knowledge of the nucleotide sequence of the test DNA. A significant point in the selection of research methods for us was that intermicrosatellite polymorphism is used to study interspecific and intraspecific genetic variability. It is believed that DNA fragments obtained by ISSR analysis can be species- and breed-specific, and this method is widely used by researchers in the study of breed groups. The purpose of our work is to develop a new method of DNA isolation from fossil remains (bones) of ancient horses and the production of ISSR-PCR with isolated DNA samples in the laboratory of genetics IRGT. M.V.Zubets NAAS according to the available reagents and existing protocols. The research was carried out on samples of fossil bones of horses of the Pleistocene period (about 10 thousand years BC). One bone was found in the village. Beeches of Zhytomyr region in a career. Excavations were carried out in 1960, the metacarpal bone (os. Tarsicentral). Another bone was found in Novgorod-Siversky, Chernihiv region. in a career. Excavations were conducted by Boriskovsky PI in 1935. A tooth found in the village of Tarpan was used to study a wild tarpan horse (4.5 thousand years BC). Skibnytsia, Trostyanets district, Vinnytsia region. Excavations were conducted in 1959 by VM Danylenko. The paleontological material for the study was provided by the Kyiv National Museum of Natural History of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Department of Paleontology. As a result of this work for the first time in the Department of Genetics and Biotechnology IRGT. Research on paleogenetics has been started by M.V.Zubets. We optimized the method of extracting genetic material from fossils and obtained DNA from the bones of a horse of the Pleistocene period (about 10 thousand years BC) and the tooth of a wild horse tarpan (4.5 thousand years BC). Also, the optimal conditions for PCR were selected to work with DNA obtained from fossil remains, to study polymorphism with ISSR markers, and electrophoregrams of amplification products were obtained.

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Spasskaya, Natalya. "Przewalski’s Horse and Botai Horses." Priroda, no. 7 (2018): 13–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0032874x0000253-7.

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47

Volf, Jiří. "Missing specimens of Equus przewalskii from the collection of the National Museum in Prague (Perissodactyla: Equidae)." Lynx, new series 47, no. 1 (2016): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/lynx-2016-0008.

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Abstract This paper presents osteometric data on three missing specimens of the Przewalski’s horse (Equus przewalskii) from the collection of the National Museum in Prague (75. ♀ Praha 8 “Vlasta”, 120 ♂ Washington 1 “Horymír“, and 92. ♂ Praha 25 “Leo”). The specimens were examined and the measurements taken by the author in the 1960s and 1970s, before they got lost.

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Slivinska, K., G. Dvojnos, and G. Kopij. "Helminth fauna of sympatric Przewalski’s Equus przewalskii Poljakov, 1881 and domestic horses E. caballus L. in the Chernobyl exclusion zone, Ukraine." Helminthologia 43, no. 1 (2006): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11687-006-0006-0.

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AbstractIn 1998 Przewalski’s horses have been introduced in the Chernobyl exclusion zone (CEZ), N Ukraine. They live in the zone under natural conditions. No anthelminthic treatment to these introduced horses has been applied to date. In this same area, 19 domestic horses were also stabled by some peasants. Eighteen years after the Chernobyl nuclear disaster, and five years after this introduction, the diagnostic dehelminthisation method has been applied both to the Przewalski’s horses (n = 21) and the domestic horses (n = 6). In addition, in one Przewalski’s and one domestic horse helmith fauna was surveyed using the post-mortem method. A total of 29 and 19 helminth species has been recorded in the Przewalski’s and domestic horses respectively. Only six helminth species were common for the two horse species compared. Species from the family Strongylidae constituted the dominant helminth group. Four cyathostomine species (Cyathostomum catinatum; Cylicostephanus minutus, C. longibursatus, Cylicocyclus nassatus) formed the majority of helminth parasites both in the Przewalski’s and domestic horses. Our findings suggest that the CEZ has no effect on the species diversity of helminth fauna parasiting Przewalski’s horses, neither it has an effect on the prevalence and intensity of parasite infestation. Behavioural and ecological studies also support the lack of such effect.

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Parés-Casanova, Pere M., Mireia Torrent, Nuno Carolino, and Joana Cabral-Oliveira. "Classification of an equine skull in the Science Museum of Coimbra, Portugal, by means of multivariate and qualitative analysis." Travaux du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle “Grigore Antipa” 64, no. 1 (2021): 187–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/travaux.64.e55215.

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The study aimed at classifying an equine skull stored in Museu da Ci&ecirc;ncia da Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra (Portugal) on the basis of its morphology using multivariate analyses. A visual appraisal had revealed that it was not from a horse. Nineteen cephalic measurements were obtained and compared with available data of horses of different groups (poneys, trait and saddle), equine hybrids, Przewalski&rsquo;s horse (Equus przewalskii), wild and domestic asses, and quaggas (Equus quagga). Multivariate analysis plus head profile allowed us to assign the skull to a mare hinny -the hybrid between a jenny (female donkey) and a stallion (male horse). The research highlights the possibilities of categorization of equid skulls according to morphometry but with a need to consider qualitative traits, as head profiles. But more such studies are needed to be conducted to establish clearly differences between mules and hinnies, especially among sympatric populations.

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Tyurin, Alexandr Nikolayevich. "Przewalski’s horse reintroduction in the State Natural Reserve «Orenburgsky»: the first results." Samara Journal of Science 8, no. 1 (2019): 115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201981120.

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This paper presents a chronology of the main events taking place within the framework of the program to resettle Przhewalskys horses to the territory inhabited by their close relatives, the tarpans, to create a new and sustainable population of these animals. The Przewalskis horse population under natural conditions of the State Natural Reserve Orenburgsky will allow having a reserve of healthy, well-developed animals as a guarantee of keeping the species clean for a very long period of time. By the end of the 19th century, not a single Przewalskis wild horse remained in its natural habitat. The paper discusses a gradual reintroduction of Przewalskis horse and presents the first results, taken from open sources, on the restoration of the wild horse population in the Orenburg Region. The first results allow you to look to the future with confidence. 5 healthy foals have already been born in the reserve; PA scientists are optimistic about the spring of 2019 and hope that the stock of wild horses will continue to grow. The Przewalskis horse reintroduction program enjoys a personal support of the Orenburg Region Governor and is among the key projects for the protection of wild animals, personally supervised by the President of the Russian Federation.

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