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Kennedy, Paul. "Psychological aspects of spinal cord injury : behavioural approaches, emotional impact and coping strategies." Thesis, University of Ulster, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.339313.
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Bira, Lindsay M. "Emotional Writing in an HIV+ Population: Assessing Two Scoring Methods of Emotional/Cognitive Processing and Their Effects on Health Status, Physical Symptoms and Psychological Well-being." Scholarly Repository, 2011. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_theses/294.
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Objective: The purpose of the present study is to examine whether level of written emotional expression (EE) and emotional/cognitive processing (ECP) for traumatic events predict health status (CD4 and VL), Category B symptoms, depression and anxiety in an HIV+ population over four years. Specifically, two different scoring methods of two variables within ECP (cognitive appraisal and self-esteem) will be compared to see if a change score (SMCHANGE) or a final score (SMFINAL) better predict outcomes. The possible mediating role of ECP in the relationship between EE and outcomes will also be explored. Methods: This longitudinal study assessed 169 HIV+ and diverse men and women in the midrange of illness as indicated by a CD4 number between 150 and 200 and no previous AIDS-defining symptom. EE/ECP data was gathered during baseline assessment and participants attended follow-up assessments every 6 months for a period of 4 years. Hierarchical Linear Modeling was used to examine change over time in CD4, VL log, Category B symptoms, depression and anxiety controlling for age, gender, ethnicity, education, anti-HIV medication and baseline values for each outcome. In addition, analyses for CD4 and VL log were rerun controlling for medication adherence. Results: Positive EE was found to be significantly related to only CD4 and Category B symptoms slopes. Negative EE was not related to any outcome. ECP was found to be related to CD4, VL log and Category B symptoms slope. No relationships were found between EE/ECP and depression and anxiety. SMFINAL scores on ECP subscales were found to predict CD4 and VL log slope better than SMCHANGE, but SMCHANGE scores predicted Category B symptoms slope better than SMFINAL. Within meditational analyses, ECP was found to mediate the relationship between positive EE and CD4 slope controlling for adherence. Positive EE mediated the relationship between ECP and Category B symptoms slope. Conclusions: Higher engagement in positive EE and ECP within emotional writing about a trauma contributes to beneficial changes in health outcomes over time within HIV+ individuals. SMFINAL seems to be more related to CD4 and VL log slope while SMCHANGE seems to be more related to Category B symptoms slope, indicating that both scoring methods within ECP seem to be valuable. Findings support the meditational role of ECP between EE and CD4, and provide new evidence that positive EE plays a meditational role between ECP and Category B symptoms. These findings can be used to help improve health for patients in future studies or in CBT therapies.
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Vallano, Jon P. "The effects of psychological injury on juror perceptions and liability determinations in hostile environment sexual harassment cases." Virtual Press, 2006. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1337638.
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The present study investigated whether the presentation of severe psychological injury increased the perceived likelihood of sexual harassment and more plaintiff-friendly verdicts in a hostile environment sexual harassment claim. Four hundred thirty-two participants were presented with a case summary divided into five paragraphs. Within the fifth paragraph, participants were informed that the plaintiff suffered from different severity levels of psychological injury. Gender was monitored to ensure a proportional amount of males and females in each condition. Results indicated that the presentation of psychological injury in any form increased the likelihood of perceived sexual harassment and verdicts for the plaintiff. Participants believed that garden-variety injuries (i.e., embarrassment, humiliation) were more likely to occur from sexual harassment, and had a greater impact on their perceptions and liability determinations. These results suggest that participants may use the presentation of psychological injury as a heuristic that when present, favors the plaintiff.Department of Psychological Science
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Murray, Michaela Julie. "Psychological mechanisms underlying the relationship between childhood trauma and psychosis : exploring the role of emotion regulation." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2017. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/psychological-mechanisms-underlying-the-relationship-between-childhood-trauma-and-psychosis(fd78c3da-2733-4599-832d-c4e776652305).html.
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Aims: There is now a very large research literature showing that childhood trauma has enduring consequences that can span across many areas of a child’s development. Since early emotion-regulatory processes emerge within the context of a caregiver-child relationship, disruptions in the development of emotion regulation skills are thought to be a common consequence of childhood abuse. A comprehensive investigation of this relationship would be a useful addition to the literature, given the increasing recognition of shared processes across a range of disorders and recommendations to adopt a mechanism-focused approach. This review sought to identify, summarise and critically evaluate studies that investigated the relationship between childhood abuse and emotion regulation in adults with a diagnosed mental health disorder. Method: Searches of electronic databases Embase, PsycINFO and Medline were conducted. After screening, papers relevant to the review question were examined in more detail and quality assessment ratings were completed. Results: Overall, 549 studies were identified through searches. After inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, a total of 10 studies met criteria and were included in the review. These included 1,431 participants with a variety of clinically significant mental health problems. Quality varied across studies and some frequent methodological limitations were identified. Conclusion: Findings provide evidence for a specific link between childhood abuse, particularly childhood emotional abuse, and emotion regulation difficulties. Findings also provide some evidence that emotion regulation difficulties may, in part, explain the relationship between childhood abuse and mental health difficulties later in life. However, due to the methodological issues raised and the small number of studies reviewed, it is not possible to draw firm conclusions and further investigation is needed. Recommendations are made to improve the methodological quality of future studies and to encourage consistency in research aims and methods.
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Coker, Suzanne Patricia, and s. coker@cqu edu au. "A Positive Psychological Perspective of the Direct and Indirect Influences of Gender Role Schema and the Experience of Childhood Trauma on Psychological, Physical, and Social Well-Being in Adulthood." Central Queensland University. Department of Psychology and Sociology, 2007. http://library-resources.cqu.edu.au./thesis/adt-QCQU/public/adt-QCQU20071016.145424.
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This research assessed psychosocial and cognitive factors influencing well-being, utilising a positive psychological perspective. The theoretical framework of this research was provided by two of the sub-theories of Self-Determination Theory Basic Needs Theory and Organismic Integration Theory along with Gender Role Theory, and Becks Cognitive Triad, with each of these theories relating differentially to the concept of control or self-determination. More specifically, the current research examined the relationship between gender role schema and the experience of childhood trauma with psychological, physical, and social well-being in adults. Two studies were conducted. Study 1 employed a random sample of 410 participants from Central Queensland, Australia, to develop the World Beliefs Inventory (WBI). This 21-item inventory was developed to assess world beliefs, based on a translation of Aerts et al.s (1994) philosophical conceptualisation of world beliefs into common terminology. Developing the WBI enabled the assessment of world beliefs, which along with beliefs about oneself (operationalised as perceived control), and the future (dispositional optimism) constitute Becks (1976) cognitive triad. Statistical analyses indicated that the inventory provided a good representation of the world beliefs construct, as well as possessing favourable concurrent validity (e.g., positive views regarding the nature of the world were associated with decreased frequency of depressive symptoms experienced, and greater general psychological health and self-esteem). Study 2 was designed to investigate the direct and indirect relationships between gender role schema (masculinity and femininity) and the experience of childhood trauma with psychological, physical, and social well-being, being mediated by (a) the satisfaction of the basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness, (b) beliefs about the world, oneself, and the future, (c) the self-regulation of withholding negative emotion (SRWNE), and (d) somatic amplification. Study 2 employed a separate random sample of 605 participants from Central Queensland. Psychological, physical, and social well-being were each assessed independently to determine whether patterns of significant relationships were similar or different across the different types of well-being. In order to test the theories underlying the structural models of well-being, five hierarchical models of each type of well-being were analysed and compared. Satisfaction of the basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness, and beliefs about the future (dispositional optimism) were found to play a role in the process via which masculinity, femininity, and the experience of childhood trauma influenced all three forms of well-being, while world beliefs were additionally found to influence social well-being, and the SRWNE additionally influenced physical well-being. Results therefore support Basic Needs Theory and provide partial support for Becks cognitive triad. They also provide evidence of the utility of the concept of the SRWNE, which was developed in accordance with Organismic Integration Theory.
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Malherbe, Helena Dorathea. "Emotional abuse in close relationships analysis of women's experiences as expressed in a therapeutic setting /." Thesis, Pretoria : [s.n.], 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-11032006-131428.
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Bailham, Dawn Bernadette Ruth. "Psychological trauma following childbirth." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2001. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/4506/.
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The aim of this study was to assess risk factors to PTSD following childbirth incorporating a longitudinal design. Since the introduction of DSM-IV (APA, 1994) there has been an awareness in the literature that women can develop PTSD following childbirth. The first study in this thesis provides a comprehensive review of the literature in this area and the clinical implications of the disorder. The aim of the second study was to investigate the factor structure of a questionnaire measure (PLDQ) that has been used in past studies to assess women's perceptions of labour and delivery. The findings from this study indicate that the PLDQ consists of three internally reliable factors that can assess a woman's perception of pain, staff support/care and fear during labour and delivery. The scale can differentiate among women on these factors according to type of delivery. The aim of the third paper was to assess risk. factors to PTSD across time in the antenatal period, appraisal factors during delivery with the PLDQ, and maintenance factors in the postnatal period. There is an absence of studies in the literature that assess risk factors to PTSD over time. The results of this study indicate that postnatal depression (PND) and a negative appraisal of staff support and care during labour and delivery can predispose women to PTSD at 5-8 weeks following delivery. At 10 -14 weeks the relationship between PTSD and PND was still consistent. The clinical implications of the research are discussed for screening women at risk of PTSD following childbirth, assessment of a woman's appraisal of a difficult labour and delivery and the provision of support in the postnatal period.
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Kidd, Pamela Ann Stinson. "Trauma patients perception of the trauma experience." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184756.
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A grounded theory study was conducted to identify, describe and provide a theoretical analysis of the conditions and events surrounding the occurrence of physical trauma. Research questions addressed were: What pattern of behavior is present in individuals prior to experiencing a motor vehicle collision (MVC)?; To what degree do trauma patients view themselves as active participants in a MVC that results in physical injury? Twenty one informants participated in the study. Theoretical sampling involved the use of a variety of sources of data. Vignettes, interviews, songs, commercials and automobile advertisements were triangulated with existing literature. Constant comparative analysis revealed a grounded theory of self protection. Self protection consists of three phases; perceptions of actual control over the environment, experiencing a traumatic event that signifies loss of control over their environment, and self protection to enhance perceptions of actual control over the environment post event. Controlling perceptions influenced use of protection devices and post trauma driving behavior. Self protection involved emotional focused and problem focused strategies similar to that described in the literature. Perceptions of actual control over the environment was not a static trait but appeared to be situationally dependent. The theory explained the behavior of the majority of the informants regardless of their mechanisms of injury; although patients with injuries resulting from violence were omitted from the study. Informants who viewed driving as a pleasurable action with unpredictable outcomes, as a form of risk taking behavior, did not identify self protection strategies post event. The other informants viewed driving as an unconscious, automatized behavior and denied engaging in risk taking prior to the MVC. Findings indicate the need to explore the social context of the American lifestyle and the image of the automobile when explaining self protective strategies. Automobile manufacturers provide the illusion of control over the environment in their advertisements perhaps negating the need for self protection. Rationale for not supporting mandatory protection for the use of seat belts and helmets was provided by the informants. Further testing with contrasting groups is indicated to determine the usefulness of the theory outside the trauma patient population.
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Strazdins, Lyndall, and lyndall strazdins@anu edu au. "Emotional Work: A Psychological View." The Australian National University. Faculty of Science, 2000. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20010906.171501.
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At work and in the family, people do emotional work to meet other people's emotional needs, improve their wellbeing, and maintain social harmony. Emotional work is unique and skilled work - it involves handling emotions and social relationships and its product is the change of feeling in others. ¶
The thesis extends the work of Erickson and Wharton (1993, 1997) and England (1992, England & Farkas, 1986) by adding a psychological perspective. Emotional work is defined in terms of behaviours. Three dimensions, companionship, help and regulation, distinguish whether positive or negative emotions in other people are the target of emotional work. Companionship builds positive emotions, whereas help and regulation repairs and regulates negative emotions. ¶
Two studies, the Public Service Study (n=448) and the Health Care Study (n=261), sample different work and family role contexts (spouse, parent, kinkeeper and friendship, manager, workmate and service roles). The Integrative Emotional Work (IEW) Inventory was developed to assess emotional work in these roles. ¶
Emotional work is not just women's work. Younger people and those from ethnic minority backgrounds also do more emotional work. In contexts where it is not rewarded, emotional work is done by those with lower status. Emotional work is responsive and increases when other people are distressed. It is an aspect of the domestic division of labour, and influenced by workplace climate. Although personality is a factor, some determinants are modifiable. People do more emotional work when they have the skills, when it is saliently prescribed, and when it is rewarded and recognised. ¶
Emotional work is costly to those who do it and combines in its effects across work and family roles. When people do emotional work they 'catch' emotions from others (Hatfield, Cacioppo, & Rapson, 1994). Handling positive emotions in others improves wellbeing. However, handling negative emotions in others relates to a wide range of psychological health problems. These health costs are mitigated when emotional work is rewarded. Emotional work's devaluation sets in train social group differences in its performance, and confers both material (England & Folbre, 1999) and health disadvantages on those who do it.
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MacFie, Christine. "Work related trauma, culture and the police : towards an effective trauma management scheme." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270737.
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This action research based thesis focuses on work-related psychological trauma and its management, within the context of the British police service. A case study on one force facilitates detailed exploration of ways in which police occupational culture may impede the provision and acceptance of trauma management schemes. A national questionnaire-based survey of United Kingdom police forces establishes the scope and nature of their trauma management provisions and identifies strengths and weaknesses. Few trauma research studies have concentrated upon the affective domain of the British police service and there is limited understanding of how personal emotions are managed in the police organisation, or how its culture can affect the individual's experience of work-related trauma in an unhelpful way. The study aims to increase knowledge and understanding in this area and to assist British police forces in their attempts to reduce police sickness absences and ill health retirements, which may result from exposure to workrelated trauma. Two main study concerns are addressed by different means. The thesis is arranged as an introduction that includes discussion of the methodological approach adopted, seven chapters, conclusions and recommendations. Chapter one sets the scene by scrutinising the police service as a modern work organisation. Having clarified the basic principles of British policing, it outlines how the service has developed, exploring the difficulties and tensions police officers at all levels experience in trying to fulfil their current roles and responsibilities. Chapter two looks at the nature and potential effects of 'critical' incidents and traces the history of trauma recognition and critical incident debriefing, discussing the current debate on the efficacy of the latter and its value for police personnel. Chapter three examines current national and local police trauma management provisions and chapter four focuses on the identification and management of key risks posed to the police organisation, arising from work-related trauma. Chapter five explores police officers' experiences of trauma through descriptions of three 'service' roles and critical incident scenarios and by focusing on how certain aspects of police culture may intensify and prolong their initial distress. Chapter six shows the ways in which the police organisation seeks to manage its members' emotions through its selection, training and socialisation processes and how its success in doing so can impede the delivery and takeup of trauma management services. Chapter seven then outlines the main theoretical concepts underpinning the thesis, explaining why the police organisation requires officers to manage their emotions in particular ways and outlining mechanisms it has adopted as corporate defences against anxiety. A summary of conclusions follows and the thesis ends with recommendations to effect improvements to the quality and consistency of services being offered.
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Hiskey, Syd. "Intrusive experiences and psychological adjustment following trauma." Thesis, University of Essex, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.248651.
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Levett, Ann. "Psychological trauma : discourses of childhood sexual abuse." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/17128.
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Bibliography: pages 334-360.There are difficulties with the ways in which childhood sexual abuse and its consequences have been conceptualised and studied. This thesis takes a critical and reflexive approach in examining conventional, dominant ideas about psychological trauma following the sexual abuse or molestation of girls. The empirical and clinical literature in this area is reviewed, to contextualize two studies in the first part of the thesis. Case studies of three women who disclosed childhood sexual abuse as a major problem area in psychotherapy are presented within a psychodynamic framework; the therapeutic issues which emerge are ones common among women. A prevalence study of child sexual abuse experiences among a sample of university women students is then presented and compared with North American studies; the prevalence figure of 44% is discussed in relation to the methodology used, which was informed by feminist conventions of a supportive, non-intrusive group setting, providing educational input as a therapeutic intervention. Given that childhood sexual abuse is a common experience for girls, a conceptual analysis of psychological trauma is developed. In Part II of the thesis the methodology is informed by the importance of linking current ideas about ideology with language and social practices, in an investigation of themes of power/knowledge in relation to the issues raised in Part I. Verbal and written texts gathered from a group of women were subjected to discourse analyses. In the third study presented it is shown that the professional discourse concerning the traumatic effects of child sexual abuse is pervasive in discursive themes elicited from lay women. This is interpreted as an example of the production and reproduction of knowledge which perpetuates existing power structures (lay /professional; female/male; child/adult); anomalous themes are understood as agentic strategies of resistance. In the fourth study presented, discourse analysis of spoken and written texts collected from women showed the extent to which fears and anxieties about childhood sexual abuse affects the lives of girls and women in a South African sample, and the forms these fears take. Interpreted as discourses of female control, every girl is placed and has to place herself in relation to these discourses, in which she invests in various ways. The conclusion is that the individualization of specific events of sexual abuse obscures the everyday discourses and discursive practices which govern the lives of girls and women, against which they may struggle. These constitute aspects of the interpellation of female gendered subjectivity. The conflict areas and problems which bring women to therapy are related to being female in a particular socio-historical context, rather than to experiences of childhood sexual abuse.
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Elliott, Emma M. "Damn Spot: Navigating Emotional Trauma in the Body." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/1252.
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I researched the history of emotional trauma and its portrayal in modern media and Shakespearean plays and created a film based on my personal experience with the topic. This film utilizes Shakespearean song and monologue from Hamlet and Macbeth to narrate the inner journey of a girl working through emotional trauma. We follow her as she feels the impact of her trauma in her body and as she tries to hide it from her friends and maintain a normal facade. This film does contain a fictionalized portrayal of an anxiety attack, so viewer discretion is advised. This project does not claim to be a comprehensive and complete narrative for anyone dealing with emotional trauma: it is a deeply personal experience and affects every person differently. I drew inspiration from my own struggles with emotional trauma for this film and the reflection of my experience that I found in these Shakespearean monologues.
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Rahtz, Emmylou. "The trauma of trauma : a prospective study of psychological distress following physical injury." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2015. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/8977.
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Background: People who experience physical trauma face a range of psychosocial outcomes. These may be overlooked by busy clinicians. While some risk factors are understood, our understanding of the psychological effects of violent injury remains limited. Furthermore, there has been little research on the effect of facial trauma. Although changes to appearance can be distressing, the effects of these have not been studied in traumatic injury patients. Aims: To establish the prevalence and persistence of psychological distress and appearance concerns following injury. To compare the psychological outcomes in i) violent and accidental injury and ii) facial and other injury, and iii) to identify explanatory risk factors for psychological distress. Methods: Participants were adults admitted to the Royal London Hospital with traumatic injuries. Two hundred and twenty five participants (225) completed questionnaires in hospital. Follow up was at three months (N = 100) and six months (N = 112). Standardised measures were used to assess symptoms of post-traumatic stress (PTSS) (Acute Stress Disorder Scale, PTSD Checklist), depression and anxiety (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale), and appearance concern (Derriford Appearance Scale). Explanatory measures were collected, including history of mental health. Data were analysed in logistic and linear regressions, using multilevel models. Results: PTSS and depressive symptoms affected 28% and 33% respectively at baseline. At six months, 27% and 31% respectively reported these symptoms. After adjusting for demographic factors, violent injury was associated with increased PTSS (OR 6.44, CI 1.75 to 23.75), depressive symptoms (OR 4.78, CI 1.41 to 16.18) and appearance concern (2.78, CI 0.09 to 5.47). A history of mental health problems increased distress. Conclusions: There were high levels of psychological distress in this sample. Violent injury was associated with a complex interaction of social and psychological factors. People vulnerable to distress may benefit from psychological support. Hospital admission provides a unique opportunity to engage them in interventions.
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McQuaid, Deborah. "Psychological trauma in children and adolescents with burns." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2000. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2591/.
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This thesis examines and describes children's and adolescent's responses to burn injuries, with a specific focus on traumatic responses. Fifty five children, adolescents and their parents took part in this longitudinal study, a recruitment rate of 35% of the total population. All of the children had sustained accidental burn injuries of varying severity at least one month before their first assessment. Children were aged between three and eighteen years, and the mean age was seven years. Children under 6 years were not personally assessed. Parents reported on these children using the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL), and the Posttraumatic Stress Reaction Index- parent version (PTS-RI). Children over six years took part in the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents (DICA), and completed the Impact of Events Scale (IES), the Children's Posttraumatic Stress Reaction Index (C-PTS-RI), the Fear Survey Schedule (FSS) and the Depression Self-Rating Scale (DSRS). Parents of these children also completed DICA, the PTS-RI and the CBCL. At six months, all procedures were repeated. Generally, children and adolescents adjusted well following their burn injuries. Traumatic symptoms had been experienced by over half the children, with intrusive symptoms most common. 14% had a PTSD diagnosis at some time since their burn injury. A quarter of the children were reported to have general borderline or clinical behavioural problems using the CBCL. Over half the children reported symptoms of depression. The results are described with reference to the existing literature on children's traumatic responses and children's responses to burn injuries. It is suggested that there may be a "normal" acute trauma response following burn injury. Theory surrounding children's response to burn injury is examined and directions for a new theory encompassing trauma and injury in the context of development are proposed. The methodological limitations to the study are discussed and recommendations are made.
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Selemo, Benaliligha Francis. "Trauma and Psychological Sequelae in Substance Misusing Clients." Thesis, University of Essex, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.486175.
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Clinicians in the Addiction Services of the South London and Maudsley NHS Trust} SAS) United Kingdom observed an increase in trauma cases among , their clients. They also suspected relationship between various possible trauma sequelae. Although, there was no empirical data from them, their observations appear to support findings of previous research (e.g. Norris, 1992). Therefore, the current study was on trauma and its psychological sequelae.The study had 3 aims. First, to examine the prevalence of sociodemographic characteristics, psychological trauma, anxiety sensitivity, and specific substances of abuse (as the independent variables) and anger behaviour, interpersonal violence and anxiety disorders (as the dependent variables). Second, to examine the evidence for possible functional relationships between the variables and the predictive power of the independent variables. Third, to examine anxiety sensitivity as a possible mediator between the variables.
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Folland, Caroline H. "Working with psychological trauma : an interpretative phenomenological analysis of trauma-focused CBT and EMDR." Thesis, University of Derby, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10545/621586.
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Purpose: The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), acknowledged repeated or extreme indirect exposure to aversive details of traumatic event(s) in the course of professional duties, can lead to symptoms of PTSD. This has led to discussions around impact and prevalence of vicarious trauma in psychological therapists treating trauma clients. This study considers how therapists delivering trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) make sense of their experiences and protect themselves from any negative effects of the work. Furthermore, it considers if there is a distinction in therapist experience between the two modalities. Methodology/Method: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) was conducted to explore how trauma-focused CBT and EMDR therapists engaged in trauma work, interpreted and made sense of their experiences; with a view to identifying any protective practice that informed clinical practice and helped ameliorate vicarious trauma. Recorded, semi-structured interviews were conducted with CBT and EMDR therapists (N=11). Before analysis, interviews were transcribed verbatim and sent to individual participants for validation of their authenticity. Data was analysed using descriptive, linguistic and conceptual comments to identify an initial seventy nine emergent themes. When refined, four master themes of ‘Nature of Trauma’, ‘Participant sense of self and managing the process of hearing trauma narrative’, ‘Participant experience of delivering the trauma models’ and ‘Protecting and sustaining the participant sense of self’ were identified to answer the research question and are discussed herein. Findings: This study forms part of the growing body of evidence towards understanding therapist vicarious traumatisation. It both supports and challenges findings of previous studies. It also introduces new concepts in relation to the vicarious trauma phenomenon. Whilst there are clear limitations associated with making generalisations from an IPA study, the findings from the study suggest EMDR may be a protective factor against the negative effects of hearing repeated trauma narrative. Furthermore, certain strategies such as time management, comprehensive trauma training and specific trauma supervision, may also reduce the negative effects of hearing trauma narrative. Finally, regardless of the difficulties faced, therapists enjoy their trauma work and feel a great sense of professional satisfaction. Implications/Recommendations: Indications from the findings of the study are that therapists working within primary care in particular, are becoming increasingly pressurised by cuts to funding within mental health services. Recommendations are that those components of trauma work which promote therapist wellbeing should be supported. In particular, realistic timeframes within which to work, good quality training and supervisors, ideally external to the workplace, who can provide trauma-specific supervision.
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Weinstein, Ben. "Understanding emotional pain a preliminary investigation /." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10450/10215.
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Duff, Jane Stuart. "The psychological sequelae of trauma following spinal cord injury." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.242188.
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Clark, Ian Alexander. "A clinical neuroscience investigation into flashbacks and involuntary autobiographical memories." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:04f72e37-73fe-4347-8af1-8d8852c05f1b.
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Recurrent and intrusive distressing recollections of trauma are a hallmark symptom of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The term ‘flashback’ is used in this thesis to refer to vivid, sensory perceptual (predominantly visual images), emotional memories from a traumatic event that intrude involuntarily into consciousness. Furthermore, intrusive image based memories occur in a number of other psychological disorders, for example, bipolar disorder and depression. Clinically, the presence and occurrence of flashbacks and flashback type memories are well documented. However, in terms of the neural underpinnings there is limited understanding of how such flashback memories are formed or later involuntarily recalled. An experimental psychopathology approach is taken whereby flashbacks are viewed on a continuum with other involuntary autobiographical memories and are studied using analogue emotional events in the laboratory. An initial review develops a heuristic clinical neuroscience framework for understanding flashback memories. It is proposed that flashbacks consistent of five component parts – mental imagery, autobiographical memory, involuntary recall, attention hijacking and negative emotion. Combining knowledge of the component parts helped provide a guiding framework, at both a neural and behavioural level, into how flashback memories may be formed and how they return to mind unbidden. Four studies (1 neuroimaging, 3 behavioural) using emotional film paradigms were conducted. In the first study, the trauma film paradigm was combined with neuroimaging (n = 35) to investigate the neural basis of both the encoding and the involuntary recall of flashback memories. Results provided a first replication of a specific pattern of brain activation at the encoding of memories that later returned as flashbacks. This included elevation in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex, insula, thalamus, ventral occipital cortex and left inferior frontal gyrus (during just the encoding of scenes that returned as flashbacks) alongside suppressed activation in the left inferior frontal gyrus (during the encoding of scenes that returned as flashbacks in other participants, but not that individual). Critically, this is also the first study to show the brain activation at the moment of flashback involuntary recall in the scanner. Activation in the middle and superior frontal gyri and the left inferior frontal gyrus was found to be associated with flashback involuntary recall. In the second study, control conditions from 16 behavioural trauma film paradigm experiments were combined (n = 458) to investigate commonly studied factors that may be protective against flashback development. Results indicated that low emotional response to the traumatic film footage was associated with an absence of flashbacks over the following week. The third study used a positive film to consider the emotional valence of the emotion component of the framework. Positive emotional response at the time of viewing the footage was associated with positive involuntary memories over the following week. The fourth study aimed to replicate and extend this finding, comparing the impact of engaging in two cognitive tasks after film viewing (equated for general load). Predictions were not supported and methodological considerations are discussed. Results may have implications for understanding flashbacks and involuntary autobiographical memories occurring in everyday life and across psychological disorders. Further understanding of the proposed components of the clinical neuroscience framework may even help inform targeted treatments to prevent, or lessen, the formation and frequency of distressing involuntary memories.
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Dunn, B. "Emotional suppression when processing trauma : consequences for mood and memory." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2004. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1446742/.
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The thought suppression literature (Wegner et al. 1987; Wegner and Erber, 1992) illustrates that there are secondary costs of suppressing the cognitive content of conscious experience. A 'thought rebound' effect has been demonstrated in both healthy populations and psychopathology (Purdon, 1999), whereby the harder a thought is pushed out of mind the more likely it is to subsequently return. It is increasingly realised that people try to control affect as well as cognitions (Gross, 1998; 2001), but as yet the secondary consequences of different forms of emotion regulation have not been studied in detail. In particular, whether an 'emotional rebound' effect occurs following suppression of emotions rather than thoughts during processing of distressing material has not been investigated. 'Emotional rebound' could potentially help explain some of the secondary symptoms seen in PTSD and related conditions. This thesis examines the concurrent and subsequent impact of attempting to suppress (both internally experienced and externally expressed) emotion while processing traumatic information, and is intended as a preliminary investigation of whether emotion suppression contributes to PTSD. Healthy participants were asked to watch a video trauma induction, either under emotional suppression (n = 21) or control (n = 23) conditions. The consequences of emotional suppression on mood, emotional response to novel material, episodic memory, and occurrence of intrusive memories were then measured, using both self-report and psychophysiological methods. Results found that emotional suppression did not alter self-reported emotional experience, lead to a more variable heart response, and did not change electrodermal response while watching the trauma induction. This suggests that emotional suppression is a largely ineffective way of regulating emotional experience and that it alters psychophysiological activity, although exactly what the change in heart rate means at a psychological level is unclear. Subsequently, emotional suppression impaired free recall but not recognition memory of the trauma material, suggesting there is a slight mnemonic impact of this form of affect regulation. There was also a trend for suppression to lead to a reduction in the experience of intrusive memories about the trauma content, although this did not reach statistical significance. There was no change in self-reported experience of emotion following suppression, either in terms of background mood or when processing novel emotional material. There was, however, an increased heart rate deceleration when viewing subsequent emotional material and a slight increase in depression scores at one week follow-up, perhaps indicative of ongoing emotional costs of suppression. These findings, replicating and extending work from the normative emotion regulation literature (Gross, 1998; 2001), suggest that emotional suppression is not an effective form of emotion regulation at the time of encoding and that it leads to some subsequent emotional and mnemonic changes. A provisional clinical implication is that clients should perhaps be discouraged from using emotional suppression as form of mood control. In terms of understanding PTSD, it seems plausible to tentatively suggest that emotional suppression could contribute to the hyper-arousal and impaired recall of trauma seen in PTSD. It is important, however, to replicate and extend these findings to clinical populations to support these conclusions. While emotional suppression has been found not to lead to a 'rebound' effect directly analogous to that seen following thought suppression, it does appear to have some unexpected secondary costs that could perhaps contribute to symptoms of PTSD.
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Creech, Suzannah K. "The impact of written emotional disclosure on laboratory induced pain." Thesis, Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/2680.
Full textAbstract:
Previous research has demonstrated the impact of negative emotional states on pain modulation. The direction of this modulation has been shown to correspond to the arousal level and the valence of the emotional state, whether naturally occurring or induced in the laboratory. Other research has consistently linked written emotion disclosure of trauma to better long-term health outcomes among several populations. As most of these studies have focused on long-term health outcome effects of disclosure, little research has been done on the immediate effects of the paradigm on affective or physiological states. This study investigated the short-term effects of written disclosure of trauma on laboratory-induced pain, affective state, and other physiological measures of stress and arousal. Other goals of the study included investigating preexisting differences in pain sensitivity between participants corresponding to lifetime experience of trauma, and determining the degree to which baseline pain testing alters pain sensitivity after emotion induction by creating a conditioned, contextual fear. This is the first study to apply the written emotional disclosure paradigm to laboratory-induced pain.
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Haslam, Michelle Lisa. "Emotional expression and psychological wellbeing in cancer survivors." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2014. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/5470/.
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Objective: This review aims to systematically evaluate empirical literature relating to the efficacy of emotional expression interventions in those with cancer. Method: A systematic review of the published literature was conducted. Databases searched included Web of Science, PubMed, PsycInfo, and Embase. Only randomised controlled trials examining expressive writing interventions in cancer patients were included. A total of 17 studies consisting of a total of 1755 heterogenous cancer patients were included in this review. Results: The majority of included studies in this review suggest that expressive writing interventions hold no psychological benefits for people with cancer. Physical health benefits were found however and these included lower pain ratings, fewer cancer-related doctor’s visits and better sleep quality. Results suggest that expressive writing interventions may not be feasible to conduct with palliative care patients. Despite the absence of evidence that expressive writing interventions reduced psychological distress for people with cancer, the authors of these trials continue to argue that expressive writing interventions are ‘feasible’ and well received by participants. Discussion: There are several possible reasons that could account for these null findings: 1.) insufficient power, 2.) low rates of depression and anxiety, and high levels of quality of life in study participants, 3.) insufficient differences between expressive writing and neutral writing interventions, 4.) asking participants to write about cancer-related trauma only.
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Cox, Michelle, and shelleyjcox@hotmail com. "Attentional bias effects following trauma exposure comparison of emotional Stroop and emotional lexical decision task paradigms." Swinburne University of Technology, 2005. http://adt.lib.swin.edu.au./public/adt-VSWT20051130.132059.
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Attentional bias effects for threat and emotional words were investigated, using both the emotional Stroop and emotional lexical decision paradigms. Twenty-eight controls and twenty-eight survivors of sexual assault participated in this study, which comprised three key comparisons. First, key predictions of the threat and emotionality hypotheses were compared, in particular specific and general threat effects, and positive and negative emotionality effects. Second, two separate group comparisons were conducted, specifically controls versus survivors of sexual assault overall, and a matched subset of controls versus PTSD positive survivors of sexual assault versus PTSD negative survivors of sexual assault. Third, performance on the emotional Stroop task and emotional lexical decision task paradigms were compared directly. Slowed colour naming responses (i.e. interference) were observed for both threat effects and emotionality effects in the emotional Stroop task. For the emotional lexical decision task, slowed lexical decisions (i.e. interference) were observed for threat effects, whereas speeded lexical decisions (i.e. facilitation) were observed for emotionality effects. The findings of the current study indicate that threat and emotionality effects may co-exist in both control and survivor populations. The relationship between the presence or absence of PTSD symptoms and threat and emotionality effects requires further investigation with larger sample sizes. There may be a relationship between the presence of PTSD symptoms and specific threat effects, however the findings of the current study for general threat information were inconclusive. No relationship was evident between the presence of absence of PTSD symptoms and positive or negative emotionality effects. The current findings suggest that the emotional Stroop task may be better suited to quantifying threat effects but not emotionality effects, whereas the emotional lexical decision task appears to be able to quantify both threat and emotionality effects.
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Plowman, Chris. "Is there a causal link between childhood emotional abuse and adult dissociation." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.289258.
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Fasulo, Samuel Joseph. "Complex Trauma Exposure and Psychological Outcomes in Incarcerated Juvenile Offenders." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2007. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/psych_diss/23.
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This study examined the extent to which the lifetime traumatic and stressful experiences of incarcerated youths cluster in meaningful and understandable ways. It also evaluated the differential effects of various types of these events on a variety of psychosocial outcomes for this population. The sample consisted of 185 incarcerated male and female adolescents (ages 12-19). Confirmatory factor analysis results suggested that an empirically-derived model based on negative event type (i.e., Community Violence, Interpersonal trauma/stress, and Loss) better predicted how negative life events group together on the Adolescent Stress and Trauma Exposure Questionnaire -Version 2 (ASTEQ-2) than the model based on a traditional framework of traumatic versus less severe stressful events in this population. Further, the empirically-derived factors varied substantially in their ability to uniquely predict different psychosocial outcomes, assessed with the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (TSC-C) and the Structured Interview for Disorders of Extreme Stress, Adolescent version (SIDES-A). For example, the Interpersonal trauma/stress factor accounted for substantially more unshared variance than other factors in TSC-C Depression and Posttraumatic stress outcomes, while the Community Violence factor accounted for substantially more unshared variance than other factors in TSC-C Anger and SIDES-A Self-Destructive Behavior outcomes. Results both partially support prior research, while also exposing its limitations with regard to the inappropriate generalization of a culturally bound trauma framework to traditionally marginalized adolescent populations.
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Day, Anneliese E. "Psychological factors implicated in homelessness : The role of childhood trauma." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.505817.
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Fagelson, Marc A. "Implementing Psychological Methods in the Management of Trauma-Associated Tinnitus." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1663.
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Dr. Fagelson, (Professor Audiology, ETSU) will discuss the unusual challenges facing patients and providers when tinnitus severity is linked to traumatic exposure. Interactions between neural mechanisms associated with tinnitus, posttraumatic stress-disorder (PTSD), and traumatic memory will be reviewed with particular attention to the way and degree to which such interactions affect tinnitus and disorders of sound tolerance. Conference attendees will be provided theoretical models of emotional memory consolidation that underscore trauma‘s durable effects on a patient‘s emotional state, reaction to the tinnitus signal, and to potentially-triggering environmental sounds. The putative benefits of tinnitus counseling will be presented in the context of trauma interventions that employ well-established counseling techniques as an element of patient-centered care. Audiologists must provide trauma patients a safe environment and opportunity for dialogue that contributes to a holistic understanding of the patient‘s situation and perceptions; the ultimate goal is to employ interventions and self-assessment instruments that can be used to evaluate patient needs and progress when tinnitus is related to trauma. The potentially-exacerbating effects of comprehensive audiologic assessment will also be addressed.
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Vargas, Alexandro Garcia. "Psychological Effects of Training in Martial Arts After Interpersonal Trauma." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/6695.
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Individuals who experience a traumatic event may have an adverse emotional reaction that negatively impacts their quality of life. The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study was to explore the influence of training in the martial arts as an intervention in the treatment of interpersonal trauma. The biopsychosocial model provided the framework for the study. The research questions addressed the effects of training in the martial arts and the biological, psychological, and social functioning of individuals who had sustained a form of interpersonal trauma. Data were collected from semistructured interviews with 9 participants. Data were analyzed using Moustakas's modified van Kamm method. Findings indicated that martial arts training was transformative and positive for participants. Benefits included mentorship, a sense of achievement, increased confidence, better parenting, and recovery from substance abuse. Findings may be used to promote martial arts training as a treatment intervention for people who have experienced interpersonal trauma.
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Nyberg, Rebecca. "Trauma in Toni Morrison's Beloved : Literary Methods and Psychological Processes." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för språkstudier, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-171602.
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In this essay, the novel Beloved, by Toni Morrison is observed using a working psychoanalytical approach. Story is observed as an important factor in engaging the reader on a personal level with the experience of trauma. By surveying Morrison’s use of imagery and language, this essay will examine how Morrison employs literary methods that imitate the psychological processes regarding how trauma is communicated to the waking state from the unconscious. The resulting testimony of the novel that arises as the result of these processes is also observed. This essay concludes that Morrison’s use of these literary methods functions to obligate the reader to involve themselves in the process of trauma and its resolution.
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Forté, Beverly K. "Coping with Severe, Acute Psychological Trauma: the Killeen Shooting Incident." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1994. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278407/.
Full textAbstract:
The present study examined the relationship between coping and psychological and psychosomatic distress of 25 individuals who experienced the same severe, acute traumatic event: the violent shooting that killed 23 people and severely injured 20 more in Luby's Cafeteria in Killeen, Texas, on October 16, 1991. Distress was assessed by one-month pre-event and post-event scores on the SCL-90R, Psychosomatic Questionnaire, and by a Life Event Questionnaire score for the year before the incident. Coping was measured by a modified version of the Ways of Coping Scale (Folkman et al., 1986) and Response Style Questionnaire (Nolen-Hoeksema & Morrow, 1991). All post-event distress scores, except the Psychosomatic score, significantly increased over their corresponding pre-event scores regardless of gender. Although female distress scores were consistently higher than male scores, gender was predictive of post-event distress only for the SCL-90R Anxiety, Somatization, and Global Severity Index scales. The only pre-event score found to be predictive of post-event distress was the Psychosomatic scale. Regression analysis, with demographic and pre-event variables controlled, found a significant positive relationship between Escape/Avoidance coping and one-month post-event levels of Anxiety and Psychosomatic distress. Findings were discussed in the context of the process-oriented stress-illness model and were compared to current disaster and crime victimization literature. Implications for helping professionals, methodological issues, and implications for future research were explored.
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Creech, Suzannah K. "Impact of written emotional disclosure of trauma on laboratory induced pain." Texas A&M University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/85964.
Full textAbstract:
This study was undertaken to determine whether written emotional disclosure of
trauma impacted capsaicin induced pain immediately after writing and at a one-month
follow-up, and the extent to which a lifetime history of trauma alters pain under neutral
conditions. Three experiments were conducted to answer these questions. In Experiment
1 participants were randomly assigned to write about either a neutral or a trauma topic,
and they concurrently completed the capsaicin test. In Experiment 2, the capsaicin test
was administered to trauma history and no trauma history participants and pain ratings
and secondary hyperalgesia were recorded under neutral conditions. In Experiment 3,
participants wrote for three days and completed the radiant heat test before writing on
day 1 and after writing on day 3. They also completed the capsaicin test on either day 4
or at a one-month follow-up (day 30). Taken together, these studies had several
important results. First, radiant heat withdrawal latencies, ratings of pain intensity and
unpleasantness, and area of secondary hyperalgesia were all significantly increased when
participants had a history of traumatic experiences. This is evidence that trauma history is sufficient to alter pain regulatory mechanisms, and this may be attributable to the
chronic negative affective state induced by trauma history and sensitization of shared
circuits involved in both pain and emotion. Furthermore, our findings suggest that
written emotional disclosure may lead to long-term changes in pain modulatory
pathways that regulate central sensitization, without altering systems that regulate
spontaneous pain.
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Black, Beverley Mary. "The role of emotional awareness in the retirement transition." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/5645.
Full textAbstract:
This study examines the role of emotional awareness in the retirement transition. Retirement is viewed as one of the transitions in later life and has psychological consequences. It is an objective development and social-psychological transformation that is related to physical and psychological well-being. Research has shown that emotional awareness can have an impact on the retirement transition. A correlational research survey design was used for this study to determine and establish the role of emotional awareness, preparation and emotional responses in the retirement transition. Using a five-point Likert Scale, respondents were asked to score their responses to twenty-eight items. The questionnaire was distributed to retirees on the data bases of two financial companies that manage retirement funds. The SurveyMonkey application was used to distribute the survey to one financial company’s data base, and email was used for the other. Statistics such as means, relationships between factors, Cronbach’s Alpha, Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation and descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data. The findings of this study demonstrate inconclusive evidence of emotional awareness in retirement. In addition to this, there were no significant findings regarding preparation for retirement or emotional response to retirement which indicates a neutral attitude to preparation and retirement, on average. There is a need for further future studies that include a more balanced sample representation of men and women, a comparative study based on different cultures to determine if differences exist in the experience of emotions in the retirement transition, and a field study in retirement homes and villages to corroborate the findings of this study.
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Corrigan, John-Paul. "Delineating trauma mechanisms and interventions : how psychological trauma difficulties develop and how they can be treated effectively." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2018. https://pure.qub.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/delineating-trauma-mechanisms-and-interventions-how-psychological-trauma-difficulties-develop-and-how-they-can-be-treated-effectively(6ff30894-10a9-4db1-9904-4237f30b425a).html.
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This research first sought to explore the effectiveness of phase-oriented treatments for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder symptoms. Through conducting a systematic search of the literature and identifying suitable papers, which met pre-defined criteria, a meta-analysis was conducted to examine the effect size of phase-oriented treatment models. Findings indicated a large effect size in thereduction of PTSD symptoms, which was maintained when compared to control groups and when a complex sub-group was isolated. The findings lend evidence to the efficacy of this treatment approach in working clinically with people with PTSD. In the second piece of research, the study utilised an experimental design which sought to examine how peri-traumatic processing, namely data-driven processing, was both influenced by trait predictors as well as its impact oncognitive functions, specifically free recall and attentional bias. This was delivered through an immersive Virtual Reality video. Results suggested that data-driven processing during a trauma is predicted by trait dissociation. Converse to findings in the literature, an increase in data-driven processing predicted better free recall. However, the data driven processing style along with a reduction in the ability to recall the temporal order of the event predicted attentional bias to threat images, supporting cognitive models of PTSD. A generalised attentional bias towards threat was also found,indicating associative networks in PTSD. Overall, these findings support the clinical models utilised in PTSD conceptualisation.
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Piercy, Julie A. "The effect of information provision on trauma symptoms /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2005. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18544.pdf.
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Ford, Jacqueline Yvonne. "Challenges of Child Trauma on Adoptive Families' Social and Emotional System." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/885.
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Adoption-focused psychoeducation is deemed essential in maintaining the permanency of traumatized children within a new family unit. However, adoptive parents of traumatized children struggle to find training to address their unique concerns. Guided by the lens of psychodynamic theory, the purpose of this study was to investigate the challenges faced by adoptive families of traumatized children. Special focus was placed on the social and emotional relationships of the adoptive parents of traumatized children, to identify the realistic expectations towards attachment from the families' perspectives. Fifteen families were randomly selected to participate in this study from a group of 30 parents who adopted traumatized children in Arizona. A phenomenological approach was utilized to gather information from face-to-face and telephone interviews. The data analysis utilized the horizontalization approach which highlighted significant statements that were classified into codes. Thematic categories were drawn and summarized. Textual descriptions evolved from the thematic groups acknowledging their experiences and how these lived experiences guided their decision to adopt a traumatized child. Verification techniques, data mining, journaling, clustering, brainstorming, and peer reviews were used to ensure the quality of data. Emergent themes emphasized the need for adoption-focused training specific to traumatized children. Further research on this phenomenon should determine the significance of specialized psychoeducational training versus general foster care training, before and after adoption. Positive social change may result in tailoring existing training programs to meet the needs of families who adopt traumatized children.
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Tinley, Scott P. "Seeing Stars: Emotional Trauma in Athlete Retirement: Contexts, Intersections, and Explorations." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgu_etd/40.
Full textAbstract:
Few areas of modern sport are as misunderstood in popular and academic literature as that of retired professional and elite athletes. While the subject has been studied, the case of the retiring athlete has yet to be fully explored in a detailed, qualitative, and interdisciplinary study focusing on nuanced contexts affecting the quality of an athlete's exit from sport. Utilizing 3 participant groups--29 elite athletes (16 sports, 18 males, 11 females), 9 professional sport administrators, and 8 sport media journalists--over an 18-month period, extensive semi-structured interviews resulted in 1,436 raw data themes that constituted 13 direct, 3 indirect, and 3 emerging philosophical contexts. Significant direct contexts emerged including health, social support/influence, and preretirement counseling. Unexplored indirect contexts include athlete's relationship with media narratives, corporate sport structures, and consumers. Emerging philosophical contexts included issues of fear, mortality, bodily awareness, and shifting identities. Positive ideology, appreciation, and predisposed conditions such as having realistic perspective, and a knowledge of self were noted. Participant group responses and all 19 contexts were noted for their interdependency. Hypotheses included that socially-constructed and cultural ideas exist about retired athletes and are embedded in perceptions of fame and fortune associated with the role of professional athlete. Results indicated that considerations of micro and macro social processes of athlete commodification (especially immediacy in production/consumption by the corporate sport and media/fan nexus) contributed to the quality of their transition. Cultural narratives and mythologies about athletes-as-heroes--including ways in which the athletes themselves internalize these popular ideas--produce a system in which elite athletes are often unprepared for life after sport. Analysis of the data suggested that role residue and mortality themes were present. A longitudinal portion confirmed the significant affecting contexts and corroborated self-identity factors. However, identity-as-project was aligned with extended transitions and eventual return to emotional satisfaction. Suggestions for reconsideration of retired elite athlete's sociocultural and economic roles were included as ambiguity in responsibility remained prevalent. Significant contributions of the study include application of data that offers behavioral, social, and cultural scientist insight to the transcendent challenges that constitute fluid and emerging human conditions when individuals move from one life condition to another. Additional contributions suggest social costs for disposing of transitioning athletes.
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Suzuki, Akiko. "Emotional processing in mood disorder : clarifying the role of childhood trauma." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2014. http://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/emotional-processing-in-mood-disorder-clarifying-the-role-of-childhood-trauma(2a053bd9-a76a-4399-a128-41e2ee94f1a9).html.
Full textAbstract:
Epidemiological studies suggest a high prevalence of depression in those who have experienced trauma and abuse in childhood. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the functional mechanisms of altered emotional processing that play a mediatory role in this causal relationship between childhood trauma and depression. From the perspectives of different scientific disciplines - psychophysiology, neuroendocrinology and behavioural psychology- emotional resilience and vulnerability to depression were investigated in order to consider different developmental pathways to psychopathology. A total of 83 participants (29 male: 54 female) were recruited for this project. Emotional processing styles were concurrently examined using three different experimental measures, namely startle responses to emotional images (Experiment 1), cortisol responses to emotional images (Experiment 2), and facial emotion recognition (Experiment 3). These measures were undertaken in a cross-sectional study comprising four groups: healthy individuals with (N = 17) and without a history of childhood trauma (N = 24) and depressed patients with (N = 23) and without a history of childhood trauma (N = 19). All the experiments were conducted at the same day and with the same order (Experiment 3 follows Experiment 1) for each participant. During those experimental sessions saliva samples were collected to measure cortisol levels for Experiment 2. Mediation analyses were conducted to examine possible roles of emotional processing styles examined in these experimental measures mediating the relationship between childhood trauma and depression. Experiment 1) demonstrated strong normal affective startle modulation in healthy abused individuals contrasting with its absence in depressed individuals. Experiment 2) demonstrated lower cortisol reactivity to emotional images in those with a history of abuse but no differences between healthy and depressed abused individuals. Experiment 3) demonstrated more errors in recognising negative facial emotions but fewer errors on positive facial emotions within healthy abused individuals relative to healthy non-abused individuals. An opposite pattern of more errors in recognising positive facial emotions but few errors on negative facial emotions was found within depressed abused individuals relative to depressed non-abused individuals. The results from the mediation analyses found that suppressed startle amplitudes mediated the relationship between childhood trauma and depression and were a marker of vulnerability to depression, whereas the absence of this marker was associated with resilience to depression. However, the same analyses on cortisol reactivity and facial emotion recognition did not demonstrate significant mediation in the relationship between childhood trauma and depression. The results of the study suggest that the retention of a normal affective startle modulation and the development of a positive bias in the recognition of facial emotions are implicated as functional mechanisms that render abused individuals resistant to depression. Reduced cortisol stress reactivity, that may reflect adrenocortical abnormality, was found in abused individuals. The identification of these cognitive resilience factors that may be able to compensate for long-lasting effects of childhood trauma has important implications for the future design of the psychological treatments targeted specifically at the patient population with a history of childhood trauma.
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Punnett, Trent Harold. "Measuring emotional response to television advertising." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27702.
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The objective of this thesis is to initiate development of a valid and reliable measurement process to assess a viewer's emotional response to television advertising. The development of this measure is based on current psychological theories about the emotional process, and takes advantage of current methods available to measure emotional response. The goals for the measurement process are to provide information on emotional response to television advertising from two diverse sources, automatic real-time response, and cognitive after-the-fact responses.
The selection of instruments to meet these goals first involved a review of the psychological literature on emotional theory to provide direction on defining what is an emotional response, and how the emotional subcomponents relate. This provides direction for evaluating the instruments available for measuring emotional response, and selecting two that will satisfy the above goal. The use of these measurement instruments in a pretest is then outlined, and the thesis concludes with directions for future research.
The construct of emotion is complex and multidimensional, including interactions among neural hormonal systems, conscious and unconscious cognition, physiological adjustments, affective response, and expressive behavior. These dimensions suggest four categories that emotional response measurement instruments can be grouped into; cognitive, affective, psychological and behavioral.
Measurement instruments in each of the four above categories have problems in their applicability as stand alone measures of emotional response to television advertisements. Of all the measurement instruments reviewed, the Beaumont Emotion Battery and the Facial Action Coding System appear to be compatible with the construct of emotion and each other. These measures can provide similar data, and capture virtually the same categories of emotional response.
The usefulness of combining these two measures should be explored through a pretest. In designing the pretest, the success in capturing specific emotional responses attributable to the advertisement will depend on the setting used, the selection of advertisements and the program these advertisements are embedded in. The setting should copy a normal viewing environment to encourage normal behavior in subjects. The advertisements used should maximize the variability in emotional response, while being new to the subjects to avoid frequency biases. The program should be carefully selected to avoid content effects. When subjects proceed through the pretest procedure of watching a television program while having their facial expressions videotaped, and then responding to the Beaumont Emotion Battery after the program ends, careful attention to the environment, advertisements, and program will reduce the potential for error and bias in the pretest. To structure and delineate areas for new research, emotional response to television advertising can be approached from the viewpoint of what could impact or influence the response. This leads to the definition of the following areas of influence: the advertisement; the group of advertisements the advertisement is placed in; the program; the viewing environment; and the viewer.Business, Sauder School of
Graduate
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Hood, Caitlyn Olivia. "THE EFFECT OF POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS AND TRAUMA-FOCUSED DISCLOSURE ON EXPERIMENTAL PAIN SENSITIVITY AMONG TRAUMA-EXPOSED WOMEN." UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/psychology_etds/156.
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Previous studies evaluating the impact of trauma history and PTSD on pain sensitivity yield inconsistent findings; the presence of trauma-related negative affective states may account for these discrepancies. Therefore, the proposed study aimed to evaluate the effect of trauma-related negative affect and PTSD symptoms on sensory and affective components of pain sensitivity among trauma-exposed women. Adult women (N = 87) with low and high PTSD symptoms underwent an emotional disclosure paradigm, during which they wrote about a traumatic event or a neutral topic. Participants then completed a pain induction procedure. Compared to women with low PTSD symptoms, women with high PTSD symptoms demonstrated increased time to pain detection (e.g., threshold) and ability to withstand pain (e.g., tolerance), as well as increased pain intensity and when accounting for relevant covariates. Women with high PTSD symptoms who wrote about their worst traumatic experience reported higher pain unpleasantness relative to women with high PTSD symptoms who wrote about the neutral topic and women with low PTSD symptoms who wrote about either topic. Results suggest that PTSD symptoms and trauma-related negative affect may facilitate alterations in pain sensitivity in trauma-exposed women, but this relationship is complex and requires further exploration.
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Palmenfelt, August. "Dreaming as a mechanism for emotional handling : did dreams become more emotional after 9/11?" Thesis, University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-53.
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This study investigates the effects of traumatic experiences on emotional content of dreams. The theoretical framework of the present study is both the threat simulation theory and Hartmann’s theory of dreams as a mechanism for handling emotions after traumatic events. Both theories predict an increase in negative emotions after trauma but assign a different function for this increase. The subjects in this study (N = 16) were regularly writing dream diaries which after the 9/11 attack gave the researchers an unique opportunity to study the exact impact of events on dream content. Each subject’s ten last dreams before 9/11, and ten first dreams after 9/11, were analysed according to the emotional content. The results showed no significant differences in the number or tone of emotions in the before dreams compared to the after dreams. Possibly because none of the subjects experienced the event first hand.
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Jackson, Cerian. "Emotional distress in people with TBI : exploring psychological processes." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2018. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3028494/.
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Beeka, Kay Julia. "The relationship between emotional intelligence and leadership style." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2006. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_3892_1254294573.
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The 21st century has awakened a call for new leaders to cope with the demands of the rapidly changing world of work which emphasises flatter structures, and a more democratic style of leadership. When looking at the changing competencies of the new leader, it is postulate that leadership takes into consideration the emotional attributes as well as the rational aspects of the individual. From this it becomes evident that the leaders of the 21st century would have to be emotionally intelligent to motivate employees to achieve organizational goals. The aim of this study was to investigate if there is a relationship between emotional intelligence and leadership styles in middle to senior managers.
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Anderson, Gilma Yannet. "Emotional intelligence and leadership emergence." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2006. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/3172.
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The study looked at how emotional intelligence helps leaders meet the needs of their team. In order to be successful, teams need to exist in an environment that is burn-out preventative and fosters creativity. It was hypothesized that leaders would help meet these needs by creating an unthreatening work environment. Data was gathered from 391 individuals working in existing self-managed work teams in private and public sectors. The hypothesized model was tested using a multilevel analysis approach of structural equation modeling. Results indicated that a leader's emotional intelligence predicts a non-threatening work environment for both between and within teams, thus allowing for self-managing work teams to be more creative and burn-out preventative.
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Guastella, Adam, and n/a. "Trauma Writing Tasks: An Examination of the Process of Change Indicated by Cognitive-Behavioural Models of Trauma." Griffith University. School of Applied Psychology, 2004. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20040526.130108.
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Past research indicates a causal relationship between emotional writing and health benefits (Smyth, 1998). At present, little is known about the mechanisms underlying change or if the emotional writing paradigm may be applied to a clinical setting. This present study reviewed current models of trauma and hypothesised three mechanisms of change leading to future health benefits: exposure, devaluation, and benefit-finding. Instructions for the standard writing paradigm were manipulated to isolate and increase engagement with each of these processes. It was hypothesised that if any one of these processes were to underlie health benefits, participants assigned to that condition would obtain more benefit than standard writing participants. Individual differences were also hypothesised to interact with each process to amplify or detract from their influence in leading to future benefit. A total of 201 university students were recruited from Griffith University. Participants were assigned to one of five writing conditions: Control, Standard, Exposure, Devaluation, and Benefit-Finding. Sessions were conducted once a week for three weeks. Physiological and self-report measures were taken before, during and after writing sessions. Follow-up assessments of psychological and physical health were taken at 2 and 6-months post-writing. Essay content analysis suggested that participants wrote in the instructed manner. Participants assigned to each of the groups experienced expected amounts of distress and affect changes. Overall, results failed to replicate the beneficial health effects for the standard emotional writing paradigm. There were no significant physical or psychological benefits for the standard trauma-writing participants in comparison to control. However, a trend in the appropriate direction was noted for illness visits at 6-months. Furthermore, in support of Greenberg and Stone's (1992) findings, standard writing participants who disclosed more severe and personal experiences evidenced significant illness visit reductions in comparison to control. Comparisons between standard and experimental trauma writing groups failed to support hypotheses that any one mechanism was responsible for physical health benefits. Examination of psychological self-report measures indicated exposure participants experienced the greatest reduction on the Impact of Events Scale at two months. However, these participants experienced greater reduction of positive affect and growth for the experience. They also became more anxious, depressed, and stressed at six-months follow-up. Process variables were examined within the exposure condition to explain these findings. Habituation was found to be strongly associated with the alternate outcomes. Individual differences. Including alexithymia, absorption, and negative affect, were also related to outcome. Benefit-finding participants experienced the greatest increase on a measure of post-traumatic growth at two-months and positive affect for the experience, but the finding was significant only in comparison to exposure and devaluation groups. The results of this study failed to identify the process of change, but suggest specific areas for future research. The findings demonstrate the importance of comprehensive health research to avoid blanket statements that suggest a paradigm either does or does not lead to health benefits. The results also support the manipulation of the writing paradigm to examine the role of emotion processing in trauma and health research.
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Chan, Cho-yan Jonathan, and 陳祖恩. "Traumatic cyberspace: witnessing cyberspace as a site of Trauma." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31227144.
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Fletcher, Stephanie. "Exploring the consequences of psychological trauma : the view from the swamp." Thesis, City University London, 2013. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/5921/.
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This thesis seeks to explore the experience of relationships in individuals who define themselves as having Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID). The diagnosis of DID has been controversial for many years and the existence of the experience of multiple identities questioned. This study is interested in finding out more about the lived experience of those who define themselves as having DID. The research takes a contextual constructionist epistemology and seeks to explore experience of relationships. Data were collected from seven women, between 30 and 50 years of age, who defined themselves as having DID. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). Three master themes emerged from the data: ‘the self and the diagnosis’; ‘the process of relationships’ and ‘early experiences’. ‘The self and the diagnosis’ describes how the experience of DID appeared to impact on the way individuals perceived themselves and their diagnosis, as DID being a strength or a deficit. Also discussed within this master theme were difficulties in managing internal relationships; sharing the diagnosis with others; and improvement. ‘The process of relationships’ master theme described the experiences of being in different roles; good and bad interactions with others; and managing the beginning and the ending of relationships. The master theme of ‘early experiences’ explored the descriptions of interactions with early caregivers and the impact of these on the perceived development of DID. These findings are discussed alongside published literature with particular consideration given to the differing ways individuals perceived their self-concept in relation to their experience of DID. Implications for counselling psychologists working with this client group are explored considering how internal experiences; difficulties in understanding others; and managing endings may impact on the process of therapy and the therapeutic relationship.
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Bisson, Jonathan Ian. "The effectiveness of psychological debriefing for victims of acute burn trauma." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310697.
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Flachs, Amanda Shaunessy. "Differences in Coping Strategies and Multifaceted Psychological Outcomes among Trauma Survivors." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2019. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1538700/.
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The World Health Organization has proposed for the ICD-11 a differentiation of symptoms to distinguish separate disorders of PTSD and complex PTSD (CPTSD), rather than one disorder of PTSD as in the current DSM-5. In addition, the accuracy and usefulness of the borderline personality disorder (BPD) diagnosis has been debated for years due to this history of trauma often associated with the diagnosis. New instruments have been developed to assess CPTSD, allowing needed research to expand our understanding of CPTSD and how it may differ from PTSD. The present study explored the relationships between the three different patterns of symptom expression associated with these disorders and various coping strategies in a sample of trauma survivors. A canonical correlation analysis (CCA) showed a significant relationship between trauma symptoms and coping strategies and suggested that individuals with higher borderline personality disorder symptoms, and subsequently complex PTSD and PTSD symptoms, were more likely to cope using avoidant coping strategies- behavioral disengagement, denial, and substance use. This finding was similar to previous research findings that suggested high rates of negative psychological outcomes for adults cognitive and behavioral avoidant coping strategies. Contributions from other coping techniques, such as restraint and venting, also showed significant, but not as strong relationships to higher psychological symptoms.
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Davis, W. Sumner. "Association Between Psychological Trauma From Assault in Childhood and Metabolic Syndrome." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1256.
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Metabolic syndrome and its component conditions of hypertension, obesity, and insulin resistance are on the increase in United States. Metabolic syndrome substantially increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes (T2D). To date, no published study has examined the relationship between psychological traumas from physical and/or sexual assault in childhood and metabolic syndrome or its components. This study, using the psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) model, investigated associations between psychological trauma (physical/sexual abuse) in childhood and metabolic syndrome in adulthood using data from the Midlife in the United States II (MIDUS-II) study. This research was undertaken to investigate whether a history of psychological trauma was associated with an elevated risk for metabolic syndrome. Chi-square test and logistic regression were used to investigate the respective associations. Metabolic syndrome was the dependent variable, assault in childhood was the independent variable, and the relevant covariates included in the logistic regression model were age, gender, cigarette and alcohol consumption, and ethnicity. While there was no significant association between assault in childhood and metabolic syndrome (p = 0.146), there were significant associations between metabolic syndrome and age group (p =< 0.026). In the adjusted logistic regression model, the only covariate that showed significant association with metabolic syndrome was Age Group 2 (41-55; p = 0.016). Also significant was the association between sexual assault in childhood and high blood pressure (p = 0.041). The results of this study suggest that clinicians may wish to watch for evidence of abuse, given the potential for future health impacts.