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Gerety, Christine A. "PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSTRUCTS, DICTATORS AND THE WORLD PRESS." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2000. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin960909595.
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Saunders, Stacy M. "Differentiating young adult social smokers on psychological constructs." [Huntington, WV : Marshall University Libraries], 2008. http://www.marshall.edu/etd/descript.asp?ref=886.
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Godkin, Natasha. "Jangle Fallacy: Is Grit Distinct from Other Psychological Constructs?" Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2020. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3779.
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This paper assessed the redundancy of the construct of grit (Crede, Tynan, Harms, 2017) compared to other similar constructs using structural equation modeling to remove the effect of measurement error. A series of models regressed grit and its subdomains (passion and perseverance of effort) on self-control, conscientiousness, achievement striving, and resilience. The R-squared values for these models ranged from 0.62 to 0.89. It is concluded that the concept of grit is mostly redundant with other constructs and is therefore an example of a Jangle fallacy (Kelley, 1927). The unique aspect of grit is mostly related to its passion subdomain. The latent correlation between the passion and perseverance of effort subdomains was r = 0.19. Further, it was found that several popular measures failed to conform to their intended factor structure.
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Chambers, Timothy. "Personal constructs on resilience in swimming." University of Western Australia. School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0023.
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[Truncated abstract] Resilience is a concept that originated from behavioural science; a branch of research aimed at explaining unexpected benign or malignant outcomes associated with human development. It is a psychological construct that encompasses both cognitive and behavioural responses to negative situations and appears to exist at both an individual and group level. As a concept, resilience receives considerable attention from researchers within developmental psychology fields, who primarily identify numerous risk and protective factors. Within sport, however, researchers have demonstrated a preference for the examination of more traditional concepts, such as coping strategies. Moreover, few investigations in either domain employ a cogent theoretical framework to guide the research. Therefore, the present research program utilises Personal Construct Psychology (PCP; Kelly, 1955) principles to direct the proposed research. PCP is a theory about theories that emphasised our underlying ambition to make sense of the world, the events people encounter and themselves. According to Kelly, PCP is guided by the fundamental postulate and 11 corollaries. The PCP research template employed by the current research program promotes the utilisation of multimethod designs (i.e., qualitative and quantitative investigations) in order to understand and facilitate the development of resilience in swimming. Three research investigations are proposed to examine resilience in swimming, and are structured according to PCP. Each investigation is outlined below. Study 1. An interview protocol based upon key elements of Kelly s (1955) psychotherapy retrospective interview protocol was employed to elicit an understanding of resilience in swimming. Fourteen interviews were scheduled with elite Australian swimmers and swimming coaches, utilising the interview schedule. ... Study 3. The aim of this study was to design, implement and evaluate a resilience intervention for youth swimmers. Utilising the data generated from the first study, a resilience enhancement program was designed and delivered to 16 developmental swimmers over a period of three months. Resilience was measured pre, during and post intervention, and three months after the intervention. Resilience was also measured on an age and ability matched control group (n = 20), at the same time points. Results revealed improvements in resilience for the experimental group following the completion of the resilience program. In summary, the present research program employed a PCP (Kelly, 1955) research template to guide the aforementioned studies of resilience. The data collected from the research investigations contributed considerable knowledge to the resilience concept, and the sport psychology field. The qualitative study was the first of its kind to examine the concept in swimming, revealing several elements and process pertaining to resilience that later formed the foundations for the resilience intervention. General conclusions propose that future research combine psychological measurement of resilience and more traditional sport psychology concepts, in addition to the development of a sport specific psychometric measure of resilience.
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Wefald, Andrew J. "An examination of job engagement, transformational leadership, and related psychological constructs." Diss., Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/976.
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Bietra, Danielle. "Examing Positive Psychological Constructs in the Context of 12-Step Recovery." NSUWorks, 2015. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/cps_stuetd/85.
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Twelve step organizations such as Alcoholics Anonymous and Narcotics Anonymous are free, community-based fellowships. Such organizations are the most widely sought recovery management options, surpassing professional treatment. The emerging evidence base suggests that involvement in such organizations is associated with positive substance-related outcomes (e.g., abstinence). Relatively speaking, however, far less is known about whether or not involvement is associated with other meaningful psychosocial constructs. The current study examined gratitude, meaning in life, life satisfaction, personal growth, and various other recovery and psychosocial constructs in a sample of self-identified NA members (N = 128) from 26 U.S. states, ranging in age from 22 to 64 years. The primary aim of the present study was to psychometrically evaluate and refine four distinct positive psychology instruments (i.e., Gratitude Questionnaire (GQ – 6), Meaning in Life Scale (MLQ), Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), Personal Growth Initiative Scale (PGIS)). The current study contained three phases. First, the psychometric properties of each instrument were examined within an Item Response Theory measurement framework. The Rating Scale Model was used to evaluate the each instrument using WINSTEPS 3.74.01. With the exception of the Meaning in Life Questionnaire (which did not conform to an IRT measurement model), each instrument was iteratively refined based on statistical and clinical considerations, resulting in the collapse of response options and the removal of poorly fitting items. These refinements improved the psychometric properties of each instrument, resulting in a more reliable, accurate, and efficient way to measure gratitude, life satisfaction, and personal growth in clinical samples. Second, items from the GQ – 6, SWLS, and PGIS were examined concurrently using the PROC IRT procedure in SAS to explore whether the constructs were distinct from one another. Results provide support that gratitude, life satisfaction, and personal growth are unique and distinct constructs. Last, the study examined several recovery-related correlates of gratitude, life satisfaction, and personal growth. Hierarchical regression models assessed whether abstinence duration and other recovery-related variables accounted for significant incremental variance in gratitude, life satisfaction, and personal growth, over and above several covariates. As a block, abstinence duration and recovery predictors accounted for significant incremental variance in all of the constructs. These data suggest ongoing recovery involvement in 12-step organizations may be associated with positive outcomes beyond abstinence. Limitations and directions for future research are discussed.
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Suto, W. M. Irenka. "Psychological constructs of financial decision making capacity : implications for adults with learning disabilities." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.428665.
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Truxillo, Catherine Ingels. "The effects of emotional disclosure on fitness and fitness-related social psychological constructs /." Digital version accessible at:, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Sekol, Ivana. "Bullying in adolescent residential care : the influence of psychological constructs and background factors." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609813.
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Siddaway, Andrew P. "Explaining and predicting psychological problems : the joint importance of positive and negative constructs." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/26911.
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Positive Clinical Psychology (PCP) argues that positive and negative psychological constructs are jointly important for explaining psychological problems. “Positive” constructs have been explicitly focused on by positive psychology researchers and “negative” constructs have been explicitly focused on by mental health researchers. This thesis examines the relationship between positive and negative constructs in relation to four psychological problems: depressive symptoms (Chapter 2), anxiety-problems (Chapter 3), suicide attempts (SAs) (Chapter 4 and 5), and nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) (Chapter 4 and 5). Clarifying how psychological problems are most appropriately conceptualised has implications for definitions, diagnostic criteria, measurement, and clinical interventions. This thesis provides evidence that some constructs form bipolar continua, having a positive pole and a negative pole, whilst other constructs do not. Chapters 2 and 3 demonstrate that well-being and calmness respectively form continua with depressive and anxiety symptoms. In contrast, Chapters 4 and 5 demonstrate that SA and NSSI cognitions do not form a continuum with another construct. Results indicate that positive and negative constructs appear to have different relationships to one-another depending on the construct under investigation. Constructs that are common in the general population – such as depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, well-being symptoms, and calmness symptoms – appear to be bipolar, having a positive and a negative pole. Psychological constructs that are rare in the general population and which specifically characterise psychological problems (rather than being an extreme manifestation of a common psychological experience) – such as SA and NSSI cognitions – appear to be unipolar. The replication of scientific findings also features strongly throughout this thesis. Each chapter may therefore have a timely bearing on the emerging “replication crisis” literature.
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Gerlach, Hope. "The role of stigma-identity constructs in psychological health outcomes among adults who stutter." Diss., University of Iowa, 2019. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/6949.
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Purpose: As a group, adults who stutter (AWS) are vulnerable to experiencing distress and other negative psychological health outcomes. However, not all AWS experience elevated levels of distress, and little is known about why some people are resilient while others struggle to cope. In the current study, stuttering was conceptualized as a type of concealable stigmatized identity (CSI). The purpose of this study was to determine if stigma-identity constructs that contribute to variability in distress among groups of people with other types of CSIs also contribute to psychological health outcomes among AWS. The specific stigma-identity constructs that were examined include salience (the extent that a person thinks about stuttering), centrality (how much a person defines themselves by stuttering), concealment (the extent that a person attempts to keep stuttering a secret from others), and disclosure (the frequency in which a person tells others about stuttering).
Methods: A sample of 505 AWS completed an online survey that included measures of salience, centrality, concealment, disclosure, demographics, self-rated stuttering severity, psychological distress, and adverse impact of stuttering on quality of life. Correlational and hierarchical regression analyses were performed to (1) determine the extent that stigma-identity constructs explain variability in psychological health outcomes among AWS and (2) identify unique relationships between each of the stigma-identity constructs and psychological health outcomes. Additionally, self-rated stuttering severity was investigated as a potential moderator of the relationships between stigma-identity constructs and psychological health outcomes.
Results: Together, the stigma-identity constructs accounted for a significant proportion of the variability in distress (~25%) and adverse impact of stuttering on quality of life (~30%) among AWS. Salience, centrality, and concealment were positively associated with and predictive of distress and adverse impact of stuttering on quality of life after controlling for demographics and neuroticism. Further, self-rated stuttering severity moderated the relationship between centrality and adverse impact of stuttering on quality of life. Specifically, high centrality was only associated with more adverse impact of stuttering on quality of life among people with moderate and high self-rated stuttering severity. Disclosure did not have a consistent reliable relationship with either psychological health outcome.
Conclusions: The results from this study provide evidence that it is both appropriate and useful to conceptualize stuttering as a type of CSI. That is, variability in psychological health outcomes among AWS can be explained to a large extent by individual differences in the ways people think about and behave in relation to their stuttering identity. Speech-language pathologists should be aware of the relationships that salience, centrality, and concealment have with psychological health outcomes among AWS and should consider the implications for stuttering intervention.
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Leigh, F. "Developing a questionnaire to examine the psychological constructs associated with being a bullied child." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2007. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1444930/.
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Bullying affects a large minority of school-age children. It can also lead to short and long-term poor psychosocial functioning, extending into adult life. Now that the prevalence and consequences of childhood bullying have been well-documented, many researchers are interested in its causes. Environmental, social and personal variables have all been implicated in the onset and maintenance of bullying. Aspects of the school environment affect the prevalence of bullying. Parenting styles are associated with being both a bully and bullied. Bullies and victims have also been shown to have distinct psychological profiles, including differences in cognitions, affect and behaviour. As more research has been carried out, it has become evident that there may be complex relationships between these variables that cannot be described using simple cause-effect explanations. A unifying model of bullying is now needed to draw research findings together and guide the development of effective interventions in bullying.
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Van, Drie Barbara G. "Efficacy of Juvenile Offender Assessments: Utilization of Recommendations, Measurement Constructs, and Risk Factors." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2002. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc3200/.
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The purpose of this study was to explore the efficacy of juvenile offender assessments. Data from 104 juvenile offender assessments were analyzed and followed up with placement, subsequent offending, and outcome data from the juvenile and adult systems. Constructs consistently assessed included intellectual functioning, academic achievement, and personality functioning; however, under-diagnosis of intellectual deficits, learning disabilities, and personality disorders was found. Results indicated the assessment of family functioning, substance use, and social functioning should be included in comprehensive assessments, as they may result in alternative placement and treatment options of benefit to the juvenile offender. A juvenile offender typology proposed by DiCataldo and Grisso (1995) was successfully utilized and proved predictive of recidivism, future harm to others, and outcome.
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Graeve, Christine Marie. "An exploratory look at career criminality, psychopathy, and offending persistence convergence of criminological and psychological constructs? /." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2007.
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Willmott, Dominic. "An examination of the relationship between juror attitudes, psychological constructs, and verdict decisions within rape trials." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2017. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/34453/.
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For many, the English criminal justice system is considered to be among the best in the world. An important feature of the system’s success is thought to be the jury trial whereby in the most serious of cases, use of ordinary citizens to determine guilt is thought to make for fairer verdict outcomes. Yet despite being a more democratic process, questionable verdicts and low conviction rates for crimes such as rape have led many to question how impartial lay jurors are likely to be and to what extent preconceived biases may in fact be influencing verdict decisions. The overarching aim of the current thesis was thereby to examine the relationship between personal characteristics and juror decisions. Specifically, the role of psychopathic personality traits, rape attitudes, and juror demographics upon individual decision formation were examined. Another aim was to develop and validate a self-report measure of individual juror decision making, directly integrating theoretical features of the dominant model of jury decision making into an empirically testable scale. Tested separately between two independent samples within Experiment one, an opportunity sample of 324 university students comprised within 27 separate jury panels observed a videotaped mock rape trial before making individual and collective decisions. Within Experiment two, a systematic randomly selected sample of 100 community participants comprised within nine separate jury panels observed a live rape trial re-enactment before making individual and collective decisions. All participants completed demographic, attitudinal, and psychological self-report measures before the onset of the trial including; the Psychopathic Personality Trait Scale (PPTS), Acceptance of Modern Myths about Sexual Aggression (AMMSA), and the Juror Decision Scale (JDS). Results displayed evidence of a discernible relationship between juror’s psycho-social make-up and the verdict decisions made during trial. Latent profile analyses revealed psychopathic personality traits were significantly associated with verdict preferences in the community sample and regression analyses displayed elevated rape attitude scores were consistent predictors of Not Guilty verdict decisions across both samples, pre and post-deliberation. Confirmatory factorial techniques displayed a bifactor model with three meaningful factors while controlling for the general factor was the best representation of the JDS data, with the three subscales evidencing differential predictive validity with external variables. Finally, path analyses revealed the structure of the relationship between all variables and verdict decisions, providing further evidence for the role of juror characteristics. These findings strongly support the assertion that within rape trials, juror decisions are directly related with the attitudes and psychological constructs jurors bring to trial. Evidence that a juror’s psycho-social make-up affects their interpretation of the evidence and ultimately predisposes them towards particular verdict decisions, gives rise to the possibility of needing to screen biased individuals out the jury trial process in the future. Whether change occurs or not to such historical English jury procedures, what can no longer be simply dismissed, is the role of individual juror bias upon trial outcomes within rape.
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Kokkarinen, Noora Inka Annina. "Development of a measurement tool to assess sustainability in the built environment curriculum using psychological constructs." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2012. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/6175/.
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The concept of sustainable construction is increasingly being recognised, not only as a way to reduce the environmental impact of construction, but as a valuable business strategy. Stakeholders such as companies, professional bodies, government and the education sector all have the ability to have an influence on sustainability as it is being incorporated into agendas by the government and firms. Educational institutions can take it one step further by preparing future construction professionals to enter into a changing-and hopefully sustainable industry. This research focuses on the impact that education can have on this preparation with the use of psychological constructs. This thesis contributes to original knowledge by outlining the development of a measurement tool designed specifically to tap into sustainable construction attitudes. This tool was also used to assess the level of sustainability within built environment curriculum. The research was conducted in four phases, with phase four making the contribution to knowledge. All phases were carried out using a sequential mixed methodology where quantitative data was collected in phases one and two and qualitative interviews were carried out in phase three. In phase four, quantitative data was collected before and after the intervention and subsequently analysed. This was followed by qualitative data in the form of reflective student essays. A phenomenographic approach was used to analyse qualitative data, which investigates the different ways individuals can experience or understand something. The conclusions drawn from phase four were that the quantitative results indicated that student attitudes did not improve positively after the project. However, phenomenography revealed that all students experienced increased knowledge and attitudes did indeed change. With relation to psychological constructs, it was determined that the personality traits 'conscientiousness' and 'agreeableness' were associated with sustainabilitv the most. Emotional intelligence was found to be most significant with social issues of sustain ability followed by environmental issues which lends support to the view that emotional intelligence can extend from caring about others to caring for the environment.
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Du, Plessis Amanda. "Psychological constructs measured by the MCMI-III and 16PF5 of subjective tinnitus sufferers : an exploratory quantitative study." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/61271.
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In research on tinnitus, it is recognised that various psychological factors play a role in whether an individual is negatively impacted by the symptoms of tinnitus. In this exploratory study, through the use of descriptive statistical analysis of the data obtained from the MCMI-III and 16PF5 of tinnitus sufferers, possible psychological constructs can be identified as being present in subjective tinnitus sufferers. Scarce research on tinnitus stemming from or being exacerbated by various psychological constructs is found in South Africa. Many studies exist outside of South Africa; however, the results of these studies need to be verified in terms of the South African population. The study used previously administered protocols of the MCMI-III and the 16PF5 of subjective tinnitus sufferers in order to explore the psychological constructs in the form of test scales using descriptive statistical analysis on the protocol data. By investigating possible psychological constructs present in a sample of individuals with subjective tinnitus, the aim is to be able to make recommendations on possible focus areas for future research. The results of the study suggest the most significant finding related to the global factors of the 16PF5 is that 84.6% of the participants can be classified as accommodating. None of the participants can be described as independent, extraverted or abstract. More than half of the participants can be described as deferential and shy. None of the participants measured as self-assured. On the MCMI-III very few significant elevations were present. On the Anxiety scale 38.5% of participants fell into the insignificant and significant categories respectively. This is the only result for the MCMI-III where the insignificant score is not the highest, and thus is a noteworthy finding.
Keywords: Cognitive behavioural therapy; Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III; Psychological constructs; Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire; Tinnitus.Mini Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
Psychology
MA
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Tsaguris, Chrysann Angeliki 1952. "Self and nurses' perceptions of adolescent boys with leukemia: An exploration based on the psychology of personal constructs." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276705.
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Literature on psychological aspects of childhood cancer has treated adolescents as a homogeneous group, while revealing little about their individuality. This study's purpose was to systematically explore similarities and differences in adolescent boys with leukemia and to explore nurses' perceptions of the boys. Participants were recruited from a pediatric oncology clinic; the boys were 13, 14, and 18 years old and were selected based on age, active treatment for leukemia, and rapport with the investigator. To elicit constructs used by each boy to interpret feelings, the study employed a variant of psychologist George Kelly's technique for eliciting unique organizing principles (personal constructs) by which Kelly theorized people interpret experience (1955). The boys rated themselves on their personal constructs; their nurses also rated them on the constructs. Results reveal distinctive differences and certain similarities in the boys' personal constructs. Nurses' ratings of each patient differ in varying degrees from his own.
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Spradlin, Cheryl E. Bialeschki M. Deborah. "They are able who think they are able an examination of the relationship between recreation therapy and selected psychological constructs /." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2006. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,462.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2006.Title from electronic title page (viewed Oct. 10, 2007). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Recreation Administration in the Department of Exercise and Sport Science." Discipline: Recreation Administration; Department/School: Exercise and Sport Science.
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Rizzo, Joseph Michael. "The Relations Among Mindfulness Based Constructs to Daily Functioning and Self-Efficacy in Chronic Pain Patients." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1365721334.
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Buckingham, David M. "Coping with a stroke : prediction using the belief constructs of just world, locus of control, attribution and reformulated learned helplessness." Virtual Press, 1986. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/465787.
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Belief constructs appear to govern many aspects of life and may have an influence on coping with severe disability. This study investigated the extent to which coping with a stroke is identified by the belief constructs of just world, locus of control, attribution, and reformulated learned helplessness. The data were collected at a comprehensive rehabilitation center from thirty consenting stroke victims. The sample included 17 women and 12 men with a mean age of 64. The median number of days from the stroke to rehabilitation was 16. Twenty subjects had left hemiparesis and ten subjects had right hemiparesis.In addition to the belief-construct predictor variables, nature-of-stroke and demographic variables were collected during an initial evaluation. Demographic variables included sex, age, marital status, occupation, education, and recreation. Nature-of-stroke variables included period of time since stroke, diagnosis, severity, location, and aphasia as measured by the 'Aphasia Language Performance Scales' (Keenan & Brassell, 1975). The belief constructs were measured by the 'Just World Scale' (Rubin & Peplau, 1975), the 'Internal-External Locus of Control Scale" (Collins, 1974), and an adapted version of the 'Attribution Style Questionnaire' (Seligman, 1984). A coping measure was introduced as the criterion variable. It was administered 21 days following the initial evaluation and is based upon the ratings of the stroke victims' therapists. It includes a scale to more clearly define coping.The results of the study did not produce a clear definition of coping, although cognitive, emotional, and physical factors were evident. In addition, there was preliminary evidence of reliability and validity for measures of this construct. The linear composite of five variables was statistically significant (p < .01) and identified 56% of the variance in the coping measure. The significance of these variables suggests that successful coping is associated with older subjects who had passive premorbid recreation, were admitted relatively soon after their stroke, were rated as having a mild stroke, and made stable attributions about rehabilitation. The fact that one of the belief-construct variables (stability of attribution about rehabilitation) was significant, despite the small sample size, is encouraging and justifies further research in this area.
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Boddy, Ronald Leslie. "The antecedent roles of personal constructs and culture in the construing of psychological contracts by staff in a Czech financial services company." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/3302.
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The modern conceptualisation of the psychological contract recognises a tacit mental representation or schema, spanning all aspects of an employee’s perception of work. Reciprocity is a normative force in contract functioning. For over 500 years, the Czech Republic was subject to the rule of other nations. The failed totalitarianism of the most recent Soviet hegemony precipitated the Velvet Revolution and Czech adoption of the market economy in 1989. Some commentators have argued that unproductive work attitudes remain as a legacy of the command system. Following the phenomenological paradigm and constructivist epistemology, the research uses concepts from Personal Construct Psychology to compare the work constructs of Czech and non-Czech staff within the Czech and UK subsidiaries of the same company, examining antecedent effects of culture and individual experiences on psychological contract formation and development. The findings show that the two nationalities construe work along broadly similar lines, prioritizing its social qualities. Czech constructs seem to be simpler than those of non- Czechs, apparently lacking the value placed on personal ambition and achievement by the comparator group. Czechs do, however, appear to value independence much more than non-Czechs, with young Czechs also seemingly expecting social justice and the right to self-determination. The findings make a strong case for suggesting that these values have their origins in Czech culture and history, implying that both influence the work dispositions of Czechs and may plausibly be psychological contract antecedents. The conclusions call for a wider conceptualisation of the psychological contract, specifically in its anticipatory (pre-work) form, and suggest that existing theory might benefit from giving greater consideration and prominence to the social properties of work. Suggestions for further research and business applications are included.
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Barends, Mark Steven. "Overcoming adversity: an investigation of the role of resilience constructs in the relationship between socio-economic and demographic factors and academic coping." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2004. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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Many historically disadvantaged South Africans are entering into universities, where they are expected to perform academically not only to secure themselves a continued place at university, but also to secure themselves a place in the competitive job-market post university. Not only have these individuals been disadvantaged by an inferior schooling system, which is the legacy of apartheid, but they also struggle against the grasp of poverty, attempting to sustain themselves financially in order to afford the necessities for their survival, while still attempting to cope academically. Resilience has been presented as a process that helps individuals deal effectively with stressful events and adverse conditions. An attempt is therefore made to investigate whether resilience plays this role in the experience of disadvantaged students at university, where academic performance and adjustment represent the expected measures of coping. The aim of the study was therefore to explore the role of resilience constructs in the relationship between socio-economic and demographic variables and academic coping. The study is based within the broad framework of Psychofortology, which is the science of psychological strengths. The resilience constructs used included fortitude (measured by the Fortitude Questionnaire), hardiness (measured by the Personal Views Survey) and sense of coherence (measured by the Sense of Coherence Scale). Demographic variables included age, sex, language, town (urban/rural), with household income as an indicator of socio-economic status. Academic coping (outcome) was measured using students&rsquoacademic performance (average grade) and their adjustment to university (measured by the Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire). Participants included 164 third year Psychology students from the University of the Western Cape. Results indicate statistically significant relationships between various demographic and resilience variables
between various demographic and outcome variables
and between various resilience and outcome variables. Resilience variables were also found to play a role in the relationship between demographic and outcome variables, as various resilience variables emerged as significant predictors of outcome variables, or as having either direct, moderating, mediating or indirect effects on the relationship between demographic and outcome variables. Research suggesting the health-sustaining and stress-reducing (buffering) roles of resilience constructs, as well resilience constructs as influencing the perceptions of adverse conditions or stressors is therefore supported by these findings. Limitations of the study were also discussed, as well as recommendations for future research put forward.
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Fisher, Martin. "Identity and role attachment: a study of interrelationships among four social psychological constructs related to processes of teacher education in a South African context." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/23110.
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Menton, William. "Continuity of Personality Pathology Constructs in an Inpatient Sample: A Comparison of Linear and Count Regression Analyses Using the PID-5 and MMPI-2-RF." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1460215992.
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Salzberger, Thomas. "Attempting measurement of psychological attributes." Frontiers Media S.A, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00075.
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Measures of psychological attributes abound in the social sciences as much as measures of physical properties do in the physical sciences. However, there are crucial differences between the scientific underpinning of measurement. While measurement in the physical sciences is supported by empirical evidence that demonstrates the quantitative nature of the property assessed, measurement in the social sciences is, in large part, made possible only by a vague, discretionary definition of measurement that places hardly any restrictions on empirical data. Traditional psychometric analyses fail to address the requirements of measurement as defined more rigorously in the physical sciences. The construct definitions do not allow for testable predictions; and content validity becomes a matter of highly subjective judgment. In order to improve measurement of psychological attributes, it is suggested to, first, readopt the definition of measurement in the physical sciences; second, to devise an elaborate theory of the construct to be measured that includes the hypothesis of a quantitative attribute; and third, to test the data for the structure implied by the hypothesis of quantity as well as predictions derived from the theory of the construct. (author's abstract)
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Ortiz, Garzón Eliana. "Malestar psicológico, construcción del sí mismo, estructura y conflictos cognitivos en estudiantes de psicología = Psychological distress, self-construction, structure and cognitive conflicts in psychology students." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/404877.
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El objetivo de la presente tesis doctoral es identificar las características de malestar psicológico, construcción del sí mismo, estructura y conflictos cognitivos en una muestra de estudiantes de Psicología en comparación con los datos ya disponibles de una muestra comunitaria y otra clínica. Así mismo, se pretenden explorar las diferencias según el género y el nivel de estudios, y evaluar la estabilidad de las medidas derivadas de la técnica de la rejilla interpersonal. Igualmente, se busca explorar la relación entre las medidas cognitivas evaluadas, el nivel de autoestima, los síntomas depresivos y las medidas que indican malestar psicológico. En el estudio participó una muestra incidental de 430 sujetos, distribuidos en tres grupos diferentes: 183 estudiantes de la Facultad de Psicología de la Universitat de Barcelona, 117 voluntarios de una muestra comunitaria y 131 participantes de una muestra clínica.
Los resultados confirman que los estudiantes y la muestra comunitaria presentan puntuaciones similares en las medidas cognitivas, en el malestar psicológico, los síntomas depresivos y el nivel de autoestima. Comparativamente, la muestra clínica presenta puntuaciones significativamente más elevadas en la discrepancia yo-ideal y yo- otros, el nivel de indefinición y el porcentaje de constructos dilemáticos. Se encontró una tendencia a una mayor presencia de constructos dilemáticos en la muestra clínica, mientras que la presencia de dilemas implicativos fue similar entre los estudiantes y la muestra clínica. Como era esperable, se presentó más sintomatología depresiva y un mayor nivel de psicopatología general en la muestra clínica. No se hallaron diferencias significativas según el género ni la edad en ninguna de las medidas evaluadas. Con respecto al nivel de estudios, se encontraron diferencias significativas en el porcentaje de constructos dilemáticos, en el funcionamiento general y los síntomas depresivos, con puntuaciones más elevadas en los estudiantes de grado con respecto a los de posgrado. En el análisis correlacional destaca la relación directa entre el malestar psicológico y los síntomas depresivos, y la relación inversa entre estos últimos y el nivel de autoestima. Finalmente se constata la estabilidad de los índices de la TRI mediante el método test- retest.The objective of this doctoral thesis is to identify the characteristics of psychological distress, self-construction, cognitive structure and cognitive conflicts in a sample of college students compared with available data from community and clinical samples. Likewise, differences according to gender and academic level are analyzed and the stability of measures derived from the interpersonal repertory grid technique (RGT) is evaluated. Also, the relationship between cognitive measures, self-esteem level, depressive symptoms and psychological distress will be explored. In the study, an incidental sample of 430 subjects was used, distributed into three different groups: 183 college students of Universitat de Barcelona, 117 volunteers of the community sample and 131 participants of clinical sample. The results show that student and community samples scored similarly on cognitive measures, psychological distress, depressive symptoms and level of self- esteem. Comparatively, the clinical sample reveals scores which are significantly higher in the self-ideal and self-others discrepancy, the indefinition level and the percentage of dilemmatic constructs. A tendency of a greater presence of dilemmatic constructs in the clinical sample was found, while the presence of implicative dilemmas was similar between students and the clinical sample. As expected, there were more depressive symptoms and a greater level of general psychopathology found in the clinical sample. There were no significant differences found between gender and age in any of the variables evaluated. Regarding the level of studies, significant differences were found in the percentage of dilemma constructs, in general functioning and depressive symptoms, with higher scores in undergraduate students than in postgraduate students. The correlational analysis emphasizes the direct relationship between psychological distress and depressive symptoms, and the inverse relationship between depression and self- esteem level. Finally, the stability of the RGT indices is verified by the test-retest method.
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Earle, Fiona. "The construct of psychological fatigue : a psychometric and experimental analysis." Thesis, University of Hull, 2004. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:8307.
Full textAbstract:
Fatigue is a familiar and commonplace occurrence, but attempts to investigate the nature of fatigue have been inconclusive. Following more than a hundred years of extensive research, the construct is still ill-defined. This has resulted in a series of different strands of research, producing results concomitant with each researcher's own idea of what constitutes fatigue. Two central questions remain unresolved: (1) what sort of a construct is fatigue? and (2) should fatigue be conceptualised as a single, one dimensional state, generated by a range of different conditions, or a multidimensional state, incorporating a number of distinct but related states? There is an implicit assumption within the literature (and every-day language) that there is more than one 'type' of fatigue. However, there is currently no theoretical model which outlines the types of fatigue which should be incorporated in a theoretical framework and which explains the relationships between these fatigue types. The work presented in this thesis represents an attempt to address these issues using both psychometric and experimental approaches. Preliminary work investigated the psychometric basis for a unitary or multidimensional construct. This separately addressed the constructs of state and trait fatigue and, on the basis of the findings, state and trait multiple fatigue questionnaires were developed. A series of four experiments were then carried out which manipulated different types of work to facilitate an investigation of the dynamic development of fatigue. The first three experiments focused on the separate effects of mental and physical fatigue, and the final experiment considered the nature of their interaction.Both experimental and psychometric analyses supported the proposition of a multidimensional construct. The evidence in support of a multidimensional construct of trait fatigue was particularly strong. However, while the evidence in support of a multidimensional construct of state fatigue was less convincing, the experimental manipulations of different types of workload did produce states of fatigue that were subjectively different and also different patterns of fatigue after-effects.
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Rasso, Jason Tyler. "Psychological Distance| The Relation Between Construals, Mindsets, and Professional Skepticism." Thesis, University of South Florida, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3558436.
Full textAbstract:
In this study, I examine the influence of construals (interpretations) and mindsets on professional skepticism in auditors. Auditors have been criticized lately for not displaying enough professional skepticism, particularly in their audits of complex estimates (PCAOB 2008). Regulators speculate about and academic research shows a correlation between low professional skepticism and both audit failures and audit malpractice claims (Beasley et al. 2001; Anderson and Wolfe 2002). I hypothesize that prolonging the deliberative mindset in the audit judgment and decision-making process can increase professional skepticism in auditors.
Experienced auditors take part in a 1 x 3 between-participants experiment in which they play the role of a senior auditor charged with evaluating a client's fair value estimate. I manipulate the type of mindset (deliberative or implemental) invoked by the evidence documentation instructions and have a third condition in which participants do not have to document audit evidence. Using multiple measures of professional skepticism, I find that auditors in the deliberative mindset condition display higher professional skepticism than both auditors in the implemental mindset condition and auditors in the no documentation condition. I further analyze the types of textual responses entered by the auditors and offer direction for future research in this area.
30
Rasso, Jason. "Psychological Distance: The Relation Between Construals, Mindsets, and Professional Skepticism." Scholar Commons, 2013. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4565.
Full textAbstract:
In this study, I examine the influence of construals (interpretations) and mindsets on professional skepticism in auditors. Auditors have been criticized lately for not displaying enough professional skepticism, particularly in their audits of complex estimates (PCAOB 2008). Regulators speculate about and academic research shows a correlation between low professional skepticism and both audit failures and audit malpractice claims (Beasley et al. 2001; Anderson and Wolfe 2002). I hypothesize that prolonging the deliberative mindset in the audit judgment and decision-making process can increase professional skepticism in auditors.
Experienced auditors take part in a 1 x 3 between-participants experiment in which they play the role of a senior auditor charged with evaluating a client's fair value estimate. I manipulate the type of mindset (deliberative or implemental) invoked by the evidence documentation instructions and have a third condition in which participants do not have to document audit evidence. Using multiple measures of professional skepticism, I find that auditors in the deliberative mindset condition display higher professional skepticism than both auditors in the implemental mindset condition and auditors in the no documentation condition. I further analyze the types of textual responses entered by the auditors and offer direction for future research in this area.
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Brown, Allison Rebecca. "An examination of the construct validity of the Hong Psychological Reactance Scale /." Full-text of dissertation on the Internet (4.10 MB), 2010. http://www.lib.jmu.edu/general/etd/2010/masters//brownar/brownar_masters_04-20-2010.pdf.
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Fulmer, Russell Dwight. "The relationship between inspiration as a psychological construct, temperament, and positive affect." Diss., Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/356.
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DaFonseca, Alexis M. "Assessment of extant measures of critical consciousness:Toward a cohesive psychological construct conceptualization." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron160709359741592.
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Cupido, Jill Lauren. "The psychological experiences of women who survived HELLP syndrome constructed online." The University of the Western Cape, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5768.
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Magister Psychologiae - MPsych (Psychology)This thesis is about HELLP Syndrome (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelet count in pregnancy). HELLP syndrome is considered one of the most devastating complications in pregnancy. Once set in motion, the symptoms rapidly progress resulting in organ failure which can lead to the deaths of both the mother and the fetus. The only intervention found to be helpful in saving the mother is immediate termination of the pregnancy. The last couple of years have seen a proliferation in the way people express their feelings, emotions and thoughts utilising online platforms. The internet as a site has thus become an important area of research as it provides valuable information regarding how users write about their own health related experiences.The primary objective of this thesis was to explore the psychological experiences of women who survived HELLP syndrome as constructed online. Through identifying these psychological expressions on line these experiences could be deconstructed. A social constructionist epistemological framework was used as well as social suffering theory. In conventional terms “social suffering” would refer to political relevance only, however the term has theoretical standing as it deals with the core essence of social experiences and takes into account the psychic, social and cultural dimension that make up these experiences. An internet-mediated method was used to conduct this study. The data was collected over a one month period on an online platform which had 3720 members. During that month 87 postings and 228 interactive postings were recorded. Electronic copies of the consent form, information sheet and the ethical clearance letter were posted onto the online platform where it could be accessed by all members. Ethics approval was obtained from the University’s Senate Research and Ethics Committees to proceed with the research study. A thematic decomposition analysis of the data revealed that the main themes were: mourning and loss, memorialization of the loss, experiences of medical staff, intuition, religion and spirituality and social support found online. I attempted to produce a thorough description of the way women construct and make meaning through these experiences. This thesis revealed through its main findings as well as the literature reviewed a large part of pregnancy is seen as natural; my thesis however contradicts this linear process and emphasises the risk that could encapsulate the entire process.
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Sheard, Michael. "A construct validation approach to mental toughness in sport : a positive psychological perspective." Thesis, Teesside University, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.425977.
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Yim, Hong Kit Anderson Rolph E. "Psychological empowerment of salespeople : the construct, its inducement, and consequences on customer relationships /." Philadelphia, Pa. : Drexel University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1860/2981.
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McFarland, Richard G. "Seller influence tactics (SITs) in the buyer-seller dyad : developing the construct, its antecendents, and consequences." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/29584.
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Kose, Bahar. "Associations Of Psychological Well-being With Early Maladaptive Schemas And Self-construals." Master's thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12610854/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
The present study aimed 1) to examine possible influences of demographic variables (i.e., age, gender, marital status, sibling number, mother&rsquos education, father&rsquo
s education) on the various measures of the study (i.e., schema domains, self-orientations, and well-being measures i.e. depression, positive affect, negative affect, and reassurance-seeking)
2) to examine the differences of schema domains on self-orientations of Balanced Integration Differentiation Model and also on well-being, and 3) to analyse the differences of four self-construals of Balanced Integration Differentiation Model on schema domains and well-being measures. In order to fulfill these aims 501 people between the ages 18-50 participated in the study. According to the results, having strong characteristics of schema domains were related to low levels of self-orientation dimensions of interpersonal integration orientation and intrapersonal differentiation orientation. Moreover,there was a positive correlation between having strong characteristics of schema domains and high depression, negative affect, and reassurance-seeking, but low positive affect. On the other hand, low level of related individuation self-construal was related to having high characteristics of schema domains. In addition to this,having high level of separated-patterning was positively correlated with having high characteristics of schema domains. In addition, self-construal of relatedindividuation was found to be related to high positive affect and correlated with low levels of depression, negative affect, and reassurance-seeking. Finally, separated-patterning was found to be related to low level of positive affect, while it was found to be correlated with high level of depression, negative affect, and reassurance-seeking. Findings, future directions, and clinical implications were discussed in the discussion section.
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Grezmak, Tiffany. "Construct Validation of the Cleveland Adaptive Personality Questionnaire using the Personality Assessment Inventory." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1619442899037883.
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Wu, Lan. "Excessive Buying: The Construct and a Causal Model." Diss., Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006, 2006. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-07102006-004620/.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Management, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007.Sheth, Jagdish, Committee Member ; James, Lawrence, Committee Member ; Allvine, Fred, Committee Member ; Malhotra, Naresh, Committee Chair ; Ulgado, Francis, Committee Member.
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Horton, Marvin D. "Construct validity of a new scale to measure dysfunctional separation-individuation in late adolescence." Virtual Press, 2003. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1272421.
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Walker, Tammy L. "Empathy : a discursive psychological exploration of the construct within the context of the therapeutic relationship." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2011. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/28426/.
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Introduction: Empathy is considered to be an important therapist offered condition. Historically the exploration of empathy has employed quantitative methodologies. It is argued that these methodologies cannot capture the socially constructed nature of psychological concepts and instead regard empathy as problematic due to its inconsistently applied definition. Objectives: This study aimed to explore therapists' discourse around empathy by employing a qualitative methodology and acknowledging the importance of context. A further objective was to encourage a theoretical and methodological shift in the way that psychological concepts are conceptualised and investigated. Design: A discursive psychological approach was taken in the analysis of data from discussion groups. Method: Discourse was collected from two discussion groups conducted at an NHS Primary Care Trust: the first with a group of clinical psychologists and the second with a group of cognitive behaviour therapists. In addition some documentary information was collected from the research site in order to contextualise the service. Results: In both discussion groups, empathy was considered fundamental to the therapeutic relationship between the client and therapist. Therapists constructed empathy in two ways: as a limited therapist experience and as a quality that might develop over time. Further patterns emerged in the data; the clinical psychologists made frequent use of case studies whereas the cognitive behavioural therapists cited research evidence and made use of theoretical models. Discussion: The results are discussed with reference to a particular model of discursive psychology where the activity done through discourse is emphasised. It is argued that through particular constructions of empathy, therapists were working up their professional accountability. It is suggested that therapists work up their constructions of empathy as factual and therefore indisputable through discursive devices, identified as the use of case studies and research evidence.
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Bodkin, Charles D. "The adaptive behavior construct and its effect on salesperson performance." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/54769.
Full textAbstract:
Salesperson performance has been heavily researched in the marketing literature. Previous research has identified various personality traits, salesperson behaviors, and situational characteristics that affect salesperson performance. Results indicate that no single approach to the study of salesperson performance is sufficient by itself.
This study investigated the interactions among personality, situational, and behavioral characteristics of salespeople, and their effect on salesperson performance. Since the adaptive behavior construct has been cited as a key determinant to understanding these interactions, an examination of the adaptive behavior-performance relationship was undertaken. A model of adaptive selling behavior was developed and empirically tested.
An analysis of the data suggests that adaptive behavior (e.g., salesperson planning process) affects salesperson performance. ln addition, several of the situational characteristics (i.e., sales position characteristics, customer variables, salesperson-customer relationship, personal resources, and managerial variables), utilized in this study, were found to affect both adaptive behavior (i.e., salesperson planning process and customer interaction) and salesperson performance.
The results of this study provide theoretical, methodological, and substantive implications concerning the adaptive behavior to performance relationships. The study concludes with suggested directions for future research.Ph. D.
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Zolten, Avram J. (Avram Jeffery). "Construct Use and Self-Aspect Change in Recovery From Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery: a Personal Construct Analysis." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1992. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278306/.
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Cognitive ratings that use bipolar constructs based upon similarity and contrast have been shown to be biased towards the similarity pole in approximately a 62/38 ratio. This bias has also been known to shift in the contrastive direction for individuals who have psychiatric problems. This quantitative measure of cognitive change has a potential for characterizing cognitive changes that occur during the disease process, including recovery from disease. The present study investigated changes in self-aspect ratings and bipolar construct use in adult male veterans who had undergone coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Results indicated that treatment
subjects' self-aspect and construct ratings were more negative than controls'. Results also indicated that all subjects rated core interpersonal self-aspects closest to the expected bias, while self-aspects related to cardiac recovery problems were rated in the most contrastive direction. The results finally suggested that the greatest degree of change for the treatment subjects were in emotionally generated constructs. The results suggested a preliminary validation for characterizing cognitive changes in the disease process by measuring shifts in bipolar construct ratings.
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Loos, Victor Eugene. "Communication and Conflict in Marital Dyads: A Personal Construct Approach." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1986. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc332170/.
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A typology of marital dyads derived from Kelly's (1955) Personal Construct Psychology was used to investigate the communicative behaviors of married companions. Four groups based on Kelly's Commonality (dyadic similarity) and Sociality (dyadic understanding) corollaries were contrasted: similar-understanding, dissimilar-understanding, similar-misunderstanding, and dissimilar-misunderstanding couples. It was expected that dyadic understanding would contribute more to self-disclosure, cooperative involvement, and marital satisfaction than dyadic similarity. Furthermore, it was anticipated that couples high in understanding and low in similarity would represent optimally functioning couples, as evidenced by disclosure, satisfaction, and involvement with each other. Sixty-three married couples who had known each other at least two years completed questionnaire items assessing demographic variables, marital satisfaction (Dyadic Adjustment Scale) and self-reported communication behaviors (Partner Communication Inventory, Dyadic Disclosure Inventory). Each spouse also completed an 8 X 8 Repertory Grid and predicted the mate's responses on the Rep Grid. Subjects then participated in three different audio-taped discussion tasks (an informal conversation, a consensus decision-making task, and a role-played conflict-resolution scene) which were rated for avoidant, competitive, and cooperative responses, as well as overall self-disclosure. Although understanding facilitated disclosure in conflict situations and similarity fostered marital satisfaction, communicative behaviors generally reflected the joint influence of both similarity and understanding. Dissimilar-understanding couples were intensely involved with each other and freely disclosed, but were not highly satisfied. Similar-understanding couples were the most content and had the greatest sense of validation as a couple. Similar-misunderstanding couples restricted their relationship by attempting to avoid expected confrontations. Dissimilar-misunderstanding couples viewed themselves in a socially desirable light, tried to maintain congenial, nonintimate interactions, and were moderately contented. Implications for therapeutic programs, for Kelly's theory, and for future research were discussed.
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Chang, Edward C., Olivia D. Chang, Jerin Lee, Abigael G. Lucas, Minqi Li, K. Malulani Castro, Savannah Pham, et al. "Going Beyond Ethnoracial Discrimination and Social Support in Accounting for Psychological Adjustment: Evidence for the Importance of Hope as a Positive Psychological Construct in Multiethnoracial Adults." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5499.
Full textAbstract:
In the present study, we examined the role of ethnoracial discrimination, social support (viz., family & friends), and hope (viz., agency & pathways) in accounting for negative psychological adjustment (viz., worry & depressive symptoms) and positive psychological adjustment (viz., vitality & life satisfaction) in a sample of 203 (164 females & 39 males) multiethnoracial adults. Results of conducting a series of hierarchical regression analyses indicated that beyond ethnoracial discrimination and social support, the inclusion of hope was found to augment the prediction model of psychological adjustment. Within the hope set, agency was found to be uniquely associated with adjustment. Pathways was found to be uniquely associated with positive indices of psychological adjustment. The present findings are the first to highlight the significance of hope in multiethnoracial adults. Some implications of the present findings for understanding psychological adjustment in multiethnoracial adults are discussed.
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McCarty, Joseph C. "The construct validity of the behavior assessment system for children." Virtual Press, 2001. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1213150.
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The purpose of this study was to test the construct validity of the Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC), Parent and Teacher Rating Scales (PRS and TRS). Six samples were considered, including the Normative General and Clinical Samples for each measure (Reynolds & Kamphaus, 1992). Another pair of samples were taken from a database of a Georgia hospital (PRS n = 130, TRS n = 108). The Normative Clinical Sample of TRS scores was multicollinear, and was not used.Five models were designed for each measure: a single factor solution, the theoretical model of the BASC, and three adaptations of the scoring system. Using AMOS, these models were fit to the samples. Only the theoretical model met minimum standards for adequate fit. Multi-sample analyses with different combinations of parameter restrictions were conducted to determine which aspects of the theoretical model's factor structure accounted for the most sample variance. When fit to both normative samples of PRS scores, all aspects of the factor solution were found to contribute. For all other runs, it was found that error, unique, and factor variances contributed the most to the factor solution. This suggests that the relationship of variables/scales to the factors/composites in this model could be improved. It is suggested that practitioners disregard composite scores, and that the authors/publishers of the BASC consider using regression weights to formulate composite scores in the scoring program.Department of Educational Psychology
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Naude, Jonelle. "Reconstructing paedophilia: an analysis of current discourses and the construct of close relationships." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/3048.
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Thesis (MSc (Psychology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005.There is a growing need for research to facilitate a better understanding of paedophilia. This study aims to make a contribution in this regard by providing an analysis of current discourses in paedophilia research as well as a phenomenological exploration of how the male paedophile constructs his close relationships with children. Analysis reveals how the dominant positivist approach to paedophilia research embeds and perpetuates moral and often prejudicial positions that in turn influence the validity of empirical findings and theory, and tend to marginalise contradictory evidence. In an attempt to circumvent these obstacles, it is argued that the psychological need to form close relationships is a universal one.
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Farnsworth, Jacob K. "An Exploration of the Criterion and Construct Validity of the Self-Compassion Scale." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2014. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc699856/.
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Past research indicates that self-compassion has positive implications for psychological health and functioning. However, as a newly specified construct, the literature regarding self-compassion could benefit from a more thorough validation of the primary scale used in this area of research, the Self-Compassion Scale. In the present study, structural path analysis (using Amos) was used to explore the criterion validity of the SCS with four variables which have been theorized to be relevant to self-compassion (caregiver emotional responsiveness, fear of emotion, internalized spirituality, and achievement goal orientation). Initial hypothesis testing indicated support for the path model, with the exception of achievement goals which were not significantly associated with self-compassion. Trimming these paths in a subsequent analysis improved model fit. Interestingly, further analyses of the model indicated that the pairing of participant and parent gender produced substantial differences in path coefficients. Next, correlational and factor analytic methods were used to test the construct validity of the SCS. Correlational analyses found adequate convergent construct validity but some lack of divergent validity between SCS dimensions and conceptually similar constructs (i.e., fear of emotion, social connectedness and self-criticism). Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that a two-factor model fit the data better than the one-factor model proposed by the author of the SCS. The incremental validity of the two-factor model was supported by incorporating a two-factor SCS in the path analysis. In sum, these findings generally support the criterion validity of the SCS through meaningful associations with theoretically relevant variables but cautions that these associations are strongly influenced by gender. It is also strongly recommended that a two-factor model of the SCS be explored in further research to ascertain its incremental utility for understanding self-compassion’s positive effects on psychological health.
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Gucciardi, Daniel F. "Mental toughness in Australian football." University of Western Australia. School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0007.
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[Truncated abstract] At the commencement of this research project in February 2005, there was a paucity of empirical investigations that focused on understanding the psychological construct of mental toughness in sport (Bull, Shambrook, James, & Brooks, 2005; Fourie & Potgieter, 2001; Jones, Hanton, & Connaughton, 2002). Although impressive, the available literature did little in offering consensus in terms of a definition and operationalising the construct in a consistent manner as well as understanding those factors contributing to its measurement and development. The absence of theoretically guided research, in particular, was noted as a major limitation of this research. The potential significance of mental toughness for performance excellence combined with the conceptual confusion and lack of rigorous empirical research highlighted the need for further research on mental toughness in sport. Accordingly, the purpose of this thesis was to examine issues pertaining to the understanding, measurement, and development of mental toughness in sport, using personal construct psychology (Kelly, 1955/1991) as the guiding theoretical framework. Australian football was chosen as the context to explore these issues. In the opening empirical chapter, two qualitative manuscripts in which Australian football coaches perspectives on mental toughness and those factors contributing to its development are reported. Three central themes for understanding mental toughness in Australian football were generated: characteristics (self-belief, motivation, tough attitude, concentration and focus, resilience, handling pressure, personal values, emotional intelligence, sport intelligence, and physical toughness); situations (e.g., injuries, success); and behaviours (e.g., superior decision-makers, consistent performance). '...' In the final empirical chapter, two manuscripts in which the effectiveness of two different psychological skills training programs in enhancing mental toughness among youth-aged (15's) Australian footballers are reported. The first presents a quantitative analysis while the second presents a qualitative analysis. Multisource ratings (self, parent, and coach) of the AfMTI and self-reported resilience and flow indicated more positive changes in mental toughness, resilience, and flow than the control group. Similar patterns in the findings were evident across rating sources. Interviews with several players and one of their parents as well as the coaches generated their perceptions on the benefits of participating in the program (e.g., increased work ethic, tougher attitudes) and the processes by which the program had an effect (e.g., self-awareness; self-monitoring; self-regulation; and multi-perspective discussions) as well as suggestions for program improvement (e.g., parent and coach education programs). In summary, the results of the five studies presented in this thesis provide a comprehensive account of issues pertaining to the understanding, measurement, and development of mental toughness in Australian football. The findings are supportive of several aspects of previous research but also extend this line of inquiry in a number of ways. It is my hope that other researchers will be stimulated to engage in further research extending what is presented here and that practitioners will use this information to inform their professional endeavours.