Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Psychodynamic perspective'

This thesis argues the importance of the quality of relation between the individual and the large group in work organisations. The main thrust of this argument is that where relations between the individual and the large organisation are mutually recognising both the individual and the large organisation benefit. The research explores three unstructured large groups through experiences of participants. The conceptual framework underpinning the research follows system psychodynamic traditions. These traditions support in depth exploration of both conscious and unconscious aspects of group life. A multi case study design allows analysis of each of the case studies of the large groups, first separately and then together. Each of the single case analyses reveals patterns of interaction that are thought about as defense against the difficulties of being in the particular large group. The findings of the single case studies then become data for the multicase analysis. In the multicase analysis intersubjective theory is introduced. These theories, along with traditional system psychodynamic theories, allow opportunity to deeply consider the way in which individuals relate to the large group, and the impact of this relation on the formation and development of the large group. The multicase analysis shows the difficulties group members had in asserting themselves and finding recognition in each of the large groups. The analysis also shows that despite these problems members continued to seek a recognising relation to the large group. This type of recognition, �large group recognition�, is distinguished from recognition found within interpersonal relations. The multicase data suggests group members found large group recognition through direct and representative relations to the formal authorities and through subgroup competition. However, this recognition appeared to be characterised by dynamics of domination and submission rather than by mutual recognition. In intersubjective terms this is the dialectic of the master and slave. Recognition garnered through a master slave dynamic is understood to be compromised and deplete of the self-affirming qualities of mutuality. Consequently, where large group culture and structure are characterised by, and perpetuate master slave dynamics, the large group and the individual do not function optimally. This is proposed as the circumstance in the large groups of this study. Specifically, it is argued that the large size of the groups, along with tendencies towards patriarchal structure and culture, were instrumental in fostering master slave dynamics in each of the groups. To conclude the thesis the research findings are considered with respect to large work organisations. This discussion explores the value of organisational contexts informed by mutuality, most particularly as organisations face the challenges of the post industrial era.

A key debate within leadership research is whether leadership can be conceptualized as a specialized role occupied by individuals or as a shared influence process amongst all members of a group (Yukl, 2006). Since the mid-­‐ 1990s some leadership scholars, as a counterpoint to the dominance of the former and using terms such as shared and distributed leadership, have attempted to elaborate new ‘post-­‐heroic’ leadership models (Badaracco, 2001) of the latter, in which leadership is something that involves all group members. These new forms of leadership are often positioned as something that organizations can implement as part of an adaptive response to a rapidly changing world. Despite a 50-­‐year tradition of construing leadership as a group level construct, little attention has been paid in these emerging debates to the systems psychodynamic perspective. From this perspective there are grounds for suspecting that attempts to implement shared leadership may compound rather than ameliorate issues related to adaptive challenges (Huffington, James and Armstrong, 2004). This thesis engages with the shared and distributed leadership literatures and examines how a systems psychodynamic perspective can contribute not only to debates within these literatures but to the wider controversies in the leadership literature. This thesis reports on the findings of a single, 18-­‐month, longitudinal case study of a senior team whose managing director attempted to implement shared leadership. Using a clinical fieldwork methodology (Schein, 1987) in the systems psychodynamic tradition (Miller, 1993b; Miller and Rice, 1967), this study advances a number of contributions to theory. These include: findings that challenge existing approaches to conceptualizing leadership – shared or otherwise; the elucidation of complex unconscious team processes that are mobilized as a senior team undertakes adaptive work; and thirdly, a more sophisticated and theoretically robust conceptualization of leadership as a group level phenomenon.

Thesis (PhD) - Australian Graduate School of Entrepreneurship, Swinburne University of Technology - 2008.
Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Australian Graduate School of Entrepreneurship, Swinburne University of Technology, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 212-236).

The recent Francis Report (2013) emphasised how organisational culture within the NHS represents an important determinant of safe and effective health care systems. Therefore, it is crucial to inquire into the contexts and causes of dysfunctional organizational dynamics within the NHS. A review of the literature was undertaken, focusing on the relationships between professional role ambiguity, role conflict and team culture in community mental health. The review identified that role ambiguity and role conflict have detrimental consequences to services, creating tensions between staff members, adversely impacting on the continuity and appropriateness of workload. The need for further research into the impact on client care is also highlighted by this review. Finally, the review suggests that there is a need for role ambiguity and conflict to be managed more effectively, enabling staff to work within a stable and supportive context. The second part of this thesis comprises a research study using grounded theory methodology to explore the impact of organisational change on staff working within a community mental health team. The study revealed that staff experienced a sense of denigration of professional values and low morale in the face of austerity measures, incessant regulation and industrialising therapy. The analysis identified a number of social defences within the team. The findings of this study suggest increased consideration should be given to the way in which rapid change and restructuring of mental health services dismantle the containing aspects of the organisation. The practical implications include a need for better balance between work structures and systems, and the needs of individuals. The final part of this thesis is a reflective account of the author’s experience of undertaking the research, including reflections on the literature review, methodology and findings, implications of the study and possible areas for future research.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to focus on the cause and effect of what has been referred to as intrinsic and extrinsic motivation when it comes to second language learning through literature, where the novel To kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee served as an example. The study started off by presenting a definition of the so called intrinsic and extrinsic motivation respectively, as well as the three perspectives psychodynamic, cognitive and socio-cultural by which it was discussed, in order to cement the framework of it and problematize its boundaries accordingly. It later focused on where and how intrinsic and extrinsic motivation respectively came into play, and what possible outcome the two different types might result in when discussing language learning. The applied method was to do a qualitative hermeneutic study by presenting earlier research and having it as a basis when hypothesizing in order to solve the research questions. This study was limited to discussing intrinsic and extrinsic motivation respectively in order to ascertain how both phenomena manifest themselves and ultimately how they affect learning, and by presenting numerous examples in the analysis it was concluded that: a) extrinsic and intrinsic motivation tend to inescapably intertwine during the process of learning and thereby end up being in need of each other, and b) that the order to how one musters extrinsic motivation, when undertaking in the educational enterprise of reading a novel, was opposite from that of the intrinsic motivation as extrinsic motivation is based on an external source of reward and therefore merely in need of an external source rather than an intrinsic curiosity. Keywords Intrinsic motivation, Extrinsic motivation, Cognitive perspective, Psychodynamic perspective, Sociocultural perspective, Zone of proximal development, Efferent reading, Aesthetic reading.

The purpose of this study was to explore how personal therapy influences experienced psychodynamic psychotherapists’ ways of being clinicians, and, by implication, their professional development. A hermeneutic research method, which also drew upon aspects of grounded theory methodology, was therefore devised to explore and examine how personal therapy and professional practice relate to each other and to the therapist’s development, and to deepen this descriptive account into a more differentiated and theoretically viable understanding. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with eight psychodynamic psychotherapists who were working as clinicians and who were concurrently in therapy. Keeping the research objective in mind, a list of questions was developed from the interview material through which the data was re-read and edited. In accordance with the aims of the study, and as suggested by the results of the initial phase of the textual analysis, intersubjective theory, mainly that of Jessica Benjamin, was used to generate a conceptual framework through which the interview material was further interpreted. This foregrounded the shifting power distributions and the varying processes of identification between the treating therapists and the participants. The Jungian notion of the wounded healer was intersubjectively reconfigured as indicating a therapist whose (often unacknowledged) needs and vulnerabilities engender a proclivity to relate to patients as objects rather than subjects. The participants could all be described as having started out their professional lives as wounded healers. The effects of personal therapy on their clinical work were conceptualised in terms of increased abilities for subject-to-subject relating. These were linked to augmented capacities for reflective and symbolic thinking and an enhanced openness to the implicit, unformulated and opaque aspects of experiences in the therapeutic space. Finally an intersubjective model of personal therapy and development as a therapist was generated. It was concluded that because of the focus on the therapeutic relationship as the vehicle for change in psychodynamic psychotherapy, as well as the current increasing emphasis on the use of the therapist’s subjectivity, the therapist’s capacity to engage in and sustain subject-tosubject relating and, by implication, the therapist’s personal therapy, are of pivotal importance for all therapists doing the work of psychodynamic psychotherapy.

Äldres psykiska hälsa är ett åsidosatt område och Socialstyrelsen efterlyserbehandlingsalternativ till medicinering. Flera studier poängterar dock att detsaknas forskning inom området psykoterapi med äldre. Syftet med studien är attundersöka frågor och livsproblem bland pensionärer som går i psykoterapi samtvad de anser är hjälpsamt vid kontakt med en psykoterapeut. En kvalitativ studiemed intervjuer har genomförts med fem kvinnor som valt att gå i psykoterapiefter pension. Kvinnorna var mellan 64 och 73 år gamla när intervjuernagenomfördes. Resultatet visade att fyra av de fem intervjuade kvinnorna ficknågon form av kris i samband med pensioneringen, och att de sökt upp enpsykoterapeut men att detta har skett av olika anledningar och livsproblem. Deanser att psykoterapi är hjälpsamt efter pensionering men menar att terapinbehöver anpassas till den äldres behov, ett synsätt som stöds av forskningen.
Health psychology among elderly is a neglected topic and social authorities ask foralternative treatment methods to medication. Several studies conclude there is alack of research regarding psychotherapy with elderly. Due to this, the aim of thepresent study is to examine the specific issues and life-problems that concernpsychotherapy attending seniors today, and what they consider as helpful intherapy. A qualitative research design was used with interviews conducted withfive women, who had all chosen to attend psychotherapy after retirement. Thewomen were between 64 and 73 years old when the interviews took place. Theresults showed that four of the five women had gone through some kind ofpersonal crisis in connection with their retirement. The women had all soughtpsychotherapy during the life span, due to a variety of reasons and life-problems.The women in this study think that psychotherapy is helpful after retirement, butthat the psychotherapy should be adapted to the specific needs that elderly peopledo have., which is in line with earlier research.

The process and outcome of psychoanalytic psychotherapy have been studied for a long time. However, the experiences of patients, particularly in therapies where goals were not met, have not yet been the target of extensive research. Psychoanalytic psychotherapy with young adults might face particular challenges. The overall aim of this thesis was to explore the experiences of young adults in psychoanalytic psychotherapy, with a particular focus on differences between suboptimal therapies and therapies with generally good outcome. The setting was naturalistic, and perspectives of the patient, therapist and observer were combined. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used. Study I explored experiences of psychotherapy process and outcome among seven patients in psychoanalytic psychotherapy, who expressed dissatisfaction. Interviews at termination and 18 months later were analysed using grounded theory and compared to therapist experiences. Patients experienced abandonment with their problems in and after therapy, since therapy according to the patients lacked connections to daily life, as well as flexibility, activity and understanding from the therapist. Therapists presented a different picture of the same therapies, mainly focused on the difficulties of the patients. Study II analysed the experiences of 20 non-improved or deteriorated young adult psychotherapy patients at termination of therapy and 36 months later. Non-improvement and deterioration were calculated based on the reliable change index on self-rating scores. The grounded theory analysis of interviews established spinning one’s wheels as a core category. The relationship to the therapist was described as artificial, although at times helpful. Participants experienced their own activity in life and active components of therapy as helpful, but thought focus in therapy was too much on past experiences. Study III explored the experiences of 17 young adult patients, in psychoanalytic individual or group therapy, overcoming depression. The analysis of interviews from therapy termination and 18 months later indicated that finding an identity and a place in life were perceived as intertwined with symptom relief. Negative experiences included difficulties to change oneself, fear of change, and problems in therapy, such as too little activity on the therapist’s part. The results were discussed in relation to young adulthood, therapeutic alliance, mentalization, and attachment. The conclusion was expressed in a comprehensive process model of suboptimal therapy with young adults, with suggested ways to prevent such a development. The therapist’s meta-communication and correct assessment of the patient’s mentalization capacity from moment to moment are proposed as crucial. Regarding clinical implications, therapists of young adult patients need to establish meta-communication on therapy progress, as even experienced therapists might be unaware of dissatisfaction or deterioration. Meta-communication could be considered part of the treatment itself, as it may foster mentalization and good outcome. Further, the period of young adulthood entails decisions and developing an adult life, and therapists need to make room for this by active interventions.

Bibliography: pages 206-219.
The master-servant relationship in South Africa is examined in the light of Melanie Klein's psychodynamic-theories. It is argued that mechanisms of defense identified by Klein, primarily denial, splitting and projection, as well as depressive guilt, operate in the master-servant relationship in this country. The first chapter clarifies the theoretical approach to i) the individual and society, ii) literature and social analysis and iii) psychoanalysis and literature. It is argued that individuals are at one and the same time both public and private entities, made by and making the society they live in. The notion that group behaviour is individual behaviour writ large is rejected and the way in which the master-servant relationship is used as a microcosm of the larger relationship between black and white in South Africa is explained. It is also argued that literature, not bound to specifics of time and place in the way statistics are, yet still rooted in the looser flow of everyday life as experienced by individuals, provides the social analyst with special access to the dynamics of a society. The value of a psychoanalytic approach to literature lies in the light psychoanalysis sheds on the function of metaphor, particularly the metaphor of the human body, and phantasy. In the explication of Klein's theories, the importance of phantasy, both on an individual and a collective level, is stressed. The way in which denial, projection, splitting and guilt operate in South African society is then examined with illustrations drawn from various sources, such as the media and the statements of politicians, but primarily from the fiction of Doris Lessing, Es'kia Mphahlele and Nadine Gordimer. Furthermore, it is pointed out how patriarchy, capitalism and colonialism can be interpreted in the light of the dynamics proposed by Klein; it is argued that South Africa is a patriarchal, capitalist and colonial society and the effects that this has on the writing of Lessing, Mphahlele and Gordimer are examined. A framework for a reading of Lessing, Mphahlele and Gordimer is then established. Colonial literature, and the literary device of irony are examined. Links are drawn between irony, the metaphor of the body, the rejection of the notion of the purely private individual, and the functioning of denial, splitting and projection. In the subsequent three chapters, each devoted to a single writer, the theme of failures in recognition is carried through. Each writer is studied to emphasize different aspects of the arguments that have been developed in the preceding chapters. The tensions of patriarchy and colonialism are most clearly seen in the work of Lessing. Gordimer subverts the popularly-accepted division between public and private and provides a historical perspective on the master-servant relationship. Mphahlele, like Gordimer, gives us many examples of how a self is fractured and warped in the domination and subordination that obtains in the domestic scene. Like Gordimer, he uses irony a great deal to make his point. These three writers from divergent backgrounds resort to similar techniques and metaphors to express a similar vision. This study interprets the link between the individual and society, and between a society and its literature in terms of a psychodynamic theory. The struggle for a sense of wholeness is an individual and a collective enterprise. The struggle for a South African literature is the struggle for a South African identity.

Introdução e justificativa. A dissociação pode ser definida como a temporária desconexão (patológica ou não patológica) entre módulos psíquicos e / ou motores que se encontram, em geral, sob o controle voluntário ou acesso direto da consciência, do repertório comportamental usual e / ou do autoconceito (Krippner, 1997). As pesquisas internacionais têm sustentado sua recorrente associação com determinadas crenças e experiências alegadamente paranormais e / ou de cunho religioso. Tais crenças e experiências estão também frequentemente correlacionadas com outras variáveis ligadas à dissociação como sintomas depressivos e ansiógenos, queixas somáticas, trauma infantil e transliminaridade. O fato de algumas pessoas apresentarem características psicológicas que as predispõem a tais ocorrências sugere a importância de se compreender melhor como nelas se dá a formação da identidade, seu desenvolvimento cognitivo, emocional e social, de modo a permitir uma abordagem mais ampla de outros aspectos envolvidos nessas alegações e na assunção de várias dessas crenças. A revisão da literatura indica grande quantidade de estudos quantitativos e poucos estudos de natureza qualitativa, com a consequente ausência de aprofundamento em aspectos biográficos e sociais. Até o momento, não existem estudos brasileiros sobre as relações entre dissociação, crença paranormal e transliminaridade. Objetivos. Investigar as relações existentes entre dissociação (e seus tipos específicos), crença e formação da identidade em grupos religiosos e não religiosos de participantes brasileiros; Pesquisar os possíveis fatores etiológicos das experiências dissociativas e das crenças e experiências paranormais, bem como suas interações, a partir do estudo de variáveis psicopatológicas e psicossociais diversas; Investigar o papel dos processos inconscientes na formação e manutenção das crenças e experiências paranormais; Verificar a extensão e o impacto dos processos dissociativos e das crenças e práticas paranormais e religiosas na formação da identidade e na história de vida, com especial atenção ao desenvolvimento afetivo / emocional e social do indivíduo; Aprofundar a compreensão do contexto grupal e social de inserção dos participantes, de modo a averiguar como tal contexto contribui na construção de suas crenças e experiências, e de como estas afetam ou determinam, em contrapartida, esse mesmo contexto; Pesquisar empiricamente o nível de adesão a crenças religiosas tradicionais e outras categorias de crença paranormal em grupos religiosos e não religiosos de participantes brasileiros. Método. De modo a permitir certa generalização para os dados obtidos na pesquisa, bem como, paralelamente, um aprofundamento nos processos individuais e coletivos de construção da identidade, utilizou-se de uma proposta de investigação tanto quantitativa quanto qualitativa. Por meio de questionário sociodemográfico e escalas, compôs-se a frente quantitativa do estudo. No que diz respeito à frente qualitativa, empregou-se entrevistas biográficas abertas, questionário semi-dirigido sobre experiências anômalas / paranormais e observações de campo. Pressupondo-se que determinados contextos religiosos são aparentemente mais receptivos e estimuladores de vivências dissociativas, e que afiliações religiosas mais tradicionais ou mesmo grupos ateístas tenderiam a estimular menos esse tipo de experiências, os participantes do estudo foram divididos em três grupos, com vistas a uma análise mais detalhada dessas diferenças: grupo um (espíritas, umbandistas e membros de círculos esotéricos e ocultistas), grupo dois (outros religiosos e pessoas sem afiliação definida) e grupo três (ateus e agnósticos), abrangendo um total de 1450 respondentes para a frente quantitativa. O único critério de exclusão foi a idade (18 anos ou mais). O número de entrevistas biográficas (22) e de observações de campo (31) foi determinado com base no critério de saturação. No caso das entrevistas, considerou-se também certo equilíbrio em termos de gênero, idade e número de participantes acima e abaixo da nota de corte utilizada para diferenciar high e low scorers em dissociação. Para efetuarmos a análise dos dados, recorremos às hipóteses propaladas na literatura psicológica e sociológica recente acerca das crenças e experiências paranormais e de sua relação com os fenômenos dissociativos, buscando avaliar até que ponto nossos dados confirmavam ou não tais modelos hipotéticos. Nossas avaliações também tiveram como pano de fundo trabalhos que versam sobre os processos de construção psicossocial da identidade no mundo contemporâneo e sobre as transformações mais recentes na família e na religião (Bauman, 2005, 2007; Castells, 1999; Giddens, 2002; Paiva, 2007; Poster, 1979), bem como sobre novas formas de subjetivação e sofrimento psíquico (Roudinesco, 2006), incluindo contribuições de teorias psicodinâmicas atualmente em voga, em particular a teoria do apego (Granqvist & Kirkpatrick, 2008) e a teoria da gestão do terror (Pyzscynski, Solomon & Greenberg, 2003). Principais resultados. O grupo um e o grupo dois não diferiram em termos de dissociação cognitiva, mas ambos pontuaram acima dos ateus e agnósticos. Não obstante, o grupo um obteve média significativamente maior em dissociação somatoforme (sintomas conversivos e psicossomáticos), crença paranormal e transliminaridade comparativamente aos demais grupos. Não houve diferença entre os grupos para os relatos de experiência traumática na infância. A escala de experiências dissociativas correlacionou positiva e significativamente, embora em diferentes graus de magnitude, com a crença paranormal, a transliminaridade, a medida composta de sintomas psicossomáticos, a escala de sintomas conversivos e várias formas de experiência traumática na infância. Todavia, quando controlados os efeitos da transliminaridade, a correlação entre dissociação e crença se desfez, apontando para um possível paper mediador da transliminaridade na relação entre as duas variáveis. A dissociação (somatoforme e cognitiva) não foi elevada nos líderes dos grupos visitados, mas se observou histórico de aparente somatização em alguns casos. Indivíduos com escores elevados na escala de experiências dissociativas denotaram personalidade regredida e impulsiva, além de relatarem mais experiências anômalas espontâneas. Discussão. Sugere-se a existência de dois tipos de dissociação, uma tendencial, outra contextual. Sugere-se também a existência de uma série de mecanismos psicossociais de mimetismo, desempenho de papéis e gerenciamento da impressão que podem passar por fenômenos dissociativos, embora não o sejam. Relaciona-se o fenômeno da crença paranormal, do sincretismo religioso e da dissociação a variáveis sócio-históricas mais amplas, como a procura por sensação nas sociedades contemporâneas, certas consequências do processo de secularização, as relações de consumo, identidades líquidas e uma compensação frente a padrões de apego familiares desorganizados. Relaciona-se a personalidade regredida e impulsiva dos high scorers a formas de defesa narcísicas, a uma maior flexibilidade da barreira entre consciência e inconsciente e a uma manutenção da infância e da fantasia na vida adulta. Associa-se o aumento das crenças paranormais e religiosas com a idade à saliência da morte (teoria da gestão do terror), e certos aspectos da psicodinâmica adolescente ao ateísmo, que se mostrou mais frequente entre adultos jovens e adolescentes em conflito com suas famílias
Introduction and rationale. Dissociative experiences can be defined as reported experiences and observed behaviours that seem to exist apart from, or appear to have been disconnected from, the mainstream, or flow, of ones conscious awareness, behavioural repertoire, and/or self-identity (Krippner, 1997). Research has long sustained a positive relationship between dissociation and paranormal beliefs and experiences. Allegations of paranormal phenomena are also frequently correlated with dissociation-related variables such as depression and anxiety symptoms, somatic complaints, childhood trauma and transliminality. The fact that some people have psychological characteristics that predispose them to such occurrences suggests the importance of studying their identity formation and cognitive, emotional and psychsocial development in order to gain insight into other aspects involved in the assumption of paranormal beliefs. The literature on paranormal beliefs indicates large amount of quantitative studies and few qualitative data, with a consequent gap in biographical and cultural aspects. The majority of studies have also neglected contextual and social variables which are better understood through interviews and ethnographic observations. There is virtually no Brazilian studies on the subject of dissociation, paranormal belief and transliminality. Objectives. 1) To investigate the relationship between dissociation, paranormal belief and associated variables, including its possible impact on the life history and identity of Brazilian respondents from different religious and non-religious groups; 2) To identify some of the possible etiological factors underlying the presumed association between dissociativ eexperiences and paranormal beliefs, from the study of several psychosocial and psychopathological variables; 3) To investigate the role of unconscious and psychodynamic processes in the formation and maintenance of paranormal beliefs and experiences; 4) To improve the understanding of the social context underlying religious and non-religious dissociative practices, in order to ascertain how such a context assist in the construction of certain experiences or beliefs, and, on the other hand, how these beliefs and experiences affect or determine the same context; 5) To explore the level of adherence to traditional religious beliefs and other categories of paranormal belief in religious and non-religious groups of Brazilian participants; 6) To compose a Brazilian sample that could map the associations between the aforementioned variables, aiming to a comparison with data from other sociocultural contexts. Methods. A quali-quantitative approach was proposed. Through socio-demographic questionnaires and psychological scales, it was designed a quantitative online questionnaire. Regarding qualitative techniques, the study employed 1) biographical interviews, 2) semi-structured interviews concerning the phenomenology of paranormal / anomalous experiences and 3) field observations. Assuming that certain religious contexts are apparently more receptive to dissociative experiences, and that more traditional religious affiliations or even atheist groups tend to discourage such experiences, the participants were divided into three groups, with a view to a more detailed analysis of these differences: group one (also called dissociators: spiritualists, umbandists, members of esoteric groups, catholic carismatics and pentecostals); group two (members of other religious affiliations and people without defined philosophical or religious affiliation) and group three (atheists and agnostics), covering a total of 1450 respondents. The only exclusion criterion was age (18-years-old or above). The number of biographical interviews (22) and field observations (31) was determined on the basis of data saturation criterion. For the qualitative interviews, a balance was seek in terms of gender, age and number of participants above or below the cutoff (>= 20) used to differentiate high and low scorers on the Dissociative Experiences Scale. To perform data analysis, we considered some of the most important sociological and psychological hypotheses concerning the relationship between dissociation and paranormal beliefs and experiences, assessing the extent to which our data confirmed or not such hypothetical models. We were also based on works dealing with the psychosocial construction of identity in the contemporary world and the most recent changes in family and religion (Bauman, 2005, 2007, Castells, 1999; Giddens, 2002; Paiva 2007; Poster, 1979), as well as new forms of subjectivity and 7 psychological distress (Roudinesco, 2006), including contributions from psychodynamic theories currently in vogue, particularly the Attachment theory (Granqvist & Kirkpatrick, 2008) and the Terror Management Theory (Pyzscynski, Solomon & Greenberg, 2003). Main results. The group one and group two did not differ in terms of cognitive dissociation, but both scored above atheists and agnostics. Nevertheless, the group one scored significantly higher in somatoform dissociation (conversion and psychosomatic symptoms), paranormal belief, syncretism and transliminality compared to the other groups. There was no difference between the groups for reports of childhood traumatic experiences. The Dissociative Experiences Scale correlated positively and significantly, though in different degrees of magnitude, with paranormal belief, transliminality, the composite measure of psychosomatic symptoms (somatization, depression and anxiety combined), an original scale of conversion symptoms and various forms of childhood traumatic experience. However, when controlling for the effects of transliminality, the correlation between dissociation and belief disappeared, indicating a possible mediator effect of transliminality on the relationship between the other two variables. Dissociation (somatoform and cognitive) was not high on the leaders of the groups visited, but a history of apparent somatization was observed in some of these cases. High scorers on the dissociative experiences scale denoted regressive and impulsive behaviors, and reported more spontaneous anomalous experiences. Discussion. We suggest the existence of two types of dissociation: tendential and contextual. It is also suggested the existence of a number of psychosocial mechanisms of mimicry, role playing and impression management which may be wrongly interpreted as dissociative phenomena. Paranormal beliefs, religious syncretism, new age mentality and dissociative tendencies are hypothesized to be influenced by broader socio-historical variables such secularization and globalization, consumer relations, liquid identities and a compensation for disorganized attachment patterns developed in childhood. The regressive and impulsive personality of high scorers is described in terms of narcissistic defense mechanisms, flexibility of boundaries between conscious and unconscious processes, and a tendency to extend childhood fantasy into adult life. The increase in paranormal belief with age is explained as a result of mortality salience (terror management theory), but also in terms of a generational conflict, as atheism showed to be more frequent among adolescents and young adults in disagreement with their families

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Soccer is the greatest social phenomenon in Brazil, in that it is admired and played by many people, permeated for peculiar ideologies and fleeting waves, a reason that took us to research its workers, the players. So, this paper has seeked to learn how the professional athletes of soccer experience their work for the Team X? What are the feelings that they attribute to their work as professional athletes for Team X? The labor reported experiences were systematized and analyzed, having as substrate three macro-categories that group the established categories a priori from the Psychodynamic approach in the paper, which are: Category 1 Professional Journey and Identity; Category 2 Work Management Work conditions, Work Organization and Work Relations; and Category 3 Subjective Mobilization Work Objectives, Experiences of Pleasure and Suffering in the work and Facing Strategies. So that it was possible, we decided to do a study of case of descriptive and exploratory character, in a soccer team, using for technique of collecting data, semi-structured interview and documental analyses, we interviewed 21 players, we used as inclusive criteria: being athlete of professional soccer, male sex, hired by the X Team and taking part in the daily activities like training and preparing. The interview guide was a leading axe having questions that encompassed the three macro categories. The discursive analysis was used to treat the generated data from the interview. Results showed that the history of these players have been permeated by many fallacious discourses as their representation the society holds over their profession, they live in a context very competitive, this characteristic of their Sport insert them in an alienating logic, peculiar of the system instrumental logic of production, in which subordination, denial and self-overcoming consist in conditions sine qua nom for staying in the market. The work for the athletes still consist in recognizing source, pleasure and social accession, which provides them with pleasurable experiences. The athletes in the execution of their work provide happiness for the supporters, making them to forget the daily maladies, this is important, because it justifies in many aspects the everyday work, besides contributing in the forge of the resignification of suffering inherent to that one. Reinforced by the media work, the athletes are considered idols, examples and myths. Like this, it was possible to understand the meaning of the work for the Professional soccer players, from three aspects: personal, social accession and promising career; the professional aspects, for they are considered idols, promoters of entertainment, subjects without culture that get rich and finally the popularity aspects, for playing soccer is a different profession, better paid, although, the media sells a twisted image, which does not represent the reality lived by them. But, even if the reality be contradictory, the pleasure of being a professional athlete for these professional overcome the suffering.
O futebol consiste no maior fenômeno social do Brasil, sendo admirado e praticado por muitas pessoas, permeado por ideologias e modismos peculiares, motivo que nos levou a optar por pesquisar os trabalhadores - atletas profissionais de futebol. Assim, esta dissertação buscou apreender como os atletas profissionais de futebol vivenciam seu trabalho no Clube X? E quais os sentidos que atribuem ao seu trabalho como atleta profissional no clube X? As experiências laborais relatadas foram sistematizadas e analisadas, tendo como substrato três macro categorias que agruparam as categorias estabelecidas a priori da abordagem Psicodinâmica do Trabalho, que são: Categoria 1 - Identidade e Trajetória profissionais; Categoria 2 - Gestão do Trabalho - Condições de Trabalho, Organização do Trabalho e Relações de Trabalho; e Categoria 3 - Mobilização Subjetiva Sentidos do Trabalho, Vivências de Prazer e Sofrimento no Trabalho e Estratégias de Enfrentamento. Para que isto fosse possível, optamos por realizar um estudo de caso de caráter descritivo e exploratório, em um clube de futebol, utilizamos como técnica de coleta de dados, entrevistas semi estruturadas e análise documental, entrevistamos 21 atletas, utilizamos como critérios de inclusão: ser atleta de futebol profissional, do sexo masculino, contratado pelo clube X e estar participando das práticas cotidianas do clube como treinamentos e concentrações. O roteiro de entrevista foi um eixo norteador contendo perguntas que contemplaram as três macro categorias. Os dados gerados pelas entrevistas foram tratados a partir de análise discursiva. Os resultados mostraram que a trajetória destes jogadores foi permeada por muitos discursos falaciosos quanto à representação que a sociedade possui a respeito da profissão deles, vivem num contexto muito competitivo, esta característica do esporte insere-os numa lógica alienante, própria da lógica instrumental do sistema de produção, onde subordinação, negação e auto-superação consistem em condições sine qua nom de permanência no mercado. O trabalho para os atletas consiste ainda em fonte de reconhecimento, prazer e ascensão social, o que proporciona a eles vivências de prazer. Os atletas na execução de seu trabalho proporcionam alegria aos torcedores, fazendo-os esquecer as mazelas do dia a dia, e isto é importante, pois justifica em muitos aspectos o cotidiano do trabalho, além de contribuir no fomento da ressignificação do sofrimento inerente a este. Reforçados pela atuação da mídia, os atletas, são considerados ídolos, exemplos e mitos. Sendo assim, foi possível entender o significado do trabalho para o atleta profissional de futebol, a partir de três aspectos: os pessoais, de ascensão social e de carreira promissora; os aspectos profissionais, pois são considerados ídolos, promotores de diversão às pessoas, sujeitos sem cultura que enriqueceram; e finalmente os aspectos de popularidade, pois jogar futebol é uma profissão diferente, melhor remunerada, porém, a mídia vende uma imagem distorcida, que não condiz com a realidade vivida por eles. Todavia, ainda que a realidade seja contraditória, o prazer em ser atleta profissional de futebol para estes profissionais, prevalece sobre o sofrimento.

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This is a descriptive-exploratory case study with the general aim of investigating the work context of professionals of a contemporary dance company in the state of Goias, based on the speech of the dancers. The specific objectives of the study are to: a) understand the work context of professional dancers of a contemporary dance company and collaborate with the studies in parallel fields; b) elaborate ways to intervene in the work context of the dancers in order to reduce their life experiences of pleasure. The study approaches the following categories of psychodynamics of work: work organization, work conditions and work relations, which make up just one category of analysis, called the administration of the organization. The other categories refer to the life experiences of pleasure and suffering as well as strategies of defense against suffering. Semi-structured individual interviews were used with all ten dancers in the company as well as a collective interview with 8 participants. After the literal transcription, the interviews were analyzed according to the discourse analysis proposed by Lane (1985). The study concerning the work context of professional dancers is a pioneer in the state of Goias. We discovered that the administration of the organization includes characteristics of work organization, life experiences of suffering and defense strategies against the suffering which is characteristic of workers in companies with similar administrative organization, the few hierarchy levels and the interpersonal relationships, considered familiar are informal and allow for a better division of labor, greater cooperation among the dancers, commitment too the learning and the performance of the dance techniques. The dancers said that they did not feel dissatisfied with the repetitive work for they movements in the classes and rehearsals in order to learn and develop technique, so that they can be able to better express themselves and communicate an intention. However, they pointed out that the restricted emphasis on the technique should not happen, for the artistic work becomes limited, creating life experiences of suffering that become worse with the little freedom that they have in the conception of the choreographies. The complexity of the movements presents a constant risk of work accidents and the incidence of injuries is considered to be high. The limitations refer to the motivation toward the work in an attempt to overcome their own limitations. The distance from the family, the intense routine of presentations, the rhythm of the work faster and faster, causes physical tiredness, emotional wear, and incapacity to free themselves from about work during their time off. In these cases anxiety predominates instead of the state of suffering. The subjects reported that they perceived a demand for exclusive dedication to the work as a dancer, but complain about feeling overloaded, for they lack time for other activities and to dedicate to their personal plans for life. They still face prejudice in relation to the work of a dancer, little recognizes as a profession. Especially the men because the work is considered feminine. The defensive strategies used are varied, such as the denial and/or rationalization of the pains and unfavorable physical conditions. They point out the need, even if temporary, to get away from the work environment. There is solidarity among the dancers to obtain rehabilitation; rest injury muscles; save energy in rehearsals; invest in treatments, such as physical therapy and shiatsu. Each one searches for development of his body consciousness; develops patience, that is, waits the moment of maturing of the work to arrive with the development of the activities. Criticism is verbalized in a mild form in order to lessen the future suffering when they will have to stop dancing due to the limitations of the body. Even so, the practice of a profession that involves art is related to the life history of the dancers and is considered a privilege, reason to be proud, characterized by an intense life experience of pleasure. The dancers state that they work with special content significant, due to the possibility of visualization beauty, of awakening consciences, promoting an education for life, of feeling more intelligent and capable, and developing self-knowledge. They are on the stage in these conditions, and they receive recognition from the public and this is considered to be gratifying. The results show that the differentiation the work of the dancer can bring greater life experiences of pleasure with compensate for the life experiences of suffering and anxiety.
Trata-se de um estudo de caso de caráter descritivo-exploratório com o objetivo geral de investigar o contexto de trabalho de profissionais de uma companhia de dança contemporânea do estado de Goiás com base no discurso dos bailarinos. Os objetivos específicos da pesquisa tratam de: a) conhecer como se configura o contexto de trabalho de bailarinos profissionais da companhia dança contemporânea e colaborar com os estudos das áreas de conhecimento correlatas; b) elaborar formas de intervir no contexto de trabalho dos bailarinos para reduzir suas vivências de sofrimento e conhecer suas possíveis vivências de prazer. A pesquisa abordou as seguintes categorias da psicodinâmica do trabalho: organização do trabalho, condições de trabalho e relações de trabalho, as quais compuseram uma só categoria de análise, denominada de gestão da organização. As demais categorias referem-se às vivências de prazer e sofrimento e estratégias de defesa contra o sofrimento. Utilizaram-se entrevistas semiestruturadas individuais com todos os dez bailarinos da companhia e uma entrevista coletiva com oito participantes. Após transcrição literal, as entrevistas foram analisadas conforme a análise do discurso proposta por Lane (1985). A pesquisa realizada sobre o contexto de trabalho de bailarinos profissionais é pioneira no estado de Goiás. Constatou-se que a gestão da organização abarca características de organização do trabalho, vivências de sofrimento e estratégias de defesa contra o sofrimento característicos de trabalhadores de empresas com gestão da organização semelhante. Em relação à gestão da organização, os poucos níveis hierárquicos e as relações interpessoais, consideradas familiares são informais e permitem uma melhor divisão de trabalho, maior cooperação entre os bailarinos, comprometimento com o aprendizado e o desempenho das técnicas em dança. Os bailarinos relataram não se sentirem insatisfeitos com o trabalho repetitivo pois consideram necessária a repetição dos movimentos nas aulas e ensaios para aprendizado e desenvolvimento da técnica, a fim de estarem aptos a melhor expressarem-se e a comunicarem uma intenção. No entanto, assinalam que a ênfase restrita à técnica não deveria acontecer, pois o trabalho artístico torna-se limitado, gerando vivências de sofrimento que se agravam com a pouca autonomia de que dispõem na concepção das coreografias. A complexidade dos movimentos apresenta um risco constante de acidentes no trabalho, e o índice de machucados é considerado alto. As limitações referem-se à motivação para o trabalho na tentativa de superação dos próprios limites. A distância da família, a rotina intensa de apresentações, o ritmo de trabalho cada vez mais acelerado geram cansaço físico, desgaste emocional e incapacidade de desvencilhamento, das preocupações do trabalho no tempo livre, e nesses casos, a ansiedade predomina em vez da vivência de um estado de sofrimento. Os sujeitos relataram que percebem a exigência de dedicação exclusiva para o trabalho como bailarino, mas reclamam sentirem-se sobrecarregados, pois lhes falta tempo para outras atividades e para dedicarem-se a seus planos pessoais de vida. Eles ainda enfrentam o preconceito em relação ao trabalho de bailarino, pouco reconhecido como profissão, e os homens especialmente encaram o preconceito pois o trabalho é considerado feminino. As estratégias defensivas utilizadas são variadas, tais como a negação e/ou racionalização das dores ou condições físicas desfavoráveis que apontam a necessidade, mesmo que temporária, de afastamento do ambiente de trabalho; cumplicidade entre os bailarinos para obterem a reabilitação; poupar músculos lesionados; dosagem da energia nos ensaios; investimento em tratamentos, tais como fisioterapia e shiatsu; busca do desenvolvimento da consciência corporal; desenvolvimento da paciência, isto é, esperar o tempo de maturação do trabalho chegar com o desenvolvimento das atividades; verbalização das críticas de forma amena para atenuar as fontes de pressão; uso de gracejos em relação ao sofrido futuro quando deverão parar de dançar em razão das limitações do corpo. Ainda assim, o exercício de uma profissão que envolve a arte está relacionado com a história de vida dos bailarinos e é considerado um privilégio, motivo de orgulho, caracterizando uma intensa vivência de prazer. Os bailarinos alegam trabalharem com um conteúdo diferenciado, significativo, pela possibilidade de visualização de beleza, de despertar consciências, de promover uma educação para a vida, de sentirem-se mais inteligentes e capazes, desenvolvendo autoconhecimento. Estarem em cena, nessas condições, e terem o reconhecimento do público é tido como um trabalho gratificante. Os resultados indicam que a diferenciação do trabalho do bailarino pode trazer maiores vivências de prazer, as quais compensam as vivências de sofrimento e de ansiedade.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Faculdade de Educação Tecnológica do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro, RJ
Na função gerencial, no aspecto interpessoal, encontra-se a liderança, cujos estudos geralmente propõem a construção de um perfil fixo ao gestor. Tais características tendem a posições radicais que podem ser categorizadas em quatro paradigmas: (1) quanto a uma habilidade apreendida, (2) a ações calculadas, (3) ao conjunto de qualidades ou (4) à formação da psiquê. Considerando estes estudos como prescritivos e levando em conta o contexto dinâmico da organização do trabalho gerencial, surge uma inquietação sobre como se desenvolvem as competências em liderança em meio às lacunas entre a prescrição e a realidade do trabalho gerencial. Assumindo a perspectiva da Psicodinâmica do Trabalho, o enfrentamento do real gera um esforço para superar os obstáculos e encontrar soluções. Portanto, a inteligência prática está relacionada com o desenvolvimento das competências em liderança na função gerencial? Assim, supõe-se que a formação das competências em liderança na função gerencial estaria sujeita às astúcias do gestor em encontrar soluções práticas para atender à mobilização de pessoas no trabalho real. A estas astúcias evoca-se o termo grego métis para orientar o sentido aplicado. É, então, através dessa astúcia, dessa inteligência prática, que o indivíduo pode eventualmente ensinar como inventa, inova, cria e gerencia a parte real do trabalho. Partindo de um objetivo geral e de uma suposição que vão ao encontro de analisar o desenvolvimento das competências em liderança na função gerencial através da inteligência prática do gestor, esta pesquisa contou com uma metodologia essencialmente qualitativa e exploratória aplicando, por meio de entrevistas presenciais com gestores, o Método de Explicitação do Discurso Subjacente. Os resultados apresentaram grupos de análise nos quais foi possível compreender como se dá o espaço da inteligência prática quanto ao uso da métis, experiência singular e reconhecimento. Como categorias de análise, o campo apresentou duas competências em liderança que emergiram a partir da inteligência prática: o ouvir e a construção coletiva. As categorias indicaram que estas competências em liderança foram desenvolvidas a partir do desempenho dos gestores, nos contextos explorados, mediante o uso da inteligência prática no exercício da função gerencial.
At the managerial function, the interpersonal aspect is leadership, whose studies generally propose building a profile attached to the manager. These characteristics tend to radical positions that can be categorized into four paradigms: (1) as a skill learned, (2) the calculated, (3) the set of qualities or (4) the formation of the psyche actions. Whereas these studies as prescriptive and taking into account the dynamic context of the organization of managerial work, an uneasiness about how to develop leadership skills among the gaps between prescription and reality of managerial work arises. Assuming the perspective of the psychodynamics of work, facing the real generates an effort to overcome obstacles and find solutions. Therefore, practical intelligence is related to the development of leadership competences in the managerial role? Thus, it is assumed that the formation of leadership competences in management functions would be subject to the wiles of the manager in finding practices to meet the mobilization of people in the real working solutions. To these gimmicks conjures up the Greek term Métis applied to guide the way. It is, then, through this ruse, this practical intelligence, the individual may eventually teach how invents, innovates, creates and manages the real part of the job. Starting from a general goal and an assumption that meet to analyze the development of leadership competences in the management function through the practical intelligence officer, this research was essentially qualitative and exploratory methodology applying through face to face interviews with managers, Method Explanation of the Underlying Discourse. The results presented focus groups in which it was possible to understand how is the space of practical intelligence regarding the use of Métis, unique experience and recognition. As categories of analysis, the field produced two competences in leadership that emerged from practical intelligence: listening and collective construction. The categories indicated that these leadership competences were developed from the performance of managers in contexts explored through the use of practical intelligence in the exercise of the managerial function.

O objetivo desta pesquisa é refletir sobre a organização do trabalho no jornalismo, analisando quando o trabalho é fonte de sofrimento e quando ele é fonte de prazer, a partir da subjetividade dos jornalistas entrevistados. Para tanto, utilizamos a psicodinâmica do trabalho, delineada por Christophe Dejours, como referencial teórico, e entendemos a segurança e a saúde no trabalho como direitos sociais que compõem a cidadania. No estudo do contexto histórico, relacionamos a organização do trabalho e a saúde do trabalhador com a história do jornalismo e suas práticas organizacionais. Fazemos uma pesquisa qualitativa que usa a análise de conteúdo, conforme Bardin. Realizamos 21 entrevistas semiabertas com jornalistas de diferentes gerações, entre 25 e 82 anos de idade, a partir de um roteiro base de 25 perguntas. Os entrevistados dividiram conosco suas memórias e vivências para que analisássemos como se dá a organização do trabalho jornalístico na prática e como são as relações de prazer e sofrimento no trabalho. A escolha dessas pessoas se baseou em uma pesquisa, que considerou o envolvimento profissional, o trabalho por elas realizado, a pluralidade de idades e a experiência em diferentes meios de comunicação jornalísticos. Analisamos o conteúdo do material transcrito a partir de seis categorias temáticas: 1) Direitos trabalhistas, em que analisamos jornada de trabalho, formas de contratação, compensação ou pagamento de horas extras e plantões; 2) Organização do trabalho, em que discutimos a pressão, o ritmo, as relações, as limitações e as rotinas de trabalho; 3) Sofrimento, em que refletimos sobre os sofrimentos, dores e adoecimentos, estresse, assédio moral, álcool e drogas, riscos e violências relacionados ao trabalho; 4) Sentido do trabalho, em que pensamos sobre os sentidos de ser jornalista, a relação trabalho e vida pessoal e o envolvimento com o trabalho; 5) Prazer no trabalho, em que avaliamos o prazer, a satisfação, a criatividade e a autonomia presentes no trabalho do jornalista; 6) Futuro do jornalista, que nos dá pistas para a conclusão deste estudo. Os depoimentos mostram que as pessoas reconhecem situações negativas com a precarização do trabalho, mas ao mesmo tempo declaram o grande envolvimento que têm com a profissão, pois o trabalho dá sentido à vida, e o reconhecimento e o sentido do trabalho podem transformar o sofrimento em prazer.
The aim of this research is to reflect on work organization in the journalistic field, analising how work can be the source of suffering and how it can be the source of pleasure, beginning from the subjectivity of interviewed journalists. As for that, we used psychodynamic at work, going through Christophe Dejours studies as theoritical reference, as we understand the occupational safety and health as social right that surrounds citizenship. In the study of the historical context, we related work organization and worker´s health with the story of journalism and it´s organizational practices. We did a qualitative research which uses the contents analysis, according to Bardin. 21 semi-opened interviews were conductected with journalists from different generations, between 25 and 82 years old, beginning from a script with 25 questions. Interviewers divided with us their memories and experiences in order to analyse how work organization works in practice and how are the relations between pleasure and suffering at work. The choice for picking these professionals was based on a research that considered the professional engagement, the work done by them, the plurality of ages and the experience in different press communication vehicles. We also analysed the contents of the transcription, beginning from six temathical categories: 1) Work Rights, where we analysed work shifts, ways of hiring, overtime, extra payment, on and off duty; 2) Work organization, where we discussed pressure, rhythm, relations, limitations and work routine; 3) Suffering, where we reflected about sufferings, pains, illnesses, stress, moral harassment, alcohol, drugs, risks and violences related to work; 4) Meanings of work, where we considered the meaning of being a journalist, the relation between personal life and involvement with work; 5) Pleasure at work, where we evaluated pleasure, satisfaction, criativity, autonomy, all of them present at journalists job; 6) The future of journalists, which gives us the clue for the conclusion for this study. Testimonials showed that people can recognise negative situations when it comes to a term of undermining work, but at the same time declared a great involvement they have with their profession, as work gives sense to life, and the recognition and meaning of work can change suffering into pleasure.

INTRODUÇÃO: Com base no referencial teórico da Psicodinâmica do Trabalho, compreende-se que a construção da subjetividade e, consequentemente, da identidade e da saúde mental dos sujeitos adultos têm no trabalho lugar central. OBJETIVO: Evidenciar componentes da organização do trabalho que possam favorecer a produção da saúde, a construção e o fortalecimento da identidade de sujeitos singulares e coletivos profissionais, a partir da compreensão de uma situação especifica de trabalho. METODOLOGIA: Trata-se de estudo de caso de caráter exploratório. Foi desenvolvido com um grupo de médicos inseridos no Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo, cujo trabalhar é atravessado pela coordenação de equipes e/ ou ações de cuidado. Realizou-se 14 entrevistas semi-estruturadas entre os meses de setembro de 2013 e abril de 2014, organizadas em duas fases. Da primeira, participaram sete médicos que ocupavam cargos de gestão. Puderam auxiliar na compreensão do organograma geral da instituição, do fluxo e da organização do trabalho médico. Da segunda fase, participaram sete médicos que, além de assistentes, atuavam como chefes de plantão. Pela importância das ações desenvolvidas por estes profissionais na dinâmica hospitalar e pela disponibilidade em participar do estudo, constituíram-se como a população alvo do mesmo. Adotou-se a postura fenomenológico hermenêutica para interpretação dos achados. Caracterizou-se o trabalhar e a identidade profissional desses sujeitos a partir de quatro eixos: conteúdo do trabalho; recursos disponíveis para realização das atividades previstas; trajetória para chegada nessa função e; experiências de sofrimento e prazer no trabalho. RESULTADOS: Semanalmente, por 12 horas consecutivas, os médicos chefes de plantão respondem por questões administrativas, representando a diretoria do hospital frente aos trabalhadores e usuários do serviço. Baseados em aspectos técnicos, nas regras institucionais e do trabalho tomam, simultaneamente, decisões clínicas no que se refere à possibilidade de acolhimento do conjunto de sujeitos que procura o hospital. Objetivam, ao máximo, manter a regularidade e a continuidade do funcionamento institucional e melhorar a resolutividade do atendimento prestado. Todos os recursos materiais e humanos da instituição são aliados quando das tomadas de decisão, mesmo se feitas de forma individual. Foram convidados pela diretoria do hospital a desempenharem essa função, a partir da identificação de certas características pessoais e profissionais. Dentre todas as atividades desenvolvidas, ocupar-se da gestão regulatória dos leitos hospitalares frequentemente os coloca diante de situações de impotência. DISCUSSÃO: Os chefes de plantão são profissionais que transitam entre o fazer clínico e a coordenação de situações e pessoas. Evidencia-se a importância do julgamento de utilidade técnica e social emitido, sobretudo, por aqueles que compõem a base da linha hierárquica organizacional, ao terem sua autoridade fundada nas competências profissionais e na qualidade das arbitragens que realizam. O reconhecimento, enquanto retribuição de natureza simbólica, parece impulsionar a construção de soluções criativas face às dificuldades encontradas no trabalho. Ressalta ainda o lugar do outro no movimento de conquista da própria identidade. Encontram-se diante de um cenário no qual, além de serem beneficiários, fomentam processos de cooperação a partir do modo como fazem a gestão. Os anos de trabalho compartilhado entre as mesmas equipes e a ética do cuidado em saúde, parecem sustentar esta dinâmica. CONCLUSÕES: Compreende-se que a cooperação e o reconhecimento são aspectos importantes quando se trata da produção da saúde mental e da prevenção de situações de adoecimento no trabalho. São ainda decisivos para a conquista da emancipação pela via do trabalho. Entender as condições que tornam possível a existência deles no seio das instituições é fundamental para aqueles que desejam aliar a produção de bens ou serviços à produção da saúde dos trabalhadores
INTRODUCTION: Based on the theoretical framework of work psychodynamics, it is understood that the construction of subjectivity and, hence, the identity and mental health of adult subjects have in the work its central point. PURPOSE: To highlight components of work organization which may support the health production, the building and strengthening of the identity of specific individuals and collective professionals based on an understanding of a specific work situation. METHODS: It is an exploratory case study. It was conducted with a group of doctors inserted in the University Hospital of University of São Paulo and whose work is crossed by coordination of teams and/or care actions. Fourteen semi-structured interviews taken between September 2013 and April 2014, which were organized into two phases. In the first one, seven manager doctors participated. They helped in the understanding of the general chart organizational of the institution, the flow and organization of medical work. In the second phase participated seven professionals who were doctors assistants and also duty chefs. Due to the importance of the actions developed by these professionals in the hospital and their availability to participate in the study, they were constituted as the target population of it. It was adopted the phenomenological-hermeneutic approach to the interpretation of the findings. The work and the professional identity of these subjects were characterized according to four areas: content of the work; resources available to carry out the planned activities; trajectory for arrival in this role and; experiences of suffering and pleasure at work. RESULTS: Weekly, for 12 consecutive hours, the doctors on duty chiefs are responsible for administrative matters and representing the board of the hospital face workers and service users. Based on the technical aspects, institutional and work rules, they make clinical decisions regarding the possibility of receiving and hosting subjects who seeks the hospital. They aim, as much as possible, to maintain the regularity and continuity of organizational efficiency and improve the resoluteness of care given. All the material and human resources of the institution are allied when the decisions have to be made, even if it is individually. They were invited by the hospital board to play this role, based in the identification of certain personal and professional characteristics. Among all the activities, to be in charge of the regulatory management of hospital beds often sets them against situations of powerlessness. DISCUSSION: The duty chefs are professionals who move between clinical work and coordination of situations and people. It highlights the importance of the judgment of technical and social utility, mainly by those who compose the organizational basis of organizational hierarchy, by having their authority founded on professional skills and quality of referrals that they do. The recognition as retribution in symbolic way, appears to boost the construction of creative solutions to face the difficulties encountered at work. We also emphasize the place of the other in the movement of achieve their own identity. They are in a scenario in which, besides being beneficiaries, also foster cooperation processes from the way they do the management. The years of work shared between the same teams and the ethics of health care, appear to sustain this dynamic. CONCLUSIONS: It is understood that cooperation and recognition are important aspects when it comes to mental health production and preventing disease situations at work. They are still decisive for the achievement of emancipation through work. Understanding the conditions that make possible their existence within the institutions is essential for those who wish to combine the production of goods or services to the production of health workers

This descriptive research addressed the challenges of working with the conscious and unconscious aspects of diversity in order to enhance insights into covert and deeper diversity dynamics in organisations. The research supported the evolving trend of shifting the systems psychodynamic orientation from the group to the individual context. The general aim was to describe a systems psychodynamic coaching model, and to determine its trustworthiness in assisting executives to work effectively with conscious and unconscious diversity dynamics. Literature was reviewed to provide a theoretical foundation of diversity challenges which executives face in South African organisations. This was augmented by systems psychodynamic literature, which provided a theoretical basis upon which to understand the intrapsychic aspects of the executives and their interplay with systemic dynamics. The empirical study was conducted over ten months to determine the trustworthiness of executive coaching in diversity from a systems psychodynamic perspective. Data was gathered using the organisational role analysis approach, and analysed by means of the systems psychodynamic discourse analysis method. Nine major themes and their related sub-themes were identified, namely, gender, race, ethnicity, authority, disability, language, age, de-authorisation of diversity work, and the coaching process. Through the coaching, the executives gained insights into their intrapsychic environment and the complex, multifaceted and intersecting nature of diversity in their organisations. They were assisted to take up their leadership roles more effectively and to take action on behalf of their organisations. The research hypothesis formulated and the conclusion made was that executive coaching from a systems psychodynamic perspective displays trustworthiness.
Industrial and Organisational Psychology
D. Litt. et Phil. (Consulting Psychology)

碩士
國立臺北大學
社會學系
98
**A traditional view of psychotherapy is that psychotherapy is the interactions, both verbal and behavioral, between two subjects. The intention of my thesis is to question the traditional view via post-structuralist approaches. Following the concepts of The Order of Things by Michel Foucault and Mythologies by Roland Barthes, I reveal both the tempo-spatial structure and structured tempo-spatiality of psychoanalysis and object-relation theories. Patients under the psychodynamic gaze are subtracted to be a folded configuration of topologically covalent space with bounds, and of recurrent and return life flow. Therefore, the practices of psychodynamic psychotherapy as a whole is an autonomous system, whose aims are to fold patients into specific tempo-spatial configurations by a sort of patterns and rules. This folding makes patient’s life into a coherent and cohesive narrative, and thus precludes the existence of a shattered and de-centered self without being psychopathologized. **Besides, psychodynamic psychotherapy shows the dominant power of rationality when therapists deal with the binary opposite words such as “rational/emotional” and “conscious/unconscious”. In order to explore patient’s inner world and to treat the distorted intra-psychic organ, his/her unconscious emotional conflicts need to be objectified and objective, especially when they are destructive. The Objectification and objectivation reflect the desire of psychodynamic theory to see itself as science. In addition, patient’s problems will be transformed into psychodynamic problems by metonymic and synecdochic manipulations which delicately make psychodynamic psychotherapy into a cross-reference symbolic chains which could extend to anywhere as long as therapists wish. Anywhere means nowhere; thus no stable, non-reducible signified could be referred, nor an intra-psychic genesis could be traced back. It is questionable whether psychodynamic psychotherapy could reach the essence of patients.

碩士
國立臺灣藝術大學
戲劇學系表演藝術碩士班
105
Victor Marie Hugo was a humanitarian novelist in 19th century in France. "Les Misérables" was one of his representative works, which has been adapted into dramas, musicals and films. Musical is a form of performances that combines music, songs, dance, drama and other elements. Actors in musicals express various emotions to audience through their language, action, music and performance. This study focuses on analyzing personalities of the main characters, such as Jean Valjean, Fantine, Javert, the Thenardiers, Cosette, Eponine, Marius, Enjolras, and Gavroche in "Les Misérables". By analyzing their monologues and dialogues with psychodynamic approaches in the musical, the original novel and other researches, this study tries to evaluate and interpret characters’ personalities and their relationships. According to the psychodynamic theory, “the unconscious mind” motivates individuals’ behavior, which shapes one’s personality. This study uses psychodynamic perspective to observe and analyze the mental activities of the characters and how they function. Psychoanalytic psychology and analytical psychology were both based on the concept of psychodynamic theory. This study aims to analyze and evaluate characters in "Les Misérables" through Freud’s theory of personality structure and his psychodynamic theory involving the concept of ego defense mechanism and Jung’s concept of “archetype” in his theory of collective unconscious.

This study focussed on the systems psychodynamic perspective of how different leadership styles (paranoid, schizoid, depressive, compulsive and histrionic) deal with change as measured in a focus group consisting of four psychologists. How the different styles deal with change was compared to the definitions established to distinguish the key tendencies apparent during change for each style. Content analysis was applied to determine an integrative profile for each style during change. Though each of the styles responds in distinctly different ways when faced with change, all show a heightened level of reaction on the interpersonal dimension, indicating that change dramatically affects leader-follower relationships. The findings highlight the reversion during change to extreme self-interest and a tendency to use the team to serve this self-interest. Recommendations were presented to create reflective space so the leader may, through insight, be in a position to establish collaborative leader-follower relationships that are open to change.
Indust & Org Psychology
MCOM (IND PSYCHOLOGY)

The 21st century is characterised by globalisation, turbulent change, an information explosion and an electronic revolution. The result is organisations with decentralised structures, increased employee empowerment and growth alliances. This changing landscape calls for a more holistic, collaborative outlook on leadership, placing the emphasis on relationships, context and transformation where leadership occurs at multiple levels in organisations. While organisations work towards future sustainability in response to the demands of this landscape, leaders are faced with their own personal transition within their roles. Leadership is a socially constructed process that is co-created amidst pressure from self-expectations, follower expectations and organisational requirements. Leadership as a boundary-keeping role that functions on the periphery between the organisation and the external environment, evokes anxiety. The researcher sought to explore, describe and analyse the lived leadership role experience of 21st century leaders as it plays out above and below the surface of consciousness. At the conscious level, the normative role refers to job description and content. At the unconscious level, the existential role deals with the role in the mind of the individual, while the phenomenal role relates to what others perceive and project onto the individual fulfilling the role. The level of congruence between these three roles and its consequent impact on the individual leadership experience were explored. Hermeneutic phenomenology, using the systems psychodynamic perspective as a theoretical framework, enabled the researcher to apply in-depth description and interpretation. A case study research approach was adopted where individual cases were analysed and then consolidated into a cross-case analysis of findings. The study revealed the underlying mental activity and irrational behaviour relating to anxiety, conflict and defences that manifest for 21st century leaders. By integrating the findings with both systems psychodynamic literature and leadership literature, nine themes emerged, namely anxiety, leadership identity, boundaries, authority, role, task, containment, valence and perceived performance. These themes culminated in a research hypothesis about the constant evolution of the leadership role in the context of the current business landscape.
Psychology
Ph. D. (Consulting Psychology)

Pistorius (1996) was the first individual to introduce research on serial murder in the South African context with her psychodynamic approach to the phenomenon. Since then, others have followed, namely Labuschagne (1998, 2001) with his search for interactional and communication connections; Du Plessis (1998) from a grounded theory approach; and Hodgskiss (2001) with his assessment of South African offender characteristics and behaviours. Four more studies have been conducted, namely Hook’s post-structural deconstruction of narratives of a person who committed serial murder (2003); De Wet’s psychosocial perspective (2005); Barkhuizen’s intrapsychic object relations approach (2006); and Del Fabbro’s exploration of the phenomenon from a family systems paradigm (2006). To date, no attempt has been made to review these research endeavors. In this article, these studies are reviewed and their strengths and weaknesses with regard to theory, methodology and research findings debated. The author concludes with several recommendations for future research on the phenomenon of serial murder: greater communication between various disciplines (e.g. psychology, criminology, law) investigating serial murder; expansion of Hodgskiss’ research (2001) on offence characteristics for profiling purposes; and the relationship between psychopathology and serial murder.
Dissertation (MA (Clinical Psychology))--University of Pretoria, 2007.
Psychology
MA
unrestricted

Despite the large proportion of clients who use psychotherapy more than once in their lifetimes, little empirical, theoretical, or technical literature focuses on conducting subsequent therapy. This qualitative study used in-depth interviews of 8 experienced doctoral-level psychologists (all with over 15 years experience conducting therapy) to examine the process of conducting psychotherapy with experienced clients. Psychotherapists in the sample were all trained with a psychodynamic or psychoanalytic orientation and continued to work partially or exclusively in that tradition. Results include analysis by interviewee including presentation of specific cases, as well as thematic analysis across interviewees. Thematic analysis is divided into three sections: classifications of subsequent therapy in relation to previous therapy, practice considerations and recommendations, and therapists' subjective experience and beliefs about experienced clients and subsequent therapy. Findings relate to issues of mental health service utilization such as help-seeking and intermittent use of psychotherapy throughout the life cycle. Findings also address psychotherapy process issues such as beginning the treatment, therapist-directed exploration of previous therapy, deciding whether to contact previous therapists, working with clients' unresolved feelings from previous therapy, making therapeutic use of talking about previous therapy, working with clients who return to the same therapist, and triangulation of previous therapist, subsequent therapist, and client. Therapy with experienced clients was found to be different from therapy with inexperienced clients in certain cases; however, in generalizing about their practices as a whole, the therapists interviewed judged these differences to be small in comparison with other client characteristics affecting therapy.

This study explores the world of human conflict in the workplace, the workplace (in this case) being a South African university. Using the academic tools of ethnography and autoethnography, I investigate the dimensions of human conflict management, which include intrapersonal, interpersonal and intra-group conflict management, from a psychological perspective. In this thesis I refer, in particular, to examples and extractions taken from case studies that focus on conflicts between employees. In doing so I used an eclectic, psychodynamic theoretical frame of reference. The data was collected and processed over a period of fourteen years. Another focus of this thesis is my reflections on my personal development as a counselling psychologist specialising in intrapersonal, interpersonal and intra-group conflict management within an institutional organisation. The participants‟ stories revealed intense emotional experiences and I have put forward suggestions on how these experiences could be explored and dealt with by means of psychologically orientated techniques and interventions within the boundaries of the ethical codes and values of counselling psychology. My eclectic choice of brief psychotherapy, strengths-based counselling, and psychodynamic-based intrapersonal, interpersonal and intra-group interventions are included in my personal narrative. This study serves only as a guideline to other counselling psychologists who deal with human conflicts in similar situations. I have not tried to present a generalised theory. In this study, I argue strongly that there is indeed a place for counselling psychologists and the application of psychological knowledge in the world of human resources departments in organisations. I believe that counselling psychologists can operate, alternatively, as individual counselling psychologists, workshop facilitators and co-facilitators, as consultants, and as members of multidisciplinary teams to address, among other, conflict management in a tertiary institution.
Psychology
D. Litt. et Phil. (Psychology)