Academic literature on the topic 'PSPP decision'
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Journal articles on the topic "PSPP decision"
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Wendel, Mattias. "Paradoxes of Ultra-Vires Review: A Critical Review of the PSPP Decision and Its Initial Reception." German Law Journal 21, no. 5 (July 2020): 979–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/glj.2020.62.
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AbstractThis contribution explores paradoxes of ultra vires review with specific regard to the PSPP decision of the German Federal Constitutional Court in the light of the decision’s initial reception. While some of these paradoxes are inherent in the very nature of ultra vires review, others are specific to the PSPP judgment. They relate to the underlying doctrinal and theoretical premises, to key concepts such as proportionality or the scope of judicial review, to the overall context in which the decision is embedded, and even to the community which is addressed and affected by the decision. It is the sad irony that the Federal Constitutional Court, while accusing others of manifestly exceeding their competences, does not sufficiently adhere to its own standards and increasingly risks overstretching the boundaries of its mandate under the Basic Law.
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Walter, Christian. "Wohin steuern die Ultra-vires- und die Identitätskontrolle? Eine Zwischenbilanz anhand der Entscheidungen des Bundesverfassungsgerichts im PSPP-Verfahren." integration 44, no. 3 (2021): 211–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0720-5120-2021-3-211.
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The article takes stock of the consequences which the decisions of the German Federal Constitutional Court (FCC) concerning the Public Sector Purchase Programme (PSPP) of the European Union (EU) have had on the relation between EU law and the German constitution. The interplay between the PSPP judgment of 5 May 2020 and a follow-up decision on its enforcement reveals a certain degree of back-paddling by the FCC. Irrespective of the infringement procedure, which the European Commission recently initiated against Germany, there are good chances for a respite for both the FCC and the Court of Justice of the EU. It is up to the FCC to use this period to clarify where it is headed with its jurisprudence on controlling the application of EU law in Germany.
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Egidy, Stefanie. "Proportionality and procedure of monetary policy-making." International Journal of Constitutional Law 19, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 285–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icon/moab015.
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Abstract In a highly controversial decision, the German Federal Constitutional Court (FCC) decided that the Public Sector Purchase Program (PSPP) of the European Central Bank (ECB) was ultra vires because it violated the principle of proportionality. The FCC took a procedural approach to proportionality, finding that the ECB had failed to substantiate its balancing assessment. Therefore, the Court considered itself unable to review whether PSPP was substantively proportionate, but announced that it might do so in a future case. The judgment raises the fundamental question of how courts should review monetary policy. The article begins by exploring the role of central banks between independence and accountability. Then, it analyzes, in three steps, what role the principle of proportionality should play in the realm of monetary policy. First, I argue that a traditional substantive balancing test as part of proportionality review is not applicable to monetary policy decisions and highlight the pitfalls of the FCC’s approach. Second, I claim that the imposed procedural “duty to substantiate” is not suitable to promote the democratic accountability of the ECB. Third, I contend that, therefore, the PSPP ruling creates an impetus for strengthening the ECB’s supranational accountability. I suggest that improving the monetary dialogue with the EU Parliament and establishing a comprehensive transparency regime for the ECB could further this goal. Ultimately, I propose that a narrow reading of the PSPP ruling could reconcile the current conflict between the FCC and the ECB and still provide a sufficient level of judicial accountability for the ECB’s monetary policy-making.
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Perkins, Andrew James. "The Legal and Economic Questions posed by the German Constitutional Court’s decision in the Public Sector Purchase Programme (PSPP) Case." ATHENS JOURNAL OF LAW 7, no. 3 (July 1, 2021): 399–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajl.7-3-7.
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This paper seeks to explore the PSPP decision of the German Constitutional Court and its effect on the monetary policy decisions taken by central banks. It begins by exploring the decision and its effect in Germany, together with its wider implications for the European Monetary Union before moving onto consider the standard of review that should be applied by the Courts when they are required to review central banks actions. Conclusions are reached to show that any standard of review should be limited because of the unique economic and political circumstances in which central bank decision making takes place. Keywords: Central Banking; Judicial Review; Proportionality; European Law; European Monetary Union.
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Petersen, Niels. "Karlsruhe’s Lochner Moment? A Rational Choice Perspective on the German Federal Constitutional Court’s Relationship to the CJEU After the PSPP Decision." German Law Journal 21, no. 5 (July 2020): 995–1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/glj.2020.54.
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AbstractOn May 5, 2020, the German Federal Constitutional Court issued the PSPP decision, sending shock waves through the European Union. This contribution analyzes the consequences of the PSPP decision for the future relationship between the German FCC and the CJEU and for European integration as a whole. The article consists of four parts. First, I will provide some context and model the interaction between domestic and international courts from a rational choice perspective. Second, I will recapitulate some core aspects of the relationship between the German Federal Constitutional Court and the CJEU in particular. I argue that the relationship between both courts had evolved into a strategic equilibrium in which it was costly not to respect the decision of the other party. The third section then looks for reasons why Karlsruhe nevertheless deviated from this equilibrium despite the significant costs involved. The fourth section, finally, considers the way ahead and analyzes what possible consequences for the future relationship between the Federal Constitutional Court and the CJEU.
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Börner, Achim-Rüdiger. "Das PSPP-Urteil des Bundesverfassungsgerichts: Umfang der Übertragung von Souveränität und Überprüfung von Ermessensgebrauch." integration 44, no. 3 (2021): 220–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0720-5120-2021-3-220.
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In its judgment of 5 May 2020, the German Federal Constitutional Court (FCC) has held that the Public Sector Purchase Programme (PSPP) of the European Central Bank (ECB), which started in 2015, and the relevant decision of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) of 11 December 2018, holding that the programme is compatible with European Union (EU) law, are ultra vires acts. Indeed, this decision is based on a French understanding of discretion which has previously been adopted in the European Treaties and according to which discretion is controlled only for undue, illegal influence. Today, the Treaties have adopted a review of discretion under the aspects of suitability, necessity, and appropriateness. Moreover, criticism at the decision of the FCC neglects that the accession to and the membership in the EU have to observe the thresholds of the respective national constitution, as its violation is not and may not be expected by the Union or any other Member State. Ultra vires acts of the Union, which remain uncorrected by the Union itself, are subject to disapproval and rejection by the constitutional court of any Member State.
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Mayer, Franz C. "The Ultra Vires Ruling: Deconstructing the German Federal Constitutional Court’s PSPP decision of 5 May 2020." European Constitutional Law Review 16, no. 4 (December 2020): 733–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1574019620000371.
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Blutman, László. "Red Signal from Karlsruhe: Towards a New Equilibrium or New Level of Conflict?" Central European Journal of Comparative Law 1, no. 2 (December 9, 2020): 33–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.47078/2020.2.33-48.
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In its PSPP decision, the German Constitutional Court for the first time declared an EU act ultra vires. The decision resulted in a flood of studies, blog posts, and comments. Most criticised the verdict raising a series of objections. We agree with some objections. However, the present study approaches the judgment from the other side. It seeks to understand the situation of the constitutional courts of Member States in the EU legal system, to examine their main dilemmas in relation to EU law, and to explore their possibilities regarding their main task, which is the protection of constitutions. The study highlights the fundamental structural tension that currently characterises the EU legal system concerning Member States’ sovereignty and examines how a balance can be struck in addressing this tension.
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Haltern, Ulrich. "Revolutions, real contradictions, and the method of resolving them: The relationship between the Court of Justice of the European Union and the German Federal Constitutional Court." International Journal of Constitutional Law 19, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 208–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icon/moab016.
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Abstract The German Federal Constitutional Court’s (FCC) PSPP ruling has met with criticism of unprecedented fierceness: its doctrine, its politics, and its authors have been attacked and ridiculed. While I agree that the ruling has its weaknesses, I also believe that many reactions to it, including the commentary by Basedow et al., are flawed. They frame the PSPP ruling as an abrupt break in time―a revolutionary narrative of old and new, with the decision splitting history into before and after. This frame alters the meaning of what happened. It throws the FCC alone into the spotlight, keeps other actors and narratives connected with them in the shadow, places a huge burden of legitimacy on the FCC, and makes the ruling appear not merely as bad law, but as a political action in the guise of law. I argue that none of this does justice to the ruling or to the politics behind it. This begs the deeper question of why the ruling has elicited such Mosaic wrath. My answer is that courts read “their” political communities rather than merely legal texts―they link law to imaginations of self-government and popular sovereignty. In this social practice, the FCC operates at the thicker end of constitutionalism, with a surplus of authority, legitimacy, and, ultimately, political identity, as compared to the Court of Justice of the European Union, which labors at the thinner end of constitutionalism and must view the FCC, like many commentators do, as an idolater. This, rather than doctrine or politics, is where the “real contradiction” lies. There is no resolving this contradiction through law or institution-building. But the preliminary ruling procedure under Art. 267 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union does provide a form for it to move around and resolve itself.
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Bröhmer, Jürgen. "Economic Constitutionalism in the EU and Germany – The German Constitutional Court, the European Court of Justice and the European Central Bank between Law and Politics." Law and Development Review 12, no. 3 (October 25, 2019): 761–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ldr-2019-0043.
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Abstract The relationship between the European Union (EU) and its member states has recently been the subject of several legal proceedings in the German Federal Constitutional Court (GFCC) and the European Court of Justice. The backdrop to the underlying controversies were policies instituted by the European Central Bank (ECB) dealing with the economic and monetary situation in various member states in the context of the sovereign debt crises to influence interest rates, combat deflationary tendencies and keep inflation under but close to the ECB’s 2% inflation target. Especially so-called outright monetary transactions (OMTs) and the corresponding OMT-program and a particular high volume public sector asset purchasing program (PSPP) announced by the ECB have been controversially discussed. Legally, the controversies are about the prohibition for the ECB to finance debt held by the EU or member states (Article 123 TFEU) and about the delineation of economic policy (Article 119 et seq. TFEU), which lies in the hands of the members states, and monetary policy (Article 127 et seq. TFEU), which is exclusively in the hands of the ECB. The GFCC in its decisions propagated a restrictive approach emphasizing the role of the member states and pointing to the doctrines developed by it around ultra vires acts and so-called identity review. This paper attempts to shed some light on this controversy and argues that beyond the legal controversy lies a deeper problem of the relationship between judicial and political decision-making that the GFCC should exercise restraint in exercising its functions and remember its own doctrine of “open constitutional norms” developed in a different context but applicable here as well.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "PSPP decision"
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Tam, Pui-ching Celine, and 譚佩貞. "Resident participation in management of HOS/PSPS courts: problems encountered and possible solutions." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31968466.
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Menano, Francisco Inpotong Castro. "The Bundesverfassungsgericht PSPP Decision : a blow to the European project." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/34790.
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The German Federal Constitutional Court sent shockwaves across Europe on 5 May 2020, when it declared a ruling by the European Court of Justice and ECB decisions as ultra vires and established a three-month transitional period for the ECB Governing Council to provide further justification in order to ascertain the legality of its measures, which the ECJ had already confirmed.
The ruling is unprecedented and is likely to inflame the already existing tensions between national and European sovereignty. This is more so when the contested ECB programme amounts to the Public Sector Purchase Programme, an exceptional bond-buying measure launched in 2015 and deemed pivotal to combat the lasting effects of the European sovereign debt crisis. In times of increased spending by the EU, the schism between net contributors and beneficiaries is prone to show and is likely deepened by the asymmetric impact of economic crises on MS.
As Europe faces the rise of nationalism, a public health crisis and a consequent economic crisis caused by the Covid-19 pandemic, the decision could not have come at a worse time. The Bundesverfassunsgericht’s ruling is one that underscores dissent at a time where solidarity is much needed. The decision constitutes a significant drawback to the consistency and effectiveness of the EU legal order as it openly defies well-established rules and foundations. Furthermore, it is likely to serve as an opportunity for illiberal regimes to push their anti-rule of law agenda as well as pave the way for the undermining of further exceptional ECB programmes such as the Pandemic Emergency Purchase Programme.
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Veríssimo, Ricardo Duarte. "A decisão na ordem de paragem: estudo sobre a tomada de decisão em agentes da PSP." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/20016.
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A tomada de decisão é algo que está subjacente ao dia-a-dia de qualquer pessoa. Para escolher, para optar, as pessoas têm de decidir, um processo que parece simples, mas que, no entanto, é de elevada complexidade e alvo de estudo ao longo dos anos. O mundo está repleto de condições adversas que limitam e constrangem a capacidade do Homem tomar decisões ótimas. Assim, os decisores recorrem a estratégias que lhes permitem decidir entre alternativas lidando com todos estes constrangimentos. As decisões deixam de ser ótimas e passam a ser satisfatórias, mas tomadas em tempo útil e sem recurso a muita informação. Os polícias também tomam decisões, e também sofrem dos mesmos constrangimentos do cidadão comum, e mais alguns inerentes à profissão que exercem. Atuam em ambientes complexos, por vezes hostis e estão constantemente sob escrutínio social e político. O presente trabalho enquadra-se no âmbito da Linha de Investigação do Laboratório de Grandes Eventos do Instituto Superior de Ciências Policiais e Segurança Interna, sobre tomada de decisão e atividade policial. O estudo pretende perceber como os polícias decidem a que viaturas dar ordem de paragem numa operação de fiscalização de trânsito, desmistificando o processo cognitivo adotado. Realizou-se uma simulação de uma operação de fiscalização e os dados foram obtidos com recurso à técnica pensar alto estimulado retrospetivamente e uma entrevista realizada a 26 polícias masculinos muito experientes. Os dados obtidos foram posteriormente analisados, tendo sido realizados estudos comparativos recorrendo aos resultados de Ratinho (2105) e Rocha (2016). Procurou-se perceber o impacto que locais diferentes ou a familiarização com a tarefa podem ter com o processo de tomada de decisão.Decision-making is something that underlies every person's day-to-day life. To choose, to make options, people have to decide, a process that seems simple but which, however, is of high complexity and has been the subject of study over the years. The world is full of adverse conditions that limit and constrain man's ability to make optimal decisions. So decision makers use strategies that would allow them to decide between alternatives while dealing with all these constraints. Decisions aren't optimal no more instead are satisfactory, but taken in a timely manner and without much information. Police officers also make decisions, and also suffer from the same constraints as ordinary citizens, and a few more inherent to their profession. They work in complex environments sometimes hostile and are constantly under social and political scrutiny. The present study fits in the Research Line of the Major Events Laboratory of the Higher Institute of Police Sciences and Internal Security on decision making and police activity. The study intends to understand how the police decide which vehicles to order a stop in a traffic police checkpoint, dismistifying the cognitive process adopted. A simulation of a police traffic operation was carried out and the data were obtained using the stimulated retrospective think aloud technique and an interview to 26 highly experienced police officers. The data obtained were later analyzed, and comparative studies were performed using the results of Ratinho (2105) and Rocha (2016). We seek to realize the impact that different locations or familiarization with the task may have on the decision-making process in very experienced police officers.
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Pereira, Jorge Manuel Capela. "O mapeamento dasimétrico enquanto ferramenta de apoio à decisão : distribuição da população e caracterização da área de intervenção da PSP e da GNR." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/32132.
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Dissertation presented as the partial requirement for obtaining a Master's degree in Geographic Information Systems and ScienceA distribuição geográfica da população é uma das ferramentas mais comummente utilizadas no apoio à tomada de decisão, sobretudo quando envolve questões territoriais, acompanhando grande parte dos instrumentos de diagnóstico. Sendo os mapas formas poderosas para comunicar e condicionar o raciocínio espacial, torna-se imprescindível que a informação presente seja o mais rigorosa possível. A generalização da utilização de mapas coropletos – cuja facilidade de elaboração com recurso aos Sistemas de Informação Geográfica (SIG) disseminou – permitiu uma mais fácil visualização da espacialização dos fenómenos e das variáveis. Todavia, são várias as limitações e distorções que comportam, podendo por isso condicionar a tomada de decisão. O mapeamento dasimétrico surge como uma técnica alternativa que permite desenhar mapas com uma mais exata precisão na distribuição da população. Pretende-se com o presente documento dissertar sobre as metodologias de representação da distribuição da população, aplicando o Método Dasimétrico Inteligente desenvolvido por Mennis e Hultgren (Mennis and Hultgren 2006) com recurso a uma ferramenta desenvolvida pela United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) na criação de um mapa dasimétrico da população de Portugal Continental, a partir do qual se analisam as áreas de intervenção sob responsabilidade da Guarda Nacional Republicana (GNR) e da Polícia de Segurança Pública (PSP), tendo por base a localização dos seus postos/esquadras. Pretende-se criar uma ferramenta de análise que permita melhor caracterizar e compreender a área de intervenção das forças de segurança perante a atual distribuição da população, perspetivando o seu dimensionamento e reorganização no médio e longo prazo.
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Brás, Cátia Sofia Cabrito. "A tomada de decisão nas operações de fiscalização de trânsito: Estudo comparativo em agentes da PSP das divisões de trânsito do Porto e de Lisboa." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/25121.
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A tomada de decisão é inerente ao ser humano e faz parte do seu quotidiano. O decisor policial desenvolve a sua atividade num ambiente complexo e dinâmico, enfrentando diariamente situações que o obrigam a tomar decisões céleres, influenciadas por fatores, como a falta de tempo, a impossibilidade de aceder a toda a informação disponível e as suas próprias limitações cognitivas. As decisões tomadas podem ter implicações em si próprio, no cidadão ou na instituição que representa. Esta investigação enquadra-se na linha de investigação do Laboratório de Grandes Eventos do Instituto Superior de Ciências Policiais e Segurança Interna sobre a tomada de decisão na atividade policial. Pretendemos compreender os processos cognitivos que estão na base da tomada de decisão dos polícias da Divisão de Trânsito do Porto quando integrados em operações de fiscalização de trânsito. Realizou-se um estudo qualitativo, em contexto naturalista, recorrendo à simulação de uma operação de fiscalização de trânsito. Recolheram-se dados de 20 polícias do género masculino muito experientes com recurso à técnica pensar alto retrospetivamente e a uma entrevista com um guião previamente estabelecido para complementar a informação recolhida. Os dados recolhidos foram, posteriormente, submetidos a análise de conteúdo. Os resultados permitem caracterizar o processo de tomada de decisão dos polícias e evidenciam a informação a que os polícias atendem, predominantemente, para dar a ordem de paragem aos veículos a fiscalizar. Fez-se também um estudo comparativo recorrendo aos resultados de um estudo com polícias do género masculino muito experientes da Divisão de Trânsito de Lisboa.Decision-making is inherent to the human being and is part of its everyday life. The police decision-maker acts in a complex and dynamic environment, facing daily situations that require him swift decisions, influenced by factors such as lack of time, the inability to collect all available information and his own cognitive limitations. His decisions may have implications on the decider, on the citizen or on the institution he represents. The present investigation is part of the research line of the Major Events Laboratory of the Higher Institute of Police Sciences and Internal Security, on decision-making in police activity. It is intended to understand the cognitive processes that underlie the police officers decision-making from Oporto Traffic Division when ordering a traffic control/surveillance operation. A qualitative study was conducted, in a naturalist context, using a simulation of a traffic control/surveillance operation. Data was collected from 20 expert male police officers using the stimulated retrospective think aloud technique and an interview with a previously designed script for additional information. The data obtained was later submitted to content analysis. The results allow to characterize the police officer decision-making and reveal the type of information that police officers predominantly tend to point when they decide to give an order to stop in a traffic control/surveillance operation. Furthermore, a comparative study was performed using the results of a study conducted with expert male police officers from Lisbon Traffic Division.
Books on the topic "PSPP decision"
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Baehr, Melany E. The development and validation of the estimates of potential for successful performance (PSP) of higher-level personnel. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1988.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "PSPP decision"
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Tembo-Nhlema, Dorothy, Katharine Vincent, and Rebecka Henriksson. "Creating Useful and Usable Weather and Climate Information: Insights from Participatory Scenario Planning in Malawi." In Climate Risk in Africa, 77–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61160-6_5.
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AbstractFor climate information to be used at the grassroots level, it needs to be understood, collectively interpreted and effectively communicated. Participatory Scenario Planning (PSP) is one method of co-producing useful and usable sectoral and livelihood advisories for decision-makers, based on locally downscaled weather (typically seasonal forecasts). The chapter outlines an initial investigation into the history and application of PSP in Malawi, finding that it can generate useful and usable information that is deemed credible, legitimate and salient by its intended users. Its usability is reinforced through the demonstration effect which leads to even sceptical farmers adopting it after they have witnessed proof of its effectiveness from early adopters. In Malawi, the sustainability of PSP is threatened due to limited integration in planning frameworks and reliance on projects, hence need for a mechanism to ensure its regular occurrence and embeddedness in formal governance structures.
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Livieris, Ioannis E., Konstantina Drakopoulou, Thodoris Kotsilieris, Vassilis Tampakas, and Panagiotis Pintelas. "DSS-PSP - A Decision Support Software for Evaluating Students’ Performance." In Engineering Applications of Neural Networks, 63–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65172-9_6.
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Ries, Jana, Patrick Beullens, and Yang Wang. "Instance-Specific Parameter Tuning for Meta-Heuristics." In Meta-Heuristics Optimization Algorithms in Engineering, Business, Economics, and Finance, 136–70. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-2086-5.ch005.
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Meta-heuristics are of significant interest to decision-makers due to the capability of finding good solutions for complex problems within a reasonable amount of computational time. These methods are further known to perform according to how their algorithm-specific parameters are set. As most practitioners aim for an off-the-shelf approach when using meta-heuristics, they require an easy applicable strategy to calibrate its parameters and use it. This chapter addresses the so-called Parameter Setting Problem (PSP) and presents new developments for the Instance-specific Parameter Tuning Strategy (IPTS). The IPTS presented only requires the end user to specify its preference regarding the trade-off between running time and solution quality by setting one parameter p (0 = p =1), and automatically returns a good set of algorithm-specific parameter values for each individual instance based on the calculation of a set of problem instance characteristics. The IPTS does not require any modification of the particular meta-heuristic being used. It aims to combine advantages of the Parameter Tuning Strategy (PTS) and the Parameter Control Strategy (PCS), the two major approaches to the PSP. The chapter outlines the advantages of an IPTS and shows in more detail two ways in which an IPTS can be designed. The first design approach requires expert-based knowledge of the meta-heuristic’s performance in relation to the problem at hand. The second, automated approach does not require explicit knowledge of the meta-heuristic used. Both designs use a fuzzy logic system to obtain parameter values. Results are presented for an IPTS designed to solve instances of the Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) with the meta-heuristic Guided Local Search (GLS).
Conference papers on the topic "PSPP decision"
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Flippen, A. A., R. J. Navarro, A. M. Larsen, and M. Stamatelatos. "The Application of Probabilistic Risk Assessment to Habitable Payloads: Utilization of Risk-Based and Traditional Rule-Based Methodologies: A “First” for NASA." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-32445.
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The safety of the public, the astronaut crew, Agency assets, other payloads, and the environment are NASA’s priorities when assessing the adequacy of space flight designs. While Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA) has been successfully applied to Space Shuttle and Space Station vehicle risk decision-making, the mandated use of a non-probabilistic rule-based approach is unique to the safety certification of NASA’s habitable payloads. A 1997 survey of historical safety policies with NASA’s Payload Safety Review Panel (PSRP) revealed that the non-probabilistic approach for habitable payloads was not arbitrary but founded on informed risk decisions from 20 years ago by then NASA Headquarters policy makers. Based on a sound payload safety track record, there has been no compelling reason, until recently, to consider expanding from the present NSTS 1700.7B rule-based approach to include risk-based PRA as a viable alternative. However, with the Agency’s increased focus on structured risk management, the establishment of a Risk Assessment Program at NASA Headquarters, and refined PRA guidelines and techniques, PRA is now formally recognized as an essential method for evaluating complex and high risk systems. The PSRP recognizes a growing need and an opportunity for evaluating the efficacy of risk-based PRA methods for application to increasingly complex next generation payload technologies. Therefore, it is timely to revisit the potential application of PRA to habitable payloads. This paper discusses PRA as a risk-based method that, when properly implemented, will result in equivalent or improed safety compared with the rule-based failure tolerance requirements for achieving the Agency’s “Safety First” core value. The benefits and cautions associated with infusing PRA methodology into the PSRP safety certification process are also discussed, as well as a proposed deployment strategy of how PRA might be prudently tailored and applied to habitable payloads. The use of PRA for assessing payload reliability is unrestricted at NASA but this is beyond the scope of the present discussion of payload safety applications.
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Shi, Xingyu, Suli Zou, and Zhongjing Ma. "A novel algorithm for divisible resource allocations under PSP auction mechanism." In 2014 26th Chinese Control And Decision Conference (CCDC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ccdc.2014.6852447.
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Ma, Zhongjing, and Yingying Cui. "Optimal hierarchical allocation in deregulated electricity market under PSP auction mechanism." In 2014 26th Chinese Control And Decision Conference (CCDC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ccdc.2014.6852545.
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Yongcun, Zhang, Shang Jinkui, Ma Xiaoguang, and Zhao Min. "Application of median filter technique and ESP in PSP data processing." In 2011 23rd Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ccdc.2011.5968219.
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Zuo, Zhiyuan, and Dongjun Lee. "Haptic tele-driving of a wheeled mobile robot over the Internet: A PSPM approach." In 2010 49th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cdc.2010.5718143.
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