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Journal articles on the topic 'Psychological aptitude'
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Mazilov, V. A., and Iu N. Slepko. "Psychological Research of Giftedness: the Problem of Theory and Method." Sibirskiy Psikhologicheskiy Zhurnal, no. 79 (2021): 30–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/17267080/79/3.
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This article analyzes the current research state on the problem of giftedness in psychology. The authors draw attention to the fact that the leading indicator of giftedness, confirming its phenomenological reality, is a person’s high achievements in various fields of life, such as educational and extracurricular activities, professional activities, etc. This indicator is considered in most modern studies as the basis to understand the sources of giftedness, the possibilities of managing the processes of its development and formation. In view of this prevailing approach to giftedness, three groups of studies currently dominate in psychology, and three fundamen-tally different positions on giftedness exist. In the first approach, giftedness comes down to the phenomenon of creativity or the creative abilities of a person; in the second, to the phenomenon of intelligence and the establishment of the IQ level and the development of individual intellectual abilities. The third approach is aimed at overcoming the reduction of the problem of giftedness to any one indicator and involves the inclusion of many variables (cognitive, personal, social, etc.) in the research plan. The authors argue that the applied approach to giftedness understanding is not constructive, since it does not answer the key questions about the sources of development and the formation of giftedness, its structure, its developing dynamics in the process of school and vocational training, and professional activi-ty. The idea is formulated that the weakness of modern approaches to the study of giftedness, models of its diagnosis is explained by the absence of the theory of giftedness, in which the connection between aptitudes and giftedness of a person is consistently revealed. It is argued that the theory of aptitude and giftedness by V.D. Shadrikov allows one to solve a number of methodological, theoretical and experimental problems in the study of giftedness. This is primarily ensured by establishing of a methodological connection between the theory of aptitude, which distinguishes different types of aptitude (individual aptitude, aptitude of the subject of activity, personality aptitude), and understanding of their systemic relationship, which ensures high and ultrahigh achievements of a person in different areas of life.
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Ragonese, Mauro, Luca Di GIanfrancesco, PierFrancesco Bassi, and Emilio Sacco. "Psychological aptitude for surgery: The importance of non-technical skills." Urologia Journal 86, no. 2 (April 14, 2019): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0391560319840523.
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Introduction: Psychological aptitude for surgery includes all the non-technical abilities that are necessary for the surgeons. However, differently from the other careers, these skills are not considered in the selection process and their role is definitively underestimated in the field of surgery. We perform a literature review of non-technical skills for surgery to identify their role and to understand how to train and evaluate these abilities among the surgeons. Results: Different methods have been presented for the evaluation and training of non-technical skills for surgeons; based on the model of aviation and anesthesia a wide range of simulated scenarios have been proposed to practice these aptitudes and abilities. Different behavioral markers systems have been developed for correct identification and definition of these skills, these can be used in the real surgical room and even learned and trained in the simulated operating theatre. Conclusion: This article shows the importance of non-practical abilities in the surgical performance and in defining the aptitude for surgery. Learning these skills and introducing them in surgical education can be useful to improve the surgical performance.
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Genoni, Luca, F. Jelmini, M. Lang, and F. Muggli. "Psychological aptitude evaluation of the special forces candidate." Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps 163, no. 1 (March 22, 2016): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jramc-2015-000603.
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King, Raymond E., Thomas R. Carretta, Paul Retzlaff, Erica Barto, Malcolm James Ree, and Mark S. Teachout. "Standard Cognitive Psychological Tests Predict Military Pilot Training Outcomes." Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2192-0923/a000040.
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The predictive validity of scores from two cognitive functioning tests, the Multidimensional Aptitude Battery (MAB) and the MicroCog, was examined for initial pilot training performance. In addition to training completion, several training performance criteria were available for graduates: academic grades, daily flying grades, check ride grades, and class rank. Mean score comparisons and correlations in samples of between 5,582 and 12,924 trainees across the two tests showed small but statistically significant relationships with training performance. For example, after correction for range restriction and dichotomization of the criterion, the MAB full-scale IQ score and the MicroCog General Cognitive Functioning score were correlated .29 and .26 respectively with initial pilot training completion. The results pointed to general cognitive ability as the main predictor of training performance. Comparisons with results from studies involving US Air Force pilot aptitude tests showed lower validities for these cognitive functioning tests. This finding likely occurred because the pilot aptitude tests measure additional factors (e.g., aviation knowledge/experience and psychomotor skills) that are predictive of training success and that are not covered by the cognitive functioning tests.
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INOUE, Takafumi, Masayoshi SHIGEMORI, Keiko KIOKA, Hajime AKATSUKA, and Yumeko MIYACHI. "Proposal of New Psychological Aptitude Tests for Train Operation Staff." Quarterly Report of RTRI 47, no. 4 (2006): 192–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2219/rtriqr.47.192.
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Reynolds, Cecil R. "Putting the Individual into Aptitude-Treatment Interaction." Exceptional Children 54, no. 4 (January 1988): 324–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001440298805400406.
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The report of the National Academy of Sciences' Panel on Placement of Students in Programs for the Mentally Retarded is reviewed with a special emphasis on assessment and programming for special education students. A particular naivete regarding the relationship between past and proposed “new” practices is noted and the model proposed by the panel critiqued in light of its failure in past years. An alternative model that builds on students' strengths and that melds apparently disparate psychological models of academic behavior is introduced.
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Palyvoda, O. "Psychological characteristics of military servants causing the success of their activity in extreme conditions." Visnyk Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Military-Special Sciences, no. 3 (40) (2018): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2217.2018.40.38-41.
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The factors that determine the extreme conditions of military service are outlined; as well as the psychological characteristics of military personnel, determining their professional aptitude, the effectiveness of performing the professional tasks.
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Đurović, Aleksandra, Sonja Protić, and Ana Altaras Dimitrijević. "Reexamining the Association of Parental Implicit Theories of Intelligence With Children’s Mastery Orientation and Actual Aptitude." Zeitschrift für Entwicklungspsychologie und Pädagogische Psychologie 51, no. 3 (July 2019): 123–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1026/0049-8637/a000216.
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Abstract. This study looked into the associations between parents’ implicit theories of intelligence, children’s cognitive aptitude, and children’s tendency to opt for mastery-oriented responses to challenging achievement situations. All child participants ( N = 59, 31 girls; 6;3 – 7;2 years) were individually assessed for cognitive aptitude and mastery orientation, while one of their parents (46 mothers) completed a questionnaire on entity versus incremental beliefs about intelligence. Correlation analyses indicated a statistically significant negative association between parental endorsement of the incremental theory and children’s cognitive aptitude ( r = −.29), as well as between parental endorsement of the entity theory and children’s mastery orientation ( r = −.28). Moreover, two significant canonical functions emerged, one of which was defined by higher parental endorsement of the entity theory along with higher cognitive aptitude and lower mastery orientation of the child, while the second entailed higher parental endorsement of the incremental theory, lower cognitive aptitude of the child, and again, the child’s lower mastery orientation. While confirming the theoretically proposed negative association between parents’ entity beliefs and children’s mastery orientation, the present results challenge a unidimensional conception of implicit theories of intelligence and their assumed independence of cognitive aptitude; moreover, they stimulate several interpretations regarding the psychological mechanisms surrounding children’s lower mastery orientation.
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INOUE, Takafumi, Hiroaki SUZUKI, Keiko KIOKA, Hajime AKATSUKA, Masayoshi SHIGEMORI, and Wataru HIDA. "A New Set of Psychological Aptitude Tests for Train Operation Staff." Quarterly Report of RTRI 50, no. 1 (2009): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2219/rtriqr.50.39.
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Galazhinskiy, Eduard V., Olga M. Krasnoryadtseva, and Irina Y. Malkova. "Ways of Psychological Support of Adolescents with Prominent Aptitude for Mathematics." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 146 (August 2014): 154–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.08.103.
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Whitley, Bernard E. "The relationship of psychological type to computer aptitude, attitudes, and behavior." Computers in Human Behavior 12, no. 3 (September 1996): 389–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0747-5632(96)00015-5.
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Basuki, Tentrem, Khayatun Nufus Akhsania, DYP Sugiharto, and Muhammad Japar. "KONTRIBUSI TES PSIKOLOGIS TERHADAP SELF EFFICACY PENGAMBILAN KEPUTUSAN KARIR SISWA DI SEKOLAH BERBASIS PONDOK PESANTREN." JURNAL EDUKASI: Jurnal Bimbingan Konseling 6, no. 1 (June 9, 2020): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/je.v6i1.5422.
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This study discusses psychology for students in Islamic boarding schools who have taken psychological tests and who have never taken a psychological test. The research method used is a comparison of research with data analysis of comparative test Career Decision Making Self-Efficacy Scale between students who have taken a psychological test and who have never received a psychological test at a boarding school. Bandura's Self-Efficacy Theory uses work theory, while the sample in this study uses cluster random sampling with a total of students (N = 22). Data collection was carried out through a direct survey consisting of 25 question items about self efficacy. The results of the t-test different test analysis showed no significant difference between students who had received a psychological test and who had never taken a psychological test in junior high school students in a boarding school based school. With the results of IQ tests (t (22) = 1,076, p> 0.05), aptitude tests (t (22) = 1,731, p> 0.05) and, interest tests (t (22) = 1,137, p> 0 , 05). These results indicate that there is no significant difference between students who take psychological tests who take IQ, aptitude, and interest tests, and who have never taken a psychological test, one of the contributing factors is representing irregular beliefs or relationships with what is on almighty will in providing sustenance, as long as his servant wants to succeed.
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Setiawati, Farida Agus. "Aptitude Test's Predictive Ability for Academic Success in Psychology Student." Psychological Research and Intervention 3, no. 1 (September 30, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/pri.v3i1.34731.
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The developments that occur in psychological measurement have an effect on the development of the quality of the tests used. Differential Aptitude Test (DAT) is a form of psychological test used to measure a person's talent. Measurement of aspects of talent needs to be proven on the success of post-aptitude test studies. Therefore, this study aims to examine: (1) the predictive validity of differential aptitude tests in predicting study success in psychology study programs, and (2) which subtests are influential in predicting the success of studies in psychology study programs. Data collection was carried out using test techniques and documentation techniques. The research subjects were 62 students majoring in psychology at Yogyakarta State University in the academic year 2016/2017. The data obtained were then analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis techniques, where the subtest scores on the DAT were treated as predictors and the Grade Point Average scores were treated as the dependent variable. Based on the results of the analysis, it can be concluded that: (1) the DAT test can predict the success of the study in the psychology study program; and (2) the subtest in DAT that has the most influence in predicting the success of the study in the psychology study program is the verbal subtest and the numerical subtest
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Borisova, Marina Mikhailovna, Nadezhda Petrovna Pavlova, Svetlana Evgenievnа Shukshina, and Ludmila Dmitrievna Morozova. "Teachers’ readiness to work with children with signs of psychomotor aptitude." SHS Web of Conferences 117 (2021): 06002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202111706002.
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The paper deals with the problem of teachers’ readiness to work with children showing signs of psychomotor aptitude. The authors perform a theoretical analysis of approaches to the definition of the concepts of psychomotor, psychomotor aptitude, physical intelligence. The place of psychomotor aptitude in the structure of general aptitude has been determined. The relationship between psychomotor skills and personality development is demonstrated. It was found that most of the children with signs of psychomotor aptitude remained without proper psychological and pedagogical support, which led to a significant decrease in their number with age. The main goal of the study is to determine the readiness of teachers to work with psychomotorically apt children. A diagnostic technique has been developed, aimed at determining the readiness of teachers to work with the specified contingent of children. The main attention was paid to the formation of the cognitive and activity components of readiness among teachers. The study was based on a comparative analysis of data obtained in two groups of respondents with different levels of professional training. Approaches to the definition of the concepts of readiness and professional readiness are generalized. The content of professional competencies (such as “knowing”, “being able”) in the context of the problem under consideration is presented. The results of the empirical study showed that in the process of professional training, the concept of psychomotor aptitude had not been formed. The ideas of the experiment participants about scientific and methodological approaches to organizing work with psychomotorically apt children are at an intuitive level, which indicates that teachers are not ready for this type of work and cannot fully take into account the special educational needs of their students. The prospects for further research in the field of training teachers to work with children with psychomotor aptitude have been determined.
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Casinillo, Leomarich F., and Susana B. Miñoza. "The Suitability of Students in Bachelor of Science in Statistics (BSS) Program." Journal of Education Research and Evaluation 4, no. 4 (November 10, 2020): 343. http://dx.doi.org/10.23887/jere.v4i4.29217.
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This study aims to assess the suitability of students in Bachelor of Science in Statistics program. Seemingly, several students who enrolled in the said program does not possess the qualities of being mathematically inclined. Hence, this study was conducted. By complete enumeration, the study employed all BSS students from different year level. Secondary data were used such as two psychological tests from the University Student Services Office which measures the intelligence and numerical aptitude. A primary data was also employed through an instrument called Brainard Occupational Preference Inventory which measures the interest of students in the field of statistics. The gathered data were then analyzed with the aid of some descriptive measures and correlational methods. Results revealed that there are only a few (11.9%) who have high levels of intelligence and numerical aptitude but they happen to have low level of interest in statistics. Of those students highly interested (47.6%) in the field of statistics one-fourth (11.9%) of them have low levels of intelligence and numerical aptitude. It is found out that there is a significant linear relationship between intelligence and numerical aptitude among BSS students. Moreover, intelligence and interest in statistics is inversely and significantly correlated among BSS junior students. Furthermore, results showed that there is no significant linear relationship between numerical aptitude and interest in statistics across year level. Hence, the interest of the BSS students must be cultivated in order to increase their level of achievement.
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Krachko, E. A., G. T. Krasilnikov, F. V. Malchinsky, and S. L. Khvostova. "Reliability of forecast of successful flight training based on professional psychological selection." Dependability 18, no. 3 (September 5, 2018): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21683/1729-2646-2018-18-3-27-30.
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oday’s military aviation imposes ever increasing requirements on the pilots’ professional qualities, thus complicating the problems related to the improvement of the quality of professional selection and training of military pilots. The research conducted by V.A. Ponomarenko and V.A. Bodrov introduced the term “prolonged selection” into aviation psychology, meaning professional psychological support of flight training. The forecasting of successful training at the early stage is an important part of this support and is the focus of this paper.Methods. The aim of the study was to verify the forecast of successful flight training based on the professional psychological selection (PPS) at early stages of professional training and feasibility of such forecast in the form of integral estimation. For that purpose the authors used the academic progress estimates, the results of piloting skills development using flight simulators, the dynamics of professionally important qualities (PIQ) of cadets during the first two years of training in comparison with those indicators obtained during the PPS. The sample included 143 cadets. The test subjects were surveyed at their admission to the flight school and in the first two years of the course according to programs prescribed by the regulatory documents of the Russian Ministry of Defense and command of the Aerospace Forces. The survey is an obligatory condition for enrollment in a flight school and the subsequent flight training and does not contradict today’s ethical standards of scientific research. The surveyed cadets were distributed into two groups per categories of professional aptitude based on the results of PIQ survey conducted during the professional psychological selection: the 1-st group (55 people), the “fit” with good professional aptitude indicators, and the 2-nd group (88 people), the “conditionally fit” with acceptable professional aptitude indicators. Statistical analysis was carried out with Microsoft Office 2007 Excel descriptive statistics, Student’s t-test criterion for unpaired samples.Results. The survey showed that the “fit” group, as compared to the “conditionally fit” are better adapted to the conditions of military service, have higher indicators of cognitive mental processes and sensorimotor abilities. They master course content and simulator training better. At the same time, in terms of their physiological and physical qualities the cadets of the two surveyed groups are indistinguishable and all show good results, which is confirmed by their grades in physical education and shows their good physical development and fitness.Conclusions. The forecast of successful flight training made at the stage of professional psychological selection as a category of professional aptitude is confirmed at the initial stages of the cadets’ training during professional psychological support activities. The integral estimation composed of the results of academic progress, psychological, psychophysiological inspection survey data, results of simulator training can be used in subsequent flight training as the input for individual professional training programs. In order to improve the reliability of training, integrated automated methods are planned to be developed for the purpose of diagnosing current flying PIQs, as well as methods of their improvement and development [4].
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Glausier, Jill R., Mary Ann Kelly, Samantha Salem, Kehui Chen, and David A. Lewis. "Proxy measures of premortem cognitive aptitude in postmortem subjects with schizophrenia." Psychological Medicine 50, no. 3 (March 14, 2019): 507–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291719000382.
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AbstractBackgroundPostmortem human brain studies provide the molecular, cellular, and circuitry levels of resolution essential for the development of mechanistically-novel interventions for cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. However, the absence of measures of premortem cognitive aptitude in postmortem subjects has presented a major challenge to interpreting the relationship between the severity of neural alterations and cognitive deficits within the same subjects.MethodsTo begin addressing this challenge, proxy measures of cognitive aptitude were evaluated in postmortem subjects (N = 507) meeting criteria for schizophrenia, major depressive or bipolar disorder, and unaffected comparison subjects. Specifically, highest levels of educational and occupational attainment of the decedent and their parents were obtained during postmortem psychological autopsies.ResultsConsistent with prior findings in living subjects, subjects with schizophrenia had the lowest educational and occupational attainment relative to all other subject groups, and they also failed to show the generational improvement in attainment observed in all other subject groups.ConclusionsEducational and occupational attainment data obtained during postmortem psychological autopsies can be used as proxy measures of premortem cognitive function to interrogate the neural substrate of cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia.
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Noss, Igor' Nikolaevich, and Mariya Evgen'evna Kovaleva. "System for assessment of personal and professional suitability of IT staff in government organizations." Психология и Психотехника, no. 1 (January 2020): 78–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0722.2020.1.29266.
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The subject of this article is the development of psychological model for assessing personal and professional suitability of IT staff in government organizations applicable in human resource management. Firstly, the author highlights personality and professional traits, builds a mathematical model that allows correlating the manifestation of these traits (grouped into modules-predicators) with professional aptitude of IT personnel. Secondly, the author builds a formal-mathematical model on the bases of multiple linear regression equation for assessing the manifestation of personality and professional qualities using the psychodiagnostic methods at the stage of job placement of IT professionals. The scientific novelty consists in the analysis of literature that demonstrated insufficient research dedicated to professionally important qualities of IT personnel, as well as rare application of psychological modeling as the means for job placement and assessment of employees in all spheres. The main conclusion lies in determination of veracity of psychodiagnostic means for assessment of personal and professional suitability of IT personnel. The acquired model can be valuable in future research of professional aptitude, as well as implemented in human resource management.
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Andreevsky, E. V., P. I. Paderno, and A. I. Hudyakov. "Models of Correlation between Psychological Threats at Hazardous Industrial Facilities and Characteristics of Their Security." Bulletin of Irkutsk State University. Series Psychology 34 (2020): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.26516/2304-1226.2020.34.3.
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In the practical activity of institutions servicing hazardous industrial facilities, HR relations and aptitude screening should be carried out with due respect to the analysis of threats related to specificity of both the secured facility and security professionals (human factor). The paper considers a set of points of professional psychological testing at security departments. On the basis of the threat analysis technique proposed by the authors, a number of interrelated models (intruders and threats) have been revealed. The results obtained can be successfully used both for organizing professional psychological testing and developing system of support and problem-solving during professional psychological testing of hazardous industrial facility security professionals.
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Sharma, Sarla. "Learners' Cognitive Styles and Psychological Types as Intervening Variables Influencing Performance in Computer Science Courses." Journal of Educational Technology Systems 15, no. 4 (June 1987): 391–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/jxvc-dmq8-4b0y-xjqn.
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During the past twenty years, many educators have tried to incorporate technological progress and processes into the nation's schools. As the demand for computer science courses continues its phenomenal growth into the 1980s, the problems of identifying components of computer science aptitude and predicting academic success in computer science courses become increasingly important. This article is based on the critical analysis of the most recent research studies concerning the identification of components of computer science aptitude responsible for success in computer science courses. The analysis attempts to answer three questions: 1. Do certain cognitive styles have a bearing on performance in computer science courses?; 2. Do certain psychological types have bearing on performance in computer science courses?, and 3. Do certain background variables (sex, age, academic classification, prior computer experience, academic program, and high school and college grade point averages) have relevance for performance in computer science courses? Finally, implications for matching curriculum and instructional strategies with students' different cognitive styles, personality types, and background information are presented and suggestions for advisement and placement of prospective computer science students, and recommendations for further research in this area are made.
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Mead, Rebecca, Momna Hejmadi, and Laurence D. Hurst. "Scientific aptitude better explains poor responses to teaching of evolution than psychological conflicts." Nature Ecology & Evolution 2, no. 2 (January 8, 2018): 388–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41559-017-0442-x.
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McClusky, D. A., E. M. Ritter, A. B. Lederman, A. G. Gallagher, and C. D. Smith. "Correlation between Perceptual, Visuo-spatial, and Psychomotor Aptitude to Duration of Training Required to Reach Performance Goals on the MIST-VR Surgical Simulator." American Surgeon 71, no. 1 (January 2005): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313480507100103.
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Given the dynamic nature of modern surgical education, determining factors that may improve the efficiency of laparoscopic training is warranted. The objective of this study was to analyze whether perceptual, visuo-spatial, or psychomotor aptitude are related to the amount of training required to reach specific performance-based goals on a virtual reality surgical simulator. Sixteen MS4 medical students participated in an elective skills course intended to train laparoscopic skills. All were tested for perceptual, visuo-spatial, and psychomotor aptitude using previously validated psychological tests. Training involved as many instructor-guided 1-hour sessions as needed to reach performance goals on a custom designed MIST-VR manipulation-diathermy task (Mentice AB, Gothenberg, Sweden). Thirteen subjects reached performance goals by the end of the course. Two were excluded from analysis due to previous experience with the MIST-VR (total n = 11). Perceptual ability (r = -0.76, P = 0.007) and psychomotor skills (r = 0.62, P = 0.04) significantly correlated with the number of trials required. Visuo-spatial ability did not significantly correlate with training duration. The number of trials required to train subjects to performance goals on the MIST-VR manipulation diathermy task is significantly related to perceptual and psychomotor aptitude.
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Paliy, Anatoliy. "Cognitive-Style Approach to Psychological Support of the Gifted Pupils Mountain Schools of the Ukrainian Carpathians." Journal of Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University 1, no. 2-3 (December 22, 2014): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/jpnu.1.2-3.181-187.
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The differential-cognitological point of view, giftedness is “a systemic quality of apersonality that develops throughout life and determines their abilities to achieve exceptionallyhigh results in one or more activities compared to those of other people”. Herewith, it is thefundamental concept of general aptitude, under which “the level of general abilities developmentthat determines the range of activities in which a person can achieve great success” is understood.Within the structure of general aptitude intellectual giftedness is singled out as the level ofdevelopment, as well as the type of organization of individual mental experience, which ensure anopportunity of creative intellectual activity, i. e. an activity, related to the creation of subjectivelyand objectively new ideas, to the use of innovative approaches to solving problems and opennessto controversial aspects of the situation and so on. In order to identify talented children and adultsthe value of intellectual quotient (IQ) is still most commonly used. Psychometric approach (themeasurement of psychic phenomena with the help of standardized IQ tests) to the diagnosis ofintellectual giftedness, which is dominant in psychological diagnostics today, by definition, cannot“measure” the phenomena of an individual psyche, since the modern level of psychological sciencedoes not allow to proceed to psychological diagnosis, let alone prediction of a certain person`sbehavior, on the basis of individual results in performing a psychological test (psychometric test ofintelligence, personality questionnaire, projective methods etc).In our opinion, many problems in psychological and pedagogical support of gifted childrencould be avoided by making use of cognitive-style approach to diagnosis of intellectual giftedness,creative abilities, propensities and peculiar mental traits of a separate individuality. Objectivity ofsuch an approach is corroborated by the results of individual cognitive styles (hereinafter CS)diagnostics, carried out by means of experimental techniques. In contrast to standardized tests,such techniques allow to perform diagnostic tests individually and reveal the peculiarities of thearrangement and functioning of an individual mind.Obviously, nowadays we are faced with the need for providing theoretical, methodological andempirical grounds for the development of a conceptual model that would consider giftedness as anintegral psychological system, all aspects of which could be understood in the context of agedynamics and mental experience of an individual. CS approach to interpreting and diagnosis ofgiftedness provides a reliable theoretical basis for working out a systematic methodology ofpsychological diagnostics of the general aptitude, as it meets the basic principles of humanizationof the educational environment in Ukraine. CS approach is child-centered, therefore, it brings infocus individual uniqueness and originality of each child.
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Shchur, Nataliia. "THE STRUCTURE AND COMPONENTS OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES APTITUDE." Academic Notes Series Pedagogical Science 1, no. 194 (June 2021): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.36550/2415-7988-2021-1-194-183-190.
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This study aims to explore the foreign language (FL) aptitude components as one of the crucial factors of successful language learning. Having conducted the research, the following results and conclusions have been drawn. FL aptitude is defined as individual psychological characteristics which determine and predict the dynamics of mastering FL, that is the rate, speed and progress of learning. The components of FL aptitude include language abilities (phonetic, lexical, grammatical and stylistic abilities), speech abilities (abilities to listening, speaking, reading and writing), communicative abilities, the sense of language, thinking in a foreign language, linguistic creativity, motivation. The sense of language and thinking in a foreign language is considered to be the central abilities in FL aptitude. The structure of FL aptitude forms an integral unity, since it is characterized by the interdependence and interaction of all its components. Moreover, it is closely related to general intelligence. Therefore, it is possible to single out auditory and cognitive abilities which are common for all above mentioned abilities and play a key role in determining the level of their development. These abilities involve auditory differential sensitivity (phonemic awareness and intonation hearing), memory (iconic, echoic, motor, working, short-term, long-term, verbal and the ability of involuntary remembering), verbal thinking and inductive reasoning, cognitive processing speed (the rate of speech, the rate of associative processes and the rate of processing new information). According to the level of FL aptitude development there are three styles of FL learning: communicative, cognitive and mixed. The difference between these three styles lies in the fact that the first style refers to language acquisition and the second and the third styles refer to language learning. Consequently, the direct (natural) methods of FL learning are more appropriate for the representatives of the cognitive style and the indirect methods or the combination of the direct and indirect methods is more beneficial for the representatives of the cognitive and mixed styles. Taking into account the results of our research, we suppose it is expedient to run the tests for revealing and measuring FL aptitude which is normally difficult to observe. It allows the educators to detect the factors which make it difficult for students to learn FL and to find the effective ways to eliminate or relieve them.
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Mishra, Kiran, and R. B. Mishra. "Multiagent Based Selection of Tutor-Subject-Student Paradigm in an Intelligent Tutoring System." International Journal of Intelligent Information Technologies 6, no. 1 (January 2010): 46–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jiit.2010100904.
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Intelligent tutoring systems (ITS) aim at development of two main interconnected modules: pedagogical module and student module .The pedagogical module concerns with the design of a teaching strategy which combines the interest of the student, tutor’s capability and characteristics of subject. Very few effective models have been developed which combine the cognitive, psychological and behavioral components of tutor, student and the characteristics of a subject in ITS. We have developed a tutor-subject-student (TSS) paradigm for the selection of a tutor for a particular subject. A selection index of a tutor is calculated based upon his performance profile, preference, desire, intention, capability and trust. An aptitude of a student is determined based upon his answering to the seven types of subject topic categories such as Analytical, Reasoning, Descriptive, Analytical Reasoning, Analytical Descriptive, Reasoning Descriptive and Analytical Reasoning Descriptive. The selection of a tutor is performed for a particular type of topic in the subject on the basis of a student’s aptitude.
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Thundericco, Yoshua Patriot, Nelcy Rumlaklak, and Tiwuk Widiastuti. "Implementation Of Topsis Method In System For Selection Of Study Program At Universities In Sma Negeri 2 Kupang." Jurnal Komputer dan Informatika 7, no. 2 (November 27, 2019): 162–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.35508/jicon.v7i2.1649.
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Proceeding study to the college is something that most of twelfth grade students wants. However, they are still confused in chossing study program because due to not knowing their own aptitude and interest. To solve that problem, some factors are used, which are cognitive factor, by doing psychological test, and affective factor, by observing the tendency of their subjects in high school. Therefore, this research will design and develop a decision support system for study program determination in college using TOPSIS method. This method is chosen due to its capability in choosing best alternative out of multicriteria alternatives. Criterias that are used for this study includes Academic Criteria (Language, Logic, Science, Practice, and Social) and Aptitude Criteria (Intelligence, Space Reasoning, Mechanical, Abstract Reasoning, Verbal Reasoning, Numeric, Language Usage). The test is conducted through confusion matrix method. From 60 test-data, 13 data have difference between the system-result and real-result, thus the system is 78.33% accurate.
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Yang, Yilun, and Liping Chen. "A Literature Review on Individual Differences in Second Language Acquisition." International Journal of Linguistics 10, no. 6 (December 6, 2018): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v10i6.14007.
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There are many factors influencing second language acquisition, such as learner external factors including social factors, the input of second language acquisition and the relationship between acquisition; internal factors including the transfer of language, cognition of second language and language universals, etc, which influence the psychological factors of learner's second language; individual differences include some factors in physiological emotion, cognition, and learning strategies. This article is to explore the role of learners in second language acquisition from the perspective of individual differences (age, aptitude, learning motivation).
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Goswami, Rupashree, R. K. Jena, and B. B. Mahapatro. "Psycho-Social Impact of Shift Work." International Journal of Asian Business and Information Management 2, no. 4 (October 2011): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jabim.2011100103.
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The aim of this study was to explore the effect of work related problem on shift workers’ attitude, aptitude and job satisfaction. A total of 240 shift workers in five Ferro-alloy industries of Orissa working in rotating three shift systems were participated in this study. The findings indicated that shift work has major adverse impact on psychological, social, family and conjugal life of shift worker. It has also seen that the shift work schedule curtails leisure activities, affects sleep and causes various health problems.
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Yoon, Jiyoung, and Eunjung Hur. "An Exploratory Study of Factors That Affect Psychological Well-Being of 4-Year College Freshmen in South Korea." Sustainability 13, no. 9 (May 7, 2021): 5230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13095230.
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The purpose of this study is to classify college freshmen based on the level of psychological states related to psychological well-being they experience, and to explore the factors influencing these psychological states. Group 1 had low levels of negative psychological states and high levels of positive psychological states (constituting 35% of the total sample); Group 2 had relatively high level of negative psychological states and very low level of life satisfaction (constituting 13% of the total sample), and Group 3 had moderate level of psychological states (constituting 52% of the total sample). First, it was identified that a group with high level of negative psychological states does not necessarily have a low level of positive psychological states in factors such as their self-esteem, resilience, or life goals. Second, female students were more likely to belong to the group with high manifestations of psychological problems. Students who get higher self-satisfaction from their income than their actual annual income, students with more allowance, students with lower burden relating to their tuition, and students who worked less part-time jobs (falls under the financial factor) were less likely to belong to the group with high manifestations of psychological problems. Students who had numerous communications with their peers and had a sense of trust in their school, and students who felt less alienated were also less likely to belong to the group with high manifestations of psychological problems (falls under the social relationship factor). In addition, students who selected their college major in accordance to their aptitudes and interests, or through the influence of their school teachers, were less likely to belong to the mild risk group or the risk group than the students who decided their college major based on employment prospects or recommendations (falls under the enrollment motivation factor). Meanwhile, students with a higher dependency to their mobile phones had higher probability of belonging to the risk group, and students who had higher computer use frequency, such as using a computer to chat or play games, had a lower probability of belonging to the mild risk group or the risk group (falls under the media utilization factor). The results of the study indicate the need for the following: (1) a three-dimensional diagnosis of the psychological state of college freshmen; (2) measures that can improve social relationships, such as support in the curriculum and linkage to counseling institutions; and (3) the selection of a major in accordance to one’s aptitude, calling for the need for a linkage with career guidance at the high school stage.
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Jones, E., K. C. Hyams, and S. Wessely. "Review: Screening for vulnerability to psychological disorders in the military: an historical survey." Journal of Medical Screening 10, no. 1 (March 1, 2003): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/096914103321610798.
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Objectives: To evaluate attempts in the military to screen for vulnerability to psychological disorders from World War I to the present. Methods: An extensive literature review was conducted by hand-searching leading medical and psychological journals relating to World Wars I and II. Recent publications were surveyed electronically and UK archives investigated for British applications. Results: Despite the optimism shown in World War I and the concerted efforts of World War II, followup studies showed that screening programmes did not succeed in reducing the incidence of psychological casualties. Furthermore, they had a counter-productive effect on manpower, often rejecting men who would have made good soldiers. Continued experimentation with screening methods for psychiatric vulnerability failed to yield convincing results during the post-war period. Conclusions: Although well-measured variables, such as intelligence, have been shown to predict success in training and aptitude, no instrument has yet been identified which can accurately assess psychological vulnerability. Previous attempts have failed because of false-positives, false-negatives and reluctance in the target population because of stigma. Early findings suggest that psychological surveillance, if not screening, may yield valuable results when applied to military populations exposed to stress.
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Chandra Prakash, V., J. K. R. Sastry, V. Kantha Rao, T. Vineetha, V. Harika, and A. Abhishek Reddy. "A critical study on applicability of sokoban game for building cognitive model of a student for career assessment." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 1.1 (December 21, 2017): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i1.1.9482.
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Career assessment is extremely important for a student to choose the best career in his/her life. A career counsellor may assess a student by considering his/her academic record and the scores obtained in IQ tests, reasoning, quantitative-aptitude, etc. and suggest a suitable career. After studies, when the student gets employment in his/her selected career, at times, the student may find it very difficult to continue in his/her career. A major reason may be that the psychology of the student may not match with the psychology that is expected for the chosen career. Hence, it is highly essential for the counsellors to assess the psychological factors of a student before suggesting a suitable career. Game playing is one method through which psychological factors of a student can be assessed. This paper presents a critical study on applicability of Sokoban game for assessing student’s psychological factors so that an Expert system can build a cognitive model of a student for career assessment.
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Raykov, Tenko, George A. Marcoulides, Dimiter M. Dimitrov, and Tatyana Li. "Examining Construct Congruence for Psychometric Tests: A Note on an Extension to Binary Items and Nesting Effects." Educational and Psychological Measurement 78, no. 1 (June 23, 2016): 167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013164416655379.
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This article extends the procedure outlined in the article by Raykov, Marcoulides, and Tong for testing congruence of latent constructs to the setting of binary items and clustering effects. In this widely used setting in contemporary educational and psychological research, the method can be used to examine if two or more homogeneous multicomponent instruments with distinct components measure the same construct. The approach is useful in scale construction and development research as well as in construct validation investigations. The discussed method is illustrated with data from a scholastic aptitude assessment study.
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Charlton, John P., and Paul E. Birkett. "Psychological Characteristics of Students Taking Programming-Oriented and Applications-Oriented Computing Courses." Journal of Educational Computing Research 18, no. 2 (March 1998): 163–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/pv8x-jm1b-g9hk-um2y.
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The characteristics of students taking programming-oriented and applications-oriented higher education courses are compared. Relative to the latter students, the former students' personalities are shown to be of a more schizoid nature, this providing an explanation of these students' greater computer engagement, programming experience and computing aptitude, at least as far as males are concerned. The extent to which programming experience is accumulated by females is concluded to be a major factor explaining the greater gender imbalance in enrolment on the programming-oriented course. Psychometric measures are found to be useful over and above cheaper, more easily obtainable, information in discriminating between the two types of student. However, psychometric measures are not found useful in increasing the association between correctness of course classification subsequent to Discriminant Function Analysis and success/failure on the courses. Finally, the same set of characteristics, involving among other things, greater involvement in computing, is found to be associated with success irrespective of course.
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Bontempo, Karen, and Jemina Napier. "Evaluating emotional stability as a predictor of interpreter competence and aptitude for interpreting." Aptitude for Interpreting 13, no. 1 (April 11, 2011): 85–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/intp.13.1.06bon.
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This paper proposes that variance in interpreter performance is dependent on factors of both general cognitive ability and personality. Whilst there is no doubt of the interplay between individual personality traits and job performance across many occupations, the greatest interest lies in determining which traits play the most important role; and to what extent these variables impact on learning and achievement. The paper reports on a study of 110 accredited signed language interpreters in Australia. Psychological constructs of self-efficacy, goal orientation and negative affectivity were measured, as were interpreter ratings of self-perceived competence as practitioners. The most significant finding revealed the dimension of emotional stability (represented on the negative end of the continuum by traits of anxiety and neuroticism, and measured in this study by the negative affectivity scale) as a predictor of interpreter’s self-perceived competence. Based on these findings, recommendations for admission testing and interpreter education curricula are discussed.
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Hong, Hee-Sun and Hyejin Choi. "Mediated Effect of Psychological Exhaustion in the Relationship between the Nursery School Teacher’s Teaching Aptitude and Happiness." Journal of Educational Innovation Research 27, no. 1 (March 2017): 181–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.1.201703.181.
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Fassbender, Christoph, and Klaus-Martin Goeters. "Results of the ESA study on psychological selection of astronaut applicants for Columbus missions I: Aptitude testing." Acta Astronautica 27 (July 1992): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0094-5765(92)90189-p.
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Zelenak, Michael S. "Measuring the Sources of Self-Efficacy Among Secondary School Music Students." Journal of Research in Music Education 62, no. 4 (December 17, 2014): 389–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022429414555018.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the four sources of self-efficacy in music performance and examine responses from the Music Performance Self-Efficacy Scale (MPSES). Participants ( N = 290) were middle and high school music students from 10 schools in two regions of the United States. Questions included the following: (1) How much influence does each source have on self-efficacy? (2) Are there differences among band, chorus, and string students? (3) Are there differences between middle and high school students? (4) Does music aptitude predict self-efficacy, and (5) Does evidence support the MPSES as a valid and reliable scale? Results indicated that mastery experience exerted the strongest influence, no differences were found among ensemble types or grade levels, and music aptitude scores predicted modest increases in self-efficacy, β = .16 (.07). Examination of test content, response process, internal structure, and relationships with other variables provided evidence of validity, while internal consistency and test-retest values provided evidence of reliability. Recommendations for further research included examining the development of self-efficacy at different ages, measuring the relationships between the sources of self-efficacy and music achievement, and using the MPSES to assist in the investigations of other psychological constructs, such as self-identity and motivation.
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Westhoff, Karl, Carmen Hagemeister, and Heike Eckert. "On the Objectivity of Oral Examinations in Psychology." Zeitschrift für Differentielle und Diagnostische Psychologie 23, no. 2 (June 2002): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024//0170-1789.23.2.149.
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Summary: A hierarchy of requirements applying to practicing psychologists is the basis of a concept for oral examinations in psychological assessment. Objectivity of oral examinations is tested on two different populations according to this concept. The following results support the hypotheses in both populations: there are high correlations between the independent evaluations of assessor and examiner and the marks; there are also relatively high correlations between the marks received and the examinees' self-evaluations after the examination. Examinees' self-evaluations before the examinations correlated weakly but positively with the marks in the oral examination. Better marks resulted if examinees had prepared themselves additionally through group discussions. Furthermore, the population which was selected with respect to aptitude received better marks.
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Lucena Romero, Miguel Ángel. "La fisiognomía femenina a través del Manifiesto de los secretos del coito de al-Shayzarī (XIII) /." Fortunatae. Revista Canaria de Filología, Cultura y Humanidades Clásicas 33, no. 1 (2021): 161–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.25145/j.fortunat.2021.33.06.
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In any theocratic and monotheistic system, the female image is represented as a sexual entity, reduced to its most material and physical dimension, avoiding any intellectual or psychological peculiarity. The objective of the following article is to describe and analyze the categorization, without any modesty, of women according to their sexual aptitude and, for this, we focus on the physiognomic text bequeathed by the Syrian writer al-Shayzarī (13th century) in his compendium sexual Kitāb al-Īḍāḥ fī asrār al-nikāḥ (Elucidation of the secrets of lawful intercourse). After a brief introduction to the Arabic and Islamic concept of physiognomy, we analyze the methodology that our author follows, namely, the expressive, ethnic and zoological method, when referring to female physiognomy
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Brizuela, Armel, Karol Jiménez-Alfaro, Nelson Pérez-Rojas, and Guaner Rojas-Rojas. "Autorreportes verbales en voz alta para la identificación de procesos de razonamiento en pruebas estandarizadas / Verbal Self-reporting to Identify Reasoning Processes in Standardized Tests." Revista Costarricense de Psicología 35, no. 1 (June 29, 2016): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22544/rcps.v35i01.02.
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<p>Los estándares actuales, para la evaluación de la calidad psicométrica de las pruebas psicológicas y educativas, estipulan que una de las evidencias requeridas que justifican las inferencias derivadas de la aplicación de un test se refiere a las estrategias para contestar a los ítems que lo componen. Por lo tanto, el objetivo del presente artículo se propone presentar los resultados de una investigación, que consistió en la ejecución de entrevistas semiestructuradas a un conjunto de 15 estudiantes universitarios de primer ingreso, cuyos reportes orales fueron analizados con el objetivo de fundamentar un conjunto de estrategias para contestar los ítems verbales de la Prueba de Aptitud Académica de la Universidad de Costa Rica, que habían sido identificadas previamente. Los resultados indican que efectivamente los participantes emplearon las estrategias propuestas, lo cual constituye una evidencia de gran importancia sobre las habilidades de razonamiento que se miden con los ítems verbales de la Prueba de Aptitud Académica. Finalmente, se concluye con una discusión sobre los resultados acerca de la utilidad de los autorreportes verbales que recaban evidencias de validez para un test y sobre futuras investigaciones en esta línea.</p><p> </p><p>Abstract:</p><p>Abstract Current standards for assessing the psychometric quality of psychological and educational tests stipulate that one indication required to justify the inferences derived from the application of a test are those related to answering strategies for the test items. Thus, this article presents the results of a study that involved the execution of semi-structured interviews with a group of 15 college freshmen, whose oral reports were analyzed to provide support for a set of strategies to answer previously identified verbal items from the “Academic Aptitude Test” (Prueba de Aptitud Académica) at the Universidad de Costa Rica. The results indicate that participants actually used the proposed strategies, which is important evidence about the reasoning skills measured by the Prueba de Aptitud Académica verbal items. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of the results, the usefulness of verbal self-reports to gather evidence for test validity and future research along these lines.</p>
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Максим Удод. "ВІДМІННОСТІ ПРОФЕСІЙНО ВАЖЛИВИХ ЯКОСТЕЙ ТА ЇХ ВЗАЄМОЗВ’ЯЗКИ У ФАХІВЦІВ ЕКСТРЕНОЇ МЕДИЧНОЇ ДОПОМОГИ З РІЗНИМИ РІВНЯМИ ПРОФЕСІЙНОЇ КОМПЕТЕНТНОСТІ." International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science, no. 2(23) (February 28, 2020): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_ijitss/28022020/6945.
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Comparison of emergency medical care and disaster medicine workers groups with different levels of professional aptitude and competency has given a possibility to find out the professionally significant features and acceptable levels of their manifestation.Among the professionally significant features on emotional and will level are indices of rigidity, excitability, activity, stress vulnerability, emotional stability, anxiety and depression inclination, tenseness and frustration vulnerability, emotional exhaustion, purposefulness, assertive and aggressive actions and avoidance in hard life situations. Among the professionally significant features on motivation and value level are indices of live value of rest, social braveness, psychological tact, inclination to mutual interpersonal knowledge and understanding, organizational skills and resilience in interpersonal relationship. Among the professionally significant features on reflection and activity level are indices of moral normativity, self-control, modeling, result checking and flexibility as individual self-regulation styles, depersonalization, professional achievements reduction, satisfaction from creativity in professional activity, satisfaction by work conditions, satisfaction by appreciation of personal contribution to collective professional activity.Satisfaction from professional activity is the important criterion of workers’ professional realization and it can be used as subjective criterion of workers’ professional aptitude.Workers with low level of professional aptitude and competency have difficulties with self-regulation, but they can gain resilience in interpersonal relationship by flexible and conscious adjustment. This aim can be realized by command work and compliance with the rules of professional subordination.
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Chandra Prakash, V., J. K. R. Sastry, K. Anusha, P. Ashok Kumar, N. Venkatesh, and G. Ravi Teja. "Expert system for building cognitive model of a student using 8-puzzle game and for career assessment." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.27 (August 6, 2018): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.27.12014.
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Career assessment is useful for a student in order to know the suitable jobs for him/her in future basing on student’s knowledge memory power, Intelligence, psychological aptitude, etc. During the academic program of a student, it is very important to assess the appropriate career(s), so that a student can select some appropriate electives and some specialized subjects, which lead to an appropriate career(s). In the process of academic program of a student, it is highly essential to plan his/her career. Generally, the career counselor in an institution analyzes the student’s academic record/Cumulative Grade Point Average (C.G.P.A.) and predicts suitable career(s) in industry. In case of students belonging to Computer Science and Engineering branch, counselor will suggest some appropriate jobs in software industry viz. software designer, software engineer, tester, marketing person, etc. based on the academic record. Apart from academic record, one should also consider the student’s psychological factors like intelligence, problem solving ability, patience, etc. to predict a better career. We developed an expert system for predicting career by assessing psychological factors of a student like problem solving ability, intelligence and patience levels of a student. In order to assess these psychological factors, we developed 8-puzzle game to assess student’s intelligence and planning ability levels, fastness in playing game, and patience levels. The system requests the student to play 8-puzzle game many times and displays the scores of student. A career table is designed which consists of list of careers in software industry and the minimum levels of requirements in academic record, intelligence, patience, etc. The academic record and psychological factors of the student are compared with the minimum levels required for each career and thus the system predicts the matching career(s) for the student.
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Arinicheva, O. V., and A. V. Malishevsky. "A study of the socionic characteristics of males and females for improving the reliability of aptitude screening of aviation specialists." Dependability 21, no. 1 (March 24, 2021): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21683/1729-2646-2021-21-1-45-54.
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Aim. This article continues the series of studies aimed at improving the aptitude screening of commercial aviation personnel. The socionic characteristics of a human operator define his/her work with information flows, and their significance is the higher, the greater is the time shortage they have to deal with as part of their professional activities, therefore, in this paper, those characteristics were examined as professionally important qualities of both a pilot, and an air traffic controller. The task consisted in evaluating the socionic characteristics of male and female control room specialists, who have successfully completed aptitude screening in commercial aviation, identifying the presence or absence of differences between the obtained results. Additionally, for the sake of comparison, the research covered the socionic characteristics of males and females, whose professional activities have nothing to do with technology. In total, the study includes data of over 3116 tested persons. Methods. The 5-th modification of the MM-1 socionic test developed by the Saint Petersburg State University of Civil Aviation was used as the psychodiagnostic method for estimating constituent socionic characteristics. The obtained samples were primarily compared using Pearson’s chi-squared test. The results were also processed using correlation analysis. Results. The paper presents socionic portraits,i.e. the distribution of the dominating components of the human socionic model among various samples, socionic models of various professional groups (human socionic model for a typical member of a sample), as well as graphical data per individual psychological dichotomies: “extraversion – introversion”, “logic – ethics”, “sensorics – intuition”, “rationality – irrationality”. Conclusions. The identified differences between the studied samples are primarily professional in their nature, i.e. comparing samples of individuals from the same professional group and approximately the same age, but different gender, in no case reliable differences were identified. Thus, no fundamental gender-specific differences were identified by the socionic psychodiagnostic method used as part of this work. However, the analysis of a number of Russian and foreign sources dedicated to gender differences suggests that improving the reliability of aptitude screening of aviation specialists requires further research involving the evaluation of the differences in the expression of the necessary professionally significant qualities of control room specialists, not by criterion of biological sex, but rather in accordance with the identified gender-related personality type.
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Bartram, Dave. "Test Qualifications and Test Use in the UK: The Competence Approach." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 12, no. 1 (January 1996): 62–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.12.1.62.
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The paper describes the current British Psychological Society (BPS) approach to the development of professional test user qualifications through the use of a competence-based approach to the certification of test users. The rationale is described and contrasted with previous mechanisms for controlling standards in test use. The overall strategy is to develop more competent test users and to provide better information for them about tests. The latter is being accomplished through the establishment of a Register of Test Users with its associated journal Selection and Development Review; and the publication by BPS Books of regular test reviews and updates. To date, a Certification process has been implemented relating to psychological test use in occupational assessment settings. This comprises qualifications at two levels: “Level A” (tests of ability and aptitude) and “Level B” (personality assessment). The design and implementation of this system has raised many problems - theoretical, practical, political, and commercial. The focus of the new approach represents a radical change from past practice. It emphasises the competence of test users - rather than the means by which competence is attained. Standards have been defined and mechanisms established for assessing competence and for verifying and monitoring the quality of the assessment process.
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Kupferberg, Irit. "DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS OF EXPLICIT INSTRUCTION ON SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION.Rick de Graaff. Leiden: Holland Institute of Generative Linguistics, 1997. Pp. 234. NLG 40 paper." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 22, no. 1 (March 2000): 117–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263100241053.
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Is there an interface between explicit and implicit knowledge in L2 acquisition? Rick de Graaff's doctoral dissertation tests this question in an experimental study from a weak interface position. This position indicates that explicit knowledge has a facilitative role in the acquisition of implicit knowledge when it engages the attention of learners and makes them notice input features (Schmidt, 1990). De Graaff studies the effect of explicit computer-aided self-instruction on the acquisition of morphosyntax in Experanto (an artificial language, based on Zamenhoff's Esperanto) and Spanish (as a foreign language) by adult native speakers of Dutch. Acquisition is tested in interaction with five intervening factors that constitute a controlled linguistic, psychological, and pedagogic context (i.e., complexity of structures, rule-based learning in syntax and exemplar-based learning in morphology, familiarity with the structures, availability of explicit knowledge, and learners' aptitude). Experanto is chosen to control for the influence of previous knowledge and contact outside class, and Spanish is chosen to make the results more generalizable.
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Arinicheva, O. V., T. V. Ziuba, and A. B. Malishevsky. "The effect of gender differences on the reliability of aptitude screening of aviation specialists." Dependability 20, no. 1 (March 30, 2020): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21683/1729-2646-2020-20-1-39-46.
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The Aim. This paper examines the problem of reliability of aptitude screening currently in place in commercial aviation in terms of its indiscriminate applicability to males and females. The task consisted in evaluating some professionally important qualities in males and females, who have successfully completed aptitude screening while being admitted to the aviation school, and identify the presence or absence of differences between the obtained results. For that purpose, a research was conducted that involved 60 third-year traffic controller students of the Saint Petersburg State University of Civil Aviation (35 males and 25 females).Methods. The psychodiagnostic method included the Prognoz-1 and Prognoz-2 stress tolerance evaluation forms developed in the S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy, H.J. Eysenck intellectual development test, A. Buss and A. Durkee hostility assessment forms. The authors’ earlier findings were also used. Statistical processing was performed using correlation analysis and Pearson’s chi-squared test.Results. The analysis of psychodiagnostic findings has shown the absence of positive differences in the intellectual development of males and females in the observed group. In general, the intelligence of the study participants was sufficiently high (121.17 average IQ for males and 123.04 for females). The assessment of the stress tolerance of the surveyed group using two different variants of the Prognoz forms also has not identified any significant differences between males and females (stress tolerance of females is somewhat lower, than that of males, but the identified difference is obviously not crucial). However, both among males (1 person) and females (1 person) participants were identified, for whom the prediction per both diagnostic method was “unfavourable”. Positive differences between the examined males and females were identified in terms of tendency towards physical aggression (A. Buss and A. Durkee test).Conclusions. The psychodiagnostic method used as part of this work have not identified fundamental gender differences. An exception is the tendency towards physical aggression. In females this indicator is clearly lower, though there are girls who display high aggressiveness. Most experimental subjects demonstrated high stress tolerance and sufficiently high level of intellectual development. And while the examined group does not display clear differences in IQ (there are reasons to believe that the larger is the surveyed group the less significant are the positive differences between males and females in terms of intellectual development), however, the trend of female aviation specialists having overall higher IQ can be observed. The research must continue, extending the range of assessment methods, including alternative approaches that do not involve personality inventories, while simultaneously evaluating the extent of professionally important psychological qualities of aviation specialists, yet not with respect to gender, but in accordance with a candidate’s identified gender type.
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Bululukov, O. Yu. "TRANSFORMATION OF INVESTIGATION ERRORS IN CRIMINAL LEGAL PRОCEEDINGS." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics 15 (November 30, 2016): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.32353/khrife.2015.06.
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The article deals with the notion of a judicial error which is referred to as an inconsistency between the verdict and the situation of the committed offense, the person of the offender and the eventual consequences. It also enumerates factors that may result in judicial errors and they include the following: peculiarities of the judge’s psychological traits; the judge’s perception of the public danger that the committed crime may have; obstructions from potential stakeholders’; the investigator S tactical errors that were made at the pre-trial investigation stage. The article suggests two classifications of judicial errors. It also describes the notion of the judge’s «inner conviction» and determines its role in the emergence of the transformation of errors. The article specifies that the formation of inner convictions is influenced by subjective and objective factors. Subjective factors include: the subject’s mental state; character and temperament; aptitude of solving intellectual tasks; life and professional experience; conformity level; emotional state. Objective factors include: the influence of the environment; the severity and danger of the committed crime; the criminal’s identity. The article is the first to describe the notion of the judge’s «gender» and its influence on making court decisions.
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Gumilang, Galang Surya. "URGENSI KESADARAN BUDAYA KONSELOR DALAM MELAKSANAKAN LAYANAN BIMBINGAN DAN KONSELING UNTUK MENGHADAPI MASYARAKAT EKONOMI ASEAN (MEA)." GUIDENA: Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan, Psikologi, Bimbingan dan Konseling 5, no. 2 (December 13, 2015): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.24127/gdn.v5i2.316.
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Abstract: Humans live in this world depends on culture. Culture greatly affect every aspect of human life that occurred as a whole according to the demands and needs. Human activity ranging from waking to sleep again did not escape the influence of culture. Culture is indeed long life for each event experienced by humans is closely related to culture. For example, as socialize with other people very concerned with culture because every human being has their cultural awareness. Just as a counselor when faced counselee when giving guidance and counseling services. The counselor must have the cultural awareness in the face of the counselee for bringing the essence of each culture. In providing guidance and counseling services, counselors need to pay attention to cultural awareness of being able to bring counselees to understand the psychological characteristics such as intelligence (intelligence, emotional, and spiritual), aptitude, attitude, motivation, and others. Counselors in Indonesia are still not paying attention because of cultural awareness in the provision of guidance and counseling services helped form a new behavior and to determine the success of the counseling process.Keywords: cultural counselor, guidance and counseling services, the ASEAN economic community
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Forsberg Lundell, Fanny, and Klara Arvidsson. "Understanding High Performance in Late Second Language (L2) Acquisition—What Is the Secret? A Contrasting Case Study in L2 French." Languages 6, no. 1 (February 19, 2021): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages6010032.
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Adult L2 acquisition has often been framed within research on the Critical Period Hypothesis, and the age factor is one of the most researched topics of SLA. However, several researchers suggest that while age is the most important factor for differences between child and adult SLA, variation in adult SLA is more dependent on social and psychological factors than on age of onset. The present qualitative study investigates the role of migratory experience, language use/social networks, language learning experience, identity and attitudes for high performance among Swedish L1 French L2 users in France. The study constitutes an in-depth thematic analysis of interviews with six high-performing individuals and four low-performing individuals. The main results show that the high performers differ from the low performers on all dimensions, except for attitudes towards the host community. High performers are above all characterized by self-reported language aptitude and an early interest in languages, which appears to have led to rich exposure to French. Also, they exhibit self-regulatory behaviors and attribute importance to being perceived as a native speaker of French—both for instrumental and existential reasons.
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Mihăilă, Delia, Raluca Maria Iordache, and Viorica Petreanu. "Dorsopathy in urban public transport drivers in relation to occupational risks and workloads." MATEC Web of Conferences 342 (2021): 01018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202134201018.
Full textAbstract:
Drivers in urban public transport are exposed to specific risks and workloads with both somatic and psychological effects on their health. The most common somatic disorders are musculoskeletal diseases (MSDs), especially those of the spine, and some of them can be occupational diseases. The present paper represents a sequence from an ample study that has followed the effects of this professional activity on work aptitude and workers’ state of health and then has established prevention measures, respectively measures for reduction of identified risk factors. An ergonomic, complex and multidimensional methodology has been used. The health state analysis has been performed through a prevalence, cross-sectional study on three cohorts (bus, tram, trolleybus drivers). In all groups, a high percentage of spinal pathology has been found, especially lumbosacral. The highest percentage of dorsopathies has been registered in the group of the trolleybus drivers (48%), followed by the tram (43%) and the bus (42%). In all three cohorts, a significant percentage in disc herniation in the age group 36-45 years old has been found, which can indicate premature wear. The identification of occupational risk factors has allowed for the establishment of a set of prevention / reduction measures.