Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Psychological hardiness'

The establishment of physiological norms for psychologically hardy vs. non-hardy individuals was attempted by examination of levels of salivary cortisol and urinary norepinephrine before and after a mid-term examination stressor. Normative data was collected on the reported frequency of stressors and their severity one week prior to the examination, and self-reported ratings of stress immediately prior to the examination. Performance on the examination as a function of hardiness was explored. Associations between demographic variables and psychological hardiness were also studied. Results from this study were inconclusive in establishing physiological norms for psychologically hardy individuals. Associations were found between: 1) hardiness and frequency of stressors; 2) hardiness and age; and 3) self-reported ratings of stress and anxiety as measured by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI).

Prior research involving self-efficacy, hardiness, and the stages of exercise behavior change has been limited. This study attempted to determine if differences existed in self-efficacy for exercise, hardiness, and the components of hardiness (control, commitment, and challenge) in individuals at the preparation, action, and maintenance stages of exercise behavior change. Stages of Exercise Behavior Change, Exercise Self-Efficacy, and the Personal Views Survey were used to assess the individuals' stage of exercise behavior, self-efficacy for exercise, hardiness and the components of hardiness levels. The researcher found significant differences in self-efficacy across the three stages of exercise behavior. Specifically, individuals in the preparation, or third stage of change, had significantly lower levels of self-efficacy than those in the action and maintenance stages. The researcher found no significant differences in hardiness, or the components of hardiness, across the preparation, action, and maintenance stages of exercise behavior change.
School of Physical Education

Antecedents: Una de les estratègies més importants per a prevenir l’addicció és el desenvolupament d’actituds desfavorables cap al consum de drogues. Múltiples recerques han posat de manifest que les actituds modulen els comportaments i en concret, sabem que poden actuar com un factor de risc o protecció cap al consum de substàncies. Les actituds al seu torn, es veuen influenciades per diferents variables i en aquesta recerca ens centrarem a analitzar en quina mesura es veuen influenciades per l’assertivitat i la fortalesa psicològica. L’objectiu d’aquesta recerca va ser predir l’actitud vers al consum de substàncies sobre la base de les característiques d’assertivitat i fortalesa psicològica. Plantegem com a hipòtesi que la major assertivitat i fortalesa psicològica afavoreixen una actitud negativa vers al consum de drogues. Metodologia: Es presenta una recerca amb disseny observacional, descriptiu i relacional de tall transversal. La mostra de participants és de conveniència i està formada per 200 pacients que reben tractament per trastorns per ús de substància, en 8 centres especialitzats en addiccions de Teheran. Comptem amb 138 homes (69,2%) i 62 dones (30,8%), amb una edat entre 20 i 40 anys (M=32,50 i DE= .94). La mitjana d’anys de consum és de 3,14 (DE= .98), sent l’opi la droga principal de consum en el 40,20%, seguida de les metamfetamines o “”crystal”” (15,16%), el crack (9%) i l’heroïna (8%). L’actitud, com a variable criteri, s’avalua amb el Qüestionari d’actitud de Nazari. L’assertivitat i la fortalesa psicològica, com a variables predictives, s’avaluen respectivament amb l’Inventari d’Assertivitat de Gambrill i Richey i el Qüestionari de fortalesa de Barton. Les anàlisis inclouen estadístics descriptius, anàlisis de correlació de Pearson, anàlisi de la variància i de regressió múltiple, amb SPSS. Resultats: La mostra està formada majoritàriament per homes (69,2%; n=138), joves entre 20 i 30 anys (65,8%; n=132), amb nivells de formació secundària o inferior (67,2%; n=136), casats (48%; n=96) o divorciats (18%; n=36), de classe social baixa (46%; n=82) i mitjana (35%; n=70) i majoritàriament amb ocupació (68%; n=136). La principal droga de consum en homes i dones és l’opi (40,2%; n=80) i el glass (15,16%; n=30). Els homes consumeixen en major proporció heroïna (9,42%), crack (12,32%) i haixix 86,52%). S’observa que en els nivells de formació de grau universitaris es consumeix en major percentatge el crack, haixix i èxtasi. A menor nivell de formació major percentatge de consumidors d’opi, glass i heroïna. En les variables psicològiques estudiades d’actitud, fortalesa psicològica i assertivitat no s’observen diferències significatives respecte al conjunt de variables del perfil psicosocial i clínic. Tan sols es detecta una diferència significativa en la mostra, sent l’actitud cap al consum de drogues més favorable en classes socials baixes. Els resultats van mostrar que existeix una relació negativa i significativa entre la fortalesa psicològica i l’actitud cap al consum de drogues (-.709), i igualment entre assertivitat i actitud cap al consum de drogues (-.791). Els resultats indiquen que l’assertivitat, amb coeficient estàndard - 0,650, i la fortalesa psicològica, amb coeficient estàndard - 0,381, són predictors significatius de l’actitud cap al consum de drogues. Conclusions: Les variables psicològiques de fortalesa i assertivitat prediuen en un 65% l’actitud vers al consum de drogues. Aquests resultats tenen implicacions majoritàriament en l’àmbit de la prevenció primària.
Antecedentes: Una de las estrategias más importantes para prevenir la adicción es el desarrollo de actitudes desfavorables hacia el consumo de drogas. Múltiples investigaciones han puesto de manifiesto que las actitudes modulan los comportamientos y en concreto, sabemos que pueden actuar como un factor de riesgo o protección hacia el consumo de sustancias. Las actitudes a su vez, se ven influenciadas por diferentes variables y en esta investigación nos centraremos en analizar en qué medida se ven influenciadas por la asertividad y la fortaleza psicológica. El objetivo de esta investigación fue predecir la actitud hacia el consumo de sustancias en base a las características de asertividad y fortaleza psicológica. Planteamos como hipótesis que la mayor asertividad y fortaleza psicológica favorecen una actitud negativa hacia el consumo de drogas. Metodología: Se presenta una investigación con diseño observacional, descriptivo y relacional de corte transversal. La muestra de participantes es de conveniencia y está formada por 200 pacientes que reciben tratamiento por trastornos por uso de sustancia, en 8 centros especializados en adicciones de Teherán. Contamos con 138 hombres (69,2%) y 62 mujeres (30,8%), con una edad entre 20 y 40 años (M=32,50 y DE= .94). La media de años de consumo es de 3,14 (DE= .98), siendo el opio la droga principal de consumo en el 40,20%, seguida de la metanfetaminas o “crystal” (15,16%), el crack (9%) y la heroína (8%). La actitud, como variable criterio, se evalúa con el Cuestionario de actitud de Nazari. La asertividad y la fortaleza psicológica, como variables predictivas, se evalúan respectivamente con el Inventario de Asertividad de Gambrill y Richey y el Cuestionario de fortaleza de Barton. Los análisis incluyen estadísticos descriptivos, análisis de correlación de Pearson, análisis de la variancia y de regresión múltiple, con SPSS. Resultados: La muestra está formada mayoritariamente por hombres (69,2%; n=138), jóvenes entre 20 y 30 años (65,8%; n=132), con niveles de formación secundaria o inferior (67,2%; n=136), casados (48%; n=96) o divorciados (18%; n=36), de clase social baja (46%; n=82) y media (35%; n=70) y mayoritariamente con empleo (68%; n=136). La principal droga de consumo en hombres y mujeres es el opio (40,2%; n=80) y el glass (15,16%; n=30). Los hombres consumen en mayor proporción heroína (9,42%), crack (12,32%) y hachís 86,52%). Se observa que en los niveles de formación de grado universitarios se consume en mayor porcentaje el crack, hachís y éxtasis. A menor nivel de formación mayor porcentaje de consumidores de opio, glass y heroína. En las variables psicológicas estudiadas de actitud, fortaleza psicológica y asertividad no se observan diferencias significativas respecto al conjunto de variables del perfil psicosocial y clínico. Tan solo se detecta una diferencia significativa en la muestra, siendo la actitud hacia el consumo de drogas más favorable en clases sociales bajas. Los resultados mostraron que existe una relación negativa y significativa entre la fortaleza psicológica y la actitud hacia el consumo de drogas (-.709**), e igualmente entre asertividad y actitud hacia el consumo de drogas (-.791**). Los resultados indican que la asertividad, con coeficiente estándar - 0,650, y la fortaleza psicológica, con coeficiente estándar - 0,381, son predictores significativos de la actitud hacia el consumo de drogas. Conclusiones: Las variables psicológicas de fortaleza y asertividad predicen en un 65% la actitud hacia el consumo de drogas. Estos resultados tienen implicaciones mayoritariamente en el ámbito de la prevención primaria.
Background: One of the most important strategies to prevent addiction is the development of unfavourable attitudes towards drug use. Multiple investigations have shown that attitudes modulate behaviours and specifically, we know that they can act as a risk factor or protection towards substance use. Attitudes, in turn, are influenced by different variables and in this research we will focus on analysing to what extent they are influenced by the assertiveness and psychological hardiness. The objective of this research was to predict the attitude towards substance use based on the characteristics of assertiveness and psychological hardiness. We hypothesized that both assertiveness and psychological hardiness favour a negative attitude towards drug use. Methodology: An investigation with observational, descriptive and relational design of cross section is presented. The sample of participants is of convenience and is made up of 200 patients receiving treatment for substance use disorders, in 8 specialized addiction centres in Tehran. We have 138 men (69.2%) and 62 women (30.8%), with an age between 20 and 40 years (M=32, 50 and SD= .94). The mean number of years of consumption is 3.14 (SD= .98), with opium being the main drug of consumption in 40.20%, followed by methamphetamines or “crystal” (15.16%), the crack (9%) and heroin (8%). Attitude, as a criterion variable, is evaluated with the Nazari Attitude Questionnaire. Assertiveness and psychological hardiness, as predictive variables, are evaluated respectively with the Gambrill and Richey Assertiveness Inventory and the Barton hardiness Questionnaire. The analyses include descriptive statistics of the sample profile, Pearson correlation analysis, analysis of variance and multiple regression analysis, with the SPSS program. Results: The sample is formed mainly by men (69.2%; n = 138), young people between 20 and 30 years old (65.8%; n = 132), with secondary or lower levels of education (67.2%; n = 136), married (48%; n = 96) or divorced (185; n = 36), of low social class (46%; n = 82) and middle (35%; n = 70) and mostly with employment (68 %; n = 136). The main drug of use in men and women is opium (40.2%; n = 80) and glass (15.16%; n = 30). Men consume heroin (9.42%), crack (12.32%) and hashish 86.52%) in a higher proportion. It is observed that crack, hashish and ecstasy are consumed in a higher percentage in university degree training levels. The lower the level of training, the higher the percentage of opium, glass and heroin consumers. In the studied psychological variables of attitude, psychological hardiness and assertiveness, no significant differences were observed with respect to the set of variables of the psychosocial and clinical profile. Only a significant difference was detected in the sample, with the attitude towards drug consumption being more favourable in lower social classes. The results showed that there is a negative and significant relationship between psychological hardiness and attitude towards drug use (-.709 **), and also between assertiveness and attitude towards drug use (-.791 **). The results indicate that assertiveness, with a standard coefficient - 0.650, and psychological hardiness, with a standard coefficient - 0.381, are significant predictors of attitude towards drug use. Conclusions: The psychological variables of hardiness and assertiveness predict 65% the attitude towards drug use. These results have mostly implications in the field of primary prevention.

The relationship between hardiness, stress and burnout has been established in occupational settings (Kelley, 1994; Talarico, 1989; Topf, 1989). This relationship has not been established with athletic populations, however. The purpose of this study was to determine if a relationship existed between personality hardiness, perceived stress and burnout in a selected sample of collegiate athletes. Participants were 181 male (n=129) and female (n_=52) Division I athletes from three Midwestern universities representing four sports (baseball, softball, tennis and track). Each subject was asked to complete a survey - consisting of the Third Generation Hardiness Test, the Perceived Stress Scale, and the Maslach Burnout Inventory - during the regular season and at least 24 hours prior to an athletic contest. It was hypothesized that hardier athletes would report lower levels of perceived stress and burnout, and that higher levels of stress would be related to higher levels of burnout. Pearson product-moment correlations supported the hypothesized relationships.
School of Physical Education

School psychologists have unique advisory, consultative, interventional, and therapeutic leadership functions within schools. Consequently, they are confronted with increased levels of occupational stress, which test their cognitive appraisal, coping mechanisms, and feelings of self-efficacy. Although studies have included school psychologists, none have examined the moderating effect of psychological hardiness on the relationship between occupational stress and self-efficacy. A cross-sectional, nonexperimental, and quantitative design used convenience, single-stage, and self-administered web-based surveys with 112 Georgia school psychologists. Using a framework structured by the theory of psychological hardiness, self-efficacy theory, and transactional model of stress and coping, sequential multiple linear regression revealed that occupational stress was not related to self-efficacy, psychological hardiness was related to self-efficacy, and psychological hardiness moderated the relationship between occupational stress and self-efficacy. Noting levels of increasing stress for American educators, these findings underscore the importance that school psychologists incorporate self-care techniques into their practice to maintain efficacious service. Future research might investigate other psychological constructs, which affect school psychologists' perceptions of occupational stress, psychological hardiness, and self-efficacy. Given school psychologists' important functions and responsibilities within communities and schools, the study endorsed positive social change with explication of the multidimensional influence of psychological health as a means to ensure the well-being of children, families, and schoolhouse personnel.

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Mestrado Profissional em Enfermagem Assistencial
O tema deste estudo trata-se da elaboração de um diagnóstico situacional do profissional de Enfermagem de um hospital universitário em relação à personalidade resistente, Hardiness, visando à prevenção da Síndrome de Burnout (SB). O objetivo principal foi realizar o diagnóstico situacional utilizando a Escala Hardiness em profissionais de Enfermagem do Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro (HUAP). Está apoiado em bases conceituais nas quais a Enfermagem é um dos grupos com mais expostos à Síndrome de Burnout, a qual se caracteriza pelo estresse crônico relacionado ao trabalho, ocasionando o adoecimento físico e psíquico, e comprometendo os resultados do trabalho. As estratégias pessoais eficazes podem significar mais resistência ao estresse, denominado Hardy personality ou Hardiness, ou seja, personalidade resistente. Para a qual há três dimensões de estimativa: compromisso, controle e desafio. Metodologia: estudo descritivo-exploratório, com abordagem quantitativa, cuja amostra foram 171 profissionais de Enfermagem do contexto hospitalar, no período de abril a outubro de 2016. Para coleta de dados utilizou-se a Escala Hardiness, tipo Likert, composta por 30 itens Resultados: somente três (1,8%) dos profissionais possuem Hardiness elevado no referido hospital, enquanto os demais profissionais têm alta pontuação no escore compromisso e baixo no escore desafio. As correlações foram apresentadas em 05 (cinco) dimensões de análise que compõem este estudo. Ou seja, perfil sociodemográfico da amostra, associação dos domínios de Hardiness com variáveis qualitativas nominais, associação dos domínios de Hardiness com variáveis qualitativas ordinais e quantitativas, análise descritiva de escores dos domínios de Hardiness, associação dos profissionais de Hardiness elevado com variáveis qualitativas nominais e ordinais e quantitativas. Conclusão: o produto de pesquisa apresentado no estudo como um “Diagnóstico Situacional de Hardiness de profissionais de Enfermagem" apoiará medidas preventivas na instituição
The object and the main topic of this research aims to conduct a situational diagnosis of the staff nurses of a university hospital in connection with the resistant personality, Hardiness. In order to address the Burnout Syndrome prevention (SB) and management, the situational diagnosis was performed using the Hardiness Scale to assess staff nurses at Antônio Pedro University Hospital (HUAP). It is supported by conceptual basis where Nursing is one of the groups most exposed to Burnout Syndrome, which main characteristic is chronic stress related to work, causing physical and psychic illnesses, and compromising the job performance outcomes. Effective personal strategies lead to more stress resistance, called Hardy personality or Hardiness, to which there are three estimation of dimensions: commitment, control and challenge. Methodology: a descriptive and exploratory study, with a quantitative approach, and a sample of 171 nurses in hospital environment, from April to October 2016. A 30-item Hardiness Scale, Likert type, was used for collecting data. Results: only three (1.8%) of the professionals have high Hardiness in the mentioned hospital, whereas the other professionals have high level on commitment and low level on challenge. The correlations were presented in 05 (five) dimensions of analysis, which this study is consisted of. That is, the sample socio-emographic profile, association of Hardiness domains with nominal qualitative variables, association of Hardiness domains with ordinal and quantitative qualitative variables, descriptive analysis of Hardiness domain levels, association of Hardiness professionals with nominal qualitative variables, and Ordinal and quantitative. Conclusion: the research findings presented in the study as "Situational Diagnosis of Hardiness among staff nurses" will support preventive measures in the institution

Hardiness is personality trait that buffers against stress-related illnesses. Researchers have further described hardiness as the willingness to pursue challenges, transform them, and make them work for an individual. Hardiness has been shown to buffer against depression, anxiety, and self-esteem (Maddi, 2002; Maddi et al., 2011; Maddi & Khoshaba, 2001). Given that the hardiness theory has been criticized in previous studies, (Benishek & Lopez, 1997), the theoretical framework of this study will be through resilience theory (Holling, Gunderson, & Ludwig, 2002). Resilience theory aims to understand the foundation and role of change that it is transforming in adaptive systems, allowing individuals to learn from past experiences and accept the inevitably of uncertainties in their future (Holling et al., 2002; Redman & Kinzig, 2003). Few studies investigate hardiness among Black populations. The few that have, showed that hardiness positively correlated with the internalized multiculturalist aspect of racial identity (Whittaker and Neville, 2010) and the commitment component of hardiness was higher among a sample of Black college students compared to White college students (Harris, 2004). Given that hardiness is a buffer to stress-related illness, theoretically, it should be a buffer against race-related stress. Race-related stress refers to the daily experiences of racism that affect members in the Black community and negatively impacts mental and physical health (Harrell, 2000; Utsey & Ponterotto, 1996). The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between hardiness, race-related stress, and racial identity on psychological health outcomes (i.e., depression, anxiety, self-esteem) among Black colleges students. These outcome variables were included particularly to see how they are impacted by race-related stress, and if hardiness buffers, or moderates, these relationships. In addition, previous studies were replicated looking at the moderating role of racial identity on the race-related stress and psychological health outcomes relationship.

In another test, findings also showed that hardiness served as a moderator for both the internalized afrocentricity subscale of racial identity and the perseverative cognition subscale of race-related stress on depression. Specifically, participants who were low on hardiness and high on afrocentricity reported higher levels of depression than those were high on both hardiness and afrocentricity. Similarly, participants who were higher on hardiness and high on perseverative cognition reported lower levels of depression than those who were low in both hardiness and perseverative cognition. Through replication attempts, the anticipatory body alarm response subscale of race-related stress on trait anxiety was moderated by the immersion-emersion anti-White subscale of racial identity. Participants who were high in anti-White attitudes and high on anticipatory body alarm response reported higher levels of trait anxiety than those who were low on anti-White attitudes and low on anticipatory body alarm response. This finding replicated previous studies by Franklin-Jackson and Carter (2007) that found that the internalized stages of racial identity (i.e., afrocentricity and multiculturalist) were significant and positive buffers on the race-related stress and psychological health outcomes. However, neither the total hardiness nor the hardiness subscales scores significantly correlated with any of the race-related stress subscales.

Implications suggest that the hardiness measure may not be as generalizable to members in the Black community if considering the added layer of race-related stress because hardiness did not significantly correlate with any of the race-related stress subscales. Hardiness may help to buffer depression the type of race-related stress and racial identity profile. In looking at racial identity stages, anxiety may be buffered when one is out of the anti-White stage of racial identity. It is recommended that University counselors, professors, and/or administrators take this into account when working with this specific population on psychological health outcomes. Further, their level of hardiness should continue to be emphasized and acknowledged as strength-based protective factors in University settings.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
This research has the objective to relate stress, coping, Burnout Syndrome, depressive symptoms and Hardiness in nursing professors. The hypothesis is that professors with Hardiness personality present low stress is opposed to depressive symptoms and the occurrence of Burnout Syndrome. It is a transversal analytical study with a quantitative approach, developed with 108 (61,36%) nursing professors of Rio Grande do Sul Federal Universities: Santa Maria Federal University, Rio Grande Federal University Foundation, Porto Alegre Federal University of Health Sciences, Rio Grande do Sul Federal University, Pelotas Federal University, Pampa Federal University, Northern Superior Education Center-RS. A compound protocol with an application form was used to collect data. This protocol focused on socio-demographic and professional information, level of stress at work, coping strategies inventory, Maslach Inventory Burnout, Beck depression inventory and Hardiness Scale. The data collection was done between April and June, 2013. The data analysis was developed with the help of the Statistical Package for Social Science software (SPSS, version 17.0), through a descriptive and bivariate statistics. It has been identified 58,33% of professors with Hardiness Personality, 6,48% with high stress, who used coping strategies focused on emotion, such as Social Support . Also 1,85% of the population investigated presented some indication of Burnout Syndrome and 2,78% showed a suggestive indication of depression. Correlating the constructs, it has been verified that professors with Hardiness Personality present significant negative correlation with low stress, depressive symptoms, and the subscales of Burnout. In this sense, the hypothesis of this study can be confirmed. Considering the fact that the Hardiness Personality can be apprehended, it is suggested that the higher education institutions mobilize themselves in order to subsidize the study of this personality and reduce the stressing processes, improving the professors quality of work and life.
Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo relacionar estresse, coping, Síndrome de Burnout, sintomas depressivos e Hardiness em docentes de enfermagem. A hipótese é de que docentes com personalidade Hardiness apresentam baixo estresse, se opõem aos sintomas depressivos e a ocorrência da Síndrome de Burnout. Trata-se de um estudo analítico, transversal com abordagem quantitativa, realizado com 108 (61,36%) docentes de enfermagem de Universidades Federais do Rio Grande do Sul: Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Fundação Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Centro de Educação Superior Norte - RS. Para a coleta de dados utilizou-se um Protocolo composto de Formulário contendo informações sociodemográfico e profissionais, Escala de Estresse no Trabalho, Inventário de Estratégias de Coping, Maslach Inventory Burnout, Inventário de Depressão de Beck e Escala de Hardiness. A coleta de dados ocorreu no período de abril a junho de 2013. A análise dos dados foi realizada no software Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS, versão 17.0), por meio da estatística descritiva e bivariada. Identificou-se 58,33% dos docentes com Personalidade Hardiness, 6,48% com alto estresse, que utilizaram estratégias de coping focadas na emoção, tais como o Suporte Social . Da população acessada, 1,85% apresentou indicativo para Síndrome de Burnout; 2,78% apresentaram quadro sugestivo de depressão. Ao correlacionar os constructos, verificou-se que docentes com Personalidade Hardiness apresentam correlação negativa significativa com Baixo estresse, sintomas depressivos e subescalas de Burnout. Nesse sentido, confirma-se a hipótese deste estudo. E pelo fato da personalidade Hardiness poder ser apreendia, sugere-se que as instituições de ensino superior se mobilizem com vistas a fornecer subsídios para o aprendizado desta personalidade de maneira a amenizar os estressores percebidos e melhorar a qualidade de trabalho e de vida dos docentes.

Thesis (MCom)--Stellenbosch University, 2015
ENGLISH ABSTRACT : The continued and ever growing involvement of the South African National Defence Force (SANDF) to complex peacekeeping operations over the African continent has opened a platform in the academic field to better sharpen the SANDF’s performance and contribution to achieve peace in Africa. Previous deployments to various African countries has tested the SANDF’s level of preparedness. Although the organisation gives effort to train its forces to reach the desired level of combat readiness, the nature of the operations to which soldiers partake in has proven to be more demanding. This study was driven by the need to explore and provide a broader perspective of what constitute combat readiness. Utilising the SANDF, the study aimed to explore the relationship between the soldier’s relationship with the spouse (RWS) and the soldier’s relationship with the unit (RWU), and hardiness as a possible mediator variable to combat readiness (CR). Previous research and theories were explored to provide a theoretical background for the study variables. A non-experimental controlled inquiry was used to test the hypothesised relationship among the variables. A sample of 363 participants (across ranks, gender and race) was randomly selected from South African Infantry Battalion Group mobilising for a deployment to Sudan. Hypothesised relationships among the independent variables, mediator variable and dependent variable was determined using the correlational analysis (Spearman correlation). Partial Least Squares (PLS) – measurement and structural model was used to test the study model for combat readiness. The results showed significant correlations between the soldier’s RWS and CR. Furthermore, significant correlations were found between soldier’s RWU and CR. Partial mediation was explained by the path coefficients from RWU>hardiness>CR. No full mediating effect was found. The results also showed insignificant correlations between soldiers RWS and hardiness (rather than between soldier’s RWS and CR. These results were in support to previous research and proved to add insight to future research on CR.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING : Geen opsomming beskikbaarbaar nie.

The use of a structured goal setting program in injury rehabilitation has not been empirically tested, but many others have noted that its use could increase compliance. The primary purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a structured goal setting program on individuals' compliance to injury rehabilitation; secondly, to examine the hardiness levels of those individuals, and determine if there was a relationship between their levels of hardiness and compliance to the treatment. Individuals who sought services of Ball Memorial Hospital Health Strategies for a back injury (N = 15) participated by first completing the Personal Views Survey. Then, the control group ( = 6) completed their normal rehabilitation program, while the experimental group ( = 9) completed their rehabilitation program using a structured goal setting program. Finally, both groups completed a post-hardiness survey. The researcher found no significant difference in compliance rates between the two groups. All of the injured participants recorded moderate hardiness levels and a low correlation was observed between hardiness and compliance to treatment.
School of Physical Education

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1993.
Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 68-74).

碩士
中臺科技大學
健康產業管理研究所
98
Although World Health Organization emphasized the importance on improvement of employees’ mental health, related researches showed that employees of the hospitals have not been cared for their psychological health properly. The purpose of this study is to discuss psychotic paramedics’ psychological status; furthermore, to test that if the behavior of healthy assistance seeking is the mediator between characters hardiness and status of psychological health. This study adopted cross-sectional quantitative research method and employ structured questionnaires. The major results are as followed: (1) the positive relationship was showed between characters hardiness and status of psychological healthy; (2) the positive relationship was showed between characters hardiness and the behavior of healthy assistance seeking; (3) the positive relationship was showed between the behavior of healthy assistance seeking and status of psychological healthy;(4) the behavior of healthy assistance seeking presented mediating efficacy between characters hardiness and status of psychological healthy. This study suggested that it is necessary to provide regular characters hardiness training courses for psychotic paramedics in the hospitals as well as strengthen their behaviors of healthy assistance seeking and improve their status of psychological health.

The aim of this study was to establish whether hardiness and tenure are predictive variables for coping with shiftwork. The extent of shiftwork and shiftwork research has expanded internationally in the past decade. It has been established that shiftwork has a negative effect on shiftworkers who are predisposed to certain strain symptoms such as inefficiency, impaired health and domestic problems. However, certain inter individual differences do moderate coping with shiftwork through a process of cognitive and behavioural protective acts which modify the stressful situation and neutralise the experience of problems. Using questionnaires (Biographical, Hardiness Index and Coping with Shiftwork Questionnaire), a sample group of 75 cases was analysed. A 95 percent confidence level was used throughout with a multiple stepwise regression analysis computed. The significant r2 value = 0.18. Focus group discussions were conducted to· add qualitative information to the areas of social, domestic, work and sleep problems as well as coping strategies. The predictive variables were regressed onto a number of criterion variables, namely coping with shiftwork, work, sleep, domestic and social problems, as well as engagement and diseng.agement strategies including both strategies in all four domains (work, sleep, social and domestic). It was found that hardiness and tenure are not predictive variables for coping with shiftwork. However, hardiness, commitment and challenge are predictors for disengagement strategies so that hardy, challenged and committed individua1s will use less disengagement coping strategies and more specifically, use less domestic disengagement coping strategies. The research established hardiness as an additional personality variable linked to a primary scale of coping with shiftwork, namely disengagement. The longer term adjustment of shiftworkers (through tenure) was not established. Recommendations were made for targeted shiftwork coping programmes and more extensive classical shiftwork research in South Africa
Economics and Management Sciences
M.A. (Industrial Psychology)

碩士
南台科技大學
企業管理系
98
Abusive supervision and workplace deviance existed in every enterprise, and both two of these phenomenons brought damage. In Taiwan, there were many researches about abusive supervision and workplace deviance, but the research of psychological hardiness which discusess employee was still rarely. The way which employees respond to pressure would affect their behavior and attitude. Besides, employee cynicism’s research was unripe. Because all of these reasons, abusivesupervision and employee psychological hardiness would be antecedent variables to discuss the relationship of workplace deviance, and employee cynicism would be a mediator. The researching structure separate into leader’s level and employee’s level. The questionnaire scored by 6-point Likert scale, and we choosed state-owned enterprises’s leaders and employees as researching samples. The retured questionnaires included 158 leader’s questionnaires and 762 employee’s questionnaires. We used Amos 7.0 to analyse data and run SEM. The researches found: 1. Both abusive supervision and employee cynicism positively significant correlated to workplace deviance. 2. Employee cynicism positively significant correlated to workplace deviance. 3. Employee psychological hardiness negatively significant correlated to employee cynicism. 4. Psychological hardiness negatively related to workplace deviance. 5. Employee cynicism played a partly mediator role between abusive supervision and workplace deviance, and it also played a completed mediator role between abusive supervision and workplace deviance.

Student Number : 0500547G - PhD thesis - School of Psychology - Faculty of Humanities
This study is aimed at understanding the role of assault severity, personality traits and rape myths in predicting rape victims’ psychological responses and coping styles. Specifically, the study assessed the mediating role of victims’ attribution in predicting psychological impacts of rape victimization and the coping styles. On the basis of theory, it was postulated that the severity of assault (as determined by either the use of physical force and/or the presence of weapons); intrapersonal resources of hardiness; and the acceptance of rape myths would have a direct influence on survivors’ psychological impact and on coping. The thesis provides comprehensive coverage of the prevalence of rape victimization; the trauma and psychological impacts of rape victimization; coping with rape victimization; and the theory on the role of social cognition (appraisal and attribution) in explaining victims’ responses to rape. The theoretical conceptualisation underpinning the study offers a unique integration of this body of knowledge within the South African context. In investigating the research question, two hundred and fifty adult black (African) South African women who had experienced rape in the previous month were interviewed about the event and their subsequent responses. The interviewees were drawn from Xhosa, SePedi and Zulu speaking communities. The study was located within the quantitative research tradition. A structured interview questionnaire was developed. Descriptive statistics were calculated and the emphasis of the analysis was in the area of the Structural Equation Model. The model was successful in terms of explained variance in accounting for the two types of coping; approach and avoidance coping dimensions followed by the psychological impact and attribution. The results showed psychological impact as explained through the symptoms of Hyperarousal, Intrusion and Avoidance had the greatest influence on coping of rape survivors. As hypothesized, the results confirmed that an increase in rape assaults severity resulted into increased levels of psychological distress. The findings indicated that internal styles of self-blame attribution (behavioural and characterological attribution) were prevalent among victims of rape in the present study. Although hardiness (commitment and control) dimensions were not found to significantly influence coping, an orientation of control and commitment amongst survivors was found to significantly influence the attribution styles. Furthermore, the control dimension was found to have a significant influence on victims’ psychological distress. Interestingly, the results revealed that acceptance of rape myths among survivors resulted in a decrease in psychological distress. The findings demonstrate the strength of the current study in the development and testing of theoretically based models of processing rape victimization recovery among rape survivors. The implications of the data are explored.

The context of this research is the coping and wellness of call centre agents in a characteristically high-stress work environment. The purpose of the study was to construct a psychological coping profile by investigating the relationship between individuals‘ wellness-related dispositional attributes and their resiliency-related behavioural capacities which has been under researched in a call centre work environment. A quantitative cross-sectional survey approach was followed. The population comprised predominantly of a non –probability sample of (N=409) predominantly early career permanently employed black females employed in call centres in Africa. Correlation and multivariate statistics highlighted cognitive (cynicism and hardy-control), affective (managing own emotions) and conative (hardy-commitment) behavioural elements that should be considered in the psychological coping profile of call centre agents. Age and gender were also shown to be significant moderators of the relationship between the wellness-related attributes and the resiliency-related capacities. The main findings are reported and interpreted in terms of an empirically derived psychological coping profile. The findings may provide valuable pointers for the design of wellness intervention practices which add to the body of knowledge concerned with employee wellness in call centres
Industrial & Organisational Psychology
D.Litt. et Phil. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

碩士
國立臺東大學
進修部暑期諮商心理碩士專班
106
The purpose of this research is to study the correlation between the psychological capital and hardiness of junior high school students in Taichung City and their academic optimism, and secondly the current status of their psychological capital, hardiness and academic optimism as well as the difference under different background variables, so as to understand the correlation between their psychological capital and hardiness and their academic optimism. Finally, the research explores the predictive ability of the psychological capital and hardiness of junior high school students on their academic optimism. In this research, 785 of the junior high school students in Taichung City in the academic year of 2016 are selected as the research objects through stratified random sampling. The questionnaire survey method is adopted, and SPSS is used for the t test, single factor variance analysis, Pearson product-moment correlation and multivariate stepwise regression analysis. The conclusions of this research are as follows: 1. The psychological capital, hardiness and academic optimism of junior high school students in Taichung City are on the upper middle level. 2. Under different background variables, there are some significant differences in the psychological capital, hardiness and academic optimism of junior high school students in Taichung City. (1) On the academic optimism of junior high school students of different genders, the females are greater than the males, and the difference is significant. (2) The seventh-grade junior high school students have higher scores in psychological capital than the eighth-grade students, and the difference is significant. (3) There is no significant difference in the hardiness of the junior high school students of different grades. (4) The seventh-grade junior high school students have higher scores in academic optimism than the eighth-grade and the ninth-grade students, and the difference is significant. 3. There is a significant positive correlation between the psychological capital and hardiness of junior high school students in Taichung City and their academic optimism. (1) There is a significant positive correlation between the psychological capital of junior high school students and their academic optimism. (2) There is a significant positive correlation between the hardiness of junior high school students in Taichung City and their academic optimism. (3) There is a significant positive correlation between the psychological capital and hardiness of junior high school students. 4. The psychological capital and hardiness of junior high school students have a predictive ability on their academic optimism. Finally, recommendations are made based on the conclusions of the research as a reference for schools, teachers, students and follow-up researchers.

The research focused on the relationship between hardiness and career adaptability of students studying at Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) Colleges in Gauteng. A quantitative survey was conducted on a convenience sample of (N = 198) of African (92.9%), female (57.6%), single (96.0%), aged 21 years and younger (93.9%) students enrolled at Gauteng TVET colleges for N1 – N6 Engineering Studies (32.8%). A correlational analysis indicated differences between the variables of hardiness and career adaptability and the study reveals that overall hardiness was significantly related to overall career adaptability. A stepwise regression analysis indicated that gender and the hardiness attributes (commitment, control and challenge) predicted career adaptability. The test for significant mean differences indicated that age, gender and field of study differ significantly between the variables of hardiness and career adaptability. Limitations for the study are outlined. Furthermore, recommendations are suggested for use by human resource regarding career development practices for TVET college students. The study concludes with an evaluation of its contribution.
Human Resource Management
M. Com. (Human Resource Management)

The research focused on constructing a psychological wellbeing profile for employee wellness and talent retention practices by investigating employees’ psychological wellbeing-related attributes (constituting self-esteem, emotional intelligence, hardiness, work engagement and psychosocial flourishing), and whether these significantly mediate the relation between their experiences of bullying and their intention to leave the organisation when controlling for bullying, age, gender, race, tenure and job level. A quantitative survey was conducted on a convenience sample of employed adults (N = 373) of different age, gender, race, tenure and job level groups from various South African organisations. The canonical statistical procedures indicated work engagement (vigour, dedication and absorption) and hardiness (commitment-alienation) as the strongest psychological wellbeing-related dispositional attributes in the workplace bullying and turnover intention relationship. The mediation modelling results showed that workplace bullying significantly predicted turnover intention, which in turn, significantly predicted either high/low levels of work engagement (vigour and dedication) in one’s work. Self-esteem, emotional intelligence or hardiness did not seem likely to influence the relationship between workplace bullying and turnover intention. The multiple regression analysis indicated that participants’ biographical variables (age, gender, race and job level) significantly predicted workplace bullying, self-esteem, emotional intelligence, hardiness, work engagement and psychosocial flourishing, and turnover intention. The tests for significant mean differences indicated that participants from various biographical groups (age, gender, race, tenure and job level) statistically significantly differed regarding workplace bullying (independent variable), the psychological wellbeing-related variables, namely self-esteem, emotional intelligence, hardiness, employee engagement, psychosocial flourishing (mediating variables) and turnover intention (dependent variable). On a theoretical level, the study deepened understanding of the cognitive, affective and conative behavioural dimensions of the hypothesised psychological wellbeing profile. On an empirical level, the main findings were reported and interpreted in terms of an empirically derived psychological wellbeing profile based on the work engagement of the participants. On a practical level, the findings provided valuable guidelines for the development of talent retention and wellness interventions, which might add to the body of knowledge relating to psychological wellbeing-related dispositional attributes that influenced workplace bullying and talent retention
Industrial and Organisational Psychology
D. Com. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

Exploration of job satisfaction - cognitive, affective and behavioral components (With focus on personality aspects) PhD theses abstract Charles University in Prague Faculty of Arts Department of psychology Author Ivo Půda MA Supervisor PhDr. David Michalík PhD. February 2016 Abstract Dissertation examines the cognitive, affective and behavioral components of job satisfaction with emphasis on the psychological characteristics of personality. It monitors important trends in relation to this issue (economic cycles, emergence of new generations, pressure on performance and innovation, introduction of technology and data analytics, defending of his/her own position, changes in organization of work), provides an overview of the theories of job satisfaction and reflects the historical development of various theoretical and practical approaches trying to describe the complex relationship of personality, work and experience. For better orientation it monitors the development of two strong paradigms (dispositional and situational), which gradually merges into an interactive approach. Mapping psychological characteristics, which undeniably moderating job satisfaction (neuroticism, extroversion, conscientiousness, positive and negative affectivity, locus of control, emotional stability, defensive tendencies,...

The aim of this dissertation is to examine gender differences in salutogenic functioning in military deployment. Salutogenisis focuses on the origin of health and wellness, and the salutogenic constructs sense of coherence (SOC), hardiness (PVS) and self-efficacy (SES) which were conceptualised focus on how individuals handle stressors positively and still remain healthy. Gender differences in military deployment were discussed, focusing on different stressors that impact on individuals' functioning when deployed. Empirically the salutogenic constructs: SOC, PVS and SES were measured. The population consisted of males and females working at 7 SAI Phalaborwa who were deployed in Kwa-Zulu Natal. Statistical techniques were applied to determine differences between males and females. The data was analysed statistically using the SPSS programme. Statistical significance was found in the SOC sub-scale "meaningfulness" and the PVS sub-scales "commitment" and "challenge".
Industrial and Organisational Psychology
M. Admin (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

The aim of this dissertation is to establish the factor structure of six salutogenic constructs. The six constructs are conceptualised form the salutogenic paradigm - namely sense of coherence, hardiness, self-efficacy, learned resourcefulness, locus of control and potency. A personality profile of the salutogenic functioning person as well as relevant international and South African research are presented. Measurements for the six constructs and biographical data are administered to a representative sample of 100 administrative officers. The instruments were found to be reliable in this study. Pearson product moment correlations indicated that salutogenesis does not differentiate between gender, race or qualification, and that coping ability increases with age. Factor analysis indicated a distinct three factor structure consisting of sense of coherence, hardiness and a combination of self-efficacy and potency (self-control). Confirmatory factor analysis indicated a good fit confirming the literature on and personality profile of the salutogenic functioning individual.
Industrial and Organisational Psychology
M. Admin. (Industrial Psychology)

Объектом исследования явились личностные и поведенческие характеристики невесток. Предметом исследования стали взаимосвязи показателей личностных (жизнестойкости, психологического благополучия, локуса контроля) и поведенческих (копинг-стратегий) особенностей у невесток с разным отношением к свекрови. Магистерская диссертация состоит из введения, трех глав, заключения, списка литературы (62 источника) и приложения, включающего в себя бланки применявшихся методик. Объем магистерской диссертации 101 страница, на которых размещены 2 рисунка и 21 таблица. Во введении раскрывается актуальность проблемы исследования, разработанность проблематики, ставятся цель и задачи исследования, определяются объект и предмет исследования, формулируются основная и дополнительные гипотезы, указываются методы и эмпирическая база. Первая и вторая главы включают в себя обзор иностранной и отечественной литературы по теме исследования. Первая глава включает в себя описание межпоколенных взаимоотношений в семье. Вторая глава включает в себя описание структуры жизнестойкости, предложенной С. Мадди, совладающего поведения, психологического благополучия и локуса контроля в современной психологии. Выводы по первой и второй главам представляют собой итоги по изучению теоретического материала. Третья глава посвящена эмпирической части исследования. В ней представлено описание организации и методов проведенного исследования и результатов, полученных по всем использованным методикам: «Самооценка тревожности» Ч. Д. Спилбергера, адаптация Ю. Л. Ханина, «Шкала ситуативной тревожности», «Тест жизнестойкости» С. Мадди, адаптация Д. А. Леонтьева, Е. И. Рассказовой, «Шкала психологического благополучия» К. Рифф, адаптация Н. Н. Лепешинского, опросник «Локус контроля» Дж. Роттера, опросник «Копинг-стратегии» Р. Лазаруса. Также в главе представлены сравнительный и корреляционный анализ результатов исследования. Выводы по главе 3 включают в себя основные результаты эмпирического исследования. В заключении в обобщенном виде изложены результаты теоретической и эмпирической частей работы, а также выводы по выдвинутым гипотезам, обоснована практическая значимость исследования и описаны возможные перспективы дальнейшей разработки данной проблематики.
The object of the study was the personal and behavioral characteristics of daughters-in-law. The subject of the study was the relationship of indicators of personal (hardiness, psychological well-being, locus of control) and behavioral (coping strategies) features in daughters-in-law with a different attitude to mother-in-law. The master's thesis consists of an introduction, three chapters, conclusion, list of references (62 sources) and an Appendix, including the forms of the applied techniques. The volume of the master's thesis is 101 pages, which contains 2 figures and 21 tables. The introduction reveals the relevance of the research problem, the development of the problem, the purpose and objectives of the research, the object and subject of the research, the main and additional hypotheses are formulated, the methods and the empirical base are specified. The first and second chapters include a review of foreign and domestic literature on the topic of the study. The first Chapter includes a description of intergenerational relationships in the family. The second Chapter includes a description of the structure of hardiness offered by S. Maddi, coping behavior, psychological well-being and locus of control in modern psychology. Conclusions on the first and second chapters are the results of the study of theoretical material. The third Chapter is devoted to the empirical part of the study. It describes the organization and methods studies and the results obtained for all methodologies used: "self-rating anxiety" C. D. Spielberger, "Scale of anxiety" (adapted of Y. L. Hanin), a Hardiness Test by S. Maddi (adapted by D. Leontiev, E. Rasskazova), "Scale psychological well-being," K. Riff (adapted N. N. Lepeshinskiy), the questionnaire "Locus of control" John. Rotter; and a technique designed to study behavioral characteristics: the questionnaire "Coping strategy" R. Lazarus. The Chapter also presents a comparative and correlation analysis of the results of the study. The conclusions of Chapter 3 include the main results of the empirical study. In conclusion, the results of the theoretical and empirical parts of the work, as well as conclusions on the hypotheses put forward, the practical significance of the study and the possible prospects for further development of this problem are described in a generalized form.

Объектом данной работы является жизнестойкость людей. Предметом исследования связь между жизнестойкостью и личностными особенностями людей. Магистерская диссертация состоит из введения, двух глав, заключения, списка литературы. Объем магистерской диссертации 81 страниц, на которых размещены 11 рисунков и 31 таблица. Во введении раскрывается актуальность проблемы исследования, разработанность проблематики, ставятся цель и задачи исследования, определяются объект и предмет исследования, формулируются основная и дополнительные гипотезы, указываются методы и эмпирическая база, а также этапы проведения исследования, научная новизна, значимость работы. Первая глава включает в себя обзор иностранной и отечественной литературы по теме исследования, проводится общетеоретический анализ тематики. Представлены разделы, посвященные рассмотрению жизнестокости, счастья, социально-психологической адаптации, толерантности к неопределённости, локусом контроля, мотивацией к успеху. Вторая глава посвящена эмпирической части исследования. В ней представлено описание методов проведенного исследования и результатов, полученных по всем использованным методикам: Также в главе представлены сравнительный и корреляционный анализ результатов исследования. Выводы по главе 2 включают в себя основные результаты эмпирического исследования. В заключении в обобщенном виде изложены результаты теоретической и эмпирической частей работы, а также выводы по выдвинутым гипотезам, обоснована практическая значимость исследования и описаны возможные перспективы дальнейшей разработки данной проблематики.
The object of this work is the resilience of people. The subject of the study is the relationship between resilience and personal characteristics of people. The master's thesis consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, a list of literature. The volume of the master's thesis is 81 pages, on which are placed 11 figures and 31 table. The introduction reveals the relevance of the research problem, the development of the problematics, the purpose and objectives of the research are set, the object and the subject of the study are determined, the basic and additional hypotheses are formulated, the methods and the empirical base are specified, as well as the stages of the research, the scientific novelty, the significance of the work. The first chapter includes a review of foreign and domestic literature on the topic of the study, a general theoretical analysis of topics is conducted. The sections devoted to the study of vitality, happiness, socio-psychological adaptation, tolerance to uncertainty, a locus of control, motivation for success are presented. The second chapter is devoted to the empirical part of the study. It describes the methods of the study conducted and the results obtained from all the methods used: Also in the chapter the comparative and correlation analysis of the research results is presented. The conclusions of Chapter 2 include the main results of the empirical study. In conclusion, the results of the theoretical and empirical parts of the work, as well as conclusions on the hypotheses put forward, are presented in a generalized form, the practical significance of the study is substantiated and possible prospects for further development of this problem are described.

This study investigated the relationship between specific psychosocial factors and susceptibility to the common cold in a sample of 124 distance runners. A cross-sectional survey design was used to assess the role of life events, coping, hardiness, training workload and competition frequency in the athlete's risk of infection. Using correlational statistical techniques, it was found that the magnitude of recent life changes and the avoidance coping strategy of denial were positively related to self-reported symptoms of the common cold. Furthermore, a significant inverse correlation was observed between hardiness and symptom duration scores. However, approach coping, training workload and competition frequency were not significantly related to the dependent measures. The results of this study suggest that certain stress-related psychosocial factors are associated with susceptibility to the common cold in distance runners. Several strategies for the prevention and treatment of upper respiratory tract infections in this group are implied by these findings.
Psychology
M.A. (Psychology)

Text in Afrikaans, abstract in Afrikaans and English
Die doel van hierdie navorsingstudie was om te bepaal of daar 'n verwantskap tussen stres en die persoonlikheidsweerstandsbronne koherensiesin, gehardheid en lokus van beheer is. Middelvlakbestuurders (n=103) het selfbeoordelingsvraelyste oor stres, sin vir koherensie, gehardheid en lokus van beheer voltooi. Die resultate van die Pearson produkmoment korrelasie en chi-kwadraattoetse toon dat daar 'n statisties beduidende verwantskap tussen stres en koherensiesin, gehardheid en lokus van beheer is. Dit blyk dat middelvlakbestuurders met 'n sterk koherensiesin beter in staat is om stres te hanteer as bestuurders met 'n lae koherensiesin. Hierdie bestuurders maak dus sin uit werkstressors en beskou lewenseise as betekenisvol en uitdagend. Die resultate dui aan dat bestuurders met 'n hoe inteme lokus van beheer en outonomie minder stres ervaar en beter toegerus is om die negatiewe invloed van stres teen te werk as bestuurders met 'n lae lokus van beheer en outonomie. Volgens hierdie navorsing het gehardheid nie 'n invloed op die ervaring van stress.
The purpose of this study was to determine if a relationship exists between stress and the resiliency sources of sense of coherence, hardiness and locus of control. Managers (N=l 03) at middle management level completed self-report questionnaires on stress, sense of coherence, hardiness and locus of control. Results from the Pearson product moment correlation and chisquare tests, indicate a statistical significant relationship between stress and sense of coherence, hardiness and locus of control. It seems as if managers at middle management level with a strong sense of coherence experience lower levels of stress than managers with a low sense of coherence. These managers derive sense from work stressors and view life's demands as meaningful and challenging. These results indicate that managers with a strong internal locus of control and autonomy will be better equipped to cope with stress than managers with a low locus of control and autonomy. According to this study hardiness does not have an effects on stress.
Industrial and Organisational Psychology
M.A. (Industrial Psychology)