Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Psychanalyse – France – Années 1920'
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Yang, Suzanne. "Théoriser la psychose : psychanalyse et psychiatrie en France, 1920 - 1932." Rennes 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011REN20005.
Full textAfter World War I, psychiatrists were confronted with a new problem in the context of the mental hygiene movement in France: how to prevent and treat the psychoses outside the asylum setting. This new orientation in psychiatry involved exploration of two facets of the same problem: recognizing ‘dangerous’ persons whose condition required confinement, and identifying the intrapsychic features that would allow the individual to return to his life in society. The dissertation examines debates within the psychopathology of the psychoses and outlines the development of the question of dangerousness associated with these disorders, as it was viewed by psychiatrists of the time. During this period, Freudian psychoanalysis emerged as a theoretical framework relevant to the conceptualization of the descriptive features and possible mechanisms of dangerous behavior, but only by way of additional concepts that were strongly critiqued and examined for their clinical relevance. The thesis focuses on two examples of the development of this theoretical base : schizophrenia and paranoia. The psychoanalytic theorization of psychosis in this period emphasized symptoms and processes related to the individual’s subjective experience of pathology, his feeling of alienation from the social order. In contrast to the literary interest in Freudian theory, psychiatrists kept their distance, accepting psychoanalytic concepts only gradually until the explanatory power of the concepts became more established in the clinical domain of a treatment that would perhaps become possible for the psychoses
Coste, David. "Les représentations du fou dans le théâtre espagnol des années 1920." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAC039.
Full textThis thesis analyses Freudian or psychoanalytic drama plays in Spain such as Sinrazon by Ignacio Sanchez Mejias, Trance by Cirpiano de Rivas Cherif, Dr Death de 3 a 5 by Azorin among others.. It accounts for the presence of the lunatic in a large theatrical panorama of that time, such presence being conditioned by the rise of Freudianism in Spain which strengthens the attractiveness of deep psychology used for the first time at the turn of the century by symbolism as representation mode. This work attempts to provide perspective on the different influences which shape this figure,to analyse how the cultural debate within Spanish society in the 1920's is reflected in drama and how drama itself can take this debate forward. At the core of this ethic and existential questioning, what do the choices of representation of the lunatic on Spanish stages thus imply ?
Sueur, Rémy. "Socialisme et esprit républicain dans le département de la Somme des années 1920 aux années 1950." Paris 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA010629.
Full textAnalysis of the social structure of the socialist party (s. F. I. O. ) (1920-1950) in the departement de la somme. In this area, the process of industrialization was carried out without excessive urban growth or rural exodus. State education and a particular brand of patriotism, born in response to foreign invasions, has affected the way in which proletarian internationalism was assimilated in this area. Three main chapters follow in chronological order: 1. Influence of the past, 2. The time of choices, 3. Republic and civic virtues. Party files dating from the years 1936, 37, 38, 45, 46, 47, provided data on the social origins of party members, their mentalities and the images they had of the party itself, the state and the republic. Testimonies from older militants, the party press, and the prefectoral archives reveal a world where republican values, and a strong spirit of independance outweigh considerations of party discipline
Goégan, Pierre. "L'écriture prolétarienne dans les années 1920-1930." Rennes 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991REN20013.
Full textA flourishing proletarian movement has left its mark on the French literature in the years 1920 - 1930. The purpose of this work is to underline its anti-authoritarian component. Not professional, the writers are men and women coming from the people, who thanks to a self-culture proceeding succeed to bear witness to what they know the best the humble people's life. After getting out the difference and the distance between Marxist and anti-authoritarian conception of literature, we give an account of proletarian real life but above all, we emphasize the moral valour of the proletarian writing. The praise of the daily bread, wine, work, struggle and solidarity runs through the pages of the anti-authoritarian writing, under the seal of the authenticity. It's not astonishing consequently, that a deep bitterness veil the great desire and the tremendous hope of the proletarian people, that get not satisfaction
Urbain-Archer, Anne. "Sens interdits : l'encadrement des publications érotiques en France des années 1920 aux années 1970." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLV030.
Full textSince the middle of the 1970s, the juridical framework for erotic publications in France has experienced no major developments. Our current legislation has been inherited from liberal reforms from the late 1960s, which have deconstructed a coercive system that has been continually improved since 1939, in the wake of the battle led by defenders of public morality during the inter-war-years. This work aims to shed light on the history of this legislation, which since its emergence in the 1920s until its dissolution in the 1970s, has come to both record, and influence, the evolution if French society and its morals. What was the background and who were the intermediaries and supporters of this legislation? What were its effects and limitations? By whom and why was this legislation challenged, and how did this challenge merge with the broader movement of liberal claims in the late 1960s? From 1881 to 1958, the legal system surrounding erotic publications has regularly been reviewed (in 1882, 1898, 1908, 1939, 1949 and 1958), in a manner ever increasingly repressive. The break during the inter-war-years disguised a melting pot in which the great public decency reforms were elaborated before they were ratified on the eve of the Second World War. In 1967, for the first time since the July 29, 1881 law, the moral framework for the press and publication industry was relaxed. Many authors and publishers suffered a reactionary backlash in the late 1960s through to the 1970s, however May 1968 and its follow-up overcame this repressive system. This thesis proposes primarily to clarify the origins and foundations of the major juridical innovations that are contained in the July 29, 1939 law relating to public indecency that directly impacted the press and book industry. Secondarily, it focuses on the conditions for the adoption, as well as the subsequent application of article 14 of the July 16, 1949 law, which on an administrative level reinforced the judicial repression set up ten years previously. Finally, in examining the development of this new legislation from 1950 to 1970, we will study its effects and retrace the history of its contestation
Wanecq, Charles-Antoine. "Sauver, protéger et soigner : une histoire des secours d’urgence en France (années 1920-années 1980)." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018IEPP0039.
Full textThis dissertation deals with the elaboration and the social uses of the notion of vital emergency in contemporary France. The concept of emergency – defined as a need for urgent action to avoid death - constitutes an increasingly common form of medical care. Based on a study of multiple sources, including the archives of physicians, administrations, hospitals and associations, this doctoral research aims at understanding the social, economic and political processes set in motion by an accident, when one or several human lives are threatened. During the interwar period, the innovative medical and surgical techniques of the First World War were seldom implemented in the civilian world ; however the nuclear risk and the increasing mortality rate caused by road acccidents led to an organization of emergency medical services in public hospitals. This public policy was overseen by a division of the Ministry of Health. Through an analysis of the division of labour and of the technical devices which rationalized the provision of emergency care, this dissertation changes the focus of the debates on the value of human lives in the history of health and of the institutions in charge of the protection of populations
Suppo, Hugo Rogélio. "La politique culturelle française au Brésil entre les années 1920-1950." Paris 3, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA030055.
Full textCultural policy is the basis of french politics in brazil. The cultural actions commanded, organised and guided by the french state between 1920 and 1950 were examined at three levels: a) the institutions (alliance francaise, group of french universities and grandes ecoles for relations with latin america, franco-brazilian institute, franca-brazilian licee, etc. ; b) the role of intellectuals and artists involved; c) cultural products (books, radio programmes and films). Three different periods were established: 1920-1940, 1940-1943, and 1944-1950. War is a key period, for it reveals how french cultural policy was above political and ideological interests, with the war gathering the nation around the defence of its interests. On the other hand, franco-brazilian relations follow a course that prior to 1940 revolves around a network built by university professor georges dumas, a man close to the radical party, towards the institutionalisation of relations with the signature, in 1948, of the first cultural agreement between the two countries. Thus, the perfect symbiosis between the university community and the diplomatic world is broken to the advantage of the latter. In the post-war, france had lost almost all positions and had to face, at the same time, the us cultural policy and changes in the brazilian situation. A profound reformulation of the cultural policy is required, but france lacks the material means and, above all, the possibility of offering other cultural products. The whole french strategy of "cultural colonization" is based on the creation of francophones/francophiles, being unable to offer the mass consumption goods that modern society demands
Lescure, Michel. "Les petites et moyennes entreprises industrielles dans la France des années 1920." Paris 10, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA100011.
Full textThe dissertation deals with the performance of small and little size industrial enterprises in France in the 1920. The study of 1500 firm suggest that, during the grout part of this decade, growth and profitability performance of medium size enterprise has been better than those experienced by large firms. The reasons for such performances are searched through the managerial strategies and the life cycle characteristics of the firms. Even though the study of these strategies leads to emphasize the flexibility of the SMI’s. , it also shows that the shortage of financing in the early 1920s and that of labor force in the late 1920s were to make more difficult the role played by these firms in economic growth
Bougeard, Christian. "Le choc de la guerre dans un département breton : les Côtes-du-nord des années 1920 aux années 1950." Rennes 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986REN20008.
Full textIn the 1980's, "the Côtes-du-Nord " a rural Breton department is noted for its majority vote for the left, in the heart of a Brittany which generally tends to be biased towards the right wing. This evolution, initiated at the beginning of the 20th century, has re-emerged, profiting from the radicalism of the 1930's. Because of the great depression and of the political and social struggles from 1934 to 1938, the S. F. I. O. , then the P. C. F. , still relatively ineffective, have sown the first seeds of their later success. The decisive turn around comes about with the German occupation (economic pillage, repression, ect. . . ) Because the population rejects quickly the occupiers, the collaborating parties and the Vichy regime especially in the West region and in the Tregor. The resistance is born in 1941 and 1942 (networks, first sabotages); the P. C. F. Reorganises itself and acts in conjunction with the f. T. P. F. The movements develop in 1943 ("Front national, Libé Nord, Défense de la France"). In 1943 and 1944, the actions of the resistance increase and prepare for the rising "en masse" of the maquis and the F. F. I. 's who make a decisive contribution to the American forces for the liberation after a short period of duality of powers after the liberation, a new balance of political power emerges. The Marxist left has the majority in 1946 (1st P. C. F. , 2nd S. F. I. O. ) ahead of the M. R. P. (1rst party), the U. D. S. R. And the radicals under the leadership of r. Pleven who becomes one of the principal Breton notables towards 1950. The economy and the society evolve little despite the effect of the war. Nevertheless the Breton and Gallo regions demonstrate different political and social tendencies from the 1920's up to the 1950's
Lopez, Pierre. "Pablo Palacio : l'expression d'une avant-garde dans l'espace littéraire équatorien des années 1920-1930." Perpignan, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PERP0279.
Full textPablo palacio (1906-1947), a contemporary equatorian writer, offers a complex literary production, extremely rich, which invites the reader to leave his passive attitude. His texts reveal an evident will of breaking literary conventions in force in ecuador during the 1920 s. To clear up this complexity, it is necesary to consider the narrations of palacio as areas in which intervene several discourses, without adopting a single methodological point of view. In order to enable a better approach of his works, this study purposes to bring out several anaysis tools concerning the sociological, psychanalytical and philosophical fields. During the 1920's, his narrations reflected an orientation in harmony with the artistic revival used by many groups of intellectuals who would constitute what would later be called the 1930's generation. Meanwhile, the social aspect is eclipsed by the aesthetics of strangeness and ugliness which can only be taken up throughout a psychobiographical approach. The biographical elements are studied with respect to three axis (the author's personnal experience of life, his sociopolitical context and his literary production), in order to elaborate a restatement of the + pathological; complexion imputed to his works. The constructions of his narrations are based upon a mise en abime of the writing action this allows to perceive the inconscient world, to divulge the author's narrative strategy and the active attitude of the reader as a new creator. This relation between the writer, the text and the reader allows to emphasize the advanced dimension of these works. This misappreciated characteristic situates pablo palacio in the line of what would be the + moderna narrativa latinoamericana"
Bauer, Thomas. "La sportive dans la littérature française des années folles." Paris 10, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA100154.
Full textThis research work which is ai the crossroads of the history of sport, women and literature allows the reader to rediscover the spisu of the Roaring twenties. In 1919 at a time when sport literature was beginning to develop and tèmale sport was very popular (many female sports associations were created), a whole génération of writers was taking interest in sportswomen. Those writers were so full of admiration for the female athletes, tennis players, skiers, soccer players or even boxers who showed how independent they could be on a typically mate lield that they transposed them into their fictions. They did so because they thought sportswomen represented modernity and could therefore fend an easy place in the literary arena. While defending a brand new image of pugnacious, reckless and modem women, those storytellers, novelists and poets distanced themselves from medical, moral or educational criticisms and in that way contributed to the evolution of mentalities. In the first part of this thesis (Grounds) 1 will review how the sportswomen could fit and act in the varions literary genres, according to these writers. In the second part (Teams) I will study the mate and female stereotypes and identify the main social perceptions sportswomen showed. To finish with, in the third part (Feats) I will analyse the way their sport performances were described and honored
Nóvoa, António. "La construction du "modèle scolaire" dans l'Europe du Sud-Ouest (Espagne, France, Portugal) : des années 1860 aux années 1920." Paris 4, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA040016.
Full textThis dissertation focuses on the historical shaping of the “school model” in Southwest Europe (Spain, France and Portugal), from the 1860s to the 1920s. It is a comparative historical research that adopts a “middle range” strategy, between the overly generalised world-system approaches and the overly specific historical national cases. The first section proposes a state of the art of historical studies (chapter one) and comparative researches in the educational field (chapter two). The second section is built around a definition of the “school model” (chapter three) with the following chapters dedicated to the formation of national education systems (chapter four), the spread of mass schooling (chapter five), and the world diffusion of the school model (chapter six). The third section suggests an historical analysis of the four pillars of the school model: the transformation of children into pupils (chapter seven), the mass schooling curriculum (chapter eight), the professionalisation process of teaching (chapter nine), and pedagogy as an expert-discourse on education (chapter ten). The dissertation ends with an historical interpretation of the school modernity, after an analysis of narratives and report missions among the three countries (1910s-1920s), that paves the way to a discussion of the “progressive education” movement (1920s-1930s) and of the “crisis of schooling” that has inhabited contemporary societies since the middle of the 20th century
Delporte, Christian. "Dessinateurs de presse et dessin politique en France des années 1920 à la Libération." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991IEPP0007.
Full textThe present article seeks to give weight to newspaper cartoons as historical documents and the same time to contribute, through a study of cartoonists - on an individual and collective basis - to the history of journalists and journalism. The interwar period is marked by the massive inclusion of cartoons in main newspapers. Caricaturists, bowing to the demands of the press, transform their profession and give up their traditional artistic spirit in order to become authentic journalists. They participate with spirit to the controversies of their era and transform newspaper cartoons into a fearsome political weapon which spoke out with particular violence in the 1930's. To such and extent that caricatures can be considered by historians as a genuine instrument of evaluation in the political debate. Newspaper cartoons, neglected by Vichy, stood out as privileged tool of propaganda for the Parisian collaboration movement. The period of liberation, at last, marks the history of newspaper cartoons and caricaturists, like a deep period of rupture
Besand, Vanessa. "Discours théoriques et fictions narratives : France- Etats-Unis (des années 1920 à nos jours)." Dijon, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009DIJOL005.
Full textRelationships between France and the United States of America are built around lots of exchanges, including the flow of theories and the fictional re-appropriations revealing characteristics of both nations. Observed all along the twentieth century, in both modern and postmodern times, these very special cultural and artistic exchanges reflect the evolution of the relationship between the two countries, characterized by the progress of an America new to arts and culture, by its self-consciousness towards French example and by the end of the teacher-pupil interaction which had linked these two countries until then. Moreover, they highlight the cultural construction of each land, made by theoretical borrowings from the other side, as well as its estrangement from it in order to forge its own national identity and singularity. In this perspective, naturalisation of foreign imported materials seems to be a necessary phenomenon to the cultural exchanges between France and the United-States of America, sign of the quest of autonomy of each side and the will to distinguish from an Other who has always fascinated but also created violent rejection
Marec, Yannick. "Bienfaisance communale et protection sociale sous la Troisième République : le système rouennais d'assistance publique des années 1870 aux années 1920." Paris 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA010667.
Full textSeurat, Alexandre. "Le roman du délire. Hallucinations et délires dans le roman européen [années 1920-1940]." Thesis, Paris 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA030131.
Full textThis study highlights the role of the representation of delirium in the transformation of the European novel between the 1920s and the 1940s. Of central importance are the hallucinatory and delirious episodes that punctuate the narration in several major novels in English [chapter 15 of Ulysses of James Joyce and Mrs Dalloway of Virginia Woolf], German [Die Blendung of Elias Canetti, Berlin Alexanderplatz of Alfred Döblin and Steppenwolf of Hermann Hesse] and French [Journey to the end of night, Death on the installment plan, Guignol’s band of Louis-Ferdinand Céline and Moravagine of Blaise Cendrars]. Delirium is an issue in these years because it can no longer be easily defined: the line between reality and delirium has become blurred. In some novels, the proliferation of delirium is so prevalent that it destabilizes the narration itself, inviting the reader to interpret the whole story as the result of delirium. This transformation is doubtless linked to the revolution of psychopathology that deeply affects the period: the novelists know, often well, the methods of psychiatric observation and follow closely psychoanalysis, which by this time was well established. But fictional delirium eludes purely medical readings: composed of heterogeneous and sometimes impossible elements, submitted to unpredictable and puzzling changes, it resists a singular explanation, and serves as a window into the troubles of the time. By breaching the boundary between fiction and reality, fictional delirium becomes a political space where the novel puts into question its own powers
Quillet, Renaud. "La gauche républicaine et révolutionnaire dans le département de la Somme : de 1848 au début des années 1920." Amiens, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AMIE0005.
Full textChauveau, Sophie. "Politique de la pharmacie et du médicament, entreprises et marchés : l'industrie pharmaceutique en France des années 1920 à la fin des années 1970." Paris 4, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA040324.
Full textThe growth of pharmaceutical industry in France during the XXth century goes with the development of a drug and pharmacy policy more and more restricting but also more appropriate to the change of this industry. French pharmaceutical firms grow between the two wars. They sell many proprietaries drugs, using adverts, and play a great part in the medicalization of French society. France is first for the exports of proprietaries drugs before the Second World War. The industry is not affected by the crisis of the 1930's, because of the specificity of drug and because of the creation of social insurance. During the Second World War, production decreases a little. The production implements become obsolete and firms can not follow scientific and technological progress. In 1941, a law defines the rules for pharmacy in industry and creates the "visa". In the 1940's and the 1950's, pharmaceutical firms increase, due to the development of social insurance and to scientific discoveries. The firms sell new and innovative products. But the exports remain small and prices control interferes with the growth of enterprises. In the 1960's new laws are published: these take into consideration the needs of pharmaceutical industry. The concentration of firms intensifies, French group appear in front of foreign competition. The French firms change their strategies in the 1970's. The sales of drugs refund by social insurance are no more profitable. R&D is more and more expensive and more and more slow. So French pharmaceutical firms learn marketing, diversify and recover market shares on the world drug market
Albou, Philippe. "L'introduction de l'art occidental dans la peinture chinoise autour des années 1920." Paris 8, 2003. http://www.biusante.parisdescartes.fr/ressources/pdf/histmed-asclepiades-pdf-albou2.pdf.
Full textTwo millenniums chinese fine arts had, with four painters -- Yan Wenliang, Xu Beihong, Liu Haisu and Lin Fengmian - opened to Europe in order to learn a virtue of an art unknown there, realism. Chinese art was not inclined to represent an object scientifically as it existed, a military map or a canon. It was subjective, symbolical and intuitive. Western painting was still, despite the developments of the avant-garde movement, the product of a direct objective observation combined with empirical knowledge. Through the lives, the works and the teachings of the painters studied, the confrontations of two esthetic worlds may now enable to analyze an attempt of a acculturation - Western Chinese paintings in the 1920's - which from a western point of view, would be analyze as a turning point
Louis, Florian. "La science de l'ennemi : la réception de la Geopolitik en France, au Royaume-Uni et aux Etats-Unis (années 1920 - années 1950)." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019EHES0119.
Full textThis interconnected history study highlights the slow process of semantic stabilization of the term « geopolitics » through the study of its international transmissions between the creation of the German school of Geopolitik, which made it popular at the beginning of the 1920s, and the beginning of the Cold War, during which geopolitical theories influenced directly the Two Worlds' strategies.It shows how the reception of geopolitics, originally perceived outside Germany as a pseudo-science aiming at justifying pangermanism, evolved progressively towards fascination, generating imitation and reinvention attempts — which desperately tried to find non-German origins to the field to make it acceptable. That is how the British geographer Halford Mackinder was praised in the United States as the founding father of a field of study which he never claimed being part of. Far from having suffered outside Germany, as is sometimes narrated, from long ostracism ending only at the end of the 1980s, geopolitics seems eventually to have become a field of study as constantly controversial as it is attactive, both attitudes coexisting and reinforcing each other
Atamian, Astrig. "La mouvance communiste arménienne en France : entre adhésion au PCF et contemplation de l'Ararat : les "rouges" de la communauté arménienne de France, des années 1920 aux années 1990." Thesis, Paris, INALCO, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014INAL0005.
Full textIn December 1920, while Armenia was being sovietized, the French Communist Party (PCF) was founded during the Tours Socialist Congress. Armenian refugees arriving in France in the beginning of the 1920s, mostly survivors of the genocide committed by the Young Turks in the Ottoman Empire, were going to be doubly requested by the communist world : on the one hand, as migrant workers requiring orderly organization, they are taken in charge by the PCF and on the other as a diasporic entity of a nationality now included in the USSR, they are also targeted by Soviet Armenia. Unlike the PCF which aims at involving Armenians in social struggles and increasing their internationalist feelings, Soviet power takes advantage of patriotic feelings spread among diasporic armenians in order to better thwart "free and independent Armenia" supporters’ influence. Made of PCF members and more broadly prosoviet Armenians, this so-called "French Armenian Communist movement” fade away with the collapse of the USSR
Robichon, Jean-Pierre. "Le pilotage de la Seine de la fin de la guerre de Succession d'Autriche aux années 1920 (1748-1928)." Littoral, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006DUNK0140.
Full textFor 26 years, the author was a pilot on the Seine River. Soon puzzled by the origins of his profession, his discovered that it dates back at least to the 14th century. He found that the first rules governing the profession were issued in 1565 and are contemporary with the ones which organised the British Trinity Houses. On the Seine river, pilots depended on the prosperity of the port of Rouen, important at the end of the Middle Ages, reduced to coastal trade in the 18th century. After the building of protective and regulative walls alongside the river banks on the British model, started in the middle of the 19th century, it was again open to the deep sea shipping and became first of the French ports for the tonnage handled in 1918. Throughout the 180 years of this study, the Seine pilots worked hard to win some independence, to adapt themselves to new technologies and they were able to well improve their condition before the First World War. They played a pioneering role in organising the French pilots, enabling them to win a new law voted by the Parliament in 1928
Couder, Laurent. "Les immigrés italiens dans la région parisienne pendant les années 1920 : contribution à l'histoire du fait migratoire en France au XXe siècle." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987IEPP0007.
Full textThe influx of Italians in the Paris area increased swiftly in the 1920s, especially in the suburbs which were then in full growth. Although the Italian community was notable for its wide professiona range, the workers in old crafts such as building, woodwork and clothing, as well as in offices, were much more numerous than those employed in big metallurgical and chemical plants. The Italian establishment in the Capital was a substantial enough group to have its own papers and handle the colony's traditional institutions such as Chamber of Commerce, welfare organizations, schools and so on. The political upheaval affecting the Peninsula had important effects on the colony's life : while there was a fascist following based on the various economic, social, cultural and even religious organizations revolving around the Embassy, the consulate and the Fascio, Paris was at the same time becoming the capital of Italian antifascism in exile. The result was often violent clashes and a strong competition aiming at the ideological control and above all the organizing of the immigrant mass in the fields of welfare and employment. Besides the factors favorable to the integration of Italians into French society seem to have won in the end
Dupont, Valérie. "Le discours anthropologique dans l'art des années 1920-1930 en France, à travers l'exemple des "Cahiers d'art"." Dijon, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999DIJOL008.
Full textThis thesis studies the anthropological discourse found in the pages of "Cahiers d'art", the journal produced by Christian Zervos during the twenties and thirties. The first part of the thesis deals with the development of French ethnology; its theoretical bases, its methods and its initial results. The second chapter deals with the anthropological content of "Cahiers d'art", which draws from the German ethnologist Leo Frobenius who wrote a number of articles for the journal between 1929 and 1930, based on his research carried out in Africa. On a number of points Frobenius' ideas seem close to those of Christian Zervos, in such a way that the humanist approach becomes clear in the agenda of the journal. But the valorisation of tribal cultures and objects at the heart of "Cahiers d'art" also coincides with an attitude which contested western values, comparable to the analysis of the German writer Oswald Spengler which was developed in his book "The decline of the West". In the context of this intellectual connivance between Zervos, Frobenius and Spengler, Zervos' approach to archaic and prehistoric tribal productions is considered by looking at his entire contribution, including his books. The third chapter deals with the artistic circles which established a close relationship with the ethnological milieu, in particular those of the Surrealists : the group centred around both André Breton and Georges Bataille, and the revue documents; as well as the writer and ethnologist Michel Leiris. The last section raises the importance of the discipline of ethnology in the re-introduction of the human subject, both as represented image and as a determining element of art discourse in the thirties. The humanism of "Cahiers d'art' will, in this debate, find its own particular place
Krebs, Sophie. "L'Ecole de Paris, une invention de la critique d'art des années vingt." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009IEPP0045.
Full text« L’Ecole de Paris », was launched in 1923, in the course of a quarrel said « Quarrel of the Independants », during the organization period of the 1923 and 1924 « Salon ». The art critics, who were in favor of the foreigners, invented this notion to distinguish the foreigners installed in France for a long time, from the true foreigners. They were relying on the fact that a strong immigration movement could be observed in Montparnasse. Thanks to its dominating position in the Press and in the publishing business, this movement revealed artistic networks, which were associating French and foreigner writers and artists, and which were grounded on mutual aid. These networks were crossed with diffuse but very present anarchistic networks. The same art critics fabricated individual or collective myths and of a welcoming city of Paris, which would be eager to let blow all talents from the entire world. Yet, behind this claimed universalism, artcriticism revealed divergent positions along the 1920s, from generous cosmopolitism, to overcautious nationalism, even to a more affirmed xenophobia in the name of the defense of French art. The question of anti-Semitism goes along with the debate on foreigners, and at the same time raises the question of a Jewish School of Paris and Jewish art. At last, in the beginning of the 1930s, a time which marked the end of the “Ecole de Paris”, the museums then grabbed the notion of “Ecole de Paris” in order to introduce modernity. The new “Musée national d’art moderne”, which bound the two collections, does not solve the question which established an “ethnic” distinction, and not an artistic one
Monier, Frédéric. "L'apparition du complot communiste en France (1920-1932) : le pouvoir d'Etat et l'opinion publique face à la section française de la Troisième Internationale dans les années vingt." Paris 10, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA100143.
Full textFrance would have known, between 1920 and 1932, four communist plots. These four cases may be considered as nodal points, in a larger confronting, which opposed French communist party to the democratic state. From May, 1920, to June, 1923, governing alliance at parliament - bloc national - attacked, three times, 'French bolshevists'. In May, 1920, when he put down revolutionary strikes, as in January, 1923, when he prosecuted French and German opponents to the Ruhr occupation, government asked the judicial power to punish a conspiracy, weaved by Moscow, against France. The trial of that permanent, open conspiracy never took place. In May, 1923, at the high court of justice, radical senators put an end to the lawsuits. The fourth conspiracy case was the so-called "red day" of august, 1st 1929. French communist party was swept along, by illegality and judicial action, and nearly engulfed in the largest crisis he had known. Though, help came from unexpected hands: judges and leftwing parties forced government to stop prosecuting communists in May, 1930. Communist conspiracy deals with three different conceptions, or mass representations: plot, as a political technique to seize power felony, as a crime against political order, and conspiracy, as a political myth
Niagne, Meledj. "L'image de la révolution mexicaine de 1910-1920 à travers la presse française de l'époque." Rennes 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987REN20019.
Full textThe press which reflects social relations and the tensions pervading them, plays a major part in the shaping of streams of opinion concerning events, more particularly those happening abroad. In 1910-1920, the international and French political reality was dominated by signs of brutal tensions and dramatic crises. Concerning strategic and economic interests, Mexico appeared in the background of an intricate political life. More than a mere event, the Mexican revolution mattered in the history of the extra-European world. The French press realised its international repercussions. It is tempting to see 'how' this revolution was depicted to the public of those days in the main Paris and provincial papers. The object is to detect the main ideological streams which underlay the discourse of the papers, through the analysis of some of the events such as the 'Maderist' victory in may 1911 and the setting up of the new revolutionary regime, the benton affair and north american intervention. The efficiency of a message does not only depend on its content. The form assumed by the news is as pertinent a language as its very content. The way in which the mexican news were transmitted and emphasised, and their articulation on the level of writing, contribute to the definition of the image we are looking for. If the evolution of the themes and their orientation, the detection of omissions show that there exist final judgements on such revolutionaries as Madero, Pancho Villa, Zapata, Carranza or Huerta, one can also observe, in the last part, permanent and common elements in the content of the news from one paper to the other. The workings - 'argument strategies' -, the meaning of the discourse on the Mexican revolution cannot be dissociated from the norm of perception - or 'theory' - of each paper. Beyond the event reported on, it aims at controling and shaping the knowledge of the reader of the day, while taking his idiosyncracies into account
Bodon, Virginie. "La modernité au village : étude comparée de l'aménagement des barrages de Tignes et de Serre-Ponçon, des années 1920 à la fin des années1960." Lyon 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LYO20068.
Full textThe construction of the hydroelectric dams at tignes and serre-poncon generates villages' submersion : tignes (savoie) in 1952, savines (hautes-alpes) and ubaye (basses-alpes) beetwen 1959 and 1961. By this dams built by electricite de france, people loose their houses and their jobs. Imaginated by the administration and programed by private societies before the nationalization, these dams are built only when exists a general consensus about france modernization. The alpins micro-societies - which are caracterised by some differents social and economical functionings - react according to the degree of their intern cohesion and the nature of their link with the global society. The e. D. F. 's equipement service, which is caracterised by a strong intern culture, accord important indemnities for preserving social peace. On it side, the administration is in favor of the concession of compensations to collectivities, according to the territory planing politic inaugurated in the fifties. The dam erected, people have to take care of their future. Then appear some choices wich are in keeping with the evolution of french society in the post second world war : they "choose" a new job or a new locality ; some of them who had the state of peasant become agriculturists. The villages pursue evolutions engaged before the dam was erected and which celebrate the end of the peasant france : the agricultur is no more the center of their functioning, the tertiary sector take an increasing importance
Hata, Ayako. "Orient et Occident dans les premiers écrits d’André Malraux : une réflexion culturelle dans les années 1920." Thesis, Paris 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA030035.
Full textI aim to provide a new analysis of André Malraux’s essay which compares and contrasts the Orient and Occident in the 1920’s. How does he consider the Occident in the face of the cultural other? Wherein lies the originality of his essay? My work strives to uncover this originality by inserting Malraux into a debate regarding cultural duality occurring in three journals: La Revue Universelle, Europe and La Nouvelle Revue Française. During this period, two intellectuals, Henri Massis and René Guénon, reflected upon the extent to which both Catholicism and Eastern thought should play a role in the reconstruction of a post-World War I society. While Malraux was sympathetic to Oriental culture and thought, he remained very Nietzschen and thus refused to turn to Western religion. According his vision, the Occident was responsible for the construction of the notions of the individual and respect for power and action. This image of the Occide! nt comes to light in the mirror of the Orient – especially in the case of China where the individual didn’t exist. Malraux also denounces the cul-de-sac of individualism and the failure of a modern world where reason and progress are valued above all. Malraux provides no remedy for this cultural and social crisis. He sings the absurd with a pathetic tone, a tone that expresses an uncertain ‘self’ of a human unable to escape death. His Occident, based on this nihilistic consciousness, is a tragic vision in which the absurd is an inevitable fate
Schenck, Cécile. "De la crise de l'homme moderne à la construction de l'homme nouveau dans les arts du spectacle (théâtre et danse) français et allemands des années 1880-1920." Paris 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA030152.
Full textMy thesis bears on the utopia of the New Man, which is supposed to be a remedy to the crisis of the modern man at the end of the 19th century. It also bears on the different conceptions of the social ties by means of which the individual is attached to the community ; it explores these conceptions in two domains of expression : theater and dance, whose diverse manifestations in the field of the French and German arts of expression reflect a large spectrum of esthetic, moral, ideological and political significances. Those manifestations reveal the profound cultural mutations of the years 1880-1920. In a time of great political and intellectual effervescence related to the particular moment of European history, artists and intellectuals incessantly evoke the neccessity of a radical change of the man and the world. It is in the arts of spectacle that this hope appears in its most vivid, but also in its most ambivalent : dramatists and choreographs have the tendency to replace to a properly revolutionary idea by the thematics of a spiritual conversion and redemption, that should reconcile the individual with herself and her community, as we can see, on both sides of the Rhin river, the works inspired by Wagner in the years 1880-1920. From the last pieces of Villiers de l’Isle-Adam to the mystical theater of Péladan and the pre-christian pieces of young Claudel, from the first choral stagings of Rudolf Laban to the parisian representations of the Russian and Swedish ballets, from the People’s Theater to the futurist scene and to the Bauhaus, the dream of a total work of art is indissociable from a manifold reflexion on the possibilities of an esthetic and religious renewal of decadent humanity
Koering, Elise. "Eileen Gray et Charlotte Perriand dans les années 1920 et la question de l'intérieur corbuséen : essai d'analyse et de mise en perspective." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010VERS013S.
Full textThe Irish furniture designer Eileen Gray and the Romanian architect Jean Badovici complete their life’s great work: the house E 1027. In the meanwhile, Le Corbusier, Pierre Jeanneret and Charlotte Perriand bring to light, to the Parisian public and the international elite, the result of their research about movable furniture made of tubular steel frames, and manufactured-type storage, called as “The Equipment of Habitation”. Two collaborations, two propositions standing for answering the question of Modern Interior. Our thesis intends to study the works of Charlotte Perriand and Eileen Gray in the 20’s, then to analyse by comparing their ideas and achievement. During this decade, both of these artists attempted to define a new organizational way of housing, and to think not only as a designer anymore but also as an architect. The purpose of this discussion is to set these two artists back in their artistic context while bringing out the Corbusier thought about furniture and interior layout
Iraci, Sandrine. "Au pied du Vésuve. Les premières années de l' Institut Français de Naples, 1919-1940." Thesis, Paris 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA030006.
Full textFrench cultural presence in Southern Italy grew during the in-between wars period, against the tricky backdrop of fascism, through the birth and development of the French Cultural Institute in Naples. The Opening part of this work is about Naples, a city which, in spite of political decline, remained culturally and economically attractive, while its ever cosmopolitan tradition is best depicted borrowing the words of travelers who visited the region, starting with the Great Tour. Local institutions live up to challenges set by the foreign institute. Closer scrutiny of the main foreign communities however, reveals how shallow-rooted France is, over there. The second part focuses on the creation and evolution of the Institute between 1914 and 1925. The French government sees it as way of starting an area of influence in the Southern Italian regions and across the Mediterranean. The Institute develops at quite an impressive pace, especially considering the contemporaneous rise of fascism and the threat of a "legal dictatorship". Charismatic professors, a increasing interest of the French officials and the very motivations of fascism in the South contributed to its success. In the third part, we shall see how paradoxical the development of the Institute is. An institution faced with an all conquering radicalized Fascism, unfit to meet the needs of a new world order and the poor relation between France and Italy. Despite the 1983 reshaping of all Institutes in Italy, the one in Naples is literally slowly dying ans will end up hostage of the Italian government in 1940
Coquet, Edouard. "La France coloniale et l’Église : remises en cause d’une alliance ambiguë, de 1918 au début des années 1930." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUL065.
Full textDuring the 1920s, France and the Holy See resumed diplomatic relations that soon came up against difficulties owing to fundamental misunderstandings about the relationships between political and religious spheres. The government sought to maintain control over religious issues and to use Catholicism so as to serve French influence abroad. For its part, the Holy See claimed complete autonomy in religious matters. This is clearly observed as far as territories belonging to the French colonial empire or under French influence—which were the main preoccupation to France-Holy See relations—are concerned. Secular laws generally didn’t apply to these territories. Church-State relations overseas remained very close, especially in areas where French authority was challenged (North Africa, Middle Est, Rhineland). In the missionaries’ minds, religious commitment was inextricably linked to the support of French expansion; however, the missionaries’ ideological divergences with the supporters of a secular and republican conception of colonization led to conflicts with colonial authorities. After World War I, the Holy See attempted to enforce deeply renewed missionary strategies, aiming both at centralizing and asserting the Churches’ local identity. These measures—particularly the promotion of native clergy, which was the keystone of the Roman strategy—led to hostility from the colonial administration and a number of missionaries. Rome sought to lead the missions to emancipate from European powers and to break the alliance between mission and colonization
Chenuil-Colsy, Carmen. "Boris Vian ou la quête d'un impossible regard : étude psychanalytique de la dynamique organisatrice psychosomatique à travers l'oeuvre et la vie de l'auteur." Grenoble 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998GRE29055.
Full textMayaffre, Damon. "Le discours politique dans les années 1930 : analyse du vocabulaire de Maurice Thorez, Léon Blum, Pierre-Etienne Flandin et André Tardieu (1928-1939)." Nice, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998NICE2014.
Full textThe present doctoral thesis proposes to study the French political vocabulary and speech during the interwar period (1928-1939), for indeed those seem to have played a part significant enough in the crisis France and the republic went through in the 1930s and which led to the defeat and Vichy. The verbal civil war is first studied roughly though a left/right comparison and then more subtly throught the study of communist (Maurice Thorez), socialist (Leon bloom), orleanist (Pierre-Etienne Flandin) and bonapartist (André Tardieu) speeches. The method of analysis here used is lexicometry whose epistemological principle is clear : never put forward what is not proved or incited by the figured recording of the over- or underuse of a term by a given speaker at a determined time. Thanks to a whole range of linguistic, statistical and computer tools -particulary correspondence analysis- it has been possible to determine, by the means of a synchronic investigation of the differents speeches, the lexical, discursive and ideological identity of four French political persuasions. Then with a diachronic investigation and by isolating the lexical practices of Thorez, Blum, Flandin and Tardieu, we have been able to demonstrate how the political debate and the republican consensus ruptured with the passing years to make impregnable and overweening verbosity so baneful for the country
Kawachi, Akiko. "Les artistes japonais à Paris durant les années 1920 : à travers le Salon de la Société des Artistes Français, le Salon de la Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts, le Salon d’Automne, le Salon de la Société des Artistes Indépendants et le Salon des Tuileries." Thesis, Paris 4, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA040188.
Full textDuring the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, not many Japanese artists settled in Paris. However, after the First World War, starting from 1920, a large number of Japanese artists arrived in France. In total two hundred and eight Japanese artists appeared in Parisian Salons during the decade between 1920 and 1929. Most of these artists choose Montparnasse district as their residence. In Paris those days, amongst artists who worked on oil painting called « yô-ga » we can distinguish three movements. The first circulated around Fujita Tsuguharu, a renowned artist who associated the Western painting and the traditional Japanese art. The second gathered a certain number of young artists, such as Saeki Yuzo, who were attracted by the Western painting and the modern painting of Montparnasse. The third movement was of an academic nature: as Kuroda Seiki did, artists were following the teaching of Paris Academies. Other artists choose the route of a more independent art, following the examples of Tanaka Yasushi, Hasegawa Kiyoshi or Oka Shikanosuke, but the number of these artists remains limited, same as those who practiced the technique of Japanese painting, i.e. « Nihon-ga », and also those who practiced sculpture, engraving, lacquer painting, and hangings. The result of going through the data of the documentation centres and photography funds in Japan and in France proves the importance of the presence of Japanese artists on the artistic scenes in Paris during the 1920’s and allows us to comprehend the motives and creations of these artists
Champomier, Emmanuelle. "Contribution à l’histoire de la presse cinématographique française. Étude comparée de la genèse et de l’évolution de douze revues de cinéma entre 1908 et 1940." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCA029.
Full textA major source for history of cinema, the early French film press however still remains a vast, unexplored continent. With a body of research composed of twelve film magazines spanning over the 1908-1940 period, this thesis aims to study the technical, economical and social factors involved in the birth and evolution of the French film press over three decades. Contemplated as a press organization, in its collective dimension, each film magazine is subject to a methodical study of its identity, specifications and various mutations – administrative, technical, economical, formal and editorial – incurred. The main ambition of this thesis is to propose a history of press as well as of journalists. The study thus aims to define the profession of journalist and film critic, as it is perceived in this period by the film corporation and the journalists and critics themselves. This fonction also defines itself through the creation of professional associations, the history and adventures of which this research hopes it has illuminated. The pursued purpose is also to contribute in a better knowledge of the men, journalists and critics, remaining mainly unrecognized to this day despite being major figures of their time, who participated in the creation of the specialized press and the formulation of a critical thought about cinema, in the 1900s-1930s
Nédélec, Marine. "De l'incohérence à l'humour, Dada et le surréalisme dans le miroir de la presse : réception et diffusion de Dada et du surréalisme par la presse française (1920-1927)." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01H084.
Full textWhat is left to examine about Dada and the Surrealism almost a hundred years after the birth of these movements? Numerous studies have dealt with the subject, yet the reactions of their contemporaries have still to be explored. If Dada’s and the Surrealism’s reception among the public has been touched upon by scholars, it remains an unexplored aspect of these movements. This thesis relies upon the analysis of a hundred and twenty-six titles from the 1920’s French press in order to fill this gap by exploring the reception of Dada and Surrealism. The structure of this thesis has been built upon the themes found in the press articles. The first part shows how Dada and to a lesser extent Surrealism have been perceived as incoherent, absurd and thus unintelligible. By trying to explain the reasons of this Dadaist incoherence, this first part touches upon the notion of hermeticism. Then, the second part analyses Dadaist humour through its mystification and laughter which often turns to be offensive and tragic. By cross-reading the various critical assessments of these two movements, this thesis allows us to put back these avant-guardes in their own historical contexts. It unveils their history which is underlined by the concerns of the 1920’s. in addition, the analysis of their reception enables us to insert these two movements in a cartography of references which goes back to the Antiquity, continues in the Middle Ages, expands in the 19th century and comes to an end in the beginning of the 20th century. Therefore, Dada and Surrealism have been read and evaluated in relation to artistic and literary history, from Romanticism to Futurism, right through Symbolism, Incoherent Arts, Impressionism, post-Impressionism, Cubism and the Humorists
Dubois, Jean-Etienne. "Leçon d'histoire pour une droite dans l'opposition ? : les mobilisations de droite contre le Cartel des gauches dans la France des années Vingt." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CLF20031/document.
Full textIn the mid-twenties, France was achieving its reconstruction, both economical and political. In 1924, and for the first time since the beginning of the century, the general election took place in a context of a clear bipolarization between left and right, which had a structuring effect on French political field. The victory of the Cartel des gauches at this election appears as a political break-point, that the historiography about political life during interwar years has rather neglected since Jean-Noël Jeanneney’s studies upon Cartel des gauches in the seventies. The organizations of the right-wing learnt a few important lessons from this period when they were in the parliamentary opposition. The most important one was that the political majority coming out democratic election could be changed in the middle of the parliamentary legislature. Indeed, in July 1926, weakened by the growing divisions between radicals and socialists incapable of giving an answer to the increasing financial and monetary crisis, the cartellist majority fell definitely. Raymond Poincaré, the main opponent of the left in 1924, came back to the Council presidency, leading a new parliamentary majority of national union. When the right had been defeated again in 1932 and 1936, it remembered this precedent. Another lesson was that the various social and political mobilizations against the Cartel des gauches had played a significant role to weaken the socialist and radical majority. The community movements, such as catholic or professional ones, and the political organizations mobilized in this period, built a culture and abilities of being in political opposition, that they have reactivated later during the interwar years. This episode proved also the persistence, in political opposition, of structural divisions of the political field of the French right-wing, due to the permanence of doctrinal and strategic splits (the first ones about questions of secularism, foreign policy or parliamentary nature of institutions; the second ones about the political attitude toward the radicals, between uncompromising attitude and conciliation). These divisions, but also the nature of the political debates and the political practices which were developed during these two years, had lasted until the mid-thirties
Urbain, Anne. "Sens interdits : l'encadrement des publications érotiques en France des années 1920 aux années 1970." Thesis, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLV030.
Full textSince the middle of the 1970s, the juridical framework for erotic publications in France has experienced no major developments. Our current legislation has been inherited from liberal reforms from the late 1960s, which have deconstructed a coercive system that has been continually improved since 1939, in the wake of the battle led by defenders of public morality during the inter-war-years. This work aims to shed light on the history of this legislation, which since its emergence in the 1920s until its dissolution in the 1970s, has come to both record, and influence, the evolution if French society and its morals. What was the background and who were the intermediaries and supporters of this legislation? What were its effects and limitations? By whom and why was this legislation challenged, and how did this challenge merge with the broader movement of liberal claims in the late 1960s? From 1881 to 1958, the legal system surrounding erotic publications has regularly been reviewed (in 1882, 1898, 1908, 1939, 1949 and 1958), in a manner ever increasingly repressive. The break during the inter-war-years disguised a melting pot in which the great public decency reforms were elaborated before they were ratified on the eve of the Second World War. In 1967, for the first time since the July 29, 1881 law, the moral framework for the press and publication industry was relaxed. Many authors and publishers suffered a reactionary backlash in the late 1960s through to the 1970s, however May 1968 and its follow-up overcame this repressive system. This thesis proposes primarily to clarify the origins and foundations of the major juridical innovations that are contained in the July 29, 1939 law relating to public indecency that directly impacted the press and book industry. Secondarily, it focuses on the conditions for the adoption, as well as the subsequent application of article 14 of the July 16, 1949 law, which on an administrative level reinforced the judicial repression set up ten years previously. Finally, in examining the development of this new legislation from 1950 to 1970, we will study its effects and retrace the history of its contestation
Stech, Zorian. "Les possessions françaises en Inde dès les années 1920 jusqu'à l'indépendance : histoire d'un revirement politique." Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/6047.
Full textFew people today can relate to the presence of the French in India. That said, a few cities in India remained under the control of the French until 1954. By then, French India, consisting of four cities (Pondicherry, Yanaon, Mahe, and Karikal) had reached its irrevocable point of decline, overshadowed by other French colonies that were larger, more lucrative and more important to France. Indochina and Algeria are but two examples. Even so, it must be stated that the French were reluctant to abandon their possessions in India without any resistance. This particular thesis seeks to explain the value of the French possessions in India and the reasons that led to their demise. The title of the thesis suggests that a certain change occurred in the politics of the French vis-à-vis their possessions in India. The thesis commences with a summary of the political and economic situation in French India from the end of the last British occupation in 1814 until the end of World War I. The year 1920 was chosen as a starting point for this thesis. Focusing on the 1920’s, the first chapter examines the hegemony of the Gaebelé party which had all the characteristics of a dictatorship. Indifferent to the political climate in French India, politicians in Paris felt most attracted by the colony’s commerce, especially its production of textiles and exports of oleaginous plants. After the fall of the Gaebelé party, French India plunged into a long period of turmoil and political unrest. This is a key theme of the second chapter analyzing the 1930’s. Unaware of the political realities, authorities in Paris continuously prioritized the colony’s commerce. During the 1940’s, French India never stopped drawing closer to British India. This connection persisted after the independence of British India in 1947. Suddenly, the French felt an urge to reaffirm their position of authority in French India. The colony’s commerce fell second to a series of political reforms. Nevertheless, the timing of this abrupt shift was too late. The fourth chapter, centered on the period from 1950 to 1954, confirms the lack of awareness of the French authorities in Paris for the realities confronting French India. The example of Edouard Goubert is a case in point. As soon as Goubert ceased to serve as the main spokesperson and ally of the French government in French India, the remaining French possessions were incorporated one by one to India. In retrospect, facts concerning the colony’s commerce and economy, while being vital in the beginning, are hardly mentioned in the last two chapters of the thesis. Faced with the very real threat of losing their possessions in India, the French understood that French India was valuable for reasons other than commerce. A particular emphasis was placed on the cultural and political value of French India. Small in area, French India was significant in maintaining order and stability in the other colonies of the French Empire. Simultaneously, the French possessions in India represented starting points for the expansion of French culture in the vast Indian sub-continent.
Durling, Eric. "La construction d'une identité collective : la formation littéraire dans les mémoires des écrivains américains et canadiens à Paris dans les années 1920." Thèse, 2011. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/5274/1/D2377.pdf.
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