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1
Cowdrey, Felicity A., Claire Lomax, James D. Gregory, and Philip J. Barnard. "Could a Unified Theory of Cognition and Emotion Further the Transdiagnostic Perspective? A Critical Analysis Using Interacting Cognitive Subsystems as a Case Example." Psychopathology Review a4, no. 3 (February 5, 2016): 377–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5127/pr.044714.
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There is evidence that common processes underlie psychological disorders transdiagnostically. A challenge for the transdiagnostic movement is accounting for such processes theoretically. Theories of psychological disorders are traditionally restricted in scope, often explaining specific aspects of a disorder. The alternative to such ‘micro-theories’ is developing frameworks which explain general human cognition, so called ‘macro-theories’, and applying these systematically to clinical phenomena. Interacting Cognitive Subsystems (ICS) [Teasdale, J.D., & Barnard, P.J. (1993). Affect, cognition and change: Re-modelling depressive thought, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hove] is a macro-theory which aims to explain aspects of information processing. The aim of this review is to examine whether ICS provides a useful platform for understanding common processes which maintain psychological disorders. The core principles of ICS are explained and theoretical papers adopting ICS to explain a particular psychological disorder or symptom are considered. Dysfunctional schematic mental models, reciprocal interactions between emotional and intellectual beliefs, as well as attention and memory processes, are identified as being important to the maintenance of psychological disorders. Concrete examples of how such variables can be translated into novel therapeutic strategies are given. The review concludes that unified theories of cognition and emotion have the potential to drive forward developments in transdiagnostic thinking, research and treatment.
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van Dyck, R. "Psychological and biological aspects of anxiety disorders." Acta Neuropsychiatrica 8, no. 4 (December 1996): 96–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0924270800037005.
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SummaryThe research on anxiety disorders of the department of psychiatry of the Vrije Universiteit is briefly reviewed. Studies have included comparisons between pharmacotherapy and cognitive behaviour therapy and combination treatments of panic disorder and of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Also, the hyperventilation model of panic disorder could be rejected as a result of an ambulatory monitoring study. Provocation studies with adrenalin in panic disorder have shown less support for a psychological model of panic than expected. Recommendations for future research include studies on anxiety in the very young and in the elderly, studies on comorbidity in anxiety, especially with alcoholism and depression and the development of treatment manuals for general practice. The issue is raised whether investing in neuroimaging studies will critically advance our knowledge in the near future.
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Subbotin, V. V., I. N. Dushin, S. A. Kamnev, and A. Yu Аntipov. "Certain aspects of using Z-score to assess cognitive disorders." Messenger of ANESTHESIOLOGY AND RESUSCITATION 17, no. 5 (November 2, 2020): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21292/2078-5658-2020-17-5-25-30.
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Detailed psychological testing is needed to identify cognitive impairments after anesthesia and surgery. This problem can be solved by development of the program of combination psychological tests with their assessment based on the Z-score, also known as the standard deviation test.The objective: to determine reference values of psychological tests to assess the results of Z-score.Subjects and methods. The study was included 30 healthy volunteers and 43 patients who underwent surgery. The panel of psychological tests consisted of the clock drawing test, oral counting test, assessment of short-term memory, sequence set, Digit Symbol Substitution Test, and the classic Stroop test. The mean values and standard deviations were calculated for each of the groups to evaluate the test results by Z-score.Results. It was found that using standard deviations obtained in the group of healthy volunteers as reference values for Z-score resulted in a higher percentage of deterioration in the result of repeated tests compared to using reference values obtained in group of patients.Conclusion: When using Z-score for cognitive tests, it is better to use the means and SD obtained in a group of healthy volunteers taking into account the possibility of finding differences where there are none (type I error).
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Fomina, L. A. "Socio-psychological aspects of socialization of children with speech disorders." E-Journal of Dubna State University. A series "Science of man and society -, no. 2 (May 2020): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.37005/2687-0231-2020-0-5-79-85.
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This article is devoted to the study of the socio-psychological aspects of the socialization of children with speech disorders. Speech defects in children are considered as a social problem that hinders their social development, complicating adaptation in society. This phenomenon is due to the fact that a violation in the speech sphere contributes to the emergence of other abnormalities, such as motor, emotional-volitional, personal, disorders in the cognitive and motivational spheres, underdevelopment of the formation of differentiation of processes, as well as limitations of verbal-logical thinking. It is shown that the insufficient number of social service institutions for the adaptation of children with speech disorders in the system of social work is a negative institutional factor.
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Contena, Bastianina, and Stefano Taddei. "Psychological and Cognitive Aspects of Borderline Intellectual Functioning." European Psychologist 22, no. 3 (July 2017): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000293.
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Abstract. Borderline Intellectual Functioning (BIF) refers to a global IQ ranging from 71 to 84, and it represents a condition of clinical attention for its association with other disorders and its influence on the outcomes of treatments and, in general, quality of life and adaptation. Furthermore, its definition has changed over time causing a relevant clinical impact. For this reason, a systematic review of the literature on this topic can promote an understanding of what has been studied, and can differentiate what is currently attributable to BIF from that which cannot be associated with this kind of intellectual functioning. Using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) criteria, we have conducted a review of the literature about BIF. The results suggest that this condition is still associated with mental retardation, and only a few studies have focused specifically on this condition.
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Crespi, Bernard, and Christopher Badcock. "Psychosis and autism as diametrical disorders of the social brain." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 31, no. 3 (June 2008): 241–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x08004214.
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AbstractAutistic-spectrum conditions and psychotic-spectrum conditions (mainly schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression) represent two major suites of disorders of human cognition, affect, and behavior that involve altered development and function of the social brain. We describe evidence that a large set of phenotypic traits exhibit diametrically opposite phenotypes in autistic-spectrum versus psychotic-spectrum conditions, with a focus on schizophrenia. This suite of traits is inter-correlated, in that autism involves a general pattern of constrained overgrowth, whereas schizophrenia involves undergrowth. These disorders also exhibit diametric patterns for traits related to social brain development, including aspects of gaze, agency, social cognition, local versus global processing, language, and behavior. Social cognition is thus underdeveloped in autistic-spectrum conditions and hyper-developed on the psychotic spectrum.;>We propose and evaluate a novel hypothesis that may help to explain these diametric phenotypes: that the development of these two sets of conditions is mediated in part by alterations of genomic imprinting. Evidence regarding the genetic, physiological, neurological, and psychological underpinnings of psychotic-spectrum conditions supports the hypothesis that the etiologies of these conditions involve biases towards increased relative effects from imprinted genes with maternal expression, which engender a general pattern of undergrowth. By contrast, autistic-spectrum conditions appear to involve increased relative bias towards effects of paternally expressed genes, which mediate overgrowth. This hypothesis provides a simple yet comprehensive theory, grounded in evolutionary biology and genetics, for understanding the causes and phenotypes of autistic-spectrum and psychotic-spectrum conditions.
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Sobanski, Esther, and Martin H. Schmidt. "Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Review of the Current Knowledge." Child Psychology and Psychiatry Review 5, no. 1 (February 2000): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360641799009533.
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Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) is an excessive preoccupation with an imagined, or real, slight defect in normal physical appearance. The disorder, which usually begins during adolescence, tends to be chronic, and probably is much more common than is usually thought. This review presents an overview of the available scientific literature of BDD. It provides information about historical aspects, epidemiology, clinical features, aetiology, and instruments for assessing BDD. The relationship of BDD with other psychiatric disorders such as depression, obsessive-compulsive disorders, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, eating disorders and personality disorders is discussed. Aetiological theories, including psychological and neurobiological explanations, are reviewed. Finally, psychopharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatment approaches are presented with special regard to treatment with serotonin-reuptake inhibitors, behavioural therapy and cognitive-behavioural therapy.
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Zhuravleva, T. V. "Suicide — the conscious choice of death: the philosophical and psychological aspects of the problem." Psychology and Law 8, no. 2 (2018): 35–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/psylaw.2018080203.
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The article is devoted to the study of individual psychological characteristics of decision-making in persons with mental pathology. The material of the empirical study of 99 men (mean age = 34.1 ± 10.6 years) with the following psychiatric diagnoses: organic mental disorders (F07) (OMD), schizophrenia and schizotypic disorder (F20, F21), personality and behavior disorders (F60, F61). The methodological complex included: "Verbal and color interference" tests by J. Stroop and "Comparison of similar drawings" by J. Kagan, questionnaires "Style of self-regulation of behavior" V.I. Morosanova and New Questionnaire of Tolerance to Uncertainty Kornilovoy, semiprojective methods "Identification of the awareness of motives" А.V. Ermolina and B.P. Ilyin and "Situational analysis" (Bulygina VG, 2017). It was revealed that the parameters of "tolerance to uncertainty", "assessment of conditions", "cognitive rigidity", "drives" and "evaluation of results" have the greatest nosocertainty. Within the context of the situational analysis, the influence of the amount of information available, the level of its uncertainty and emotional saturation on the adequacy of the interpretation of the situation, the number and adequacy of the proposed alternatives, and the social acceptability of the answers was established.
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Mayoral-Moreno, Asunción, Carlos Alexis Chimpén-López, Laura Rodríguez-Santos, María Isabel Ramos-Fuentes, Francisco José Vaz-Leal, Manuel Alfredo Moral, Jorge Pérez-Gómez, and José Carmelo Adsuar. "Falls Prevention and Quality of Life Improvement by Square Stepping Exercise in People with Parkinson’s Disease: Project Report." Journal of Personalized Medicine 11, no. 5 (April 30, 2021): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm11050361.
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Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder that affects physical, psychological, and social quality of life. Square Stepping Exercise (SSE) is an effective balance training program to prevent falls and to stimulate cognitive function in the elderly; however, no study has analyzed the effect of SSE in people with PD. The main objective is to investigate whether the application of SSE is safe, applicable, and can improve balance, and is effective in preventing falls, improving cognitive and psychological aspects and thus maximize quality of life in people with PD. Methods/Design: SSE will be performed three times per week for 8 weeks with an additional month follow-up after the intervention. Sixty people with PD will participate, randomly distributed into two groups: experimental group (SSE: n = 30) and control group (Usual care: n = 30). The primary measurements will be: (1) Applicability, (2) Safety, (3) Balance, and (4) Annual number of falls. Secondary measurements will be: (1) Sociodemographic information, (2) Physical condition, (3) Health-related quality of life, (4) Depressive symptoms, (5) Cognitive aspects, (6) Perceived functional social support, and (7) Anticipatory cognition.
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Cheong, Chen Chen, Asmidawati Ashari, Rahimah Ibrahim, Wan Aliaa W. Sulaiman, and Koo Kian Yong. "Brain Electrical Activity Mapping (Beam) on Trait Anxiety among Malaysian Chinese Children." 11th GLOBAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 11, no. 1 (December 9, 2020): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gcbssproceeding.2020.11(46).
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Woefully, the twenty-first century is described as an era of anxiety (Malcolm, 2015; Karas, 2013). In fact, the increasing prevalence rate of anxiety disorder has afflicted children at alarming rates nowadays. However, early onset of childhood anxiety is still underestimated. Consistent and intense feeling of fear had affected them in various aspects like emotions, behaviours and cognitive functions throughout their developmental stage (Bittner et al., 2007; Pine, Cohen, Gurley, Brook, & Ma, 1998; Woodward & Fergusson, 2001). Without proper early intervention, children are at risk for anxiety disorders with more severe anxiety symptoms when they are growing up. In order to get rid of the elevating of prevalence rate for anxiety, understanding the etiology of the onset of anxiety should be given more concern. In fact, this Biopsychosocial model views anxiety disorders as the products of biological aspects (gene and brain mechanism), psychological aspect (beliefs, behavior, coping skills) and social aspect (environmental factor). Among these three aspects, biological attributed vulnerabilities formed the first anxious personality in children since birth and reduced their resilience towards psychological and social stressors later on in their life (Averill, 2015). For instance, trait anxiety, the prolong state of anxious feeling is much more impactful for children compared to state anxiety as this inborn anxious personality shaped the first default biological vulnerability to fear. Hight trait anxiety level be adopted by the individual and form anxious personality in children since birth (Miu et al., 2009; Miclea, Albu & Ciuca, 2009). Keywords: Brain Electrical Activity Mapping (BEAM); Children; Chinese; Malaysia; Trait anxiety; Quantitative Electroencephalogram (qEEG)
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Dobiala, Ewa, Renata Stefańska-Klar, Aleksandra Rumińska, Paulina Golaska-Ciesielska, Maciej Duras, and Weronika Janiak. "Challenges of Psychological Therapy Work With Autistic Adult." Global Psychotherapist 1, no. 2 (July 7, 2021): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.52982/lkj151.
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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), as a neurodiverse developmental pattern, affects between one and two individuals in every 100 people. Autistic individuals experience different challenges in every decade of their lives. The difficulties in sensorimotor functioning, emotional codes, communication and cognition, albeit causing emotional distress, form a basis for developing a unique culture. Knowledge, understanding, respect and openness to neurodiversity are the fundamental prerequisites for Transcultural and Positive Psychotherapists and any professional who intends to deliver psychological therapy to autistic individuals. In this paper, we discuss the medical, psychological and sociocultural aspects of the autistic spectrum and present the basic goals of therapeutic work with autistic adults.
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Bezkorovayna, Anna O., Denys O. Nakonechnyi, and Iryna M. Bezkorovayna. "PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF EXAMINATION OF OPHTHALMIC PATIENTS WITH DIABETIC RETINOPATHY." Wiadomości Lekarskie 72, no. 5 (2019): 1022–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek201905213.
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Introduction: Nowadays there are a number of questionnaires with a score assessment of mental disorders. However, they are not adapted to the specific manifestations of DRP and require additional correction. The aim: To determine the criteria of necessity of psychological help for the patient with DRP. Materials and methods: 96 patients with DRP. The methods of the study were as follows: functional diagnostic examinations (visometry without correction and with optimal correction, direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy, optical coherent tomography of the retina and the optic disc); the assessment of mental state of patients using original and adapted tests. Results: The criteria of necessity of specialized psychological help for the patient with DRP are: level of fatigue manifestations in points is higher than 33 for patients with NPDRP, 49 with PPDRP and 56 with PDRP (according to the mean values of the total score of MFI at the corresponding stage of DRP); veracity of at least 2 statements from the additional questions and/or high values (>12) of at least 2 MFI subscales; changes in cognitive function, classified as severe or moderate. Conclusions: The integrated, modified questionnaire for patient’s mental condition assessment, based on MFI for fatigue manifestations, MMSE for cognitive impairment and the additional questions provides a reliable way to determine the criteria for specialized psychological help necessity.
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HATEM, Wahiba Guiraa, and Hassiba HAFFAF. "PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH AND CORONA." RIMAK International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 03, no. 06 (July 1, 2021): 514–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/2717-8293.6-3.45.
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Covid-19 can be considered the most serious global health crisis to hit humanity since the Second World War. It has not only affected the health aspect, but also various aspects of economic, social, educational, political and even cultural life, resulting in high levels of stress and anxiety in a difficult test of our ability to adapt to the unknown. There is no doubt that the mental and psychic health of individuals has been affected by the Covid-19 pandemic and by the exceptional and unprecedented measures that restrict individual freedoms, such as quarantine, social distancing contrary to the social nature of human beings, as well as therapeutic and preventive protocols as a means of responding to the spread of the virus, which have caused and continue to cause psychological problems for individuals who do not respond positively to this crisis and who are in a fragile psychological situation. This article discusses the mental health effects of this pandemic, such as anxiety disorders, OCD, PTSD and depression, highlighting the main psychological and physical symptoms that can result from the fear of inter-individual transmission and quarantine. It also discusses the best ways and strategies for coping with this pandemic, as well as the most important psychological techniques that are part of cognitive-behavioural psychotherapy, including physical techniques such as relaxation and breath control, cognitive techniques such as cognitive reconstruction, as well as emotional techniques such as mindfulness, which help to mitigate the psychological effects and build psychological immunity for an effective response to the pandemic.
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Grover, Madhusudan, Bhanu Prakash Kolla, Rahul Pamarthy, Meghna P. Mansukhani, Margaret Breen-Lyles, Jian-Ping He, and Kathleen R. Merikangas. "Psychological, physical, and sleep comorbidities and functional impairment in irritable bowel syndrome: Results from a national survey of U.S. adults." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (January 14, 2021): e0245323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245323.
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Background/Aims Patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in referral practice commonly report mental disorders and functional impairment. Our aim was to determine the prevalence of mental, physical and sleep-related comorbidities in a nationally representative sample of IBS patients and their impact on functional impairment. Methods IBS was defined by modified Rome Criteria based on responses to the chronic conditions section of the National Comorbidity Survey-Replication. Associations between IBS and mental, physical and sleep disorders and 30-day functional impairment were examined using logistic regression models. Results Of 5,650 eligible responders, 186 met criteria for IBS {weighted prevalence 2.5% (SE = 0.3)}. Age >60 years was associated with decreased odds (OR = 0.3; 95% CI:.1-.6); low family income (OR = 2.4; 95% CI:1.2–4.9) and unemployed status (OR = 2.3; 95% CI:1.2–4.2) were associated with increased odds of IBS. IBS was significantly associated with anxiety, behavior, mood disorders (ORs 1.8–2.4), but not eating or substance use disorders. Among physical conditions, IBS was associated with increased odds of headache, chronic pain, diabetes mellitus and both insomnia and hypersomnolence related symptoms (ORs 1.9–4.0). While the association between IBS and patients’ role impairment persisted after adjusting for mental disorders (OR = 2.4, 95% CI 1.5–3.7), associations with impairment in self-care, cognition, and social interaction in unadjusted models (ORs 2.5–4.2) were no longer significant after adjustment for mental disorders. Conclusion IBS is associated with socioeconomic disadvantage, comorbidity with mood, anxiety and sleep disorders, and role impairment. Other aspects of functional impairment appear to be moderated by presence of comorbid mental disorders.
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Ashokan, Archana, Meenalochani Sivasubramanian, and Rupshi Mitra. "Seeding Stress Resilience through Inoculation." Neural Plasticity 2016 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4928081.
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Stress is a generalized set of physiological and psychological responses observed when an organism is placed under challenging circumstances. The stress response allows organisms to reattain the equilibrium in face of perturbations. Unfortunately, chronic and/or traumatic exposure to stress frequently overwhelms coping ability of an individual. This is manifested as symptoms affecting emotions and cognition in stress-related mental disorders. Thus environmental interventions that promote resilience in face of stress have much clinical relevance. Focus of the bulk of relevant neurobiological research at present remains on negative aspects of health and psychological outcomes of stress exposure. Yet exposure to the stress itself can promote resilience to subsequent stressful episodes later in the life. This is especially true if the prior stress occurs early in life, is mild in its magnitude, and is controllable by the individual. This articulation has been referred to as “stress inoculation,” reminiscent of resilience to the pathology generated through vaccination by attenuated pathogen itself. Using experimental evidence from animal models, this review explores relationship between nature of the “inoculum” stress and subsequent psychological resilience.
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Vamos, M., J. Conaghan, and T. Lewin. "Exploring sources and types of information about Huntington disease received by affected families." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.654.
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IntroductionWhile revealing the presence of Huntington Disease (HD) within the family setting has received considerable research interest, the sources of information and the detail of which aspects of the illness are discussed remains unexplored. This study's primary aim was to identify HD information sources, both professional and family, and to describe the types of information received by members of affected families, with the hypothesis that some aspects of the disorder would be more fully addressed than others.MethodClients drawn from a specialist genetic unit looking after families with HD (n = 46) were engaged in structured interviews and completed standardized questionnaires, including: the psychological adjustment to genetic information scale (PAGIS); and a current psychological distress measure (K10). Participants obtained HD related information from a mean of 4.76 sources (49.3% professional).ResultsAs expected, genetic and neurological symptoms were more frequently described (97.7% and 86.4% respectively) than cognitive and psychological/psychiatric (63.6%; 52.3%). Regression analyses were used to identify potential predictors of current distress, adjustment, and information satisfaction. Rated satisfaction with information received was higher among participants with a gene positive family member. Across the PAGIS sub-scales, there were differential associations with the predictors examined.ConclusionsGiven that HD is a multi-faceted condition affecting the entire family, needs would be better addressed if information provided went beyond discussion of genetic and movement disorders, and extended to the cognitive, psychological and behavioral aspects which are strongly associated with quality of life.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Moreno, Esteban Sánchez. "Collectivize Social Support? Elements for Reconsidering the Social Dimension in the Study of Social Support." Spanish Journal of Psychology 7, no. 2 (November 2004): 124–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1138741600004820.
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Psychological models of mental disorders play an important role in the explanation of psychological deterioration. Researchers from this area usually study several cognitive and behavioral variables to account for the onset and maintenance of depression. However, many authors have detected the need to include a “social dimension” in the explanation of deterioration. In this sense, social support has become a crucial aspect in the study of mental health, and the psychological literature on this topic has generated an intense debate about several facets of the positive impact of social networks on psychological well-being. In this article, the author defends that this increasing centrality of the concept has been accompanied by a psychological reductionism that is making the role of “social aspects” to explain psychological well-being more problematic. Implications of this reductionism are discussed, and an alternative proposal is made to overcome some theoretical and empirical problems related to social support research.
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Oshevsky, D. S. "Clinical and psychological aspects of adolescent involvement in extremist and terrorist activities." Psychology and Law 7, no. 2 (2017): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/psylaw.2017060210.
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The article deals with the clinical and psychological aspects of including minors in terrorist and extremist activities. In the historical perspective, it was traced how the views on the role of mental disorders in the genesis of such crimes changed. It is shown that terrorist and extremist activity must be viewed as a complex multi-factor phenomenon, in which socio-psychological components play a leading role. It is noted that the psychopathological process can act as a prerequisite for inclusion in such radical groups. Psychoanalytic, sociological, cognitive approaches, theories of social learning and the concept of diffuse ego-identity making attempts to explain the mechanisms of terrorist and extremist activity in minors are analyzed. The problem of insufficient study of the influence of the Internet and social networks on the formation of readiness for admission to adolescents in radical organizations is posed.
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Popovkin, A. V., and G. S. Popovkina. "Healing by Logos: Christian Aspects of Certain Modern Psycho-Pedagogical Practices." Education and science journal 21, no. 7 (September 11, 2019): 143–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17853/1994-5639-2019-7-143-164.
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Introduction. At present, psychotherapeutic practices based on theological and philosophical ideas about the human logos nature have become widespread. The human logos nature is not only expressed in the human ability to make articulated speech, but also in common characteristic for homo sapiens occupation – search for meaning in life and meaning of various events and situations, in which an individual finds himself or herself, and, the acts, which he or she performs. Similar types of psychotherapy include logotherapy, some types of cognitive-behavioural therapy and the methodology of the Russian teacher S. A. Rachinsky. These methods and practices can be called psycho-pedagogical and, also, can be considered as a separate area of pedagogy, because unlike classical psychological practices (often practicing ethical relativism), they recognise and promote traditional moral and spiritual values of Christianity.The aim of the present article is to consider attitudinal grounds and content characteristics of psychological practices based on religious and philosophical ideas about the human logos nature, from a pedagogical point of view, as the task of education and self-education.Methodology and research methods. The theoretical framework of the research was based on the explified philosophical and theological doctrines, as well as on academic writings of V. Frankl (founder of logotherapy) and M. Scheler (founder of philosophical anthropology). The empirical base consists of the materials of available documents and published sources of information, as well as of the materials obtained in the course of surveys and unformalised interviews with teachers and psychologists practicing church-psychological methods for the healing of psycho-somatic disorders and the correction of behavioural patterns. The collected and summarised information was processed by the methods of philosophical and anthropological analysis.Results and scientific novelty. For the first time, an attempt was made to describe and analyse the methods of psychological-corrective work and spiritual-moral education, representing a synthesis of psychological practices, Christian value-ideological and theological concepts. The particular examples of effective implementation of these methods are described: the school of cognitive-behavioural therapy in Vladivostok, organised by Archpriest Rostislav Moroz; the technique to heal stuttering according to the method of S. A. Rachinsky, innovatively applied by Hieromonk Ioannes (Zayats) in Kamchatka. The main result of the study is the identification of modern aspects for improving psycho-pedagogical methods in church-theological reception.Practical significance. The authors’ conclusions and research materials on modern methods of psychological correction of behavioural and psychophysiological disorders can be used when developing and designing the courses of cognitivebehavioural therapy, treatment of stuttering, in practical psycho-educational support and social work.
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Voropaev, A. A., M. Yu Gerasimenko, and G. E. Ivanova. "Psychological aspects in the rehabilitation of patients with chronic back pain." Russian Journal of Physiotherapy, Balneology and Rehabilitation 19, no. 2 (December 27, 2020): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/1681-3456-2020-19-2-5.
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Background. The relevance of the work is associated with the high prevalence and socio-economic significance of chronic pain. The number of analgesics consumed in the world is estimated in the tens of tonns. Hardware effects, including neurosurgical interventions, are not always effective and are associated with many side effects of complications. Existing therapeutic and surgical approaches to the treatment of chronic pain require additions. In this regard, the information and structural theory of pain was developed, revealing the information processes occurring in the Central nervous system against the background of chronic pain, as well as the theory of psychological types and information metabolism. In this case, it is easier not to look for the right solution, but to create a mechanism that will come up with a method for finding the right solution. A neural network is one of the ways to implement artificial intelligence (AI). It studies methods for building algorithms that can learn independently. This is necessary if there is no clear solution to any problem.
Aims: based on the comparison of data from neuropsychological, clinical and neurophysiological studies, as well as mathematical (neural network) modeling of chronic pain, to identify information and structural justification and practical application of psychoalgology.
Methods. A total of A total of 105 patients diagnosed with Dorsopathy (M54.4; M51.1, M54.1) were studied. 50 men and 55 women, men: average age 49 0.5 years; women: average age 52 1.6 years. Assessment of the level of reactive and personal anxiety using the adapted SpielbergerHanin questionnaire, the SAN test, and the assessment of vegetative status using the vegetative questionnaire by A.M. Wein. Neuroimaging research: CT, MRI of the brain and spine for diagnostic purposes. The neurophysiological study consisted of EEG, TCD, duplex scanning of the craniocervical junction vessels. For a more detailed assessment, a neural network analyzer of lumbar pain was used, which allows predicting its course.
Results. A clinical and neurophysiological study of patients with back pain revealed that, along with other disorders of cerebral neurodynamics, a large role is played by lateralization of cerebral neurodynamics (asymmetry), which is manifested by more pronounced changes in the EEG in the contralateral hemisphere. When studying the subjective state of patients, two main types of disorders were distinguished: the type of associated and the type of non-associated mental disorders.
As a result of the analysis of mathematical (neural network) algorithms of pain syndromes, clinical and neurophysiological studies, new principles of chronization of the pathological process with the transformation of the pain syndrome into an independent psychological disease were formulated. ALGIC DISEASE is characterized by a pronounced clinical polymorphism due to complex information-structural interactions of dominant and subdominant zones and characterized by: 1) heterogeneity and chaotic spatial parameters of pain in relation to the zones of innervation of nociogenic structures; 2) non-topological time parameters of peripheral and Central sensitization with increased pain from instant to prolonged; 3) mutual suppression, displacement, migration of pain centers; 4) changing the monocausal dependence of the polycausal pain syndrome with the possibility of a reverse process in the process of regional integrative measures with a multidisciplinary approach; 5) the relationship of chronic pain with pronounced cognitive, emotional and vegetative reactions.
Conclusions. Based on the information and structural theory of pain, the results of research and the proposed psychoalgological approach, the principles of building a rehabilitation program for patients with chronic pain are formulated, which consists in a complex effect on nociogenic structures of types 1, 2 and 3 in combination with the modification of patient behavior through individually selected psychotherapeutic techniques.
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Wingbermühle, E., J. I. M. Egger, W. M. A. Verhoeven, I. van der Burgt, and R. P. C. Kessels. "Affective functioning and social cognition in Noonan syndrome." Psychological Medicine 42, no. 2 (July 11, 2011): 419–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291711001115.
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BackgroundNoonan syndrome (NS) is a common genetic disorder, characterized by short stature, facial dysmorphia, congenital heart defects and a mildly lowered IQ. Impairments in psychosocial functioning have often been suggested, without, however, systematic investigation in a clinical group. In this study, different aspects of affective processing, social cognition and behaviour, in addition to personal well-being, were assessed in a large group of patients with NS.MethodForty adult patients with NS were compared with 40 healthy controls, matched with respect to age, sex, intelligence and education level. Facial emotion recognition was measured with the Emotion Recognition Task (ERT), alexithymia with both the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) and the Bermond–Vorst Alexithymia Questionnaire (BVAQ), and mentalizing with the Theory of Mind (ToM) test. The Symptom Checklist-90 Revised (SCL-90-R) and the Scale for Interpersonal Behaviour (SIB) were used to record aspects of psychological well-being and social interaction.ResultsPatients showed higher levels of cognitive alexithymia than controls. They also experienced more social distress, but the frequency of engaging in social situations did not differ. Facial emotion recognition was only slightly impaired.ConclusionsHigher levels of alexithymia and social discomfort are part of the behavioural phenotype of NS. However, patients with NS have relatively intact perception of emotions in others and unimpaired mentalizing. These results provide insight into the underlying mechanisms of social daily life functioning in this patient group.
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Kolesnikova, Jelena, Viktorija Perepjolkina, Kristine Martinsone, and Ainars Stepens. "THE THEORETICAL INTEGRATIVE MODEL FOR THE LATVIAN CLINICAL PERSONALITY INVENTORY." SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 1 (May 26, 2016): 388. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2016vol1.1518.
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The purpose of this article is to present a theoretical integrative model, which reflects contemporary tendencies in the understanding of mental disorders and functional impairment, and which is used as a theoretical frame for the development of the Latvian Clinical Personality Inventory (LCPI). This article, based on the latest research findings in the field, supports the necessity of a combined analysis of mental disorders and functional impairment. Due to scientific findings and deeper understanding of the interrelation between mental disorders and functioning impairment, it has become possible to develop psychological instruments for valid assessment of the disturbances in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, and behaviour combining with analysis of most essential and relevant aspects of their functioning. An integrative theoretical model of LCPI, developed on the selected criteria from Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM – 5; APA, 2013) and WHO International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF; WHO, 2001/2015) is presented in the article. Conducted literature analysis permits to conclude, that in a context of clinical personality assessment, a combined analysis of symptoms of mental disorders and relevant functioning criteria is very promising and will be useful in many assessment contexts. Based on such an integrative approach the Latvian Clinical Personality Inventory is currently being developed. This project is a part of the National Research Programme (No. 5.8.2.).
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Ghaffari, Amin, Malahat Akbarfahimi, and Bijan Forough. "A Comparison of the Relation of Depression, and Cognitive, Motor and Functional Deficits in Chronic Stroke Patients: A Pilot Study." Advances in Bioscience and Clinical Medicine 5, no. 4 (October 1, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.abcmed.17.05.04.01.
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Aim and background: One of the most important psychological disorders after stroke is depression, which leads to reduced quality of life, optimal rehabilitation failure, loss of cognitive tasks and decrease in the recovery process. In this research, relation between patterns of depression and cognitive, motor and function deficits in people with chronic stroke was studied. Methods and materials: In a pilot cross-sectional study, 40 patients with chronic stroke (more than 6 months) were enrolled. Depression (Beck Depression Inventory), cognition (attention test TMT-A & B and Wechsler memory), motor (Motorcity index), basic activities of daily living (Barthel scale) and instrumental activities of daily living (Lawton scale) were evaluated. Results: The results of the study revealed a significant positive correlation between post stroke depression and verbal memory (r=0.440،P<.05), attention (r=0.615،P<.05), motor function(r-0.368،P<.05), independence in basic activities of daily living (r=0.781،P<.05) and instrumental activities of daily living (r=0.741, P<.05). Conclusion: According to the findings, further studies of factors affecting post stroke depression (PSD) clinical and practical aspects are necessary. Cognitive rehabilitation programs with motor rehabilitation can decrease depression and gain independence in activities of daily living and more participation in society activities.
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Stevanovic, Dejan. "Introduction to the Special issue on problematic behaviors related to Internet and digital technology use: Facts, conjectures, and oranges." Psihologija 53, no. 3 (2020): 225–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi200413015s.
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The Internet and its negative consequences to mental health is one of the fastest growing research fields over the past decade. This editorial gives an overview of available knowledge on problematic behaviors related to Internet use. The current psychiatric terminology recognizes disorders due to substance use or addictive behaviors, with gaming disorder as the only mental disorder related to Internet use. There may be relationships between different mental disorders characterized primarily by impulsive, compulsive, and addictive behaviors and problematic Internet use (PIU) and disordered gaming. Marked variability was found in the prevalence of PIU and gaming disorder globally, with a myriad of factors that may lead to and/or maintain these behaviors. Research studies showed that individuals with PIU and gaming disorder may have distinctive psychological profiles with specific cognitive changes. Functional and structural neural and neurochemical abnormalities in the brain may also be present. Finally, treatments of these conditions have already emerged. Eleven selected articles for this Special issue dealing with specific aspects of problematic behaviors related to Internet use were also discussed.
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Babina, S. V., and N. V. Dvoryanchikov. "Possibility of psychotherapeutic interventions for people with abnormal sexual preferences." Psychology and Law 10, no. 2 (2015): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/psylaw.2015100204.
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The paper studies the possibility of interventions for people with abnormal sexual preferences. Authors reviewed domestic and foreign scientific publications described the treatment of sexual disorders and the basic directions of the therapy, and indicated its positive and negative aspects. We have studied progress notes and etiology of "personality disorders and behavior in adulthood" disease class, "disorders of sexual preference" disease subsection and analyzed the efficiency of the psychopharmacological treatment, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and psychotherapy for each violation of sexual preference. The most productive methods of psychotherapeutic intervention were identified. This analysis allows making the most appropriate scheme of psychological correction and treatment for persons with abnormalities of sexual preference.
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Utari, Dinda Femilya, and M. Manugeren. "NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS ON THE PROTAGONIST IN FAYE BIRD’S NOVEL MY SECOND LIFE." JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE 3, no. 1 (May 24, 2021): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.30743/jol.v3i1.3699.
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The objective of this study is to find out the psychological problems on the protagonist and the negative impacts caused by the psychological problems in Faye Bird’s novel My Second Life published in 2014. Psychological problem are disorders of cognitive, volition, affective, and psychomotor generating to psychological disorders characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. The two aspects of the problems are in reality get into the corridor of psychology, a study about human’s soul or mind, either about its symptoms, processes, or its background. As literature is a reflection of society, all the characters are also members of literary community leading to a concept that psychology and literature are closely related. This novel is about a teenager who experiences various psychological problems after finding out that in her first life she has been the cause of someone’s death. This study is conducted to give an overview to all people about the negative impacts of psychological problems experienced by the protagonist. This study applies qualitative method going through social phenomena and the data are collected from the novel. The results show the psychological problems are depression, anxiety and trauma causing negative impacts in the forms of insomnia, lack of concentration and truancy.
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Delarue, V. V., G. V. Kondratyev, O. I. Shutova, and T. I. Guba. "ETHICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL COLLISIONS ON REFERRAL OF VIII TYPE INSTITUTIONS LEAVERS TO NURSING HOMES FOR CHRONIC MENTAL PATIENTS." Bioethics 26, no. 12 (November 2, 2020): 50–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.19163/2070-1586-2020-2(26)-50-52.
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Former research showed that up to 20–25 % of those who leave schools of type VIII (schools for children with cognitive development disorders) are referred to nursery homes for chronic mental patients not due to medical problems but because of social ones. According to the authors’ opinion, such social practice has more positive than negative aspects. However, this issue requires extensive discussions. Organizing special post-diploma training courses of 16–24 hours on ethical-psychological aspects of referral various categories of patients (not only leavers of type VIII institutions) to nursery homes for chronic mental patients also seems to be reasonable.
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Emerson, Eric, Andrew McCulloch, Hilary Graham, Jan Blacher, Gwynnyth M. Llwellyn, and Chris Hatton. "Socioeconomic Circumstances and Risk of Psychiatric Disorders Among Parents of Children With Early Cognitive Delay." American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 115, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 30–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1352/1944-7558-115.1.30.
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Abstract Results of previous research suggest that parents of children with intellectual disabilities are at increased risk of psychological distress and psychiatric disorder. Secondary analysis of the Millennium Cohort Study in the United Kingdom indicated that controlling for between-group differences in socioeconomic circumstances reduced the differences in probable psychiatric disorder to nonsignificance for fathers and markedly attenuated the strength of the relationship for mothers, especially for those with children who have less severe early cognitive delay. These data are consistent with the notion that greater than expected risk for psychiatric disorder among parents of young children with early cognitive delay is related to aspects of the socioeconomic circumstances of families.
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Pyatakova, Galina V., Olga V. Okoneshnikova, Svetlana V. Kudryavtseva, Sergei V. Vissarionov, and Diana N. Cerfus. "Criteria of psychological health of adolescents with orthopedic diseases." Pediatric Traumatology, Orthopaedics and Reconstructive Surgery 7, no. 1 (April 6, 2019): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ptors7171-80.
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Introduction. The task of preserving the psychological health of children and adolescents is recognized as most important in the complex conditions of the modern world. Interdisciplinary research addresses the psychological aspects of mental health. For psychological health, understanding the highest level of mental health is an integral characteristic of the well-being of the individual, and the prerequisites for the development of personal maturity. Among the adverse factors in relation to mental and psychological health is what is known as somatic suffering, which occurs in orthopedic diseases. Cognitive, emotional, and behavioral responses to orthopedic disease, eliminating maladaptive manifestations in difficult life situations due to the disease, can be important indicators of psychological health of adolescents.
Aim. We identify specific indicators of psychological health in adolescents with various orthopedic diseases.
Materials and methods. The study involved 90 adolescents: 60 aged 1217 years with orthopedic diseases (30 with articular juvenile chronic arthritis and 30 with long-term consequences of mechanical trauma of the upper and lower limbs, resulting from an accident due to negligence) and a control group consisting of healthy adolescents of the same age. The characteristics of the self-esteem personality component (satisfaction with various aspects of their own lives) in adolescents with orthopedic diseases and their healthy peers were considered traditional indicators of psychological health. We used PiersHarris scale modified by V.I. Gordeev Y.S. Aleksandrovich and test of attitude to disease.
Results. In adolescents with various forms of orthopedic disorders, the formation of stable variants of the attitude to the disease with a violation of adaptation of inter- and intrapsychic types is accompanied by the experience of discomfort, difficulties of self-regulation during treatment, and signs of a negative attitude. Formation of stable variants of emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses without expressed disorders of mental and social adaptation is accompanied by a feeling of comfort and self-satisfaction. The prevailing reaction at harmonic, allopathic, and anosognosic types of mogutt act as a sanogenic effect. Emerging resistant variants of the attitude to the disease with a violation of adaptation of inter- and intrapsychic types can represent risk factors for breach of psychological health in adolescents with orthopedic diseases.
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Malik, Sameena, Huanq Qin, Muhammad Arif Soomro, and Ibrahim Oteir. "Detecting Perceived Barriers in FLSA: The Socio-Psycholinguistic Study of EFL University Learners." Advances in Language and Literary Studies 12, no. 1 (January 28, 2021): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.12n.1.p.34.
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Speaking is an essential and fundamental aspect of human Language. By acquiring and learning language, individuals can speak and conversate with each other, transmit information and interact. However, in practical aspects, it is somehow, difficult for second and foreign language learners to practice English in their day-to-day life. Despite being competent in their relevant field, many people and professionals worldwide endeavor and struggle due to lack of good communication and speaking skill. Language disorders can be one of the hindrances for many people including EFL university leaners. This study was guided by socio-cultural theory of Vygotsky, comprehensible input hypothesis of Krashen and foreign language anxiety theory of Horwitz. By adopting semi-structured interviews and focus group discussion technique, this study unveiled the psychological, cognitive and socio-cultural perceived hindrances that cause foreign or second language speaking anxiety in Pakistani EFL university learners. The participants of this study were recruited from public sector university in Lahore, Pakistan and were non-English majors (N=8) and aged between (20-26). The collected data was analyzed by employing content analysis technique. The findings indicated that speaking anxiety can originate from students’ own self-perceptions related to thinking process, cognition and linguistic issues such as vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation, unfamiliarity with topics, genre, psychological and affective factors like anxiety, anxious and introvert personality, low self-esteem, lack of confidence, pre-university language experience, time pressure, fear of negative evaluation, instructors’ remarks; socio-cultural factors like lack of comprehensible input and exposure to TL, gender, and role of parents, geographical background, social status and were detected as speaking anxiety inducing factors. This study ventures to contribute to the existing literature on foreign language speaking anxiety among Pakistani EFL university learners. Thus, it can be practically implied from the above-mentioned factors that maximum exposure to English is of great importance and when learning process is mediated by more knowledgeable others and a person or a learner is scaffolded in the company of more knowledgeable others (parents or teachers) he gets the targeted results. Furthermore, friendly classroom environment can be very effective in overcoming speaking disorders and anxiety. The findings of this qualitative research have practical implications for second and foreign language EFL learning.
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Nadal-Nicolás, Yolanda, Jacobo Ángel Rubio-Arias, María Martínez-Olcina, Cristina Reche-García, María Hernández-García, and Alejandro Martínez-Rodríguez. "Effects of Manual Therapy on Fatigue, Pain, and Psychological Aspects in Women with Fibromyalgia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12 (June 26, 2020): 4611. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124611.
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Fibromyalgia is a condition characterised by chronic widespread muscle pain and fatigue, sleep disturbances, cognitive disorders, and mood disturbance. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a manual therapy technique performed with moderate digital pressure in women with fibromyalgia (n = 24). In this randomised, controlled trial, the participants were randomly assigned to the experimental group or placebo group. The experimental group was assisted with manual therapy sessions based on connective tissue massage, whereas the placebo group was “treated” with ultrasound sessions performed without conductive gel and with the machine turned off as the placebo. Fatigue severity scale (FSS), visual analogical scale (VAS), Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI), and profile of mood states (POMS-29) were completed before and after the intervention. In the experimental group (manual therapy), significant results were obtained on a VAS scale, referring to the neck pain in patients with fibromyalgia (p < 0.001). Correlations showed a relationship between fatigue and sleep variables (R = 0.411; p = 0.046) and pain variables with the POMS anger-hostility subscale (R = 0.436; p = 0.033). Although the size of the sample could be a limitation, the study concluded that the application of manual therapy in fibromyalgia patients performed with moderate pressure for 15 min on the posterior cervical musculature decreased the perception of pain, muscle fatigue, and the state of tension-anxiety.
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Pellicciari, A., E. Di Pietro, L. Sacrato, L. Iero, and E. Franzoni. "Reconsidering food avoidance emotional disorder through discussion of four cases." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 727. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72432-4.
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ObjectivesThe Authors investigate the conceptualization of a group of patients with the same clinical and psychological patterns, affected by eating disturbances arisen during the age of latency.MethodsFour cases are presented and discussed. Each subject was diagnosed as Food Avoidance Emotional Disorder (FAED).ResultsThe described subjects present some of the typical features of eating disorders of adolescence. Moreover, regressive aspects, obligingness, dichotomyc behaviors and thoughts were noticed. The Authors observed that parental expectations and needs were transmitted to their sons.ConclusionsThrough the refusal of food the dochotomyc and fearful thoughts are crystallized. The child cannot comprehend the existence of a false Self built on the Other's expectations. The Authors believe that FAED can be a precursor of Anorexia nervosa in the affected children, who show a less organized cognitive structure due to their young age.
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TAYLOR, ERIC. "Developmental neuropsychopathology of attention deficit and impulsiveness." Development and Psychopathology 11, no. 3 (September 1999): 607–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579499002230.
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Recent research on the disorders of attention and activity has indicated inherited variants of genes controlling aspects of neurotransmission, abnormalities of structure and function in regions of frontal lobes and basal ganglia, failures to suppress inappropriate responses, and a cascade of failures in various kinds of cognitive performance and organization of behavior. This review integrates the neurodevelopmental findings with findings from developmental psychopathology. It outlines several developmental tracks by which constitutional factors interact with the psychological environment. In one set of tracks, altered brain states lead to cognitive alteration. An understimulating environment is evoked by (and may be genetically associated with) an inattentive and cognitively impulsive style during early childhood. In another track, impulsive and inattentive behavior shows direct continuity through childhood into late adolescence. In yet another track, impulsiveness evokes (and may be genetically associated with) critical expressed emotion from parents and inefficient coping strategies, which in turn contribute to the development of antisocial conduct. This formulation emphasizes the need for several types of research: the mapping of biological findings onto different components of disorder, the combination of genetically informative designs with direct measurement of relevant aspects of the environment, and the use of longitudinal studies to examine predictive and mediating factors separately for different aspects of outcome.
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Perat, M., and A. Starc. "Advances in Medical Hypnosis-Hypnotherapeutic Treatment of Female Sexual Disfunction." Klinička psihologija 9, no. 1 (June 13, 2016): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21465/2016-kp-op-0039.
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Objective: Medical hypnotherapy has been recognized as a valid and successful treatment for a vast variety of physical and psychological disorders. It is well documented and researched, that it adds a significant value to all psychotherapeutic modalities and approaches. Clinical hypnotherapy has significant advantages in treating psychosomatic (somatoform disorders) and related issues, because its interventions bypass the critical factor of the mind. Hypnosis also gives us an advantage of reframing cognitive aspects of those resistant attitudes, which may serve as the secondary gain in the prevention of desired behavioural change. Hypnotic language can be regarded as language of primary thinking. Metaphors and visualization techniques play a major role in hypnotic communication. Design and Method: Qualitative case study. Results: Treatment outcome. Conclusions: The complex and multidimensional nature of female sexual disorder(s), allow us to learn how to tap at different hidden internal resources and at the same time cover the widest possible range of hypnotherapeutic interventions. In the given presentation, we will explain how to establish solid rapport with the patient and how to communicate troubled content. We will also explain the nature of sedation without medication, and how to control the pain, and other psychosomatic dysfunctions with the internal resources of the mind. Most learned intervention will also be applicable to a wide variety of psychological and medical conditions, ranging from anxiety reduction to chronic and acute pain management.
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Furer, Patricia, and John R. Walker. "Death Anxiety: A Cognitive-Behavioral Approach." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 22, no. 2 (June 2008): 167–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.22.2.167.
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Over the years, there has been a considerable amount of psychological research focused on death anxiety. However, little attention has been given to clinical aspects of this problem. This paper focuses on a practical approach to assessment and treatment of death anxiety for the clinician. We discuss situations where it is wise to evaluate death anxiety and provide questions to address this topic in a sensitive manner. Death anxiety is clearly a central feature of health anxiety and may also play a significant role in other anxiety disorders. While there is very little specific research on treatment of fear of death, research on the anxiety disorders in general and health anxiety in particular has facilitated the development of an approach we have found useful in treating death anxiety. The main components of this treatment include exposure to feared themes related to death, reduction of safety behaviors, cognitive reappraisal, increased focus on life goals and life enjoyment, and relapse prevention.
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Moreno, Rafael Portal, Emilia I. De La Fuente Solana, Manuel Aleixandre Rico, and Luis Manuel Lozano Fernández. "Death Anxiety in Institutionalized and Non-Institutionalized Elderly People in Spain." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 58, no. 1 (February 2009): 61–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/om.58.1.d.
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To know the level of death anxiety using the Templer Death Anxiety Scale (DAS) (1970) (Ramos's Spanish adaptation, 1982)) we chose subjects older than 65 years ( N = 227) to study, on one hand, the existing relation between cognitive-affective reactions toward death and the perception of the passing of time and, on the other, a group of variables which include the place of residence, age, gender, life reflection, health disorders, psychological problems, religious aspects, and socio-demographics features. To undertake this, a questionnaire was administered in which the participants answered according to their degree of agreement to several alternatives. The data indicates, by means of an analysis of variance, significant differences between these variables and death anxiety, with the exception of the religious aspects and civil state.
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Dr. Mahima Gupta, Ms Kamal Gulati Manwani,. "THE NEUROSCIENCE ASPECTS OF ADOLESCENT BEHAVIOUR AND ITS IMPLICATIONS." Psychology and Education Journal 57, no. 9 (December 25, 2020): 6489–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/pae.v57i9.3202.
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Education is considered to be a tool for providing knowledge, building character and promising a comfortable lifeto its learners. To ensure desired learning outcomes, a lot is being done in the areas of developing better curriculum, making state of the art institutions, improving teacher quality, providing digital platforms, enhancing parental involvement etc. However, when it comes to designing Pedagogical Tools based on the learning patterns of the brain, there is seen a wide gap between what is researched in laboratories and what is witnessed in our classrooms. Pedagogical practices not based on an understanding of how a learner’s brain works and what are its needs can lead to undesired behavioural consequences in them. This becomes more pronounced as learners enter into adolescence, a period in development marked with rapid changes at mental, physical, emotional and psychological levels.
This paper looks into various researches that have been done in Cognitive Neuroscience and their educational implications on adolescent learners. It explores why educational practices must take into consideration the cognitive aspects of an adolescent’s brain like role of reward system, enhancing Working Memory, providing multisensory stimulus, using memory strategies, understanding learner behavior and needs etc. This paper concludes by providing insights on how learnings from these Neuroscience researches can address the issue of high risk behaviour tendencies and mental disorders amongst adolescent learners.
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Büeler, Hansruedi. "Mitochondrial and Autophagic Regulation of Adult Neurogenesis in the Healthy and Diseased Brain." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 7 (March 24, 2021): 3342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073342.
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Adult neurogenesis is a highly regulated process during which new neurons are generated from neural stem cells in two discrete regions of the adult brain: the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle and the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus in the hippocampus. Defects of adult hippocampal neurogenesis have been linked to cognitive decline and dysfunction during natural aging and in neurodegenerative diseases, as well as psychological stress-induced mood disorders. Understanding the mechanisms and pathways that regulate adult neurogenesis is crucial to improving preventative measures and therapies for these conditions. Accumulating evidence shows that mitochondria directly regulate various steps and phases of adult neurogenesis. This review summarizes recent findings on how mitochondrial metabolism, dynamics, and reactive oxygen species control several aspects of adult neural stem cell function and their differentiation to newborn neurons. It also discusses the importance of autophagy for adult neurogenesis, and how mitochondrial and autophagic dysfunction may contribute to cognitive defects and stress-induced mood disorders by compromising adult neurogenesis. Finally, I suggest possible ways to target mitochondrial function as a strategy for stem cell-based interventions and treatments for cognitive and mood disorders.
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Votineva, Anastasia, Zhanna Prokhorova, Vladimir Polyakov, Lyubov Rychkova, and Irina Yaroslavtseva. "Change in the Motivation to Receive Treatment by Overweight Adolescent Girls in the Course of Counseling." International Journal of Biomedicine 10, no. 4 (December 10, 2020): 448–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21103/article10(4)_oa23.
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The purpose of this study was to reveal changes in the motivation to receive treatment by overweight adolescent girls in the course of counseling. Methods and Results: The study included 2 groups of overweight girls with gynecological disorders aged between 14 years and 16 years. Group 1 comprised 20 girls admitted to a hospital for the first time; Group 2 consisted of 20 girls who had undergone treatment earlier (were admitted repeatedly). The motivational-personal sphere was studied using the following methods: (1) McClelland’s method for testing social and psychological activity motivators; (2) S.R. Panteleev’s research method of self-attitude; (3) EAT-26; (4) The body satisfaction method by Collins. The results obtained showed that changing motivation to receive treatment is a complex process implying changes in motivational induction: Achievement Motive, Affiliation Motive, Help Motive, Development Motive, and Cognition Motive. It was also revealed that directly acting motives prevailed over those emerging due to awareness of the treatment’s purpose. Conclusion: a specially developed counseling process comprising diagnostic, informational, correctional and developmental aspects of working with adolescent girls individually and in groups contributed to changing motivation to receive treatment by overweight adolescent girls.
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Bełz, Aleksandra, Artur Mąka, and Joanna Głogowska-Szeląg. "Pulmonary Rehabilitation in Elderly Patients." Acta Balneologica 61, no. 4 (2019): 274–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/abal201904109.
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Pulmonary rehabilitation is a comprehensive, patient-tailored intervention, that can be started at any stage of a respiratory disorder. Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are the biggest referred group, but almost every patient with other chronic lung disorder will benefit from pulmonary rehabilitation program. Contraindications for rehabilitation are sparse: severe cognitive dysfunction, mental illness, unstable comorbidity and dyspnoea at rest. The multidisciplinary care consists of a team of specialists, including pulmonologist, physiotherapist, nurse, clinical psychologist and dietitian. Pulmonary rehabilitation programs include exercise training, education, dietary counselling and psychological support. The basis of respiratory rehabilitation is broadly defined physiotherapy, which increases muscle strength and improves aerobic fitness. Each patient requires an individualized treatment plan. Pulmonary rehabilitation consists of endurance exercises, strength training, interval training, exercises of the chest wall motion, inspiratory muscle training and, in case of neurological disorders, percutaneous neuromuscular electrostimulation (NSE). The effectiveness of rehabilitation should be assessed, which might be difficult in elderly patients. In summary, pulmonary rehabilitation is beneficial in many aspects, as it reduces clinical symptoms, improves physical performance, mental status and patients’ quality of life.
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Tokarieva, A. Yu. "FORMATION, ASSESSMENT AND CORRECTION OF COGNITIVE DISORDERS IN PATIENTS WITH COMORBID CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY AND CORONARY HEART DISEASES." International Medical Journal, no. 1 (February 14, 2021): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.37436/2308-5274-2021-1-2.
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is an important health, social and economic issue. It is one of the leading morbidity and mortality causes worldwide. Comorbid pathology of chronic obstructive pulmonary and coronary heart diseases occurs quite often. For the patients over 60 years, the frequency of their combination directly depends on age due to common pathogenetic mechanisms (oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, systemic inflammation, etc.). Often these diseases are accompanied with cognitive disorders. Impaired memory and other cognitive functions significantly reduce the quality of life of the patients, negatively affect professional activities, reduce the ability to learn, reduce compliance with therapy, complicate psychological contact with the physician, and worsen the lives of relatives. But there is still no common clear understanding of many aspects of the development of cognitive disorders, their mechanisms in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in combination with coronary heart disease. Therefore, there is no single standard method to treat such patients. In addition to medications (vasoactive and neurotropic drugs), alternative methods are used to treat cognitive disorders, namely these are special exercises to train memory and attention (cognitive training). Methods aimed at increasing the patient's motivation, learning effective memorization strategies, training the ability to maintain a long−term concentration, active involvement of emotional support and imagination are relevant. The use of available non−drug methods, dosed exercise and proper nutrition can reduce the severity of cognitive disorders and thereby improve the quality of life of the patients and their immediate environment. Key words: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, coronary heart disease, comorbidity, cognitive disorders
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Shelestova, O. "COPING STRATEGIES AND MODELS OF OVERCOMING POST-STRESS CONDITIONS." Herald of Kiev Institute of Business and Technology 43, no. 1 (March 12, 2020): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.37203/kibit.2020.43.09.
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The article is devoted to the research of coping strategies on the adaptation process. Actions associated with the COVID 19 pandemic touched many areas of life. They provided increased requirements for human mental activity, creating additional stresses, which led to an increase in neuropsychiatric disorders. Models of overcoming post-stress states are considered. The role of external and internal factors in the formation and overcoming of post-stress states and disorders of adaptation is analyzed in the article. In the process of studying the underlying patterns and mechanisms of adaptation to normal life, two psychological models of overcoming post-stress states were identified: psychodynamic and cognitive. The psychodynamic model notes that successful adaptation of personality requires awareness of all aspects of traumatic experience and integration through the scheme "traumatic stress - negation - relapse - acceptance". The cognitive model is a cognitive theory of stress, that is, a cognitive assessment of a person's most traumatic event, and himself in it. Three types of assessment were proposed to determine a person's response to a traumatic event: primary, secondary stress assessment, and reassessment. Many researchers consider the impact of stress adaptation to be one of the leading causes of disorders of adaptation. Also, the manifestations of adaptation disorders are greatly exacerbated by the simultaneous complex action of several stressors. The severity of active stressors does not always correlate with the severity of adaptation disorders, as personality traits and cultural and social norms and values contribute to the response to stress. Also, the features of the development of these disorders of adaptation disorders depend on the features of cognitive processes, personal resources of the individual involved in their regulation.
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Wojtynska, R., A. Wlazlo, E. Trypka, A. Zimny, and D. Frydecka. "The Evaluation of the effectiveness of the program of the cognitive rehabilitation of patients with MCI and early dementia of Alzheimer's type." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72211-8.
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IntroductionApplying programs of early cognitive intervention, concentrated on psychological influences, constitutes the important component of comprehensive medical influences nonpharmacological, influencing to the improvement in psychological functioning, in cognitive areas and qualities of life.AimsEvaluation of the effectiveness of the multimedia program of the cognitive rehabilitation (cognitive training, psychoeducation), directed at patients with MCI and with early stage in the AD.ObjectivesOutpatients, N = 75, average of the age: 68.6 (10.14 SD), above 45 years,; MMSE > 20, I group - MCI (N = 34): with the intervention (N = 18), without (N = 16), II group - AD (N = 29): with intervention, (N = 15), without (N = 14), III group - CG: patients without cognitive disorders (N = 12).MethodsRandomized, clinical trial. Diagnosis on the base: of clinical interview, of examining a mental state, physical, TK, MRI, of laboratory tests, screening neuropsychological (MMSE, CDT, Demtect, Fluencial). Patients participated in 6 week’s program of the cognitive rehabilitation (4 × during the week) and 18 household conditions. The evaluation of the cognitive functioning, mental state, of functioning in the everyday life, of approval of illness, of satisfaction from the life, qualities of life, caregiver burden were being before and after intervention.ResultsAn improvement in cognitive functioning was get in selected aspects: of cognitive functioning (linguistic functions, memory, attention, of visual-motor coordination), of mental state, qualities of life.ConclusionsNonpharmacological influences, spreading through cognitive training and psychoeducation, at patients with dementia or MCI constitute essential element correcting their functioning in the process psychological rehabilitation.
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Panksepp, Jaak. "The neuro-evolutionary cusp between emotions and cognitions." Consciousness & Emotion 1, no. 1 (September 26, 2000): 15–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ce.1.1.04pan.
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The neurobiological systems that mediate the basic emotions are beginning to be understood. They appear to be constituted of genetically coded, but experientially refined executive circuits situated in subcortical areas of the brain which can coordinate the behavioral, physiological and psychological processes that need to be recruited to cope with a variety of primal survival needs (i.e., they signal evolutionary fitness issues). These birthrights allow newborn organisms to begin navigating the complexities of the world and to learn about the values and contingencies of the environment. Some of these systems have been identified and characterized using modern neuroscientific and psychobiological tools. The fundamental emotional systems can now be defined by the functional psychobiological characteristics of the underlying circuitries — characteristics which help coordinate behavioral, physiological and psychological aspects of emotionality, including the valenced affective feeling states that provide fundamental values for the guidance of behavior. The various emotional circuits are coordinated by different neuropeptides, and the arousal of each system may generate distinct affective/neurodynamic states and imbalances may lead to various psychiatric disorders. The aim of this essay is to discuss the underlying conceptual issues that must be addressed for additional progress in understanding the nature of primary process affective consciousness.
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Avramchuk, Oleksandr. "Social anxiety disorder: relevance and perspectives." Psychosomatic Medicine and General Practice 3, no. 3 (September 10, 2018): e0303103. http://dx.doi.org/10.26766/pmgp.v3i3.103.
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Background Epidemiological studies indicate that social anxiety disorder as one of the most common mental health disorders. However, many patients do not seek or receive help, despite the prevalence of social anxiety disorder, the large amount of information, the possibilities of psychotherapy and medical treatment Aim Generalization of actual knowledge and research on the aetiology and pathogenetic mechanisms of social phobias and coverage of the actual issues of low referral of people suffering from social phobia Methods For review, the following databases, such as ScienceDirect, ResearchGate, PubMed and Google Scholar, were used. The search was performed using the keywords: social anxiety disorder, sociophobia, social anxiety, cognitive-behavioral model, neurobiology, mental health Results The general information about social anxiety disorder, its prevalence and its consequences were covered. The main etiological mechanisms, modern views on the neurobiological and psychological basis of the disorder are considered. In addition, the peculiarities of the clinical picture and its influence on the social functioning of the individual, including the referral of help, were analyzed. The aspects that are useful to consider during the development of recommendations for specialists in general medical practice and centers of public mental health were suggested Conclusions A social anxiety disorder should be considered as a complex mental health disorder. Recognition of signs of social anxiety disorder in their component often leads to a false interpretation of clinical signs as manifestations of depression or other neurotic disorders among primary care professionals. Informing general practitioners and specialists of public mental health centers about the traits of the clinical picture and the social functioning of patients with this disorder can help to overcome the stigma and improve the referral of qualified assistance
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Rössler, W. "Prevention of psychotic disorders in the general population." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.911.
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Subthreshold psychotic experiences are widely reported within otherwise healthy populations. Their phenomenology is broad and very heterogeneous ranging from meaningful coincidences and precognitive dreams over haunting to out-of-body experiences and visual as well as auditory hallucinations.Although creative aspects of these experiences are implied too, a similarity in form and content to positive symptoms in schizophrenia (e.g., delusion, disordered thought, and hallucinations) or schizotypy (e.g. magical thinking, unusual perceptual experiences, ideas of reference or paranoid ideation) seems to be obvious. However, the borderline between normal and pathological experiences and behaviour is unclear.The so called “continuum approach” assumes that schizophrenia or schizotypy are not discrete or categorical illness entities. It implies a gradient in the severity of the symptoms, ranging from healthy population to full-blown schizophrenia. As such, psychotic signs are no longer restricted to formal diagnoses according to DSM or ICD, but would, instead, complete the spectrum of psychological and biological features that characterize individual variations among human beings.Can subthreshold psychotic experiences be integrated in this continuum? Do individuals indicating such experiences lack some social cognitive abilities and are particularly vulnerable to false inferences in their social world. How are these experiences related to increased neural activity or an abnormal dopaminergic neurotransmission?These and similar questions will be discussed in the presentation.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.
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Asensio Aguerri, L., L. Nuevo, B. Mata, E. Segura, E. Lopez, and F. García. "Roll of the Third Wave Therapies in the Treatment of Schizophrenia." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): s778. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1477.
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IntroductionThe schizophrenia is a frequent mental disorder. The symptoms affect the emotions, cognition, perception and other aspects of the behaviour. In the last years have been developed different interventions and psychological treatments in order to improve the personal and social functioning of these patients. Among the new proposals is the called “third wave”.ObjectivesDetermine the efficacy of third generation therapies in the treatment of schizophrenia.MethodsWe have performed a systematic review of the existing bibliography in PubMed/Medline, Cochrane and Dialnet, using the combination of different keywords “acceptance and commitment therapy, mindfulness, psychosis, schizophrenia, third wave of therapies, based cognitive therapy”.ResultsThe based cognitive therapy for the psychosis (CBT) was designed for the treatment of the residual symptoms of schizophrenia, however in the present there are over 30 randomized trial publications were is evaluated the efficacy of CBT in psychosis, on positive and negative symptoms, functionality and affectivity. It is most effective in acute episodes.ConclusionsThe treatment with the third generation therapies reduces the positive symptoms of schizophrenia and improves depressive and anxiety symptoms. The CBT and the mindfulness are the most studied. There are scientifically therapeutic options for the treatment of patients with schizophrenia in combination with pharmacotherapy.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Avramchuk, Oleksandr. "Social phobia: relevance and perspectives." Psychosomatic Medicine and General Practice 4, no. 1 (April 12, 2019): e0401151. http://dx.doi.org/10.26766/pmgp.v4i1.151.
Full textAbstract:
Background Epidemiological studies indicate that social anxiety disorder is one of the most common mental health disorders. However, despite the prevalence of social anxiety disorder, a large amount of information, the possibilities of psychotherapy and medical treatment, many patients for various reasons do not receive or do not seek help. Aim Generalization of actual knowledge and research on the aetiology and pathogenetic mechanisms of social phobias and coverage of the actual issues of low referral of people suffering from social phobia Methods For review, the following databases, such as ScienceDirect, ResearchGate, PubMed and Google Scholar, were used. The search was performed using the keywords: social anxiety disorder, sociophobia, social anxiety, cognitive-behavioral model, neurobiology, mental health. Results The general information about social anxiety disorder, its prevalence and its consequences were covered. The main etiological mechanisms, modern views on the neurobiological and psychological basis of the disorder are considered. In addition, the peculiarities of the clinical picture and its influence on the social functioning of the individual, including the referral of help, were analyzed. The aspects that are useful to consider during the development of recommendations for specialists in general medical practice and centers of public mental health were suggested. Conclusion A social anxiety disorder should be considered as a complex mental health disorder. Recognition of signs of social anxiety disorder in their component often leads to a false interpretation of clinical signs as manifestations of depression or other neurotic disorders among primary care professionals. Informing general practitioners and specialists of public mental health centers about the traits of the clinical picture and the social functioning of patients with this disorder can help to overcome the stigma and improve the referral of qualified assistance.
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Golińska, Paulina, Mariola Bidzan, and Jason W. Brown. "PSYCHOLOGICAL RESOURCES OF CAREGIVERS OF INDIVIDUALS SUFFERING FROM PARKINSON’S DISEASE, AND THEIR DECLARED FEELING OF BURDEN." Acta Neuropsychologica 15, no. 4 (December 13, 2017): 391–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.7045.
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The subject literature identifies many predictors of a feeling of burden, yet it often ignores aspects of the psychological and social functioning of caregivers, i.e., resources for efficiently coping with a difficult situation. This study aimed to verify the predictors of a feeling of burden experienced by the caregivers of individuals suffering from Parkinson’s disease, taking into account the cognitive functioning of the patients as well as the psychological resources and social competences of the caregivers themselves. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 20 individuals suffering from Parkinson’s disease and their caregivers. It included a neuropsychiatric examination of the patients, with a special focus on executive functions, as well as an assessment of the psychological and social resources of their caregivers using standard psychometric methods. Self esteem was measured using the SES scale and sense of coherence was measured using SOC-29. The statistical analysis included correlation analysis and multiple hierarchical regression. The duration of the disease as well as cognitive impairments, especially executive dysfunction, are significant predictors of a feeling of burden. A high sense of coherence is associated with a positive assessment of one’s own resources in the context of coping with a difficult situation. The feeling of burden experienced by caregivers of individuals suffering from neurodegenerative disorders is a complex phenomenon, composed of many factors. The predictors discusse in this study point to various individual differences in the psychological resources possessed by caregivers.
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Cummins, Robert, and Paraskevi Theofilou. "Quality of life research: interview with Professor Robert Cummins." Health Psychology Research 1, no. 3 (September 23, 2013): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/hpr.2013.1555.
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Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is a fundamental concept in the field of clinical medicine and has been studied during the last years by psychologists, sociologists, economists and managers. The concept of HRQOL includes those aspects of overall QOL that can be indicated to have an impact on patients’ health, either physical or psychological. Concerning the individuals, this incorporates physical and mental health cognitions, including sociodemographic factors, sexual functioning, fatigue, sleep disorders and functional status. One of the most eminent experts in the world in the field of QOL is Prof. Robert Cummins [Professor of Psychology at Deakin University in Australia (School of Psychology, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Victoria 3125 Melbourne, Australia. E-mail: robert.cummins@deakin.edu.au)] who kindly accepted to answer our questions in the con- text of this special edition.