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Journal articles on the topic 'Psittaci'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 14 February 2022

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1

Santos, F., D. C. Leal, T. F. Raso, B. M. P. S. Souza, R. M. Cunha, V. H. R. Martinez, S. M. Barrouin-Melo, and C. R. Franke. "Risk factors associated with Chlamydia psittaci infection in psittacine birds." Journal of Medical Microbiology 63, no. 3 (March 1, 2014): 458–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.060632-0.

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Chlamydia psittaci is the aetiological agent of chlamydiosis in birds, especially Psittaciformes. The objective of the present study was to detect C. psittaci by means of semi-nested PCR among psittacine birds sold at pet markets and kept as pet birds in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. Questionnaires were used to identify risk factors involved in the epidemiology of the disease. In addition, the management of birds and cages was observed at each location studied. The frequency of C. psittaci infection was 10.6 % (33/311) in the psittacine birds studied. Birds kept in households were less frequently positive (3.4 %; 5/148) than those at pet markets (17.2 %; 28/163). Among the several factors analysed in the epidemiology of the disease, only population density (P = 0.001) and cage hygiene (P = 0.041) in birds at pet markets were significantly associated with C. psittaci infection. These results demonstrate the presence of C. psittaci infection in Psittaciformes kept as pets and held at pet markets in Salvador, Bahia, showing that this micro-organism is a public health concern. Control measures should be encouraged to prevent the spread of the agent among birds, as well as among employees and customers.
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2

Vaz, Frederico Fontanelli, Elenise Angelotti Bastos Sipinski, Gláucia Helena Fernandes Seixas, Nêmora Pauletti Prestes, Jaime Martinez, and Tânia Freitas Raso. "Molecular Survey of Pathogens in Wild Amazon Parrot Nestlings: Implications for Conservation." Diversity 13, no. 6 (June 16, 2021): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13060272.

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South America presents the greatest Psittacidae diversity in the world, but also has the highest numbers of threatened parrot species. Recently, exotic viruses have been detected in captive native psittacine birds in Brazil, however, their impacts on the health of wild parrots are still unknown. We evaluated the presence of Chlamydia psittaci, Psittacid alphaherpesvirus 1 (PsHV-1), avipoxvirus and beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) in wild Amazona aestiva, A. brasiliensis and A. pretrei nestlings and in wild caught A. aestiva nestlings seized from illegal trade. Samples were collected from 205 wild nestlings and 90 nestlings from illegal trade and pathogen-specific PCR was performed for each sample. Chlamydia DNA prevalence was 4.7% in A. aestiva and 2.5% in A. brasiliensis sampled from the wild. Sequencing revealed that the C. psittaci sample belonged to the genotype A. PsHV-1, avipoxvirus and BFDV DNA was not detected. These results have conservation implications since they suggest that wild parrot populations have a low prevalence of the selected pathogens and, apparently, they were not reached by the exotic BFDV. Stricter health protocols should be established as condition to reintroduction of birds to the wild to guarantee the protection of Neotropical parrots.
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3

Merchán, Brayan Marcel, Anny Jaramillo, Teresa Tortola, Pau Abrisqueta, Josep Castellvi, Ramón Medel, Katia Flores, et al. "Ocular Adnexal Marginal Zone Lymphomas (OAMZL): Lack of Evidence for Chlamydia Psittaci (C. Psittaci) Infection in a Clinicopathologic Study from a Single Institution." Blood 124, no. 21 (December 6, 2014): 4467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v124.21.4467.4467.

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Abstract Ocular adnexal lymphomas (OAL) represent up to 55% of all orbital tumors, being extranodal marginal zone lymphoma (OAMZL) the most frequent histological subtype reported in approximately 50% of patients and its etiology and pathogenesis are still not well understood. There are conflicting reports regarding the association between C. Psittaci infection and ocular adnexal lymphoma (OAMZL), in part because this association may vary between different geographical regions. Herein, we analyzed the clinical features and the presence of C. Psittaci infection in a cohort of 28 patients with OAMZL diagnosed from a single Spanish institution. All tumor samples were centrally reviewed by two pathologists, and C. Psittaci infection was determined in tumor specimens by a Semi-nested PCR method. Between January 1984 and April 2009, 28 patients were diagnosed with primary OAMZL. The median age was 70 years (range: 31- 89) and 40% were male. The great majority of patients (79%) were diagnosed in stage I-extranodal (IE), and six patients (21%) had bilateral ocular involvement. IgH rearrangement was confirmed in 25 out of 28 cases with OAMZL. PCR for C. Psittaci infection was negative in all 28 tumor specimens analyzed. Most patients (82%) were treated with immunochemotherapy combinations, being chlorambucil based regimens the most frequently used. Overall, 18 out of 24 patients (75%) achieved a complete response after first-line treatment. Median PFS was of 79 months (IC 95% 36 - 121). Whereas C. Psittaci infection in OAMZLs has been proved in up to 90% of patients in Northern Italy, in this Spanish cohort OAMZLs were not associated with C. Psittaci infection. These findings confirm that the association between C. Psittacci infection and OAML is highly heterogeneous even between the same geographic regions. In these regions where C. Psittaci infection is not prevalent, the search for alternative antigenic stimuli driving the appearance of this lymphoma is warranted. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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4

He, Qing-zhi, Huai-cai Zeng, Yan Huang, Yan-qun Hu, and Yi-mou Wu. "The Type III Secretion System (T3SS) ofChlamydophila psittaciIs Involved in the Host Inflammatory Response by Activating the JNK/ERK Signaling Pathway." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/652416.

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Chlamydophila psittaci(C. psittaci) is a human zoonotic pathogen, which could result in severe respiratory disease. In the present study, we investigated the role and mechanism of the type III secretion system (T3SS) ofC. psittaciin regulating the inflammatory response in host cells.C. psittaci-infected THP-1 cells were incubated with the specific T3SS inhibitor INP0007, inhibitors of ERK, p38, or JNK, and the levels of inflammatory cytokines were analyzed using Q-PCR and ELISA. The levels of ERK, p38, and JNK phosphorylation were analyzed by Western blot. Our results verified that INP0007 inhibited chlamydial growthin vitro, but the coaddition of exogenous iron completely reversed the growth deficit. INP0007 inhibited the growth ofC. psittaciand decreased the levels of IL-8, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β. Exogenous iron restored the chlamydial growth but not the production of inflammatory cytokines. These results demonstrated that the expression of inflammatory cytokines during infection was associated with the T3SS which reduced by incubation with ERK and JNK inhibitors, but not with p38 inhibitor. We concluded that the T3SS elicited inflammatory responses by activating the JNK or ERK signaling pathways in the infection ofC. psittaci.
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5

Araujo, Simone Aparecida Almeida, Washington Luiz Assunção Pereira, Sandro Patroca da Silva, Jedson Ferreira Cardoso, Ednaldo da Silva Filho, Marcella Katheryne Marques Bernal, Fernanda Figueiredo Mendes, and Márcio Roberto Teixeira Nunes. "Clinical and molecular diagnosis of Chlamydophila in captive parrots in Pará State, Brazil." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 40, no. 6 (August 29, 2019): 2603. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n6p2603.

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Parrots (Order Psittaciformes) are globally distributed birds that, together with members of the Columbiformes, represent the most susceptible animals, in regards to infection by Chlamydophila psittaci, which is an obligate, zoonotic, intracellular bacterium that causes chlamydiosis in domestic and wild birds and psittacosis in humans. The aim of the present study was to assess the occurrence of C. psittaci in Brazilian psittacids kept in conservation breeding sites in Pará State, Brazil. Cloacal and oropharynx swab samples were collected from 201 psittacids that were distributed among four breeding sites: Metropolitan Area of Belém (C1 and C2), Northeastern Pará (C3), and Low Amazon (C4). The samples were screened for C. psittaci using semi-nested PCR, and the resulting incidence data were analyzed using proportion and chi-square tests. Chlamydophila infection was confirmed for all the breeding sites, with an overall prevalence of 31.84%, and no species-specific predisposition was observed. Furthermore, 13.93% of the sampled birds eliminated the infectious agent by the cloaca, whereas 11.44% eliminated the agent by the oropharynx, and 6.47% eliminated the agent by both routes. Moreover, there was a significant difference between the incidence of Chlamydophila infection of breeding sites C2 and C3 (p=0.029), which yielded the smallest and largest number of diagnosed cases, respectively. In the present study, most of the birds (27.86%) were considered unapparent carriers of Chlamydophila infection, and only 3.98% of the birds yielded both a positive diagnosis and clinical signs of chlamydiosis.
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6

Chu, Jun, Yongxia Guo, Guanlong Xu, Qiang Zhang, Zonghui Zuo, Qiang Li, Yihui Wang, and Cheng He. "Chlamydia psittaci Triggers the Invasion of H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus by Impairing the Functions of Chicken Macrophages." Animals 10, no. 4 (April 21, 2020): 722. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10040722.

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In a pilot study, simultaneous infection with Chlamydia psittaci (C. psittaci) and H9N2 virus induced 20% mortality and severe avian airsacculitis, shedding light on animal models of poultry respiratory diseases. However, the pathogenesis is still unclear. In the current study, we hypothesized that C. psittaci infection execrates macrophage function and facilitates H9N2 infection. To explore the potential mechanism, we studied the effect of C. psittaci and H9N2 on the functions of HD11 cells in vitro by simultaneous infection of C. psittaci and H9N2. At the same time, we used infection with C. psittaci or H9N2 alone as the control groups. The results showed that coinfection with C. psittaci and H9N2 could significantly aggravate the mortality of HD11 cells compared to C. psittaci or H9N2 infection alone. In addition, coinfection with C. psittaci and H9N2 did not induce high C. psittaci loads compared to C. psittaci infection alone at 12- and 24-hours post-inoculation (hpi), but coinfection with C. psittaci and H9N2 could increase the loads of H9N2 compared to H9N2 alone in HD11 cells at 12 hpi. More importantly, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression levels, enzyme activity, nitric oxide (NO) production, and phagocytosis were reduced significantly in the group with C. psittaci and H9N2 coinfection compared to those of H9N2 or C. psittaci alone at 24 hpi. Finally, C. psittaci infection induced robust expressions of type Th2 cytokines interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10, while interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) displayed a significant decrease compared to H9N2 infection alone at 24 hpi. All the above data indicate that C. psittaci infection can facilitate H9N2 invasion and to aggravate severe avian airsacculitis by impairing macrophage functions.
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7

Anstey, Susan I., Vasilli Kasimov, Cheryl Jenkins, Alistair Legione, Joanne Devlin, Jemima Amery-Gale, James Gilkerson, et al. "Chlamydia Psittaci ST24: Clonal Strains of One Health Importance Dominate in Australian Horse, Bird and Human Infections." Pathogens 10, no. 8 (August 11, 2021): 1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10081015.

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Chlamydia psittaci is traditionally regarded as a globally distributed avian pathogen that can cause zoonotic spill-over. Molecular research has identified an extended global host range and significant genetic diversity. However, Australia has reported a reduced host range (avian, horse, and human) with a dominance of clonal strains, denoted ST24. To better understand the widespread of this strain type in Australia, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and ompA genotyping were applied on samples from a range of hosts (avian, equine, marsupial, and bovine) from Australia. MLST confirms that clonal ST24 strains dominate infections of Australian psittacine and equine hosts (82/88; 93.18%). However, this study also found novel hosts (Australian white ibis, King parrots, racing pigeon, bovine, and a wallaby) and demonstrated that strain diversity does exist in Australia. The discovery of a C. psittaci novel strain (ST306) in a novel host, the Western brush wallaby, is the first detection in a marsupial. Analysis of the results of this study applied a multidisciplinary approach regarding Chlamydia infections, equine infectious disease, ecology, and One Health. Recommendations include an update for the descriptive framework of C. psittaci disease and cell biology work to inform pathogenicity and complement molecular epidemiology.
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8

Andersen, Arthur A. "Two New Serovars of Chlamydia Psittaci from North American Birds." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 9, no. 2 (April 1997): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063879700900209.

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Five Chlamydia psittaci isolates (1 turkey, 1 psittacine, 1 human, and 2 pigeon isolates) failed to react with serovar-specific monoclonal antibodies to known avian and mammalian C. psittaci serovars and were presumed to represent 1 or more new serovars. The isolates were characterized using restriction endonuclease analysis of the whole genome, polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism of the major outer membrane protein genome, monoclonal antibody comparisons, and growth in tissue culture. Monoclonal antibodies were produced to the human isolate (MP) and to the psittacine isolate (VS225). The monoclonal antibody results show that the isolates represent 2 new avian serovars (serovars E and F). The restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the major outer membrane protein genome demonstrated that the isolates are distinct. The whole genome restriction endonuclease analysis data and the growth patterns in tissue culture indicate that the new serovars are similar to avian serovars recognized previously. A subspecies monoclonal antibody that reacted with serovars A and B also reacted with serovar E, indicating that these serovars are closely related. The results show that these isolates represent 2 new avian serovars, making them the fifth and sixth avian serovars identified in North American birds.
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9

Lagae, S., and D. Vanrompay. "Innate immune response in avian macrophages elicited by Chlamydia psittaci." Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift 84, no. 3 (June 1, 2015): 133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/vdt.v84i3.16601.

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Chlamydia psittaci is a gram-negative, obligate, intracellular bacterium, which mainly infects birds and mammals. Not much is known about innate immunity initiated by C. psittaci. The focus of the present study is on chicken macrophage activation and expression of cytokine, chemokine, caspase-1, iNOS and TLR genes during the early phase and mid-cycle period of the developmental cycle of the highly virulent C. psittaci strain 92/1293. C. psittaci significantly augmented the transcript levels for all genes investigated, especially during the mid-cycle period. These results demonstrate a robust innate immune response of chicken macrophages initiated by a C. psittaci infection.
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10

Cong, W., S. Y. Huang, X. X. Zhang, D. H. Zhou, M. J. Xu, Q. Zhao, A. D. Qian, and X. Q. Zhu. "Chlamydia psittaci exposure in pet birds." Journal of Medical Microbiology 63, no. 4 (April 1, 2014): 578–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.070003-0.

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Chlamydia psittaci is a zoonotic pathogen with a wide range of avian hosts and may be transmitted to humans and cause severe disease. To assess the risk of psittacosis posed by pet birds, the seroprevalence of Chlamydia psittaci antibodies in 360 Eurasian siskins (Carduelis spinus), 289 oriental skylarks (Alauda arvensis) and 36 black-tailed grosbeaks (Coccothraustes migratorius) in Gansu province, north-western China was detected by an indirect haemagglutination assay. Twenty-seven out of 289 (9.34 %) Alauda arvensis, 45 out of 360 (12.50 %) Carduelis spinus and 2 out of 36 (5.56 %) Coccothraustes migratorius were positive for Chlamydia psittaci infection at a cut-off dilution of 1 : 16. The prevalence of Chlamydia psittaci was higher in Carduelis spinus (12.5 %) than in Alauda arvensis (9.34 %) and Coccothraustes migratorius (5.56 %); however, the differences were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Statistical analysis indicated that Chlamydia psittaci seroprevalence in adult pet birds (12.4 %, 67/540) was significantly higher than that in juvenile pet birds (4.83 %, 7/145) (P<0.01). There was no statistical difference in Chlamydia psittaci seroprevalence between male (12.4 %) and female (8.27 %) birds. To our knowledge, this is the first report indicating the seroprevalence of Chlamydia psittaci exposure in pet birds in China. Our results indicate that close contact with pet birds poses the risk of zoonotic transmission of Chlamydia psittaci.
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11

Park, Gyeongsin, Hye Won Lee, Uiju Cho, Suk Woo Yang, Seok-Goo Cho, Youn Soo Lee, and Chang Suk Kang. "Ocular MALT Lymphoma Free from the Chlamydia Psittaci Infection ; Analysis of 150 Cases." Blood 128, no. 22 (December 2, 2016): 4139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.4139.4139.

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Abstract Background: Clamydophila psittaci (C. psittaci) has been proposed as an etiologic factor for extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma) in the ocular region. However, previous studies showed varied association rates ranging 0% to 87%, not constant even in the series of same geographical areas, which suggest that there could be some technical variance in detecting methods for C. psittaci. The authors validated five sets of primers for detecting C. psittaci DNA and investigated its association with ocular MALT lymphomagenesis. Material and Methods: Five sets of PCR primers including 4 previously reported and one newly designed were evaluated with positive control C. psittaci DNA (acquired from Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). One hundred fifty cases of confirmed ocular MALT lymphomas were collected from pathology archives of our institutes from 2008 to 2014, and entered into this study. DNA was extracted from archival paraffin block sections with Qiagen DNA extraction kits. Quality of DNA was assessed with NanoDrop and beta-globin PCR. Standard PCR was performed together with negative (H2O and tonsil DNA) and positive control C. psittaci DNA. Results: In all five primer sets for C. psittaci DNA, each PCR product showed clear positive band and negative with appropriate positive and negative controls, respectively. All 150 ocular MALT lymphoma cases showed positive for Beta-globin DNA control, but negative for C. psittaci DNA in any of PCR product with five primer sets. Conclusion: These results suggest that possibility of the pathogenetic role of C. psittaci in ocular MALT lymphoma would have been overestimated so far, at least in Korean people. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Lagae, Stefanie, Isabelle Kalmar, Karine Laroucau, Fabien Vorimore, and Daisy Vanrompay. "Emerging Chlamydia psittaci infections in chickens and examination of transmission to humans." Journal of Medical Microbiology 63, no. 3 (March 1, 2014): 399–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.064675-0.

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Chlamydia psittaci and atypical Chlamydiaceae infections are (re)-emerging in chickens. We therefore examined the prevalence of C. psittaci, atypical Chlamydiaceae and their zoonotic transmission on 19 Belgian chicken farms. Atypical Chlamydiaceae were not detected in chickens but 18 out of 19 farms were positive for C. psittaci by culture and PCR. C. psittaci ompA genotypes A and D were discovered. None of the examined humans (n = 31) was infected with atypical Chlamydiaceae, but 29 (93.5 %) of them were positive for C. psittaci by culture and PCR. Genotypes A, D and a mixed infection with genotypes C and D were found. Humans (n = 2) working at the C. psittaci-negative farm never had respiratory complaints, while 25 out of 29 positive farmers (86.2 %) reported yearly medical complaints potentially related to psittacosis. Four of them currently experienced respiratory disease and one of them was being treated with antibiotics. Four farmers (12.5 %) mentioned that they had pneumonia after starting to keep chickens. Occupational physicians should be aware of emerging Chlamydiaceae infections in chickens.
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13

OLSEN, B., K. PERSSON, and K. A. BROHOLM. "PCR detection of Chlamydia psittaci in faecal samples from passerine birds in Sweden." Epidemiology and Infection 121, no. 2 (October 1998): 481–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268898001320.

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To investigate to what extent wild passerine birds are carriers of Chlamydia psittaci, 312 faecal samples from 18 bird species were collected. Using the PCR technique and subsequent DNA sequencing, C. psittaci DNA was demonstrated in faecal samples from 9 (2·9%) birds of 6 different species. Sera from 65 bird-ringers, highly exposed to wild birds, were tested by microimmunofluorescence assay for the occurrence of IgG and IgM antibodies to C. psittaci. No such antibodies were found. This results indicate that a significant proportion of wild passerine birds are carriers of C. psittaci, but rarely infectious to humans.
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14

Cong, W., S. Y. Huang, X. Y. Zhang, D. H. Zhou, M. J. Xu, Q. Zhao, H. Q. Song, X. Q. Zhu, and A. D. Qian. "Seroprevalence of Chlamydia psittaci infection in market-sold adult chickens, ducks and pigeons in north-western China." Journal of Medical Microbiology 62, no. 8 (August 1, 2013): 1211–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.059287-0.

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Chlamydia psittaci, the agent of psittacosis in humans, infects a wide range of avian species. To assess the risk of psittacosis posed by domestic birds in the urban environment, the prevalence of C. psittaci antibodies in 413 chickens (Gallus domesticus; 305 caged and 108 free-range), 334 ducks (Anas spp.; 111 caged and 223 free-range) and 312 pigeons (Columba livia) in Lanzhou, north-western China, was detected using the indirect haemagglutination assay. The specific antibodies were found in sera of 55 (13.32 %) chickens, 130 (38.92 %) ducks and 97 (31.09 %) pigeons. Statistical analysis showed that the seroprevalence of C. psittaci infection in chickens was significantly lower than that in ducks and pigeons (P<0.05). The C. psittaci seroprevalence in caged and free-range chickens was 7.54 % and 29.63 %, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The C. psittaci seroprevalence in caged and free-range ducks was 26.13 % and 45.29 %, respectively (P<0.05). To our knowledge, this is the first study indicating the presence of C. psittaci infection in market-sold chickens, ducks and pigeons in north-western China. Close contact with these birds is associated with a risk of zoonotic transmission of C. psittaci. Public education should be implemented to reduce the risk of avian to human transmission of such a pathogenic agent.
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15

Vandendriessche, Stien, Joanna Rybarczyk, Pieter-Paul Schauwvlieghe, Geraldine Accou, Anne-Marie Van den Abeele, and Daisy Vanrompay. "A Bird’s-Eye View of Chronic Unilateral Conjunctivitis: Remember about Chlamydia psittaci." Microorganisms 7, no. 5 (April 30, 2019): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7050118.

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Chlamydia psittaci causes psittacosis in humans, mainly in people in contact with birds in either the setting of occupational or companion bird exposure. Infection is associated with a range of clinical manifestations from asymptomatic infection to severe atypical pneumonia and systemic disease. C. psittaci has also been associated with ocular adnexal lymphoma in human patients. The current paper describes successful doxycycline treatment of a male patient suffering from C. psittaci chronic unilateral conjunctivitis, most probably linked to the visit of a South African wildlife reserve. Increased awareness among general and occupational physicians, ophthalmologists, clinicians, and the public on the potential of C. psittaci to cause ocular infection is needed.
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Raso, Tânia de Freitas, Vivian Lindmayer Ferreira, Rodrigo Hidalgo Friciello Teixeira, and Aramis Augusto Pinto. "Survey on Chlamydophila psittaci in captive ramphastids in São Paulo State, Brazil." Ciência Rural 42, no. 7 (July 2012): 1249–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782012000700018.

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Chlamydophila psittaci (C. psittaci) has been detected in 460 avian species, among them the most frequent are the Psittaciformes, Columbiformes, Anseriformes and raptors. In Brazil, the main avian species recognized as healthy carriers belong to the order Psittaciformes and Columbiformes, but very few studies have been done in other bird families. Reports of the occurrence of this disease in the clinical form are rare in the Ramphastids; consequently, they are not commonly evaluated for this agent. The present study reports the investigation of C. psittaci in 25 captive ramphastids from a zoological park in São Paulo State, Brazil. Swabs samples from the cloaca were submitted to semi-nested polymerase chain reaction (semi-nested PCR) for direct detection of the microorganism. Additionally, blood samples obtained from these birds were submitted to the Complement Fixation Test (CFT) for detection of antibodies anti-C. psittaci. The presence of C. psittaci was not detected in the cloacal swab samples tested by the PCR. Nevertheless, 16% (4/25) of the bird's sera were positive by the CFT. Among the species with positive results, there are the saffron toucanet (Pteroglossus bailloni) and black-necked-aracari (Pteroglossus aracari), two species with no descriptions of the survey of C. psittaci published in the literature. Intermittent elimination of C. psittaci is a feature of chronically infected birds; however the absence of a positive-antigen sample did not guarantee that the bird is Chlamydophila-free. The serological results obtained show that the ramphastids tested were previously exposed to the pathogen and developed immune response, but showed no clinical signs of the disease and didn't eliminate regularly the organism in their feces in the moment of the sample collection.
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Zhang, Grace S., Jane N. Winter, Daina Variakojis, Steven Reich, Gary S. Lissner, Paul Bryar, Mary Ann Regner, Kathy Mangold, and Karen Kaul. "No Association between Chlamydia Psittaci and Ocular Adnexal Lymphoma in North American Samples." Blood 106, no. 11 (November 16, 2005): 999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v106.11.999.999.

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Abstract Previous studies linked infection by Chlamydia psittaci to ocular adnexal lymphomas in Italian patients (Ferreri et al., JNCI 2004). Patients treated with doxycycline to eradicate the organism have demonstrated disease regression (Ferreri et al., J. Clin Oncol, 2005). To assess whether Chlamydia psittaci is associated with ocular adnexal lymphomas in a North American population, we studied 24 ocular adnexal lymphoma biopsy specimens from adults, 16 control lymphoma specimens from patients with systemic lymphomas not involving the ocular adnexa and five benign control ocular tissue samples. There were fifteen MALT, five diffuse, large B-cell, three follicular, and one mantle cell lymphoma specimens. The presence of Chlamydia psittaci DNA was investigated by PCR in each group. DNA was isolated from sections of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue. Two different assays were utilized: 1) a previously published conventional PCR/gel based assay targeting a 111 bp fragment of the 16S gene [Madico, J. Clin Micro, 2000] and 2) a realtime PCR assay amplifying a 148 bp portion of the 16S gene with detection via a specific fluorescent probe. Amplification was carried out to 60 cycles. Positive controls consisted of isolated DNA from Chlamydia psittaci strain VS1, CP3, and FP. A human DNA internal control was utilized to assess DNA quality and amplification success. Both assays detected Chlamydia psittaci DNA from isolated strains. All patient samples in all categories yielded negative results using both assays. Thus, we could not confirm that Chlamydia psittaci is associated with ocular adnexal lymphomas in our patient population. Differences in the prevalence of Chlamydia psittaci infection in North America and Europe or technical differences in application of the assays may underlie the differences in our findings when compared to the Italian series. Confirmation with larger numbers of specimens is required.
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Horvatek Tomić, Danijela, Estella Prukner-Radovčić, Iva Pem Novosel, Maja Lukač, and Željko Gottstein. "Prevalence and Zoonotic Potential of Avian Chlamydia in Croatia." Infektološki glasnik 39, no. 1 (May 5, 2020): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.37797/ig.39.1.1.

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Background: Zoonotic Chlamydia (C.) psittaci, can be found in different bird species, but also in other animals and humans. Recently, new species have been described, as C. gallinacea and C. avium, changing the perspective of a single causative agent of avian chlamydiosis. Genotypes of C. psittaci differ, according to their pathogenicity, and the ones isolated from parrots, turkeys and ducks are particularly pathogenic to bird breeders or owners, veterinarians, poultry farms and slaughterhouse workers. Infections in humans may pass unapparent or to the onset of systemic lung inflammation. Asymptomatic infection is most commonly found in birds, but acute systemic or chronic infections are also possible. Material and Methods: Presence of C. psittaci in birds in Croatia must be reported by law, and all registered flocks of pigeons, parrots and other birds must be examined once, and pet shops at least twice a year. In the period from 2008 to 2017, a total of 3283 avian samples were examined by real-time PCR and the presence of Chlamydiaceae, C. psittaci and C. gallinacea were detected in faecal samples or swabs. Results and Conclusions: In total, 12% of the samples were found positive for Chlamydiaceae. From the 2015, the presence of C. psittaci has also routinely been determined, whereas 34.01% positive avian samples proved to be C. psittaci. Findings of chlamydia in various avian species indicates the importance of proper implementation of the protective measures, by taking into account the zoonotic potential of chlamydia originating from birds and poultry.
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Aigelsreiter, A., E. Stelzl, A. Deutsch, C. Beham-Schmid, A. Beham, G. Lanzer, W. Linkesch, H. Kessler, and P. Neumeister. "Association between Chlamydia psittaci infection and extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)-lymphomas." Journal of Clinical Oncology 24, no. 18_suppl (June 20, 2006): 7568. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2006.24.18_suppl.7568.

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7568 Background: MALT-lymphomas are often associated with infectious organisms. Microbial species associated with MALT lymphomas are: Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori), Campylobacter jejuni, Borrelia burgdorferi, and Hepatitis C Virus. Recent studies showed evidence of Chlamydia psittaci (C. psittaci) infection in 80% of ocular adnexal lymphoma and tumor regression following eradication therapy. We studied the presence of C. trachomatis, C. pneumoniae, and C. psittaci DNAs in MALT lymphomas of various sites and in non-malignant controls. Methods: MALT lymphomas from the following sites were selected for analysis: salivary gland (n=13), thyroid gland (n=4), skin (n=2), ocular adnexa (n=2), stomach (n=6), intestinum (n=4). Samples of Sjoegren syndrome (n=10) and samples of H. pylori positive gastritis (n=7) were included as non-malignant controls. Macrodissected tissue containing >80% lymphoma cells from paraffin embedded tissue was processed for DNA isolation. For the presence of C. psittaci and C. pneumoniae DNA real time PCR assays were used. For C. trachomatis a commercially available PCR assay (Roche Molecular Diagnostics) was employed. All samples were tested twice. A sample was regarded as positive if at least one positive result was obtained. Results: C. psittaci was found at variable frequencies in MALT lymphomas of different sites: 4/13 (31%) salivary gland, 2/4 (50%) thyroid gland, 2/2 (100%) skin, 2/2 (100%) ocular adnexa, 1/6 (17%) gastric, and 0/4 intestinal MALT lymphomas. Among the non-malignant specimens, C. psittaci DNA was detected in 4/10 (40%) samples of Sjoegren syndrome and in 0/7 samples of H. pylori positive gastritis. All nongastric MALT lymphomas tested were negative for C. trachomatis and C. pneumoniae. Conclusion: Our data reveal a clear association of C. psittaci infection with extragastric MALT lymphoma. However, no evidence could be established for C. trachomatis and C. pneumoniae infection. Moreover, the high prevalence of Sjoegren syndromes - the most frequent precursor lesion for MALT lymphomas of salivary gland and ocular adnexa - may suggest an involvement of C. psittaci induced antigenic driven lymphomagenesis in a significant proportion of extragastric MALT lymphomas. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Cartwright, KeithA V., E. O. Caul, and R. W. Lamb. "SYMPTOMATIC CHLAMYDIA PSITTACI REINFECTION." Lancet 331, no. 8592 (April 1988): 1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(88)91832-6.

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Tully, Thomas N. "Update on Chlamydophila psittaci." Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine 10, no. 1 (January 2001): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/saep.2001.19795.

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22

Toyofuku, Hajime, Ikuo Takashima, Jiro Arikawa, and Nobuo Hashimoto. "Monoclonal Antibodies againstChlamydia psittaci." Microbiology and Immunology 30, no. 10 (October 1986): 945–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1348-0421.1986.tb03025.x.

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23

Jahn, G., and A. Bialasiewicz. "Keratokonjunktivitis durch Chlamydia psittaci." Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde 188, no. 01 (January 1986): 47–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1050572.

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24

Vanrompay, D., E. Cox, J. Mast, B. Goddeeris, and G. Volckaert. "High-Level Expression of Chlamydia psittaci Major Outer Membrane Protein in COS Cells and in Skeletal Muscles of Turkeys." Infection and Immunity 66, no. 11 (November 1, 1998): 5494–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.66.11.5494-5500.1998.

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ABSTRACT The omp1 genes encoding the major outer membrane proteins (MOMPs) of avian Chlamydia psittaci serovar A and D strains were cloned and sequenced. The nucleotide sequences of the avian C. psittaci serovar A and D MOMP genes were found to be 98.9 and 87.8% identical, respectively, to that of the avianC. psittaci serovar A strain 6BC, 84.6 and 99.8% identical to that of the avian C. psittaci serovar D strain NJ1, 79.1 and 81.1% identical to that of the C. psittaci guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis strain, 60.9 and 62.5% identical to that of the Chlamydia trachomatis L2 strain, and 57.5 and 60.4% identical to that of the Chlamydia pneumoniae IOL-207 strain. The serovar A or D MOMPs were cloned in the mammalian expression plasmid pcDNA1. When pcDNA1/MOMP A or pcDNA1/MOMP D was introduced into COS7 cells, a 40-kDa protein that was identical in size, antigenicity, and electrophoretic mobility to native MOMP was produced. Recombinant MOMP (rMOMP) was located in the cytoplasm of transfected COS7 cells as well as in the plasma membrane and was immunoaccessible. Intramuscular administration of pcDNA1/MOMP in specific-pathogen-free turkeys resulted in local expression of rMOMP in its native conformation, after which anti-MOMP antibodies appeared in the serum.
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Van Lent, Sarah, and Daisy Vanrompay. "Chlamydia psittaci reference genes for normalisation of expression data differ depending on the culture conditions and selected time points during the chlamydial replication cycle." Journal of Veterinary Research 60, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 403–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jvetres-2016-0060.

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Abstract Introduction: Chlamydia psittaci is a gram-negative obligate intracellular pathogen of birds. Poultry infections lead to economic losses and can be transmitted to humans. No vaccine is available and the bacterium-host cell interaction is not completely understood. Replicating bacteria cause pneumonia, but C. psittaci can also be non-replicating and persistent inside the cytoplasm of avian cells. RT-qPCR provides insight into the molecular pathogenesis of both active replicating and persistent Chlamydia psittaci in birds, but requires identification of stably expressed reference genes to avoid biases. Material and Methods: We investigated the expression stability of 10 C. psittaci candidate reference genes for gene expression analysis during normal growth and penicillin-induced persistence. C. psittaci Cal10 was cultured in HeLa229 and RNA was extracted. The expression level of each candidate was examined by RT-qPCR and Cq values were analysed using geNorm. Results: The genes tyrS, gidA, radA, and 16S rRNA ranked among the most stably expressed. The final selected reference genes differed according to the bacterial growth status (normal growth versus persistent status), and the time points selected during the duration of the normal chlamydial developmental cycle. Conclusion: The study data show the importance of systematic validation of reference genes to confirm their stability within the strains and under the conditions selected.
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Harkinezhad, Taher, Kristel Verminnen, Marc De Buyzere, Ernst Rietzschel, Sofie Bekaert, and Daisy Vanrompay. "Prevalence of Chlamydophila psittaci infections in a human population in contact with domestic and companion birds." Journal of Medical Microbiology 58, no. 9 (September 1, 2009): 1207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.011379-0.

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Chlamydophila psittaci infections in humans are underestimated. We investigated the occurrence of C. psittaci in a Belgian population of 540 individuals. Data were from a population survey (n=2524) of apparently healthy community-dwelling subjects aged 35–55 years. Pharyngeal swabs and blood were taken. Individuals completed a questionnaire on professional and nonprofessional activities, smoking habits, medical history and contact frequency with different bird species. Swabs were analysed by a C. psittaci-specific and a Chlamydophila pneumoniae-specific PCR. Sera were tested by a recombinant C. psittaci major outer-membrane protein-based ELISA, a C. psittaci whole organism-based ELISA (Serion) and a micro-immunofluorescence test (Focus Diagnostics). Results confirmed our suspicion about the underestimation of psittacosis in Belgium. Psittaciformes and racing pigeons were the main infection source. Women with excessive alcohol intake defined as a mean intake of >2 units daily were more frequently infected than men. We analysed the effect of seropositivity and/or PCR positivity on inflammation (white blood cell count, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, fibrinogen). In general, seropositivity showed a trend to slightly higher levels of inflammatory variables (all non-significant), whilst PCR positivity showed a trend to no effect or even lower inflammatory levels.
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HOGERWERF, L., B. DE GIER, B. BAAN, and W. VAN DER HOEK. "Chlamydia psittaci (psittacosis) as a cause of community-acquired pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis." Epidemiology and Infection 145, no. 15 (September 26, 2017): 3096–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268817002060.

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SUMMARYPsittacosis is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by the transmission of the bacterium Chlamydia psittaci from birds to humans. Infections in humans mainly present as community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). However, most cases of CAP are treated without diagnostic testing, and the importance of C. psittaci infection as a cause of CAP is therefore unclear. In this meta-analysis of published CAP-aetiological studies, we estimate the proportion of CAP caused by C. psittaci infection. The databases MEDLINE and Embase were systematically searched for relevant studies published from 1986 onwards. Only studies that consisted of 100 patients or more were included. In total, 57 studies were selected for the meta-analysis. C. psittaci was the causative pathogen in 1·03% (95% CI 0·79–1·30) of all CAP cases from the included studies combined, with a range between studies from 0 to 6·7%. For burden of disease estimates, it is a reasonable assumption that 1% of incident cases of CAP are caused by psittacosis.
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Miller, Margaret A., James R. Turk, Stuart L. Nelson, Annie P. Van der Lek, Robert Solorzano, William H. Fales, Lawrence G. Morehouse, and Harvey S. Gosser. "Chlamydial Infection in Aborted and Stillborn Lambs." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 2, no. 1 (January 1990): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063879000200110.

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Chlamydia psittaci is a major cause of ovine abortion in the fourth to fifth months of gestation. During the lambing seasons of 1986, 1987, and 1988, fetuses from 52 cases of ovine abortion, stillbirth, or perinatal death were submitted to the laboratory for necropsy examination. Placenta or fetal tissues from 34 cases were cultured on mouse L cells for C. psittaci. Chlamydia psittaci was identified by immunofluorescence on cultures in 20 of these cases. The major gross lesion consistently associated with Chlamydial abortion was placentitis with multifocal cotyledonary necrosis and accumulation of red-brown exudate in the intercotyledonary placenta Chlamydiae appeared as spherical organisms, less than 1 μm in diameter, in the cytoplasm of tropho-blasts in impression smears of cotyledons. Histologically, placentitis was sometimes accompanied by pneumonia or encephalitis in the fetus. Chlamydia psittaci was considered the cause for fetal death when Chlamydial isolation was associated with placentitis or inflammation of other fetal tissues and when other abortifacient agents were not detected.
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Decaudin, D., A. Subtil, A. Ferreri, A. Vincent-Salomon, M. Ponzoni, L. Lumbroso-Le Rouic, R. Dendale, M. Escande, R. Dolcetti, and P. De Cremoux. "Low prevalence of Chlamydia psittaci infection in French patients with ocular adnexal lymphomas (OAL)." Journal of Clinical Oncology 24, no. 18_suppl (June 20, 2006): 17536. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2006.24.18_suppl.17536.

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17536 Background: A high prevalence of Chlamydia psittaci infection in both tumor tissues and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of Italian patients with OAL has been reported (Ferreri AJ, Guidoboni M, Ponzoni M, De Conciliis C, Dell’Oro S, Fleischhauer K, et al. Evidence for an association between Chlamydia psittaci and ocular adnexal lymphomas. J Natl Cancer Inst 2004;96(8):586–94.) This association has not been confirmed in some regions of the USA, and no data from other European countries are available. We therefore investigated the presence of DNA of C. psittaci, C. trachomatis, and C. pneumoniae DNA in French patients (pts) with OAL. Methods: Tumor samples from ophthalmologic biopsies of 16 OAL pts (10 conjunctiva, 6 orbit) were included in the study. Histologic type were MALT-type (n = 8), lymphoplasmocytic (n = 6), follicular (n = 1), and diffuse large B-cell (n = 1) lymphomas. Two other groups of lymphoproliferative disease were analyzed as controls. First, ten cases of nodal lymphomas (follicular and marginal zone B-cell lymphomas), and ten cases of reactive lymphoid hyperplasia were analyzed. A multiplex touchdown, enzyme time-release PCR designed to simultaneously detect C. psittaci, C. pneumoniae and C. trachomatis DNA sequences was performed. PCR analyses were performed in duplicate in an independent setting either inat the Curie Institut Curie in e, Paris, and in the National Cancer Institute, Aviano. Results: DNA of C. psittaci DNA was detected in the tumoral tissue of only one patient with follicular OAL. No DNA sequences of C. psittaci, C. pneumoniae and C. trachomatis DNA sequences were was detected in all any of the other OALs, or controls. Conclusions: The prevalence of C. psittaci infection in French pts with OAL was sensibly significantly lower than that reported in Italian series. Cross-controls between the two laboratories indicate that this finding is not due to different experimental conditions. Discrepancies may be explained by an heterogeneous epidemiological distribution of the bacterial infection. Large studies aimed to investigate geographical variations in the prevalence of this association are warranted. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Fang, Huanxin, Hongkun Quan, Yuhang Zhang, Qiang Li, Yihui Wang, Sheng Yuan, Shujian Huang, and Cheng He. "Co-Infection of Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis and Chlamydia psittaci Contributes to Salpingitis of Laying Layers and Breeder Ducks." Pathogens 10, no. 6 (June 15, 2021): 755. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10060755.

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Salpingitis is manifested as hemorrhagic follicular inflammation exudations and peritonitis, leading to reduced egg production and high culling of breeder flocks. From 2018 to 2021, increasing salpingitis during egg peak is threatening the poultry industry post-artificial insemination, both in breeder layers and breeder ducks across China. In our study, Escherichia coli (E. coli), Enterococcus faecalis(E. faecalis) and Chlamydia psittaci (C. psittaci) were isolated and identified from the diseased oviducts using biochemical tests and PCR. To identify and isolate pathogenicity, we inoculated the isolates into laying hens via an intravaginal route. Later, laying hens developed typical salpingitis after receiving the combination of the aforementioned three isolates (1 × 105 IFU/mL of C. psittaci and 1 × 106 CFU/mL of E. faecalis and E. coli, respectively), while less oviduct inflammation was observed in the layers inoculated with the above isolate alone. Furthermore, 56 breeder ducks were divided into seven groups, eight ducks per group. The birds received the combination of three isolates, synergic infection of E. coli and E. faecalis, and C. psittaci alone via vaginal tract, while the remaining ducks were inoculated with physiological saline as the control group. Egg production was monitored daily and lesions of oviducts and follicles were determined post-infection on day 6. Interestingly, typical salpingitis, degenerated follicles and yolk peritonitis were obviously found in the synergic infection of three isolates and the birds inoculated with C. psittaci alone developed hemorrhagic follicles and white exudates in oviducts, while birds with E. faecalis or E. coli alone did not develop typical salpingitis. Finally, higher E. coli loads were determined in the oviducts as compared to E. faecalis and C. psittaci infection. Taken together, the combination of E. coli and E. faecalis, and C. psittaci could induce typical salpingitis and yolk peritonitis both in laying hens and breeder ducks. Secondary infection of E. coli and E. faecalis via artificial insemination is urgently needed for investigation against salpingitis.
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31

Goellner, Stefanie, Evelyn Schubert, Elisabeth Liebler-Tenorio, Helmut Hotzel, Hans Peter Saluz, and Konrad Sachse. "Transcriptional Response Patterns of Chlamydophila psittaci in Different In Vitro Models of Persistent Infection." Infection and Immunity 74, no. 8 (August 2006): 4801–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01487-05.

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ABSTRACT The obligatory intracellular bacterium Chlamydophila psittaci is the causative agent of psittacosis in birds and humans. The capability of this zoonotic pathogen to develop a persistent phase is likely to play a role in chronicity of infections, as well as in failure of antibiotic therapy and immunoprophylaxis. To elucidate three different in vitro models for transition of C. psittaci to persistence (iron depletion, penicillin G treatment, and gamma interferon [IFN-γ] exposure), a set of 27 genes was examined by mRNA expression analysis using quantitative real-time PCR. While the phenotypical characteristics were the same as in other chlamydiae, i.e., aberrant morphology of reticulate bodies, loss of cultivability, and rescue of infectivity upon removal of inducers, the transcriptional response of C. psittaci to persistence-inducing factors included several new and distinctive features. Consistent downregulation of membrane proteins, chlamydial sigma factors, cell division protein, and reticulate body-elementary body differentiation proteins from 24 h postinfection onward proved to be a general feature of C. psittaci persistence. However, other genes displayed considerable variations in response patterns from one model to another, which suggests that there is no persistence model per se. In contrast to results for Chlamydia trachomatis, late shutdown of essential genes in C. psittaci was more comprehensive with IFN-γ-induced persistence, which is probably due to the absence of a functional tryptophan synthesis operon.
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32

Rothberg, Paul G., Roberto L. Vargas, Enzo Fallone, Arthur A. Andersen, and Raymond E. Felgar. "Is There an Association between Ocular Adnexal Lymphoma and Chlamydia psittaci Infection? The University of Rochester Experience." Blood 106, no. 11 (November 16, 2005): 998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v106.11.998.998.

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Abstract Several subsets of extranodal marginal zone lymphomas of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT lymphomas) have been associated with infectious organisms. This finding is of particular significance in the treatment of these conditions because it suggests that eliminating the source of the antigen may result in regression of the malignancy. For example, gastric MALT lymphoma is associated with Helicobacter pylori infection. Antibiotic therapy that eliminates the H. pylori infection frequently causes regression of the lymphoma. Ferreri et al (2004, J Natl Cancer Inst. 96:586) reported the presence of Chlamydia psittaci DNA in 80% of 40 ocular adnexal lymphomas. Consistent with the gastric MALT lymphoma data, a subset of these patients responded well to antibiotic treatment. We used a PCR based assay similar to that of Ferreri et al to analyze a set of ocular adnexal lymphomas and benign (non-neoplastic) lesions for evidence of C. psittaci DNA in patients from New York State. No evidence of C. psittaci DNA was seen in seven MALT-type ocular adnexal lymphomas, four non-MALT B-cell ocular adnexal lymphomas, one Langerhans histiocytosis, and five reactive lymphoproliferations. In addition, we found no evidence for C. psittaci in DNA samples from 21 monoclonal B-cell lymphomas from sites other than the ocular adnexa. We confirmed the negative results using an alternate PCR target in the 23S ribosomal RNA gene. In addition, we used appropriate controls to demonstrate that PCR inhibition and DNA template degradation did not affect our results. We conclude that C. psittaci infection did not play a role in the ocular adnexal lymphoproliferations in our survey. The difference in results with the previous report (Ferreri et al) suggests geographical differences in the incidence of C. psittaci infection, or other unknown disease cofactors.
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Leal, D. C., V. B. Negrão, F. Santos, T. F. Raso, S. M. Barrouin-Melo, and C. R. Franke. "Ocorrência de Chlamydophila psittaci em pombos (Columba livia) na cidade de Salvador, Bahia." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 67, no. 3 (June 2015): 771–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-7919.

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A existência de populações numerosas de pombos (Columba livia) em centros urbanos, em quase todo o mundo, tem se tornado um risco à saúde pública em vista das zoonoses que podem transmitir. A infecção por Chlamydophila psittaci foi avaliada em pombos que frequentam áreas públicas, como praças, ruas e pontos turísticos na cidade de Salvador, Bahia, por meio da PCR em amostras de fezes frescas, suabes cloacais e orofaríngeos. O estudo revelou uma frequência de infecção por C. psittaci de 11,7% (16/137) dos pombos, e oito dos 10 locais pesquisados apresentavam aves infectadas. A detecção de C. psittaci em amostras de cloaca e orofaringe foi maior (15,8% - 3/19) que em amostras de fezes frescas (11% - 13/118). Os resultados demonstram a ocorrência de infecção por C. psittaci em pombos que habitam as áreas públicas da cidade de Salvador e apontam para a necessária elaboração de medidas de controle e monitoramento das populações de pombos urbanos, bem como de ações voltadas à conscientização da sociedade sobre os riscos à saúde pública.
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Vorimore, Fabien, Rachid Aaziz, Bertille de Barbeyrac, Olivia Peuchant, Monika Szymańska-Czerwińska, Björn Herrmann, Christiane Schnee, and Karine Laroucau. "A New SNP-Based Genotyping Method for C. psittaci: Application to Field Samples for Quick Identification." Microorganisms 9, no. 3 (March 17, 2021): 625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9030625.

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Chlamydia (C.) psittaci is the causative agent of avian chlamydiosis and human psittacosis. In this study, we extracted single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from the whole genome sequences of 55 C. psittaci strains and identified eight major lineages, most of which are host-related. A combined PCR/high-resolution melting (HRM) assay was developed to screen for eight phylogenetically informative SNPs related to the identified C. psittaci lineages. The PCR-HRM method was validated on 11 available reference strains and with a set of 118 field isolates. Overall, PCR-HRM clustering was consistent with previous genotyping data obtained by ompA and/or MLST analysis. The method was then applied to 28 C. psittaci-positive samples from animal or human cases. As expected, PCR-HRM typing results from human samples identified genotypes linked to ducks and pigeons, a common source of human exposure, but also to the poorly described Mat116-like genotype. The new genotyping method does not require time-consuming sequencing and allows a quick identification of the source of infection.
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35

Heddema, Edou R., Sietske ter Sluis, Jan A. Buys, Christina M. J. E. Vandenbroucke-Grauls, Joop H. van Wijnen, and Caroline E. Visser. "Prevalence of Chlamydophila psittaci in Fecal Droppings from Feral Pigeons in Amsterdam, The Netherlands." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 6 (June 2006): 4423–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02662-05.

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ABSTRACT In many cities, the feral rock dove is an abundant bird species that can harbor Chlamydophila psittaci. We determined the prevalence and genotype of C. psittaci in fresh fecal samples from feral pigeons in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. The prevalence was 7.9% overall (26/331; 95% confidence interval, 5 to 11). Ten genotyped PCR-positive samples were all genotype B.
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Deeb, B. J., R. F. DiGiacomo, and S.-P. Wang. "Guineapig inclusion conjunctivitis (GPIC) in a commercial colony." Laboratory Animals 23, no. 2 (April 1, 1989): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002367789780863529.

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Serological findings in a commercial colony of Hartley guineapigs revealed that about 70% had antibodies to Chlamydia psittaci as detected by the microimmunofluorescence method. Conjunctivitis was evident in 140% of 86 guineapigs examined. Chlamydial antigen was detected in conjunctival scrapings by a direct immuno-fluorescence test using Chlamydia-specific monoclonal antibody; however, C. psittaci was not demonstrated by other methods.
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El-Jakee, J., Mahmoud D. El-Hariri, Mona A. El-Shabrawy, Afaf A. Khedr, Riham H. Hedia, Eman A. Khairy, E. S. Gaber, and Eman Ragab. "Efficacy of a prepared tissue culture-adapted vaccine against Chlamydia psittaci experimentally in mice." November-2020 13, no. 11 (2020): 2546–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2020.2546-2554.

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Background and Aim: Chlamydia psittaci is an intracellular pathogen with a broad range of hosts and endemic in nearly all bird species as well as many mammalian species. Outbreaks contribute to economic losses, especially due to infection of pet birds, poultry, and livestock. Worse, the organism has a zoonotic effect, and transmission to humans results in severe illness. Therefore, proper control measures need to be applied. We conducted a trial for the preparation and evaluation of inactivated vaccine against C. psittaci. Materials and Methods: Three C. psittaci strains (accession nos.: KP942827, KP942828, and KP942829) were grown in embryonated chicken eggs and then propagated for purification in Vero cells. The immunization experiment was experimentally performed in mice, which then were challenged with a virulent C. psittaci strain. Results: The immunization trial revealed nearly 100% protection after the challenge. The histopathological and immunofluorescence examinations of internal organs revealed that the prepared killed vaccines can effectively reduce chlamydial infection and shedding in animals with the proper level of protection. Conclusion: Our vaccine can be used to control economic and financial losses resulting from avian chlamydiosis, especially those in poultry industries. The zoonotic transmission risk highlights the need for proper control measures.
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Braz, M. A., D. C. Silva, M. E. B. Santiago, S. D. Garcia, A. A. Nakamura, and M. V. Meireles. "Detecção e classificação molecular de Chlamydophila psittaci em amostras fecais de aves assintomáticas." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 66, no. 1 (February 2014): 161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-09352014000100023.

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Chlamydophila psittaci é uma bactéria que causa doença respiratória ou sistêmica em aves e em seres humanos. Em vista do risco de transmissão para humanos, o objetivo deste estudo foi detectar a presença de Chlamydophila spp. em amostras de fezes ou suabes cloacais de aves assintomáticas. Foram colhidas 403 amostras fecais ou suabes cloacais, provenientes de aves domésticas, selvagens ou exóticas. As amostras foram submetidas à PCR em tempo real para C. psittaci, para amplificação de fragmento parcial do gene da subunidade 16S do rRNA, utilizando o SsoFastTM EvaGreen® Supermix (Bio-Rad) e análise da curva de dissociação. Para determinação do genótipo de C. psittaci, foi usada a hemi-nested PCR visando à amplificação de fragmento parcial do gene OMP-A, realizada nas amostras positivas pela PCR em tempo real, seguida de sequenciamento dos fragmentos amplificados. A PCR em tempo real revelou positividade em 17 (4,21%) amostras. A hemi-nested foi positiva em 2 amostras positivas pela PCR em tempo real. O genótipo A de C. psittaci foi identificado pelo sequenciamento de uma amostra amplificada pela hemi-nested PCR. Os resultados deste experimento demonstram que a PCR em tempo real, visando à amplificação de fragmento parcial da subunidade 16S do rRNA, seguida da análise da curva de dissociação, pode ser utilizada para detecção de DNA de Chlamydophila sp. em amostras fecais de aves assintomáticas. A classificação da espécie de Chlamydophila e do genótipo de C. psittaci deve ser realizada por meio de PCR tendo como alvo o gene ompA e sequenciamento dos fragmentos amplificados.
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39

Ferreri, Andrés J. M., Maurilio Ponzoni, Massimo Guidoboni, Carlo De Conciliis, Antonio Giordano Resti, Benedetta Mazzi, Antonia Anna Lettini, et al. "Regression of Ocular Adnexal Lymphoma AfterChlamydia Psittaci–Eradicating Antibiotic Therapy." Journal of Clinical Oncology 23, no. 22 (August 1, 2005): 5067–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2005.07.083.

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PurposeSome infectious agents contributing to lymphomagenesis have been considered targets for new therapeutic strategies. Chlamydia psittaci DNA has been detected in 80% of ocular adnexal lymphomas. The present pilot study was carried out to assess whether C psittaci–eradicating antibiotic therapy is associated with tumor regression in ocular adnexal lymphomas.Patients and MethodsNine patients with C psittaci–positive marginal-zone B-cell lymphoma of the ocular adnexa at diagnosis or relapse were treated with doxycycline 100 mg, bid orally, for 3 weeks. The presence of C psittaci DNA in peripheral-blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was also assessed before and after treatment in seven patients. Objective lymphoma regression was assessed 1, 3, and 6 months after therapy conclusion and every 6 months during follow-up.ResultsAll patients completed antibiotic therapy with excellent tolerability. At 1 month from doxycycline assumption, chlamydial DNA was no longer detectable in PBMCs of all four positive patients. Objective response was complete in two patients, partial response (> 50%) was observed in two patients, and minimal response (< 50%) was observed in three patients. Duration of response in the seven responders was 12+, 29+, 31+, 8+, 7+, 2+, and 1+ months, respectively.ConclusionC psittaci–eradicating antibiotic therapy with doxycycline is followed by objective response in patients with ocular adnexal lymphoma, even after multiple relapses of the disease. A confirmatory, large, phase II trial is warranted to confirm whether this fast, cheap, and well-tolerated therapy could replace other more aggressive strategies as first-line treatment against ocular adnexal lymphomas.
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40

Dickx, V., D. S. A. Beeckman, L. Dossche, P. Tavernier, and D. Vanrompay. "Chlamydophila psittaci in homing and feral pigeons and zoonotic transmission." Journal of Medical Microbiology 59, no. 11 (November 1, 2010): 1348–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.023499-0.

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Chlamydiosis is a zoonotic disease in birds caused by Chlamydophila psittaci, an obligate intracellular bacterium. There are seven known avian outer-membrane protein A genotypes, A–F and E/B. The importance of genotyping lies in the fact that certain genotypes tend to be associated with certain hosts and a difference in virulence. Genotype B is the most prevalent in pigeons, but the more virulent genotypes A and D have also been discovered. The current study assessed the prevalence of C. psittaci in 32 Belgian homing-pigeon facilities and in 61 feral pigeons captured in the city of Ghent, Belgium. Additionally, zoonotic transmission of C. psittaci was investigated in the homing-pigeon facilities. Homing pigeons were often infected, as at least one of the lofts was positive in 13 of the 32 (40.6 %) pigeon breeding facilities. Genotypes B, C and D were detected. Zoonotic transmission was discovered in 4 of the 32 (12.5 %) pigeon fanciers, revealing genotype D in two of them, whilst genotyping was unsuccessful for the other two human pharyngeal swabs. This study clearly demonstrates the possible risk of C. psittaci zoonotic transmission from homing pigeons. Pigeon fanciers often (37.5 %) used antibiotics for prevention of respiratory disease. Because of the risk of developing drug-resistant strains, regular use of antimicrobial drugs must be avoided. This study is believed to be the first to detect C. psittaci in Belgian feral pigeons. The prevalence rate in the city of Ghent was extremely low, which is beneficial for public health.
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41

Bennett, Gordon F., and Michael A. Peirce. "Haemoproteus psittaci n. sp. (Haemoproteidae) from the African grey parrot Psittacus erithacus L." Systematic Parasitology 23, no. 1 (September 1992): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00008004.

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42

Elder, Jennifer, and Corrie Brown. "Review of Techniques for the Diagnosis of Chlamydia Psittaci Infection in Psittacine Birds." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 11, no. 6 (November 1999): 539–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063879901100611.

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43

Rosado, Manuel F., Gerald E. Byrne, Feying Ding, Keneth A. Fields, Phillip A. Ruiz, Sander R. Dubovy, Gale R. Walker, Arnold Markoe, and Lossos S. Izidore. "Ocular Adnexal Lymphoma: A Clinicopathological Study of a Large Cohort of Patients with No Evidence for an Association with Chlamydia psittaci." Blood 106, no. 11 (November 16, 2005): 978. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v106.11.978.978.

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Abstract Ocular adnexal lymphomas (OALs) represent 6% of all primary extranodal NHL. However, they are among the most common primary tumors occurring in the ocular adnexa (26%). The etiology of OALs and the reason for the predominance of extranodal marginal zone lymphoma (EMZL) in this anatomical location are unknown. Ferreri et. al (J Natl Cancer Inst2004; 96:586) recently reported the presence of C psittaci DNA in 80% of the analyzed Italian ocular adnexa EMZL cases. Herein, we reviewed our 14-year single institution experience in a large cohort of patients with primary OALs and examined the association with C psittaci infection in South Florida. Clinicopathological characteristics, response to therapy, systemic dissemination and patients’ survival were analyzed in 62 patients with primary OALs treated and followed-up at the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center. EMZL was the most frequent histological subtype (89% of OALs). Majority of EMZL patients (84%) presented with stage IE, however only 16% had an advanced stage. All stage IE patients were treated with local radiotherapy, while patients with disseminated disease received systemic therapy with or without local irradiation. All but one EMZL patient achieved CR. During a median follow up of 52 months (range 3–153), the estimated 5-year OS and FFP were 96% (95% CI: 90 to 100%) and 79% (95% CI: 65 to 92%), respectively. During the follow-up, 22% of patients relapsed, mainly in extranodal sites and 4% transformed to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. None of the patients exhibited local orbital failure in the radiation field. To analyze the association between C psittaci infection and OALs in our patient population, C psittaci touchdown enzyme time release-PCR was used in 57 tumor specimens. DNA was extracted from 49 specimens of EMZL of ocular adnexa, 8 specimens of non- EMZL of ocular adnexa and 2 specimens from patients with reactive ocular lymphoid hyperplasia. C psittaci DNA was not detected in any of the 57 tumor DNA samples positive for either beta-globin or ApoE DNA quality control amplicons, while control reactions using DNA prepared form C psittaci strain 6 BC yielded amplicon of expected size. It is thus possible that there is a regional variation in EMZL etiology and association with infection pathogens. Additional studies evaluating the association between C psittaci and EMZL of ocular adnexa in other geographical regions are granted.
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44

Chang, Hua, Jiangqiang Han, Yan Yang, Gang Duan, Fengcai Zou, Xun Xiang, and Feiyan Dai. "First report of Chlamydia psittaci seroprevalence in black-headed gulls (Larus ridibundus) at Dianchi Lake, China." Open Life Sciences 13, no. 1 (August 9, 2018): 250–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/biol-2018-0030.

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AbstractChlamydiosis is an important zoonosis which can transmit from birds to humans, and investigation first reported the seroprevalence of Chlamydia psittaci in black-headed gulls (Larus ridibundus) at the Dianchi Lake, China. A total of 1029 serum samples collected from black-headed gulls between 2012-2015 were analyzed. The gulls were randomly caught and blood collected at Dianchi Lake, China. All the samples were analyzed for the presence of antibodies to C. psittaci by indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA). In this survey, the total infection rate was 11.86% (122/1029). The results of the present survey documented the existence of relatively high C. psittaci seroprevalence in black-headed gulls, which have a potential risk to the wild bird health and human health. Comprehensive practical control approaches and measures should be executed.
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MOSCHIONI, CRISTIANE, HENRIQUE PEREIRA FARIA, MARCO ANTÔNIO SOARES REIS, and ESTEVÃO URBANO SILVA. "Pneumonia grave por "Chlamydia psittaci"." Jornal de Pneumologia 27, no. 4 (July 2001): 219–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-35862001000400008.

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A psitacose, também conhecida como ornitose, é causada pela Chlamydia psittaci; caracteriza-se por doença de início insidioso, sintomas brandos e inespecíficos, lembrando infecção de vias aéreas superiores. Acomete principalmente o pulmão, sendo raramente doença sistêmica e fatal. Descreve-se um caso raro de pneumonia por Chlamydia psittaci que evoluiu para insuficiência respiratória aguda, necessitando de ventilação mecânica. Destaca-se a importância em considerar o diagnóstico, especialmente em casos de pneumonia comunitária que evolui de modo insatisfatório, que não responde à terapia antimicrobiana e cuja epidemiologia é positiva para exposição às aves. O diagnóstico precoce é fundamental devido à excelente resposta terapêutica. O diagnóstico tardio pode levar a curso grave e fatal da doença.
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46

Simpson, V., and R. Bevan. "Chlamydia psittaci infection in robins." Veterinary Record 125, no. 21 (November 18, 1989): 537. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.125.21.537-b.

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47

Herring, A. "PCR test for Chlamydia psittaci." Veterinary Record 128, no. 23 (June 8, 1991): 555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.128.23.555-b.

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48

Hewinson, R., P. Griffiths, M. Dawson, and M. Woodward. "PCR test for Chlamydia psittaci." Veterinary Record 128, no. 25 (June 22, 1991): 599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.128.25.599-a.

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49

Harkinezhad, Taher, Kristel Verminnen, Caroline Van Droogenbroeck, and Daisy Vanrompay. "Chlamydophila psittaci genotype E/B transmission from African grey parrots to humans." Journal of Medical Microbiology 56, no. 8 (August 1, 2007): 1097–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.47157-0.

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Thirty-six birds from a parrot relief and breeding centre, as well as the manager, were examined for the presence of Chlamydophila psittaci. In the relief unit, 5 of 20 African grey parrots showed depression, ruffled feathers, loss of weight and mild dyspnoea. The birds received no antibiotic treatment. Birds of the breeding unit, 14 blue and gold macaws and 2 green-winged macaws, were healthy. They received doxycycline at the start of each breeding season. The manager complained of shortness of breath but took no medication. Using a nested PCR enzyme immunoassay (EIA), Cp. psittaci was detected in the faeces of all five sick birds, as well as in a nasal and pharyngeal swab from the manager. The veterinarian and her assistant became infected while sampling the parrots, as pharyngeal and nasal swabs from both were positive by nested PCR/EIA after visiting the parrot relief and breeding centre, but they showed no clinical signs of infection. Bacteria could be isolated from three of five nested PCR/EIA-positive birds, the manager and the veterinarian, but not from the veterinary assistant. Using an ompA genotype-specific real-time PCR, Cp. psittaci genotype E/B was identified as the transmitted strain. All breeding birds tested negative for Cp. psittaci. This is believed to be the first report on Cp. psittaci genotype E/B transmission from parrots to humans. In contradiction to genotype A strains, which are thought to be highly virulent to both birds and men, the currently described genotype E/B strain apparently caused no severe clinical symptoms in either parrots or humans.
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Jazi, S., A. Mokhtari, and A. Ebrahimi Kahrizsangi. "Molecular detection of Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia felis in human keratoconjunctivitis cases." BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 23, no. 1 (2020): 130–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/bjvm.2124.

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Given the high incidence of keratoconjunctivitis in Iran (approximately 3.6–53.9%) and low efficiency of clinical diagnostic measures, application of laboratory tests for detection of different keratoconjunctivitis/conjunctivitis causes and determination of their accurate prevalence is essential. In this research, conjunctival samples were collected from 100 patients with keratoconjunctivitis signs referred to an eye hospital of Iran. After DNA extraction, PCR was carried out for detection of Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia felis. PCR positive products were further subjected for DNA sequencing. In this study, one sample was Chlamydia psittaci positive and none was positive for Chlamydia felis. There wasn’t a statistically significant relationship between working in the field of veterinary medicine or keeping a pet and Chlamydia psittaci prevalence (P>0.05). This study showed a low rate of chlamydial keratoconjunctivitis and therefore further studies for detection of other causes are necessary.
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