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Ng, Shung-yan, and 吳崇欣. "Motivation and psychological benefits of marathon training: a longitudinal study." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B50700698.
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Much research has looked into how aerobic exericse is important to physical and psychological well-being. However, research is less sure of the how exercise produces psychological benefits. To explore this, running is a form of exercise that deserves particular attention given its possible usefulness to public policy discussions. Running is one of the most accessible and inexpensive forms of exercise, and its popularity is demonstrated by the trend of more and more people participating in local annual marathons. This study performed a longitudinal test to better define the conditions under which average people might enjoy psychological benefits from exercise like running. From self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985), motivation is fueled by three basic psychological needs: perceived competence, perceived relatedness and perceived autonomy. In this study, key factors influencing psychological outcomes included runners’ degree of motivation, perceived relatedness and the intensity of their training program.
The present study had 59 average runners fill in questionnaires before and after a 12 week marathon training program. The results showed that stress and depression levels were significantly reduced, and perceived relatedness among runners increased. Runners’ degree of motivation, which refers to the degree to which runners felt intrinsically motivated, predicts depression and stress levels after training. It suggested that a higher degree of motivation maximizing stress and depression reduction. In addition, higher levels of perceived relatedness among runners also positively predicts stress reduction.
The depression reduction of runners who joined only training was significantly higher than those who joined marathon competition after finishing training. The present study found that this competition effect was fully mediated by the number of long runs runners attended during their training. This finding is tied to the question of how much exercise people need in order to optimally reduce depression. Overall, the present study highlights that a threshold of exercise intensity exists beyond which depression reduction becomes insignificant. In the context of the marathon training under study, four or fewer long runs were the recommended threshold.
The present study provided a good overview of the psychological benefits of running for a non-clinical population, and also identified how people might maximize such gains. Application of the findings to the promotion of marathon culture for the betterment of public mental health is discussed.published_or_final_version
Clinical Psychology
Master
Master of Social Sciences
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Candler, Paul David. "The effects of relative speed on selected physiological, kinematic and psychological responses at walk-to-run and run-to-walk interfaces." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1016081.
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[Conclusions] l) The two forms of human locomotion, walking and running, are distinctly different and in evaluating these gait patterns consideration must be given to this fact. 2) The impression created by the energy cost curves, that there is a single locomotor interface for both walking and running is a false one . There are two distinctly different locomotor interfaces, the walk-to-run interface and the run-to-walk interface. The former appears to correspond with the "metabolic intersection point" and therefore has some metabolic significance. The latter appears to be merely an "overshoot" of the walk-to-run interface and presently has no apparent metabolic significance. 3) Because the walk-to-run interface speed corresponds with the intersection point of the energy cost curves, physiological responses to walking and running at this speed do not differ significantly. However, cadence and stride length patterns for these two locomotor patterns are distinctly different at this point. 4) The identification of single physiological or kinematic factors during perceptions of exertion in any given situation is an extremely difficult if not impossible task. Perceived exertion should therefore be considered a multi-factorial concept and should be evaluated as such. 5) The use of relative speed as a technique for reducing inter-subject variability in physiological and kinematic factors is worthless unless diverse ranges in morphological linearity are a characteristic of one's subject pool
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Ngobese, Khayelihle Mbongeleni Emmanuel. "Exploring the uses of mental skills by competitive road running athletes." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1020310.
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Research on athletes has shown that mental skills are an important component of being a successful athlete. The importance of these mental skills is seen in the number of athletes who have formally started training using mental skills training programmes (MST) according to the literature. The study of mental skills in South Africa lags behind other countries like USA, UK and Sweden. This particular study explored the use of mental skills by road running athletes. The study was conducted with six competitive marathon athletes. Semi-structured interviews were conducted as part of an elaborate qualitative methodology design. The data collected from these semi-structured interviews was analysed using thematic analysis. The results show that road running athletes use mental skills that include; mental rehearsal, planning, goal setting and self-talk. The athletes in this research showed the importance of mental skills and it is recommended that formal training in these mental skills will be highly beneficial not only to road running athletes but for all South African sports people in general
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Olivier, Stephen Chris. "Physiological and psychophysical factors in the rating of perceived exertion during uphill overground and treadmill running." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1015769.
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The purpose of this study was to examine possible differences between the field and laboratory ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) when the performance and physiological measures for the two conditions were equated. Furthermore, the interactive effects of local, central and overall RPE were examined. Finally, the question of the potential effects of attitudes on RPE was addressed. Eleven well-conditioned adult male marathon runners voluntarily participated in the study. After a period of treadmill habituation, biographical and anthropometric data were collected. This was followed by a VO₂ max test and a speed-matching session at 70% of VO₂ max to determine overground running speed at 3.8% and 7. 5% grade. Subjects then completed an attitudinal questionnaire and ran 4km overground. Finally, the above test was repeated on the treadmill, with the gradient and running speed of the overground condition being replicated. Physiological measures and differentiated RPE were obtained during the final two sessions. There were no physical environmental, task characteristic or performance differences between the overground and treadmill conditions. No heart rate or VO₂ differences were observed between the two conditions, but VE was significantly elevated in the laboratory. Local and overall RPE were significantly higher in the laboratory than in the field, but there was no difference for central RPE. Attitudes were more favourable towards the field than towards the laboratory work task. The results suggest that neither heart rate nor VO₂ are major factors directly influencing the perception of exertion. VE however appears to be a potent central signal mediating RPE. The results also indicate that local factors play a more important role in the perception of exertion than was previously thought. Attitudes towards a work task could possibly mediate the self-reports of exertion. The findings of this study also suggest that RPE are influenced by cognition to a large degree. Finally, environmental cues, or the ambience of a particular working environment, can exert a substantial influence on RPE. Direct perceptual translations from laboratory to field situations may therefore be invalid.
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Canady, Andrea. "Eating disorder symptoms and exercise motivations across exercise investment levels among female distance runners." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33879.
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The purpose of this study was to examine the extent of eating disorder symptoms and differences in exercise motivations in female distance runners at various exercise investment levels. One hundred and seven distance runners, aged 19 to 59 years, who run a minimum of five kilometers, three times per week, were asked to complete three questionnaires. The runners across exercise investment levels were not found to differ in Eating Disorder Inventory sub-scale scores. They differed from college women only in exhibiting fewer symptoms on Drive for Thinness (p < .05), Body Dissatisfaction (p < .001), and Interoceptive Awareness (p < .001). Significant differences in the Exercise Orientation Questionnaire sub-scale scores were found between the least and most exercise-invested runners with the latter scoring significantly higher on Exercise Orientation (P < .0001), Identity (p < .004), and Competition (p < .002). It was concluded that while eating disorder symptoms among female distance runners at various investment levels are no different, exercise motivations are different across levels of exercise.
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McDougall, Justin John. "The impact of three different footwear conditions on individual biomechanical, physiological and perceptual responses during running." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1019988.
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Background: Despite the introduction of running footwear in the 1970’s, running injury rates continue to be unacceptably high. The subsequent revival of barefoot running and the introduction of minimalist footwear occurred, in an attempt to reduce injury rates and increase performance. There is much contention in the literature around the effectiveness of these footwear conditions. Furthermore individual responses have recently been proposed to provide more accurate and reflective conclusions than the use of mean data. Objectives: Twofold: a) to compare the biomechanical, physiological and perceptual responses between the shod, minimalist and barefoot footwear conditions and b) to assess and compare individual responses under these footwear conditions. Methods: 26 well-trained, male, habitually shod endurance runners, aged between 18 - 30 years completed three experimental sessions on an indoor runway and motorized treadmill. Each session was completed in either the shod, minimalist or barefoot condition, running at 15km.h-1. Variables assessed included stride rate, stride length, impact peak, vertical impact and average loading rate and strike time (biomechanical); heart rate, oxygen consumption and electromyography (physiological); and rating of perceived exertion and body discomfort (perceptual). Results: Biomechanics – Stride rate and stride length showed a significant (p<0.001) increase and decrease respectively when running in the minimalist or barefoot conditions versus shod. Running barefoot versus the minimalist and shod conditions resulted in a significantly (p<0.001) greater vertical impact loading rate. Strike time was significantly (p=0.008) reduced running in the minimalist and barefoot conditions versus shod. Physiology – Running barefoot versus shod resulted in a significantly (p=0.02) reduced heart rate and Tibialis Anterior activity (p=0.005). There was a large variability in individual responses for many variables, with responders and non-responders seen. Conclusion: The study suggests that there are significant differences between all three forms of running for some variables. It was further noted that there is support for the proposal that individual responses are highly variable and should be analysed accordingly
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Dooley, Gordon. "Psychological aspects of psoriasis." Thesis, Durham University, 1992. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/6009/.
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Psoriasis is a skin condition characterised by raised, red, scaling patches that cover the body to varying degrees, with a prevalence of 1-3% in Caucasian populations. There is evidence that sufferers hospitalised for treatment of then psoriasis are more depressed and more anxious than controls (e.g. Fava et al, 1980; Lyketsos et al, 1985), but conflicting evidence about whether psoriasis outpatients are also more depressed and anxious. The research presented in this thesis examined depression and anxiety in a group of psoriasis outpatients and found statistically significantly higher depression and anxiety levels than in a group of matched controls. The relationship over tune between area of coverage of psoriasis, depression and anxiety was examined in another group of psoriasis outpatients. Using multiple regression analysis, change in area of coverage between two assessments was a significant predictor of depression and anxiety at the second assessment, once levels at the first assessment had been accounted for. Self- esteem was also examined in this way and was found to be significantly related to psoriasis area of coverage, where worsening psoriasis was associated with a lowering of self-esteem. There were statistically significant differences between males and females. Pain had not previously been examined systematically in psoriasis outpatients, but was higher than pain in matched controls in the first study reported in this thesis. Consequently the quality of pain was examined further, and found not only to be significantly related to psoriasis area of coverage, but also was described in terms which suggested a distinct character to psoriasis pain. Fluctuations in sleep quality were also found to be significantly associated with psoriasis area of coverage. Visual assessment of psoriasis area of coverage was shown to be unreliable, so a computer program (SKINMAP) was developed to allow psoriasis lesions to be mapped onto a computer which then calculates area of coverage. SKINMAP estimates were shown to be statistically significantly more accurate and reliable than visual estimates. Informal conversations with psoriasis sufferers suggested that they held firm views about their condition which often did not coincide with medical views. Lay beliefs about psoriasis in a group of sufferers were therefore investigated in detail. Sufferers showed quite high levels of knowledge about the condition, but the nature of some common misconceptions was investigated through the use of semi-structured interviews, and the results highlighted the need for better patient education.
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Marchant-Haycox, Susan Elizabeth. "Psychological aspects of hysterectomy." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.338863.
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Anciano, D. "Psychological aspects of headache." Thesis, University of York, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.356831.
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Blostein, Ashley C. "Effects of running on hormonal growth factors." Virtual Press, 1993. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/865946.
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To determine the influence of running on certain blood-born parameters that are involved in bone metabolism, serum levels of calcium, alkaline phosphatase (ALP, a marker of bone formation), growth hormone (hGH), and parathyroid hormone (PTH), were analyzed in 10 male subjects following a 40 min. run at 70% VO2max. Each trial was preceeded by 1 day of inactivity, a 8-12 hr. fast, and drawing of a baseline blood sample by venipuncture. All other blood samples were taken via an indwelling catheter which was inserted in an antecubital vein immediately following the completion of the exercise bout. When the catheter was in place, an "immediate post" sample was drawn. Subsequent samples were taken at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, and 60 min. after the immediate post sample. Analysis of serum calcium concentrations demonstrated that levels were significantly elevated by 12% following exercise, going from a fasted level of 9.7 ± .53 mg/dl to post-exercise levels of 11.8 ± .73 mg/dl. Serum calcium remained elevated during the first 4 min. following exercise. By 5 min. post-exercise, calcium levels dropped to levels that were significantly lower than the post-exercise sample. However, serum alkaline phosphatase did not change significantly following exercise, as the values remained within normal range throughout the experimental period. Concentrations tended to decrease over time but were not significantly lower than the preor post-exercise levels by the end of the sampling period. Serum concentrations of hGH were more than doubled following a single bout of exercise, going from 4.0 ± 0.98 ng/ml before exercise to 8.8 ± 1.6 ng/ml immediately post-exercise. Following this initial rise, hGH progressively declined and returned to baseline values by 30 min. post-exercise. The concentrations of PTH did not change significantly following exercise. The postexercise sample tended to be higher than baseline values but were not significantly different. The results presented here indicate that an exercise bout 40 min. at 70% V02max results in an elevation of serum calcium and hGH, but does not alter PTH secretion or ALP activity. The data presented in this study indicate that the temporary rise in calcium following exercise is unrelated to PTH. It is hypothesized that the increase in calcium that we observed is attributable to lactate accumulation that would result from an exercise bout of this nature. The buildup of lactic acid and drop in pH causes a dissolution of the crystaline calcium hydroxyapatite compartment of the skeleton, thus causing an increase in ionized calcium. It is not known whether a single bout of exercise can influence hormonal secretion to a sufficient degree to affect bone density, but the hormonal changes demonstrated here could be involved in long-term effects of training.School of Physical Education
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Oltmann, Carmen. "The effects of a 160 km run on selected anthropometric, physiological and psychological parameters." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1009706.
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Twenty-one male subjects volunteered to participate in this study of the effects of an u1tramarathon run under competitive conditions. Selected anthropometric measurements were made before and after the race. Blood samples were taken before, and within 10 min. of completing the race. Haematocrit and cortisol concentrations were analysed from each sample. Three ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) - local, central and overall, were obtained at two-hourly intervals throughout the race. The shortened form of the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI) was administered before the race. The Profile of Mood States (POMS) test was completed both before and immediately after the race. The average running intensity was estimated to be about 32% VO₂max which would not have caused major lactate accumulation. Repetitive compressive forces as a result of heel-strike resulted in intervertebral disc fluid loss. This resulted in a significant (p<0.05) decrease in stature after the race. Mobilization of glycogen, trig1ycerides and protein for metabolism as well as fluid loss via sweat resulted in significantly decreased body mass after the race. Plasma volume and serum cortisol concentrations were significantly increased after the race compared to pre-race baseline levels. Local RPE responses were dominant throughout the entire race, followed by overall RPE. Running 160 km had an effect on mood state. "Depression", "fatigue" and "confusion" (profile of Mood states) were all significantly increased compared to pre-race scores. Sleep deprivation as a result of running through the night was probably an important contributing factor. The anthropometric profile of the ultramarathon runners in this sample was more like that of the general population than elite marathon runners from the literature. The ultramarathon runners were more extroverted than elite marathon runners, but exhibited a similar Profile of Mood state before the race. The stressor - running 160 km - resulted in a 'strain response'. This was evident in the decreased stature and mass, and increased serum cortisol, "depression", "confusion" and above all "fatigue".
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Hughes, Kathryn. "Psychological aspects of criminal propensity." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2015. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/25777/.
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The psychological aspects of propensity to offend are considered. The relationship between attitude, personality, and reported offending is explored. Some literature considers how attitude influences offending; others look at the relationship between personality and offending. The present thesis proposes that there is a complex relationship between all three. The Attitude to Offending Style Scale measures preferences towards hypothetical offending styles. Shultzs’ FIRO-B explores the structure of interpersonal personality. Finally, an adaptation of Youngs’ D42 (D45) explores styles and level of reported offending. 254 members of the general public complete each of these self-report scales. An SSA-I tests the construct validity and structure of the scales stated above. Multiple regression analyses explore the relationship between attitude and personality, and how these influence level of reported offending. The moderating role of interpersonal personality is also considered. The findings reveal that Attitudes are categorized as: Instrumental or Expressive high risk, and Low risk. Shultzs’ FIRO-B scale has four facets: Expressed Inclusion Expressed Control, Received Inclusion and Received Control. Finally, reported offending is categorised as More or Less serious, Instrumental or Expressive, and target Person or Property. Results show that variations in attitude and personality styles are related to level of reported offending. Furthermore, it was found that the relationship between attitude and level of reported offending is moderated by level of ‘Received Control’. More specifically, when an individual shows a positive attitude towards Instrumental high risk crimes and feel ‘controlled by others’, their level of reported offending is also likely to be high. The presented research shows the value of considering attitudes towards offending, the moderating role of interpersonal personality, and how this relates to level of reported offending. The methods employed throughout the thesis demonstrate the strength and validity of self-report measures. Results are applicable to many areas, including direction and methods in future research. The findings can be applied to areas such as rehabilitation, interview techniques and preventative measures.
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Pritchard, M. L. "Psychological aspects of rheumatoid arthritis." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.381050.
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Colin, Jessica. "Psychological aspects of psychiatric hospitalisation." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2011. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/2935/.
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This thesis contains a literature review and a qualitative research project. The purpose of the literature review was to examine recent literature on service user perspectives on seclusion, to explore the psychological impact of being secluded. Thirteen studies were identified, and their methodological quality was evaluated. The findings of the studies were examined and common themes were identified. Although some service users reported some positive aspects of seclusion, the overall consensus is that seclusion is distressing. This review suggests additional recommendations to those in the NICE guidelines, which may reduce the negative psychological impact of seclusion on service users. The research project investigated the experiential impact on inpatient nursing staff of caring for individuals with early psychosis, using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Five main themes were identified: 1) Working with uncertainty, 2) Feeling restricted, 3) The ward as a threatening environment, 4) “You’re like my bloody mother” - Working with younger patients, and 5) “Shut the doors and go home” - Coping and self-preservation. Working in the acute inpatient environment can be distressing for staff, however, participants in the study associated working with younger patients experiencing their first admission with closer emotional attachments and increased hope for recovery.
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Bosch, Andrew Norman. "A comparative study of acute responses to running in elite black and white marathon athletes." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001839.
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Experienced male marathon runners, 9 black and 10 white, with marathon times of 2 hours 45 minutes or faster, acted as subjects for the study, the purpose of which was to determine whether black runners are better suited to marathon running than whites. Body composition was determined by anthropometry. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂ max) and other physiological variables were measured during a continuous, speed-incremented treadmill protocol using a computer-aided data acquisition system. Subjects also ran a simulated marathon at 92.5% of the running speed at which the ventilatory threshold (VT) occurred. Physiological, gait and RPE variables were measured at 10 minute intervals during the marathon. Major findings are detailed below:- The VO₂, max averaged 60.4 ∓ 6.5 and 63.2 ∓ 2.9 mI. kg⁻¹.min⁻¹ in the black and white runners respectively and was highly correlated with best marathon race time (r = 0.86 and 0.85 respectively) and VT (r = 0.84 and 0.60 respectively) (p < 0.05). No significant differences existed between the groups in submaximal oxygen uptake (VO₂,) or % VO₂ max utilised at 16 km.hr⁻¹, but the estimated % VO₂ max utilised during a marathon race was higher in the black (89.0 ∓ 5.5%) than the white runners (81. 5 ∓ 3.1%) {p .( 0.05). The % VO₂ max utilised at 16 km.hr⁻¹ (84.8 ∓ 9.1 and 78.6 ∓ 5.8% in the black and white runners respectively) was significantly correlated with the % VO₂, max utilised while racing in the white (81.5 ∓ 3.1%) (r = 0.70) (p < 0.05), but not the black runners (89.0 ∓ 5.5%). The VT occurred at 82.7 ∓ 7.7 and 75.6 :∓ 6.2% VO₂; max in the black and white groups respectively (p < 0.05). Post-marathon blood lactic acid levels were lower in the black (1.30 ∓ 0.26 mmo1.l⁻¹) than the white runners (1.59 ∓ 0.20 mmol.l⁻¹). The respiratory exchange ratio (R) was higher in the blacks than whites when running at 16 km.hr ⁻¹ (1.03 ∓ 0.07 and 0.98 ∓ 0.03 respectively) and during the marathon (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in pulmonary minute ventilation (Vı) between the groups, but breathing frequency (f) was higher in the black (59 ∓ 12 breaths.min⁻¹) than the white runners (45 ∓ 8 breaths. min⁻¹ ) and tidal volume (V⊤) lower in the black ( 1.33 ∓ 0.16 l.breath⁻¹) than the white runners (1.75 ∓ 0.36 I.breath⁻¹) during submaximal running at 16 km. hr⁻¹ (p < 0.05). The same trend was observed during the marathon run. During the time-course of the marathon f increased and V⊤ decreased In both groups (p < 0.05). Stroke volume decreased and heart rate increased In both groups during the time-course of the marathon (p< 0.05). Cardiac output was therefore maintained. Thermal responses were similar in the two groups. A significant increase in rectal temperature coincided with a decrease in skin temperature and may have been related to an increase in f (r = 0.86 and 0.67 in the blacks and whites respectively), H/R (r = 0.70 and 0.67 respectively) and "local" (leg) RPE (r = 0.84 and 0.82 respectively). It was concluded that black runners were able to run marathon races at a higher % VO₂ more than whites due to the blacks having lower blood lactic acid levels when running at a similar % VO₂ max. Given similar maximal oxygen uptakes, this would enable blacks to run faster. Cardiopulmonary adjustments occur during the time-course of a marathon which maintains Q and Vı
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Xu, Fan 1960. "Effect of prolonged exercise on running economy." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=68149.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of prolonged exercise on running economy. Fourteen male long distance runners performed two 90 minute runs on an outdoor 400m track at velocities equal to 65 and 80% of VO$ sb2$max. Prior to and following each 90 minute run, running economy (RE) was measured as the steady-state VO$ sb2$ during treadmill runs at speeds of 188 and 228 m/min. During the 90-min run at 65% of VO$ sb2$max, the mean weight loss was 1.3 kg. The HR was 143 bpm between minutes 5-10 and increased to 150 bpm between minutes 85-90. During the 90-min run at 80% of VO$ sb2$max, the mean weight loss was 1.4 kg. The HR was 161 bpm between minutes 5-10 and increased to 165 bpm between minutes 85-90. When the post RE test was conducted following each 90-min run, there was a significant increase in VO$ sb2$ expressed in both l/min and ml/kg$ cdot$min (a decrease in running economy). The increase in oxygen cost of running following the 90-min run at 80% of VO$ sb2$max was greater than that following the run at 65% of VO$ sb2$max.
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McKenna, Laurence. "Psychological aspects of auditory disorders : cognitive functioning and psychological state." Thesis, City, University of London, 1997. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/17413/.
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This thesis presents six studies concerned with the psychological status of people with audiological disorders, particularly tinnitus and hearing loss. Study One (Part I of the thesis) employed a structured interview and the General Health Questionnaire to investigate the emotional status of subjects with a variety of audiological symptoms. Psychological disorder was found to be more prevalent among subjects complaining of vertigo (64%) than among those complaining of tinnitus (45%); the prevalence of psychological disorder among subjects complaining of hearing loss was lower than among tinnitus subjects (27%). A higher prevalence of disturbance was found among subjects with multiple symptoms. A previous history of psychological distress correlated with current ratings of disturbance. Studies Two and Three (Part II) are concerned with the psychology of cochlear implantation. Methodological issues concerning psychological assessment in this context are discussed. Study Two uses Repertory Grid Technique to assess the psychological consequences of using an implant. Eight out of ten subjects reported important changes in psychological well-being related to their use of the device. Study Three identifies a group of subjects applying for an implant while having a non-organic hearing loss. The implications for the use of standardised assessment procedures are discussed. Studies Four, Five and Six (Part III) assess the cognitive functioning of subjects with tinnitus. Tinnitus subjects' performance on neuropsychological tests is compared with that of hearing impaired control subjects. Subjects were also assessed using the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ). The emotional status of the subjects was assessed using the Speilberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. The Beck Depression Inventory was also used in Study Six. The groups were not distinguished by a number of neuropsychological tests, however it was found, in Studies Four and Five, that Tinnitus subjects' performance on verbal fluency tests was Significantly poorer than the Control subjects, after hearing loss was controlled for. In Study Six it was found that both Tinnitus and Control subjects performed less well than expected on the STROOP test; this was more apparent in the Tinnitus group. The Tinnitus group also obtained higher CFQ scores in Studies Four and Five. Trait anxiety was a feature of the Tinnitus groups. The implications for the cognitive functioning of both tinnitus and hearing impaired subjects are discussed in terms of Baddeley's model of working memory. The importance of these findings for complaint about tinnitus and hearing loss are considered.
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Mercer, John A. (John Andrew). "Reliability of a Graded Exercise Test During Deep Water Running and Comparison of Peak Metabolic Responses to Treadmill Running." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1994. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc501238/.
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Populations that utilize deep water running (DWR) are described in Chapter I. A review of the literature concerning maximal and submaximal responses during DWR, shallow water running and swimming is presented in Chapter II. The protocols to elicit maximal responses during DWR and treadmill running (TMR), subject characteristics, and statistical methods employed are described in Chapter III. The results, presented in Chapter IV, indicate that the DWR protocol is a reliable test for eliciting peak oxygen consumption and heart rate. Furthermore, the metabolic responses during DWR are lower than TMR. Chapter V discusses factors which might limit maximal responses during DWR. Chapter VI contains suggestions for further research. Raw data are presented in Appendix A.
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Williams, Martin Andrew. "Energetic and kinematic responses to morphology-normalised speeds of walking and running." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1016240.
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This study investigated the influence of human morphology upon selected physiological, biomechanical and psychological responses to horizontal locomotion. In so doing, it was possible to evaluate the effectiveness with which morphology-normalised speeds of walking and running reduced the between-subject variability that is inherent in human locomotor responses. Twenty caucasian males were divided into two groups on the basis of stature - ten subjects in each of a "short" category (<170cm) and a "tall" category (>185cm). All subjects were habituated to treadmill locomotion prior to exposure to three walking treatments (0.83, 1.39 and 1.94m.s⁻¹) and three running treatments (2.50, 3.06 and 3.61m.s⁻¹). During each of these five-minute locomotor conditions, energetic (V02), kinematic (cadence and stride length) and psychophysical (central and local RPE) data were captured. From these data, lines of best fit were calculated for each subject, allowing for a prediction of the abovementioned locomotor variables from known absolute rates of progression. Using suitable regression equations, subject responses to morphology-normalised speeds of walking and running were effectively extrapolated. When the rate of progression was expressed in absolute terms (m.s⁻¹), significant differences (P <0.05) were found between the stature-related groups with respect to both energetic and kinematic locomotor responses. Such differences were successfully eliminated when use was made of locomotor speeds relativised on the basis of morphology. This study concludes that the use of appropriately prescribed morphology-normalised rates of progression are effective in reducing the variability in locomotor responses between subjects differing significantly in stature.
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Sambrook, Paul John. "Psychological aspects of dentofacial surgery patients." Title page, summary and table of contents only, 1989. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09DM/09dms187.pdf.
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劉輝儉 and Fai-kim Lau. "Sociological, psychological aspects of internet swearwords." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31256338.
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Gumley, Andrew Ian. "Psychological aspects of relapse in schizophrenia." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/12115.
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Following a review of the relevant literature a Cognitive Behavioural treatment protocol for the prevention of relapse in schizophrenia is presented. This treatment protocol is investigated in a 12-month non-blind randomised controlled trial comparing Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and Treatment as Usual (CBT + TAU) versus Treatment as Usual (TAU) alone. Three studies of treatment outcome are described: relapse and admission, remission and social functioning, and psychological distress. 144 participants with a DSM-IV Schizophrenia spectrum disorder were randomised to receive either CBT + TAU (n = 72) or TAU alone (n = 72). 11 participants dropped out (6 from CBT + TAU, 5 from TAU alone) leaving a completers sample of 133. Participants were assessed at entry, 12-weeks, 26-weeks, and 52 weeks. CBT was delivered over two stages: a 5-session engagement phase which was provided between entry and 12-weeks, and a targeted CBT phase which was delivered on the appearance of early signs of relapse. Over 12-months CBT + TAU was associated with significant reductions in relapse and admission rate. The clinical significance of the reduced relapse and admission rate amongst the CBT + TAU group was investigated. First, receipt of CBT + TAU was associated with improved rates of remission over 12-months. Second, clinically significant improvements in social functioning were investigated. Again, receipt of CBT + TAU was associated with clinically significant improvements in prosocial activities. However, receipt of CBT + TAU was not associated with improvements in psychological distress over 12-months. The theory underpinning the cognitive behavioural treatment protocol predicted that negative appraisals of self and psychosis represent a cognitive vulnerability to relapse. This hypothesis was investigated during the present 2 Abstract study. After controlling for clinical, treatment and demographic variables, negative appraisals of self and entrapment in psychosis were associated with increased vulnerability to relapse, whilst negative appraisals of self were associated with reduced duration to relapse. Finally, an explorative study of changes in negative appraisals of psychosis and self over time, which were associated with relapsers versus non-relapsers from the TAU alone group, was conducted. This study found a strong association between the experience of relapse, increasing negative appraisals of psychosis and self, and the development of psychological co-morbidity in schizophrenia. Results of treatment outcome and theoretical analyses are discussed in terms of their relevance to the further development of psychological models and treatments for psychosis.
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Lau, Fai-kim. "Sociological, psychological aspects of internet swearwords /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25474169.
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Zavorsky, Gerald Stanley. "Effect of intense interval workouts on running economy using three recovery durations." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ29521.pdf.
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Gow, Jennifer. "The effect of banked-curves on electromyographic activity in the lower leg during running : by Jennifer Gow." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=98714.
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The biomechanics of running on level surfaces has been extensively researched, but there is limited knowledge on the biomechanical adaptations of curvilinear running. The purpose of this study was to investigate the electromyographic activity (EMG) of the lower leg muscles while running at two speeds (3.8 and 7.0 m/s) under three conditions (straight-away, flat curve, and banked curve of 11 degrees). Seven male elite track runners participated. Surface electrodes were placed bilaterally on the tibialis anterior (TA), peroneus longus (PL), and gastrocnemius lateralis (GL) muscles. In general, there was greater EMG activity and body lean at the higher speeds for each muscle (p< 0.05); however minimal differences in EMG between the three surface running conditions (except for the second peak of TA). No bi-lateral asymmetry in muscle activation occurred during curved running, whether flat or banked. Future study should address more proximal segment and trunk muscular adaptations.
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Murias, Juan Manuel. "The effect of banked-curves on running mechanics : plantar foot pressures." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=97976.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the dynamic patterns of pressure distribution of curved running with and without banked surfaces at two speeds. Seven male elite runners ran at 3.8 m/s and 7.0 m/s in three different conditions: (1) straight, and along a curve with either (2) no side inclination or (3) an inclination of 19%. Running speed significantly affected peak pressure for plantar foot regions (p<0.05); however, few significant main effects were found for surface running condition or foot side. Center of pressure displacement showed similar patterns in both the medial-lateral and heel to toe excursion regardless the running condition, speed, or foot side. Future study needs to reduce measurement variability as well as to consider other dynamic foot-to-shoe components such as shear stresses.
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Chung, Hiu-fai Felix, and 鍾曉輝. "Running economy in Hong Kong children." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31257185.
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Gay, Julie A. "Variability of walking and running economy among prepubertal, adolescent and adult females." Virtual Press, 1995. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/958800.
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Daily variability of walking and naming economy (WE,") was assessed in eight prepubertal (P), eight adolescent (C) and eight adult females (A) on three separate days. Prior to testing all subjects engaged in 15 minutes of treadmill walking and running and performed a graded treadmill exercise test to maximal effort. On 3 additional days WE and RE were measured during five minutes each of walking and running. The order of exercise was randomized and each bout was separated by ten minutes of rest. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed differences (p < 0.05) in height, weight, sum of skinfolds, BSA, VO=Ax (ml-kg' .min 1), HRmAxbetween P vs C, and A. While there were no significant interactions between group and speed, a two-way ANOVA revealed differences between all three groups for WE and RE (p< 0.05). Repeated measures two-way ANOVA revealed significant day-to-day differences in RE but not WE. Coefficients of variation (CV) for economy were significantly greater for walking (4.33) than running (2.33). CV for WE and RE combined were significantly greater in P (4.43) than A (2.42). These results suggest dust daft variability of WE and RE appears to be a function of maturation and growth, with significance being acheived at the extremes of the maturation scale; the prepubescent child and the fully mature adult Furthermore, for research testing purposes, prepubertal children may require greater than two testing sessions, the amount recommended for adults.Human Performance Laboratory
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McKenzie, Samantha L. "Psychological and social aspects of bariatric surgery." Thesis, University of Hull, 2011. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:4936.
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This portfolio has three parts. The first is a systematic literature review, in which the psychological and social factors associated with successful weight loss after bariatric surgery are reviewed. The second part is an empirical paper, which investigates the experiences of women who have successfully lost weight following bariatric surgery, specifically with reference to changes in self-concept. Seven women were interviewed and emergent themes were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Nine subthemes were identified, clustered into three superordinate themes: (1) 'obesity as socially unacceptable', (2) 'making a case for surgery', and (3) 'the slim self as socially acceptable'. Links to self-concept were made, and clinical implications were discussed. The third part of the portfolio comprises of the reflective statement and appendices.
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Kennerley, H. A. "Psychological and social aspects of maternity blues." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.371549.
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Steggles, Naomi. "Psychological aspects of genetic testing for cancer." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.271020.
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Robertson, Kevin. "Health-related psychological aspects of playing squash." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.282785.
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Grunfield, Elizabeth Alice. "Psychological and psychophysical aspects of spatial orientation." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367952.
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Najarian, B. "Psychological and physiological aspects of Raynaud's Phenomenon." Thesis, University of York, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234981.
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Mayall, Mark Nicholas Alexander. "Child hostages : psychiatric, psychological and psychosocial aspects." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.407460.
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Emery, Josephine Angela. "Psychological aspects of IVF : a prospective study." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.685728.
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Flynn, Michael Gerald. "Fat storage in athletes : the metabolic and hormonal responses to swimming and running exercise." Virtual Press, 1987. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/516210.
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Despite similar rates of energy expenditure during training, competitive swimmers have been shown to store significantly greater amounts of body fat than competitive runners. In an attempt to explain these discrepancies, male collegiate swimmers (n=8) and runners (n=8) were monitored during 45 min of swimming and running, respectively (75% V02 max), and during two hours of recovery. In addition, a group of male competitive triathletes (n=6) were similarly monitored during and after both swimming and running exercise.Blood samples were obtained after 15 min rest prior to exercise and at 0, 15, 30, 60 and 120 min of recovery and were analyzed for glucose, lactate, glycerol, free fatty acids, insulin, glucagons, norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E). Respiratory gases were collected at 15 min intervals during exercise and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min of recovery. Heart rate and mean body temperature were recorded at 10 min intervals throughout recovery. There were no differences in post-exercise oxygen consumption or heart rate while the RER suggested increased fat oxidation after exercise for the swimmers and the swimming triathletes. The mean body temperature and mean skin temperatures were significantly lower throughout 120 min of recovery for the swimmers compared to the runners. The triathletes demonstrated a similar tendency but these differences were not significant. The serum glucose levels were significantly greater (P<0.05) immediately post-exercise for the runners compared to the swimmers (6.71 +0.29 and 4.97 +0.19 mmol•1-1, respectively). Blood glucose values were also significantly greater immediately post-run for the triathletes (6.40 +0.26 and 4.87 ±0.18 mmol-l-1 for running and swimming, respectively). Blood glucose values remained elevated for runners and the running triathletes up to 30 min of recovery. Free fatty acids were similar after the run and the swim, but glycerols were increased immediately after running in the runners (P<0.05) and the triathletes (P<0.05). Differences in blood glucose levels or fat release were not explained by differences in NE, E or cortisol. The glucagon-to-insulin (G:I) ratio was significantly increased after exercise in the swimmers and the swimming triathletes. This, combined with a reduced RER after the swimming trials, suggests that the reduced glucose levels were due to reduced hepatic glycogen stores. The results of this study suggest that there were differences in substrate utilization during running and swimming exercise of the same intensity. These differences were not explained by NE, E or cortisol; however, the increased G:T ratio suggests increased carbohydrate use during exercise in the swimmers. Finally, body fat differences between runners and swimmers were not explained by differences in post-exercise energy expenditure or fat oxidation.
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Cerna, Zuzana. "Psychological preparedness for breast cancer surgery." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ56522.pdf.
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Lambert, Gerald Patrick. "The relationship between physiological measurements and cross-country running performance." Virtual Press, 1990. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/722198.
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Seven highly trained male collegiate distance runners were studied throughout a competitive cross-country season. Common laboratory and field measures were used to assess physiological adaptation and performance capacity. The subjects were tested pre-, mid-, and post-season for maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), running economy (RE), heart rate at 268 m-min…1 (HR268), fractional utilization of the aerobic capacity (%VO2max), fraction utilization of the maximal heart rate (%HRmax), ventilatory threshold (VT), and time to exhaustion (TTE). Prior to each scheduled competition submaximal hear rate (HR) and submaximal blood lactate accumulation (bLa) were determined from a one-mile run on an indoor track. Five subjects ran at 5 min 30 sec per mile pace and two ran at a 6 min per mile pace (mean intensity = 83.14 + 4.44% VO2max). VO2max, RE, % VO2max, %HRmax and TTE all significantly improved over the season (p < 0.05). VT and HR268 remained unchanged. % VO2max and %HRmax exhibited the highest correlations to performance within a given competition (range r = .525 to .722 and .571 to .844, respectively). HR and bLa did not change during the season. These results suggest: 1) % VO2max and %HRmax are the best predictors of cross-country running performance among the variables measured whereas 2) field trials employing single HR and single bLa measurements are not indicators of endurance running performance in highly trained distance runners.Human Performance Laboratory
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McAteer, Susan Mary Elizabeth. "Sleep dependent memory consolidation during a daytime nap in adolescents." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45590229.
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PAZDA, SUSAN LYNN. "ANOREXIA NERVOSA, BULIMIA, AND OBESITY: BODY WEIGHT AND BULIMIA AS DISCRIMINATORS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184177.
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This study hypothesized body weight and eating patterns to be important discriminators of psychological characteristics among eating disordered groups. A total of 146 bulimic and non-bulimic women from underweight (anorexic), normal weight, and overweight (obese) categories were examined. Based upon the theoretical and research literature reviewed, this study hypothesized locus of control, personal potency, self-esteem, and psychopathology to be central psychological characteristics in anorexia nervosa, bulimia, and obesity. These variables were measured by Rotter's Internal-External Locus of Control Scale, the Semantic Differential Potency Scale, Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale, and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, respectively. The relative importance of these variables in the disorders was also addressed. Results showed women in the eating disordered groups examined to demonstrate the following psychological characteristics: (1) Non-bulimic anorexics--an external locus of control, low self-esteem, and hysteria; (2) Bulimic anorexics--the greatest external locus of control, the lowest self-esteem, psychopathic deviance, hysteria, thought disorder, depression, a preoccupation with somatic concerns, and hypofemininity; (3) Normal weight bulimics--an external locus of control, low self-esteem, psychopathic deviance, hysteria, thought disorder, and depression; (4) Non-bulimic obese--low self-esteem; and (5) Bulimic obese--low self-esteem, an external locus of control, thought disorder and depression. The primary conclusion drawn from this study is that bulimia is a better predictor of the psychological characteristics than body weight. Bulimia, across all weight categories, was associated with an external locus of control, low self-esteem, psychopathic deviance, hysteria, thought disorder, and depression. That there was little variability in personality characteristics associated with bulimia across weight categories emphasized the stability of the symptom constellation associated with this disorder. This study supported the view of the normal weight bulimic as psychologically similar to the bulimic anorexic. This study also supported the stance that simple obesity does not represent a unitary psychological disorder.
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Fielding, Roger A. "Pre-exercise carbohydrate feedings and muscle glycogen utilization during treadmill running in trained runners." Virtual Press, 1985. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/438361.
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Six runners (V02 max=68.2 ± 3.4 ml/kg/min) were studied on three separate occasions during a 30 min treadmill run at 70% V02 max. On each occasion, the subjects ingested either 75g of glucose (trial G), fructose (trial F) or a sweetened placebo (trial C). No differences were observed between any of the trials for oxygen uptake, heart rate or perceived exertion. Serum glucose levels were elevated as a result of the glucose feeding (P<0.05) reaching peak levels at 30 min post-feeding. With the onset of exercise, glucose levels dropped to a low of 5.89 ± 0.99 mmol/l at 15 min of exercise in trial G. Serum glucose concentrations in trials F and C averaged 6.21 ± 0.31 mmol/l and 5.95 ± 0.23 mmol/l over all the time points, respectively, and were not different (p>0.05). Muscle glycogen utilization in the first 15 min of exercise was similar in trial C (18.8 ± 1.9 mmol/kg), trial F (16.3 ± 4.1 mmol/kg) and trial G (18.8 ± 9.1 mmol/kg), and total glycogen use was also similar in trial C (20.7 ± 5.3 mmol/kg), trial F (35.4 ±6.3 mmol/kg) and trial G (25.6 ± mmol/kg). These data suggest that pre-exercise feedings of fructose or glucose do not affect the rate of muscle glycogen utilization during 30 min of treadmill running in well-trained runners.
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Demchak, Timothy J. "The effects of upper respiratory illness on running mechanics during a VOb2s maximal treadmill test." Virtual Press, 1994. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/917030.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of an upper respiratory illness (URI) on running mechanics during a maximal VO2 exercise treadmill test. The specific measurements assessed were stride length (SL), stride frequency (SF), range of motion (ROM) of the hip, knee, and ankle, and the displacement of the center of mass (COM) during the stride cycle. Fifty-three subjects (female=25, male=28) between 18 and 30 years of age completed the study. The participants in the study were characteristically non-smokers, drank fewer than five alcoholic drinks per week, had no orthopedic problems, were not pregnant, did not suffer from hay fever or chronic colds, and were not allergic to penicillin. Rhinovirus Type 16 was used in the inoculation of the individuals. The subjects performed two maximal V02 treadmill test. The first test was before the inoculations and the second test was during the height of the illness. Stride length and SF data were derived from accelerometer data. Statistical analysis using ANOVA revealed no significant changes in SL or SF between pre- and post-inoculation treadmill tests. Based on the results of this study it was concluded that Rhinovirus Type 16 does not effect running mechanics during a maximal V02 treadmill test.School of Physical Education
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Morrow, Matthew J. (Matthew John). "Effects of Ten Weeks of Deep Water Running or Land Based Run Training." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1995. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278587/.
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Populations that utilize deep water running (DWR) are described in Chapter I. A review of the literature concerning studies comparing peak physiological variables of water exercises (swimming, DWR, & land based running) to land based exercises (cycle ergometer, walking, & running) are presented in Chapter II. The protocols utilized for obtaining peak values on land and in the water along with subject characteristics, statistical methods and description of the training regimen are discussed in Chapter HI. The results, presented in Chapter IV, indicate no interaction between any of the variables measured but a main effect for treadmill V02 peak for the pre- and post testing. Chapter V discusses factors which may limit physiological changes within each training group. Chapter VI contains suggestions for further research.
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Franks, Susan F. (Susan Faye). "Negative Psychological States: Predictors for Immunological Health." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1992. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc332521/.
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Relationships of negative psychological conditions with general status of cell-mediated and humoral immune systems were investigated. A unique approach was utilized in that indexes representing multiple aspects of each branch of the immune system were employed to better indicate general immunological status. Differences in emotion-immune interactions between males and females were demonstrated. Results indicated a positive relationship between Trait Anger and Cell-Mediated Immunological Index. Particular criticisms of previous psychoneuroimmunological research were met by addressing sex differences and differences in various conditions of anger and depression, as well as through assessment of cumulative effects of negative emotions on immune system status. Directions for future research in eddressing similar issues are suggested. In general, results provide support for validity of mindbody interactionism and imply the need for revision of standard medical and psychological treatment.
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Welsh, Donald Gordon. "Comparison of cardiorespiratory parameters during treadmill and immersion running." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28540.
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The purpose of this study was to compare the relationship between immersion running and treadmill running through the measurement of cardiorespiratory parameters.
Sixteen subjects completed two exercise protocols to exhaustion. The treadmill running protocol was initiated at 3.08 m*s-l and increased a 0.22 m*s-l every sixty seconds. The immersion running protocol utilized an immersion running Ergometer (IRE). The IRE is similar to a tethered swim machine. The initial weight was set at 1 kg and Increased a 1/2 kg every sixty seconds. Heart rate (HR), oxygen consumption (V02), ventilatory equivalent (VE/V02), and minute ventilation (VE) were determined at ventilatory threshold and at maximal effort, HR, V02, VE/V02 and VE were analyzed by MANOVA (RM). Tidal volume and frequency of breathing were collected for four subjects at ventilatory threshold and at maximal effort (no statistical analysis). Two subjects who had completed the initial exercise protocols volunteered for a follow up study of blood flow distribution testing (no statistical analysis). These subjects were injected with Tc-99 2-methyloxy isobutyl isonitrlle at ventilatory threshold during immersion and treadmill running. Imaging was performed with a Selmans Gamma Camera at the UBC Dept. of Nuclear Medicine.
V02 and HR at ventilatory threshold and maximal effort were significantly lower (P < .05) during immersion running. VE/V02 was significantly greater at maximal effort during immersion. Minute ventilation was unaffected by immersion, however, there was a trend towards a smaller tidal volume and greater frequency of breathing. The blood flow distribution data varied
considerably partially between subjects.
The significant drop in V02 at maximum effort and at ventilation threshold during immersion running may be accounted for by changes in muscle mass recruitment, muscle fibre type recruitment, recruitment pattern and state of peripheral adaptation (muscular). A lower heart rate during immersion may be due to increases in intrathoracic blood volume. The trend towards a higher breathing frequency and lower tidal volume during immersion running may be due to the increased effort to breath caused by hydrostatic chest compression. The significant increase in VE/V02 at maximal effort during immersion running was due to the significant drop in V02.
It may be concluded that immersion running causes significant changes in cardiorespiratory parameters at ventilatory threshold and at maximal effort. Research is needed to investigate the significance of the changes.Education, Faculty of
Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of
Graduate
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Zhang, Xin. "An investigation of the management and socio-economic impacts of the 2006 Old Mutual Two Oceans Marathon." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1602.
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Thesis (MTech (Tourism and Hospitality Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2007.South Africa is a fast growing and developing sport tourism destination and has hosted various international sport tourism events. With specific reference to the 2006 Old Mutual Two Oceans Marathon (OMTOM), which is considered one the most beautiful marathons in the world, this study focuses on different stakeholders' perceptions concerning the management and socio-economic impacts of sport tourism events. Questionnaire surveys for spectators (n=200), participants (n=200) and residents (n=400), as well as key informant interviews for established businesses (n=20), stallholders/exhibitors (n=20), sponsors (n=4), the event organiser (n=1) and the destination marketing organisation (n=1), were designed specifically for this study. Spatially-based random sampling for spectators and participants, was implemented, while purposive sampling for residents, stallholders/exhibitors, established businesses, sponsors, the event organiser and CTRU, were adopted to collect data. Volume counts were undertaken to estimate the number of spectators, while the number of participants was provided by the event organisers. The direct economic impact of the total of the event's contribution to the local economy was ascertained by utilising spending patterns of the spectators and participants. The contribution of the event to the local economy is estimated at R44.7 million, which is relatively significant. The event is diverse in terms of spectators and participants. The stakeholders were generally satisfied with the event organisation. Engendering community pride, utilising a sport tourism event as a regional showcase and providing economic opportunities for local businesses in terms of leveraging opportunities, were key benefits for local businesses and residents in close proximity to the race route. However, problems such as traffic congestion and insufficient parking were raised by all stakeholders and there is still room for improvement in this area as well as the management on the day of the event. The study reveals that there is a greater need to consider attendees' motivations, spending patterns, perceptions and altitudes, demographic profiles, the dire need for community involvement, as well as current and possible event leveraging opportunities for local businesses to enhance the management and positive impacts of sport tourism events. Furthermore, this study also provides holistic information to manage sport tourism events and to retain standard service quality, fulfil customer satisfaction and generate more economic, socio-cultural benefits for the tourist destination in a sustainable manner. Stakeholders can share information, which would improve relevant performance problems in the sport tourism event industry, moreover, effectively make management decisions and assess the socio-economic impacts of sport tourism events.
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Updyke, Rhonda S. "The Effect of Mode and Intensity on Vo2 Kinetics in the Severe Intensity Domain." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2000. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2493/.
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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of mode and intensity on VO2 kinetics in the severe intensity domain. Seventeen participants completed 3-7 tests each on a cycle ergometer and treadmill. For each test, Tfatigue, VO2max, Tmean response, VO2GAIN, TVO2max and T@VO2max were determined. Linear regression techniques were used to describe the relationship between TVO2max and Tfatigue .
VO2max values were higher in running. The VO2 response profile was faster for running than cycling and faster at higher intensities.
The faster VO2 response in running may be associated with larger active muscle mass or differences in muscle activation patterns. The faster response at higher intensities may suggest that VO2 response is driven by O2 demand.
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Amor, Lynne. "What is the intimate experience of couples following the woman's cancer-related breast surgery?" Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 1997. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/919.
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The purpose of this phenomenological study is to describe and interpret the experience of couples following the woman's surgery for breast cancer, in order to gain an in depth understanding of how this mutilating surgery affects their everyday lives. Breast cancer is the most prevalent form of cancer in Australian women, and in most industrialised nations. Women in Australia have a one in fourteen lifetime risk of developing the disease. Little is known concerning what meanings this surgery brings to the intimacy experienced between partners. It is important to seek knowledge of the phenomenon of intimacy, how the couples understand it, and how breast surgery has affected it, if at all. Literature to date has focused on the psychological and physiological effects of mastectomy on women, with little attention given to the plight of partners. A phenomenological approach was chosen for the study, and a purposive sample of seven couples was selected for the interviews. Primary data was obtained from audio taped interviews and from participant observation. Data analysis followed the protocol outlined by Colaizzi (1978), and seeks to describe, interpret and extrapolate common themes and meanings from the data.
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BENJAMIN, GEORGE ANDREW HOLMES. "PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRESS IN LAW STUDENTS AND LAWYERS: IMAGINED, INGRAINED, OR INDUCED? (STRESS, PSYCHOPATHOLOGY, SCHOOL)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/187941.
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The anecdotal literature suggests that the process of legal education impairs the maintenance of emotional well being in law students. The purpose of this paper is to present the results of a cross-sequential research design to determine the effects of the law school process. Data was collected, using four standardized self-report instruments (Brief Symptom Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory, Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist, and Hassle Scale), on subjects prior to and during law school, and after graduation. Prior to law school, subjects expressed similar psychopathological symptom responses as compared with the normal population. Yet during law school and after graduation symptom levels were significantly elevated. The implications of these results are presented.