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1
Silverstein, Marshall L., and Linda D. Nelson. "Clinical and research implications of revising psychological tests." Psychological Assessment 12, no. 3 (2000): 298–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.12.3.298.
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Lakens, Daniël, Anne M. Scheel, and Peder M. Isager. "Equivalence Testing for Psychological Research: A Tutorial." Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science 1, no. 2 (2018): 259–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2515245918770963.
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Psychologists must be able to test both for the presence of an effect and for the absence of an effect. In addition to testing against zero, researchers can use the two one-sided tests (TOST) procedure to test for equivalence and reject the presence of a smallest effect size of interest (SESOI). The TOST procedure can be used to determine if an observed effect is surprisingly small, given that a true effect at least as extreme as the SESOI exists. We explain a range of approaches to determine the SESOI in psychological science and provide detailed examples of how equivalence tests should be performed and reported. Equivalence tests are an important extension of the statistical tools psychologists currently use and enable researchers to falsify predictions about the presence, and declare the absence, of meaningful effects.
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Fischer, Ronald, and Taciano L. Milfont. "Standardization in psychological research." International Journal of Psychological Research 3, no. 1 (2010): 88–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21500/20112084.852.
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The term standardization has been used in a number of different ways in psychological research, mainly in relation to standardization of procedure, standardization of interpretation and standardization of scores. The current paper will discuss the standardization of scores in more detail. Standardization of scores is a common praxis in settings where researchers are concerned with different response styles, issues of faking or social desirability. In these contexts, scores are transformed to increase validity prior to data analysis. In this paper, we will outline a broad taxonomy of standardization methods, will discuss when and how scores can be standardized, and what statistical tests are available after the transformation. Simple step-by-step procedures and examples of syntax files for SPSS are provided. Applications for personality, organizational and cross-cultural psychology will be discussed. Limitations of these techniques are discussed, especially in terms of theoretical interpretation of the transformed scores and use of such scores with multivariate statistics.
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Ruscio, John, and Brendan Roche. "Variance Heterogeneity in Published Psychological Research." Methodology 8, no. 1 (2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1614-2241/a000034.
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Parametric assumptions for statistical tests include normality and equal variances. Micceri (1989) found that data frequently violate the normality assumption; variances have received less attention. We recorded within-group variances of dependent variables for 455 studies published in leading psychology journals. Sample variances differed, often substantially, suggesting frequent violation of the assumption of equal population variances. Parallel analyses of equal-variance artificial data otherwise matched to the characteristics of the empirical data show that unequal sample variances in the empirical data exceed expectations from normal sampling error and can adversely affect Type I error rates of parametric statistical tests. Variance heterogeneity was unrelated to relative group sizes or total sample size and observed across subdisciplines of psychology in experimental and correlational research. These results underscore the value of examining variances and, when appropriate, using data-analytic methods robust to unequal variances. We provide a standardized index for examining and reporting variance heterogeneity.
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Van de Vijver, Fons, and Ronald K. Hambleton. "Translating Tests." European Psychologist 1, no. 2 (1996): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040.1.2.89.
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With the increasing interest in cross-cultural research, there is a growing need for standard and validated practices for translating psychological instruments. Developing a psychologically acceptable instrument for another cultural group almost always requires more effort than a literal translation, which all too often is the common practice. The adequacy of translations can be threatened by various sources of bias. Three types of bias are distinguished in this paper: (1) construct bias (related to nonequivalence of constructs across cultural groups), (2) method bias (resulting from instrument administration problems), and (3) item bias (often a result of inadequate translations such as incorrect word choice). Ways in which bias can affect the adequacy of instruments are illustrated and possible remedies are discussed.
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Zimmerman, Donald W. "Simplified interaction tests for non-normal data in psychological research." British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology 47, no. 2 (1994): 327–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8317.1994.tb01040.x.
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Westermann, Rainer, and Willi Hager. "Error Probabilities in Educational and Psychological Research." Journal of Educational Statistics 11, no. 2 (1986): 117–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/10769986011002117.
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The well-known problem of cumulating error probabilities is reconsidered from a general epistemological perspective, namely, the concepts of severity (Popper) and of fairness of tests. Applying these concepts to hypothesis-testing research leads to a reevaluation of the relative importance of the probabilities of Type 1 and Type 2 errors connected with those statistical hypotheses that have been derived from the substantive ones. It is shown that not only Type 1 but also Type 2 errors can cumulate. This cumulation is discussed for various basic types of empirical situations in which substantive hypotheses are examined by means of statistical ones. A new adjustment strategy based on the Dunn-Bonferroni inequality for planned tests is proposed and applied to some empirical examples.
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Fenn, Jessy, Chee-Seng Tan, and Sanju George. "Development, validation and translation of psychological tests." BJPsych Advances 26, no. 5 (2020): 306–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bja.2020.33.
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SUMMARYIn social science research and clinical practice, and in educational settings, psychological tests/scales are being increasingly used because of their reliability and the ease and speed of gathering, comparing and differentiating data. A new scale is usually created when instruments or questionnaires to measure the construct of interest are not be readily available or if existing questionnaires do not fully satisfy requirements. Scales are also translated and revalidated if they are not in the language required. This article takes the reader through steps in developing, validating and translating tests in the field of social sciences.
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HUNTINGTON, DOROTHY S. "Theory and Method: The Use of Psychological Tests in Research on Divorce." Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry 24, no. 5 (1985): 583–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-7138(09)60059-5.
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Kleka, Paweł, and Władysław Jacek Paluchowski. "Shortening of psychological tests – assumptions, methods and doubts." Polish Psychological Bulletin 48, no. 4 (2017): 516–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ppb-2017-0058.
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Abstract In this article, on the basis of questionnaire data collected for other purposes, the Authors want to show the consequences of various methods of shortening of tests and what may result from such an action for diagnosticians, researchers and examined individuals. The research aim of the work is to show the best method of shortening of the scale of questionnaires. Will shortening of a questionnaire according to different statistical techniques bring the same results? Will the quality of shortened scales be comparable? Is any of statistical techniques better for shortening of the scale of a questionnaire? The obtained results suggest a poorly controlable effect of the methods of questionnaire shortening. Moreover creating a short version on the basis of the results collected with the use of the full version leads to obtaining a tool with unknown diagnostic and psychometric properties.
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Tyndel, Sally, Joan Austoker, Bethan J. Henderson, et al. "What Is the Psychological Impact of Mammographic Screening on Younger Women With a Family History of Breast Cancer? Findings From a Prospective Cohort Study by the PIMMS Management Group." Journal of Clinical Oncology 25, no. 25 (2007): 3823–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2007.11.0437.
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Purpose Studies are underway to establish the clinical effectiveness of annual mammographic screening in women younger than 50 years with a family history of breast cancer. This study investigated both the positive and negative psychological effects of screening on these women. Patients and Methods Women who received an immediate all-clear result after mammography (n = 1,174) and women who were recalled for additional tests before receiving an all-clear result (false positive; n = 112) completed questionnaires: 1 month before mammography, and 1 and 6 months after receiving final results. The questionnaires included measures of cancer worry, psychological consequences, and perceived benefits of breast screening. Results Women who received an immediate all-clear result experienced a decrease in cancer worry and negative psychological consequences immediately after the result, whereas women who were recalled for additional tests did not. By 6 months this cancer-specific distress had reduced significantly in both groups. Changes in levels of distress were significantly different between the two groups, but in absolute terms the differences were not large. Recalled women reported significantly greater positive psychological consequences of screening immediately after the result, and were also more positive about the benefits of screening compared with women who received an immediate all-clear result. Conclusion For women receiving an immediate all-clear result, participating in annual mammographic screening is psychologically beneficial. Furthermore, women who are recalled for additional tests do not appear to be harmed by screening: these women's positive views about mammography suggest that they view any distress caused by recall as an acceptable part of screening.
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Estes, W. K. "Significance Testing in Psychological Research: Some Persisting Issues." Psychological Science 8, no. 1 (1997): 18–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00538.x.
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Empirical surveys show that reports of significance tests appear in the vast majority of articles in psychological research journals and are relied on by both investigators and journal reviewers when making decisions about replication of experiments and submission and acceptance of research reports Evaluation of claims by critics that significance testing is, nonetheless, counterproductive yields suggestions for improvements of prevailing practices, but also the recommendation that decisions about significance testing versus alternative procedures should remain the province of the individual investigator, unconstrained by mandates or prohibitions by publishers or officials of scientific associations The prime focus for efforts toward improvement of research design and data analysis in psychology and other behavioral sciences should be upgrading the mathematical and general scientific preparation of students preparing for research careers in these fields
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沈, 登学. "Research on Enterprise Leaders’ Effectiveness Behavior and Psychological Tests in Urban-Rural Integration." Modern Management 03, no. 01 (2013): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/mm.2013.31a010.
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Basuki, Tentrem, Khayatun Nufus Akhsania, DYP Sugiharto, and Muhammad Japar. "KONTRIBUSI TES PSIKOLOGIS TERHADAP SELF EFFICACY PENGAMBILAN KEPUTUSAN KARIR SISWA DI SEKOLAH BERBASIS PONDOK PESANTREN." JURNAL EDUKASI: Jurnal Bimbingan Konseling 6, no. 1 (2020): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/je.v6i1.5422.
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This study discusses psychology for students in Islamic boarding schools who have taken psychological tests and who have never taken a psychological test. The research method used is a comparison of research with data analysis of comparative test Career Decision Making Self-Efficacy Scale between students who have taken a psychological test and who have never received a psychological test at a boarding school. Bandura's Self-Efficacy Theory uses work theory, while the sample in this study uses cluster random sampling with a total of students (N = 22). Data collection was carried out through a direct survey consisting of 25 question items about self efficacy. The results of the t-test different test analysis showed no significant difference between students who had received a psychological test and who had never taken a psychological test in junior high school students in a boarding school based school. With the results of IQ tests (t (22) = 1,076, p> 0.05), aptitude tests (t (22) = 1,731, p> 0.05) and, interest tests (t (22) = 1,137, p> 0 , 05). These results indicate that there is no significant difference between students who take psychological tests who take IQ, aptitude, and interest tests, and who have never taken a psychological test, one of the contributing factors is representing irregular beliefs or relationships with what is on almighty will in providing sustenance, as long as his servant wants to succeed.
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Hambleton, Ronald K., Jiayuan Yu, and Sharon C. Slater. "Fieldtest of the ITC Guidelines for Adapting Educational and Psychological Tests." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 15, no. 3 (1999): 270–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027//1015-5759.15.3.270.
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Summary: In 1994, the International Test Commission (ITC) and seven other international organizations published a draft set of guidelines for adapting educational and psychological tests from one language and culture to other languages and cultures. The purposes of the research described in this paper were to (1) fieldtest the ITC Guidelines in an actual test adaptation project and (2) suggest any necessary revisions to the Guidelines. The fieldtest involved the adaptation of a 69-item grade-8 mathematics test from English to Chinese. The results were informative because they highlighted the sorts of problems that arise in test adaptation projects. Also, as the first formal evaluation of the ITC Test Adaptation Guidelines, this work was useful to the ITC in suggesting revisions and clarifications. The findings should also be interesting to psychologists interested in cross-cultural research because the Guidelines are being widely adopted for use around the world and evidence of their validity is important.
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Andersen, Barbara L., William B. Farrar, Deanna M. Golden-Kreutz, et al. "Psychological, Behavioral, and Immune Changes After a Psychological Intervention: A Clinical Trial." Journal of Clinical Oncology 22, no. 17 (2004): 3570–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2004.06.030.
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Purpose This randomized clinical trial tests the hypothesis that a psychological intervention can reduce emotional distress, improve health behaviors and dose-intensity, and enhance immune responses. Patients and Methods We studied 227 women who were surgically treated for regional breast cancer. Before adjuvant therapy, women completed interviews and questionnaires assessing emotional distress, social adjustment, and health behaviors. A 60-mL blood sample was drawn for immune assays. Patients were randomly assigned to either the intervention group or assessment only group. The intervention was conducted in small patient groups, with one session per week for 4 months. The sessions included strategies to reduce stress, improve mood, alter health behaviors, and maintain adherence to cancer treatment and care. Reassessment occurred after completion of the intervention. Results As predicted, patients receiving the intervention showed significant lowering of anxiety, improvements in perceived social support, improved dietary habits, and reduction in smoking (all P < .05). Analyses of adjuvant chemotherapy dose-intensity revealed significantly more variability (ie, more dispersion in the dose-intensity values) for the assessment arm (P < .05). Immune responses for the intervention patients paralleled their psychological and behavioral improvements. T-cell proliferation in response to phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A remained stable or increased for the Intervention patients, whereas both responses declined for Assessment patients; this effect was replicated across three concentrations for each assay (all P < .01). Conclusion These data show a convergence of significant psychological, health behavior, and biologic effects after a psychological intervention for cancer patients.
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Nye, Christopher D., and Paul R. Sackett. "New Effect Sizes for Tests of Categorical Moderation and Differential Prediction." Organizational Research Methods 20, no. 4 (2016): 639–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1094428116644505.
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Moderator hypotheses involving categorical variables are prevalent in organizational and psychological research. Despite their importance, current methods of identifying and interpreting these moderation effects have several limitations that may result in misleading conclusions about their implications. This issue has been particularly salient in the literature on differential prediction where recent research has suggested that these limitations have had a significant impact on past research. To help address these issues, we propose several new effect size indices that provide additional information about categorical moderation analyses. The advantages of these indices are then illustrated in two large databases of respondents by examining categorical moderation in the prediction of psychological well-being and the extent of differential prediction in a large sample of job incumbents.
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Guo, Hao Xu, and Xia Na Hou. "Research on the Preference Evaluation Factors of Schoolroom via Psychophysical Tests." Advanced Materials Research 971-973 (June 2014): 2625–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.971-973.2625.
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This paper takes the schoolrooms of educational building in Lingnan district as experimental object. Starting with field survey, the paper discusses the subjective preference and psychological needs of user’s with such experimental ways as simulating the virtual scene and questioning the users. Aims at grasping the common features of user preference, the study makes significant suggestions for better design. Combined with the knowledge of architecture, aesthetics, sociology, statistics and environmental psychology, the researcher try to explain user’s subjective preference in the certain space by the functional applicability of teaching environment. In a certain sense, it implies that environment can affect the practice, the aesthetics and the society of human being. The conclusion of this paper would be beneficial to the evaluation of schoolroom in education buildings in Lingnan colleges and universities.
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Sobchik, L. N. "Criminal tendencies and psychological testing." Psychology and Law 7, no. 1 (2017): 131–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/psylaw.2017070111.
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Methods of psychological diagnostics closer to the psychology main research areas, which involve measuring the accuracy and statistical reliability. A set of methods that includes questionnaires should be complemented with projective tests in which the stimulus material is verbal in nature. The article presents the results of surveys of different groups of persons in conflict with the law, as well as screening tests contingent of youth groups and adolescents. High performance, spontaneously manifested aggressiveness, traits, emotional immaturity, low self-control and primitive-the requirement of the hierarchy of values at statistically significant level are identified in the data psychodiagnostic study, thus allowing to allocate the risk of wrongful conduct and to develop preventive measures of psycho-pedagogical and social nature. Psychological testing is an effective tool in the study of criminal predisposici and gives the key to a science-based approach in the development of preventive measures aimed at reducing crime.
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Mansur-Alves, Marcela, Renata Saldanha Silva, and Sthefanie Carvalho de Ávila Fernandes. "Impact of the Psychological Testing Assessment System (SATEPSI) for Scientific Publications in Psychological Assessment." Psico-USF 21, no. 1 (2016): 179–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-82712016210115.
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Abstract The strengthening of psychological assessment in Brazil in the twenty-first century can be understood as a result of the foundation of Psychological Test Evaluation System (SATEPSI, its Portuguese acronym) by Resolution 02/2003 of the Federal Council of Psychology. In this sense, the present study aimed to describe the impact of SATEPSI for research in the area. A survey of Brazilian researchers' publications was conducted in two periods in SciELO and BVS-Psi databases - 1993-2002 and 2003-2014 - using the terms "psychological evaluation", "psychological tests" and "construction / adaptation of psychological instruments". Overall, the results point to the positive impact of SATEPSI for the area of psychological assessment. It was observed an increasing in quantity and quality of publications, as well as a greater variety of psychological tests used in different contexts. It can be concluded that the pursued goals of the Resolution 02/2003 were mostly achieved.
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Moran, Aidan P. "UNRESOLVED ISSUES IN RESEARCH ON FIELD DEPENDENCE-INDEPENDENCE." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 13, no. 2 (1985): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1985.13.2.119.
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This paper attempts to evaluate some conceptual and methodological issues in research on field dependence-independence. Problems of the definition and measurement of “psychological differentiation” and “cognitive restructuring” are examined. Difficulties arising from the profusion of measures, inadequate control of intelligence and insufficient construct validation of tests are also considered. The paper concludes with some recommendations for further research in this field.
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Justice, Blair. "Making Behavioral Change the Outcome Measure in Research on Violence." Psychological Reports 75, no. 3 (1994): 1202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1994.75.3.1202.
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While changes in scores on anger and aggression as measured on psychological tests may result from violence prevention programs in prisons and schools, they do not demonstrate what effect, if any, there is on rates of violent behavior. A shift toward behavior as the primary outcome measure is called for.
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Baribault, Beth, Chris Donkin, Daniel R. Little, et al. "Metastudies for robust tests of theory." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 11 (2018): 2607–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1708285114.
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We describe and demonstrate an empirical strategy useful for discovering and replicating empirical effects in psychological science. The method involves the design of a metastudy, in which many independent experimental variables—that may be moderators of an empirical effect—are indiscriminately randomized. Radical randomization yields rich datasets that can be used to test the robustness of an empirical claim to some of the vagaries and idiosyncrasies of experimental protocols and enhances the generalizability of these claims. The strategy is made feasible by advances in hierarchical Bayesian modeling that allow for the pooling of information across unlike experiments and designs and is proposed here as a gold standard for replication research and exploratory research. The practical feasibility of the strategy is demonstrated with a replication of a study on subliminal priming.
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Recklitis, Christopher, Tara O’Leary, and Lisa Diller. "Utility of Routine Psychological Screening in the Childhood Cancer Survivor Clinic." Journal of Clinical Oncology 21, no. 5 (2003): 787–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2003.05.158.
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Purpose: This study examined the utility of routine psychologic screening in a childhood cancer survivor clinic by evaluating patient acceptance, comparing subjects’ symptoms to normative data, examining the utility of specific tests, and identifying risk factors associated with psychological distress. Methods: During their annual clinic visit, 101 adult survivors of childhood cancer (median age, 25 years) completed the Symptom Checklist 90 Revised (SCL-90), as well as the Short Form 36 (SF-36), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and one additional suicide question. Psychological distress was operationally defined according to the published SCL-90 clinical case rule, classifying subjects with a consistent pattern of symptom elevations as clinical cases. Results: The majority of subjects (80%) completed the screening in less than 30 minutes and reported little (15%) or no (84%) distress. Sixty-four percent believed it would help “very much” or “moderately” in getting to know them, and 35% thought it would help “slightly.” On the SCL-90, 32 subjects (31.7%) had a positive screen, indicating significant psychological distress. All subjects with clinically significant symptoms on the BDI and SF-36 Mental Health Scale were cases on the SCL-90 (case-positive). Suicidal symptoms were reported in 13.9% of the sample, all of whom were SCL-90 cases. In a logistic regression model, subjects’ dissatisfaction with physical appearance, poor physical health, and treatment with cranial radiation were associated with psychological distress. Conclusion: Results demonstrate that routine psychological screening can be successfully integrated into the cancer survivor clinic and may be effective in identifying those survivors with significant distress who require further evaluation.
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Corcoran, R. "The allusive cognitive deficit in paranoia: the case for mental time travel or cognitive self-projection." Psychological Medicine 40, no. 8 (2010): 1233–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003329170999211x.
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Delusional beliefs are characteristic of psychosis and, of the delusions, the paranoid delusion is the single most common type associated with psychosis. The many years of research focused on neurocognition in schizophrenia, using standardized neurocognitive tests, have failed to find conclusive cognitive deficits in relation to positive symptoms. However, UK-based psychological research has identified sociocognitive anomalies in relation to paranoid thinking in the form of theory of mind (ToM), causal reasoning and threat-related processing anomalies. Drawing from recent neuroscientific research on the default mode network, this paper asserts that the common theme running through the psychological tests that are sensitive to the cognitive impairment of paranoia is the need to cognitively project the self through time, referred to as mental time travel. Such an understanding of the cognitive roots of paranoid ideation provides a synthesis between psychological and biological accounts of psychosis while also retaining the powerful argument that understanding abnormal thinking must start with models of normal cognition. This is the core theme running through the cognitive psychological literature of psychiatric disorders that enables research from this area to inform psychological therapy.
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Letkiewicz, Arkadiusz, Izabela Nowicka, and Ewa Kuczyńska. "Psychological Support for Drivers in Polish Police." Internal Security 10, no. 1 (2018): 199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.7500.
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The objective of this article is to present an issue of psychological support for drivers, including drivers of emergency vehicles in the Polish Police. The publication will include preliminary results of scientific research conducted among senior management in the Polish Police — Regional Police Commanders and their deputies. Furthermore, the outline of support system concerning drivers’ psychological tests created in Polish Police will be presented. The research described in this article has been financed from the funds allocated for the implementation of a research project of Police Academy in Szczytno “Development of a system supporting psychological tests for drivers in the Police” No. DOB-BIO7/20/01/2015. The project has been developed by a scientific-industry consortium and is financed from the funds of National Centre for Research and Development under the call for proposals no. 7/2015 for development and financing projects for defence and security of the state. The project aims to produce a system supporting psychological studies of police drivers, including drivers of emergency vehicles in the Police, in accordance with current legislation. The system will be implemented in a network technology that facilitates direct cooperation with the Police Data Transmission Network, which will provide the basis for the independence and security of acquiring and storing data. The system will enable testing without additional equipment apart from an appropriately configured computer set. It will be equipped with a device to calibrate the response time measurement methodology. The system will allow assessment of intellectual ability, psychomotor skills and personality using the objective, standardized and normalized tools of proven accuracy, with reliability above 0.7, on a group of police drivers.
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Neuhäuser, Markus. "One-Sided Nonparametric Tests for Ordinal Data." Perceptual and Motor Skills 101, no. 2 (2005): 510–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.101.2.510-514.
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Baumgartner, Weiß, and Schindler (1998) introduced a novel nonparametric test for the two-sample comparison that is superior to commonly used tests such as the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. A modification of the novel test statistic can be used for one-sided comparisons based on ordinal data. Such comparisons frequently occur in psychological research, and the Wilcoxon test is often recommended for their analysis. Here, the two tests were compared in a simulation study. According to this study the tests have a similar type I error rate, but the modified Baumgartner-Weiß-Schindler test is more powerful than the Wilcoxon test.
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Mykhailova, Liubov, Tetiana Shkoda, and Hanna Hlukhodid. "Future Managers’ Psychological Ability To Practice." Kwartalnik Ekonomistów i Menedżerów 42, no. 4 (2016): 111–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0009.5494.
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The model of manager’s competence formation is developed by the authors. Psychological ability to practice is a key part of this model. An empirical research of psychological ability of future managers to practice is carried out using five questionnaires of psychological tests on the example of Sumy National Agrarian University. It was conducted during 2012/2013 academic year. The authors evaluated the future professionals’ abilities to motivation, risk, entrepreneurship, leadership etc. The results showed that, depending on their psychological features, respondents of each of the four groups are inclined to work in different sectors of economy.
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Long, Michael A., Kenneth J. Berry, and Paul W. Mielke. "A Note on Permutation Tests of Significance for Multiple Regression Coefficients." Psychological Reports 100, no. 2 (2007): 339–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.100.2.339-345.
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In the vast majority of psychological research utilizing multiple regression analysis, asymptotic probability values are reported. This paper demonstrates that asymptotic estimates of standard errors provided by multiple regression are not always accurate. A resampling permutation procedure is used to estimate the standard errors. In some cases the results differ substantially from the traditional least squares regression estimates.
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Саврасов, М. "METACREATIVE ABILITIES: SCIENTIFIC APPROACHES AND EXPERIMENTAL INTROSPECTIVE RESEARCH METHODS." Вісник ХНПУ імені Г. С. Сковороди "Психология", no. 61 (2019): 203–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.34142/23129387.2019.61.12.
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Aim. The purpose of our study is based on the urgent need of nowadays in the complex psychological diagnosis of metacreative abilities, which requires the creation of a reliable, valid, standardized methodology for the psychological diagnosis of a given personal construct, which would be based on the modern scientific psychological model of the diagnosed phenomenon (structure, features, etc.) Material and methods. As the methods and techniques of empirical research we use correlation analysis procedure by K. Pearson, questionnaires, interviews, method of expert evaluations. The empirical sample, which actually tests our proposed methodology for compliance with the basic psychometric criteria, includes the students of the first, third and fifth years of full-time studying of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics, Faculty of Psychology, Economics and Management, Faculty of Technology, Elementary and Professional Education of the State higher educational institution «Donbass State Pedagogical University» (town Slovyansk), a total of 420 people aged between 18 and 30 years (specialization «Music», «Choreography», «Design and Fashion Design», «Basic Design», «Accounting and Taxation», «Management», «Psychology», «Mathematics», «Physics», «IT»). Results. Our methodology is evaluated according to four testing criteria: standardization, norms, reliability and validity. They are the criteria that are used to demonstrate the scientific adequacy of using this technique to measure individual mental differences. Observing the predictive power, it should be noted that during the year between the first and second surveys of the members of our sample by this method, those who had the results above average demonstrated significant creative achievements (artistic creativity, writing of scientific works, the development of advanced technologies of training and work). Finally, assessing constructive validity, we note that this test correlates positively with other relatively valid procedures for measuring creativity (convergent validation), and there is also a negative correlation between the results of the given methodology and the tests that measure conceptually different personality qualities. Conclusions. We have proposed an experimental and introspective technique «Metacreative Abilities» ( EIMCA ) which consists of two blocks – «Awareness in the field of creativity» and «Reflection in the field of creativity». Psychometric evaluation of our methodology was conducted using the criterion of standardization, normativity, reliability and validation with those to prove the scientific adequacy of the use of this technique for measuring the stated individual psychological differences.
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Carlson, Samantha, Becky Jones, Linda Grossheim, and Joseph Mirro. "Psychological benefits of theater-depicting cancer treatment." Journal of Clinical Oncology 34, no. 3_suppl (2016): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2016.34.3_suppl.203.
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203 Background: The number of cancer survivors in the United States is increasing and estimated to exceed 13 million. Consequently, the quality of life of these patients and their family members has become a high priority. The best interventions to decrease distress, improve coping and quality of life for survivors are poorly understood but are becoming an important focus of research. We therefore, undertook a prospective pilot study using a questionnaire to measure the emotional impact of a play depicting cancer treatment on cancer survivors and their family members. This research project was reviewed and approved by the West Michigan Cancer Center Institutional Review Board (IRB). Methods: The emotional feelings and perceived levels of coping were measured and compared before and after the play. Statistical analyses of responses included chi-square and t-tests for continuous variables, or Fisher’s test or Wilcoxon’s test where parametric assumptions were not met. Results: A total of 60 survivors and 49 family members completed the research questionnaire. The most promising finding was that a majority of survivors and family members 51.0% (n = 50) felt they were coping better (p < 0.0001) after the play. Of the survivors, 73.0% said the play reflected their experiences and 78.0% felt it was helpful dealing with their emotions. Overall, 94.0% of those attending the play requested additional theater performances. Conclusions: Our preliminary data demonstrates that theater depicting cancer treatment has a strong emotional impact and potential therapeutic effects for cancer survivors and family members. Increased feelings of coping with the diagnosis occurred following the play. Attendees also felt less alone (59.5%) and more hopeful (53.4%) after the play.
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Cao, Lu, and Hanqing Chen. "Research on the Physiological and Psychological Ability Indexes of Coal Tunneling Workers." Journal of Contemporary Educational Research 5, no. 8 (2021): 168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.26689/jcer.v5i8.2456.
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Studies have shown that accidents caused by human error account for 70-80% of the total number of accidents, and are the primary cause of casualties. In order to reduce the risk of safety accidents and reduce the human-caused accident rate, the evaluation index of safety occupational adaptability of coal excavation workers has been studied. Questionnaire survey method was used to conduct 13 physical and psychological abilities tests on 50 coal tunneling workers, and select the core ability indicators that reflect the mental load of the workers and the individual priority allocation of psychological resources. Secondly, using the Delphi method and the quartile method, the opinions of 20 experts in related fields were sought anonymously, and the main physical and mental ability indicators were screened and filtered through scoring methods. Finally, six indicators of “accuracy, attention, rapid response ability, proficiency, judgment, and foresight” were determined as the main physical and psychological indicators of coal tunneling workers. This study fills up the gap of safety occupational adaptability in the field of mining construction, and has important theoretical value and practical significance.
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Titus, Ray, and Bhavika Veeramachaneni. "Mapping Psychological & Sociological Influences on Individual Decision Making and Brand Choices." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 52 (May 2015): 104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.52.104.
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Understanding and responding to the quintessential customer is the only way marketers will survive high density competition in the market place. Giving the consumer what he needs, when he needs it and where he needs it is the key to smart marketing. Providing consumer solutions in turn require marketers to know their target consumers’ psyche and the sociological influences that bear down on them. This research study uses multiple qualitative tools like personality tests, perception tests, in depth interviews and projective techniques to understand the psyche, social cultural environment and the decision making framework of an individual research subject. The subject chosen for the single individual case study was a student at an MBA program in the metropolitan city of Bangalore. He is in his mid-20s looking to move on to a corporate job after the completion of graduate business program. The research primarily focussed on understanding the influences his social circumstances and his personal psyche had on consumption decision making.
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Ramdass, Mala, Roland Birbal, Gail Joseph-Alleyne, and Cyril Harripaul. "Students' Attitudes Towards Psychological Help-Seeking." Journal of Education and Development 4, no. 3 (2020): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.20849/jed.v4i3.818.
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This study examined factors that may influence students' willingness to seek professional psychological help from the counselling services provided at a university. The study further investigated the relationship between sex, age, status of students (part-time, full-time), place of residence (urban, rural) and ethnicity and perceived barriers to seeking psychological help.The study used a sequential explanatory mixed methods research design conducted across two phases. In Phase One, a questionnaire survey was used to measure barriers to seeking professional help from a random sample of 925 students. In the second qualitative phase, focus group interviews were conducted with students to explore in a more in-depth way reasons put forward in the survey for not seeking professional psychological help.Statistical tests for the first phase were means, t-tests, ANOVA and Pearson Moment Product Correlation. Results showed that students viewed privacy, access, and trust issues as the most important barriers to seeking psychological help. There were also significant differences with regard to stigma, privacy and trust issues based on sex, age, year group, full-time/part-time status and ethnicity. Significant high to moderate correlations were found between all four factors. Qualitative findings supported factors examined in the first phase. However, other themes emerged such as lack of time, preference for solving one's own problems and preference for other sources of support.
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Valiullina, M. E., and M. I. Kartasheva. "COMPONENTS OF STUDENTS’ SELF-SYSTEM AND EXPERIENCE OF COGNITIVE STATES DURING EXAMINATIONS." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series Philosophy. Psychology. Pedagogy 30, no. 2 (2020): 143–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9550-2020-30-2-143-155.
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Exploring the issue of various individual psychological parameters self-regulation in the context of secondary and higher education is undoubtedly relevant. The role of the self-system in the process of setting and stabilization of person’s psychological comfort remains undeniable as well. One of the psychological and pedagogical problems of verifying students' knowledge in the current educational process, and especially during the examination tests, is the high stress caused by information and psychological overload. In particular, examination stress affects the student’s cognitive activity, and this in turn can have a significant impact on the test result. This article describes the study of influence of self-esteem of psychological characteristics directly related to the perception, understanding, remembering of new information in the context of the educational process and factors of self-attitude, as the structures of person’s self-system, on students' memories of cognitive and affective states experience during the examination tests. The research methods were testing and questioning followed by analysis of statistical connections and differences. The results of the research indicate the existence of certain general psychological mechanisms of influence of the self-system’s structures on cognitive and affective states regulation of students in situation of examinations. In practical terms, the data obtained can be useful for the development of psychological and pedagogical technologies for working with secondary and high school students in order to improve the quality of examination answers, taking into account the context of situations and individual psychological characteristics of students.
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Scarr, Sandra. "Rules of Evidence: A Larger Context for the Statistical Debate." Psychological Science 8, no. 1 (1997): 16–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00537.x.
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Statistical tests define rules of evidence in psychological science Agreed-upon rules of evidence are needed to discuss what is true Statistics are probability statements about the reliability of associations In public and journalistic debates about psychological topics, the need for statistical rules is evident Anecdotes, intuitions, and sensational and unlikely events often dominate popular discussions Psychological science demands that the probability of events and associations be evaluated by statistical means Understanding of statistical tests can be improved by abandoning the term significance, which means reliability to psychologists, but in everyday English, means importance The importance of a result depends on magnitude of association, not on whether the event has a nonzero chance of recurring Given large samples and multiple measures, statistical tests are used too often to draw misleading conclusions about the importance of research results Better uses of statistics would focus on the magnitude of effects and error estimates
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Edelstein, Kim, Norma Mammone D'Agostino, Gregory Russell Pond, et al. "Neurocognitive functions and psychological distress in young adults with cancer (YAC): A prospective, longitudinal study." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 15_suppl (2017): 10064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.15_suppl.10064.
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10064 Background: Non-CNS cancer and treatments are associated with neurocognitive sequelae in older adults; whether YAC (age 18-39 yrs) are protected from these effects is unknown. In YAC, cancer interferes with education and occupational attainment and is associated with psychological distress. This prospective, inception-cohort study characterizes neurocognitive functions and psychological distress in YAC. Methods: YAC completed a 2-hr battery of standardized neurocognitive tests and questionnaires 1.7 ± 1 months after diagnosis prior to chemotherapy (mean ± SD, T1) and 8.2 ± 1.2 (T2) and 14.2 ± 1.6 (T3) months later. Healthy YA with no cancer history (HYA) were tested at similar time points. Tests were scored using published norms, transformed to T-scores, and grouped into neurocognitive domains. Results: YAC (n = 108; lymphoma, breast, gyne, GI, GU, sarcoma) were grouped according to whether they required chemotherapy (n = 70) or not (n = 38), and compared to 63 HYA. At baseline, there were no group differences in neurocognitive performance, number of impaired tests, or neurocognitive complaints (Kruskal Wallis, all p-values > .4). About 70% of each group completed assessments at T2 and T3. Mean performance improved over time (random effects models, all p-values < .01), but there were no group differences or interactions between group and time. There were also no differences in proportions of participants in each group whose test scores improved ( > 10 points) or declined ( < 10 points) from T1 to T2 or T3. Adjusting for psychological distress, fatigue, or neurocognitive complaints did not change these results, despite higher symptoms of somatic distress, anxiety and fatigue in YAC compared to healthy YA over time (all p-values < .03). Conclusions: Before chemotherapy and up to about 14 months later, YAC have elevated distress and fatigue, but do not demonstrate the cognitive decline reported in older cancer patients. Our findings are consistent with research suggesting that aging brains are more vulnerable to neurotoxic insult. Whether the effects of cancer treatment emerge later in YAC, placing them at risk for accelerated aging as reported in older patients, remains to be examined.
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Edelstein, Kim, Norma Mammone D'Agostino, Gregory Russell Pond, et al. "Neurocognitive function and psychological distress in young adults (YA) with cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 34, no. 3_suppl (2016): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2016.34.3_suppl.199.
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199 Background: Cancer treatment is associated with neurocognitive sequelae and changes in structural and functional brain imaging in older adults, even if they do not receive central nervous system directed therapy. Because the brain continues to develop into the 3rd decade of life, YA (age 18-39 yrs) may also be vulnerable to neurocognitive dysfunction. In YA, cancer disrupts acquisition of developmental milestones and is associated with psychological distress. This study aims to characterize neurocognitive functions and its relation to psychological distress in YA. Here we present baseline results of our longitudinal study. Methods: In this prospective, inception-cohort study, we recruited 3 groups of YA from ambulatory oncology clinics: YA with cancers (YAC; lymphoma, breast, gynecology, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, sarcoma) who required chemotherapy (YAC+, n = 55), YAC who do not require it (YAC-, n = 31), and healthy YA (HYA, n = 54). Participants completed a 2-hr battery of standardized neurocognitive tests and validated self-report questionnaires. YAC were assessed within 3 months of diagnosis, and YAC+prior to chemotherapy. Test scores were converted to age-corrected scaled scores and transformed to z-scores (mean 0, SD 1). A global neurocognitive function score and 6 domain scores were evaluated. Results: There were no group differences in neurocognitive domains (ANOVA, all p-values > .1), or in the number of impaired test scores (defined as z < -1). YAC+ reported greater symptoms of somatic distress (p = .001) and anxiety (p = .004) than both HYA and YAC-. Symptoms were unrelated to neurocognitive performance (ρ < .16 for all). However, each group had poorer memory compared to population norms (1-sample t-tests: YAC+ p = .007; YAC- p = .047; HYA p = .023). Conclusions: Prior to treatment, neurocognitive functions of YAC were not different from HYA, suggesting that cancer itself is not a neurocognitive risk factor in YA. It is important to use appropriate control groups, rather than relying on normative data for comparison. We continue to follow this cohort to document neurocognitive function and distress over time, and to identify risk factors that contribute to outcomes in YA.
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Xiong, Yan, Yan Sun, and Sheng Wo Sheng. "Experiment Research on Apparent Source Width (ASW)." Advanced Materials Research 374-377 (October 2011): 1155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.374-377.1155.
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It is well-know that spatial impression is one of the important characteristics in concert halls. It is popular belief that early sound contribute to apparent source width (ASW) and late sound contribute to listener envelopment (LEV). The major concern of our study originated from the question of whether or not ASW was created only by early lateral sound energy alone. In this paper, a group of psychological experiments are performed with simulated sound fields. In the experiment, listening tests were carried out in order to exam the effect of early lateral sound energy fraction(LFE) and early to late sound energy ratio (C80) on perceived ASW. The results confirmed that C80 affects ASW.
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Michel, Gisela, Cornelia E. Rebholz, Nicolas X. von der Weid, Eva Bergstraesser, and Claudia E. Kuehni. "Psychological Distress in Adult Survivors of Childhood Cancer: The Swiss Childhood Cancer Survivor Study." Journal of Clinical Oncology 28, no. 10 (2010): 1740–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2009.23.4534.
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Purpose To evaluate the degree of psychological distress in adult childhood cancer survivors in Switzerland and to characterize survivors with significant distress. Methods Childhood cancer survivors who were age younger than 16 years when diagnosed between 1976 and 2003, had survived more than 5 years, and were currently age 20 years or older received a postal questionnaire. Psychological distress was assessed using the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI). Raw scores were transformed into T scores according to the German norm sample, and the proportion of participants being at increased risk for psychological distress was calculated (case rule: T ≥ 63). t tests and univariable and multivariable logistic regressions were used for statistical analyses. Results One thousand seventy-six survivors (63.% of eligible survivors, 71.9% of contacted survivors) returned the questionnaire, 987 with complete data on BSI. Comparison with the norm populations showed lower T scores (T < 50) in the Global Severity Index (GSI; T = 46.2), somatization (T = 47.6), obsessive-compulsive tendencies (T = 46.9), and anxiety (T = 48.4). However, more childhood cancer survivors (especially women) had increased distress for GSI (14.4%), interpersonal sensitivity (16.5%), depression (13.4%), aggression (16.9%), and psychotic tendencies (15.6%) than the expected 10% from the norm population. Caseness was associated with female sex, being a single child, older age at study, and self-reported late effects, especially psychological problems. Conclusion Results show that childhood cancer survivors, on average, have less psychological distress than a norm population but that the proportion of survivors at risk for high psychological distress is disproportionally large. Monitoring psychological distress in childhood cancer survivors may be desirable during routine follow-up, and psychological support should be offered as needed.
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Lebedev, I. B., and A. M. Sultanova. "PSYCHOLOGICAL PECULIARITIES OF POLICE OFFICERS INTUITION STUDY." Current Issues of the State and Law, no. 7 (2018): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/2587-9340-2018-2-7-125-132.
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We consider main aspects of intuition as a psychological phenomenon and its peculiarities in legal defending activity. The difficulty of the topic is noted according to intuition irrational nature. We study the historical aspect of intuitive human mind development from the earliest to the modern time and find differences in the information part of the world understanding. The reasons for formation of intuitive thinking of Internal Affairs Agencies workers in untypical situations are explained. The research has the scheme of conditions for intuition provocation, among which there are the problem situation, “hint” availability, fundamental understanding of the issue. In Russia the psychological service of Ministry of Internal Affairs investigates intuitive abilities of Internal Affairs Agencies workers. There are methods types of intuition study: experimental methods and action tests; surveys; instrumental methods showing priming; implicit learning; “illocal” intuition; psychophysiological methods. The essence of experimental methods, action-tests and instrumental methods are shown. The conclusions of necessity of to practically include developments obtained in the process of intuition thinking investigation of Internal Affairs Agencies are made. The peculiarities of intuition study within the framework of psychological researches. We consider the role of intuition in professional activity of Internal Affairs Agencies workers. We tried to create methodological tools of intuition study of police workers.
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Wang, Xudong, and Li Lin. "Research on the Construction of Product Material Perceptual Evaluation Model Based on EEG Physiological Cognition." E3S Web of Conferences 179 (2020): 01016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017901016.
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In order to improve the user experience of industrial product materials and solve the problems of strong subjectivity and lack of objective data support in the evaluation of industrial product materials, a perceptual evaluation method of product materials based on EEG is proposed, and a comprehensive model of perceptual evaluation of industrial product materials combining psychological and physiological evaluation indexes is established. 20 subjects were recruited to carry out perceptual evaluation tests on 8 kinds of teacups made of different materials, and the established model was calculated mathematically to select the optimal material scheme. The experimental results verified the effectiveness of the model, indicating that the psychological and physiological indexes of users can be mutually verified in the perceptual evaluation of product materials.
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Fukunishi, Isao, Yasutoshi Chishima, Fumihiko Aoki, Yoshiko Otsuka, and Toyokazu Yoshida. "Three Screening Tests for Patients with Psychological Problems Who Undergo Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery." Psychological Reports 85, no. 3 (1999): 987–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1999.85.3.987.
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To investigate their quality of life, screening tests of emotion, coping with stress, and personality were developed for use with patients in plastic and reconstructive surgery who had psychological problems. The validity and reliability of each test were examined in a sample of 329 patients who were admitted to the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. The reliability of each test was supported by factor analysis, adequate internal consistency, and test-retest correlations. Also, validity was acceptable. Although further examination is required, these screening tests seem suitable for use in research among this type of patient in Japan.
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Abdelmoteleb, Samir A. "The interrelationships among job satisfaction, work–home interference and psychological contract breach." German Journal of Human Resource Management: Zeitschrift für Personalforschung 33, no. 1 (2018): 32–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2397002218791566.
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This study aims to expand the literature on work–home interference, job satisfaction and psychological contracts. Using a two-wave panel survey, this study tests an explanatory model using data collected from 414 employees of three Egypt-based organizations. Consistent with the developed hypotheses, the results indicate a reciprocal negative relationship between employees’ work–home interference and job satisfaction. Moreover, psychological contract breach is negatively associated with job satisfaction. Furthermore, a moderating role of psychological contract breach in the relationship between work–home interference and job satisfaction is supported. In other words, a higher level of psychological contract breach intensifies the negative impact of work–home interference on job satisfaction. Implications for theory, research and practice and directions for future research with cultural emphasis are discussed.
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Lough, Jonathan, and Kathryn Von Treuer. "A critical review of psychological instruments used in police officer selection." Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management 36, no. 4 (2013): 737–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-11-2012-0104.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to critically examine the instruments used in the screening process, with particular attention given to supporting research validation. Psychological screening is a well-established process used in the selection of employees across public safety industries, particularly in police settings. Screening in and screening out are both possible, with screening out being the most commonly used method. Little attention, however, has been given to evaluating the comparative validities of the instruments used. Design/methodology/approach – This review investigates literature supporting the use of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), the California Personality Inventory (CPI), the Inwald Personality Inventory (IPI), the Australian Institute of Forensic Psychology's test battery (AIFP), and some other less researched tests. Research supporting the validity of each test is discussed. Findings – It was found that no test possesses unequivocal research support, although the CPI and AIFP tests show promise. Most formal research into the validity of the instruments lacks appropriate experimental structure and is therefore less powerful as “evidence” of the utility of the instrument(s). Practical implications – This research raises the notion that many current screening practices are likely to be adding minimal value to the selection process by way of using instruments that are not “cut out” for the job. This has implications for policy and practice at the recruitment stage of police employment. Originality/value – This research provides a critical overview of the instruments and their validity studies rather than examining the general process of psychological screening. As such, it is useful to those working in selection who are facing the choice of psychological instrument. Possibilities for future research are presented, and development opportunities for a best practice instrument are discussed.
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Regal, Paul. "Inattention tests for delirium." International Psychogeriatrics 29, no. 9 (2017): 1579–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610217000539.
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Voyer and colleagues (2016) report an interesting and important comparison of ten attention/concentration tests for DSM-5 delirium. I have a number of questions and comments as follows: (1)What training did the research assistants have? DSM-5 diagnosis is generally regarded as a decision by medical specialists. When the person has prior dementia, identifying delirium is a high-level medical skill. Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia can closely mimic delirium unless the examiner focuses on behavioral triggers and the speed of cognitive decline.(2)The requirement of taking medications twice a day may have eliminated some delirium patients with impaired swallowing or refusal to take medications.(3)Lumping dementia, confusion, and disorientation into one label “cognitive impairment” is problematic and reduces the usefulness of Table 3.(4)The authors used prior diagnosis of dementia as a gold standard when in fact many people with that label have mild cognitive impairment.(5)The ten “concentration” subtests in the Hierarchic Dementia Scale (HDS) (Cole and Dastoor, 1987) are not purely indices of concentration. Serial seven subtraction is impaired in low education with normal concentration. Months of the year backwards is often ranked as both an attention and executive function test and it requires semantic knowledge. Digit span forward is a rapid attention test missing from the HDS which has been of great value in my delirium research.(6)As expected DSM-5 delirium was more common among medical inpatients than long-term care residents (14.9% vs. 4.0%, Table 1).(7)The Central Coast Australia Delirium Intervention Study (Regal, 2015) supported the gold standard to prove delirium was the speed and amplitude of both onset and recovery. In CADIS, the mean recovery of five-digit span forward was two days, six-DSF 5.6 days and Delirium Index 8.0 days.
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Hubbard, Katherine, and Peter Hegarty. "Rorschach tests and Rorschach vigilantes." History of the Human Sciences 30, no. 4 (2017): 75–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952695117722719.
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One of the clearest signs that Psychology has impacted popular culture is the public’s familiarity with the Rorschach ink-blot test. An excellent example of the Rorschach in popular culture can be found in Watchmen, the comic/graphic novel written by Alan Moore and Dave Gibbons (1987). In the mid-20th century Psychology had an especially contentious relationship with comics; some psychologists were very anxious about the impact comics had on young people, whereas others wrote comics to subvert dominant norms about gender and sexuality. Yet historians of Psychology have had almost nothing to say about this popular and critically acclaimed novel. We read Watchmen here for its narratives that most concern the history of Psychology. We focus on such themes as anti-psychiatry, sexual violence, homophobia, lesbian erasure and social psychological research on bystander intervention. We argue it is possible to align Psychology and comics more closely despite their sometimes contentious history. In doing so we demonstrate the active role of the public in the history of the Rorschach, and the public engagement of Psychology via comics, and also reveal what is possible when historians consider comics within their histories.
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Gant, H. Y., and O. M. Orlenko. "Psychological means of recreation sportsmen’s psychic workability." Physical education of students 20, no. 5 (2016): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.15561/20755279.2016.0501.
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Purpose: to study recreation of sportsmen’s psychic workability under influence of psychological methods. Material: Students-sportsmen, practicing boxing and kickboxing (n=45, age17-23 years) participated in he research. Express assessment methodic for “Self-feeling, activity and mood”, “Correcting tests” was used. Results: sportsmen’s subjective assessment of own state depends on the stage of competition functioning. This assessment is rather favorable in pre-competition and competition periods. In pre-competition period unconscious weakening of psychic workability happens. Psychic workability weakening in competition period is of functional character and can be reduced in post-competition period. Conclusions: application of art-therapeutic methodic results in sportsmen’s more recreated, relaxed and hardy. Singing and drawing can be used as the method of stabilization of sportsmen’s activity, mood and self-feeling.
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Nikulchev, Evgeny, Dmitry Ilin, Pavel Kolyasnikov, et al. "Isolated Sandbox Environment Architecture for Running Cognitive Psychological Experiments in Web Platforms." Future Internet 13, no. 10 (2021): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi13100245.
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Web surveys are an integral part of the feedback of Internet services, a research tool for respondents, including in the field of health and psychology. Web technologies allow conducting research on large samples. For mental health, an important metric is reaction time in cognitive tests and in answering questions. The use of mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets has increased markedly in web surveys, so the impact of device types and operating systems needs to be investigated. This article proposes an architectural solution aimed at reducing the effect of device variability on the results of cognitive psychological experiments. An experiment was carried out to formulate the requirements for software and hardware. Three groups of 1000 respondents were considered, corresponding to three types of computers and operating systems: Mobile Device, Legacy PC, and Modern PC. The results obtained showed a slight bias in the estimates for each group. It is noticed that the error for a group of devices differs both upward and downward for various tasks in a psychological experiment. Thus, for cognitive tests, in which the reaction time is critical, an architectural solution was synthesized for conducting psychological research in a web browser. The proposed architectural solution considers the characteristics of the device used by participants to undergo research in the web platform and allows to restrict access from devices that do not meet the specified criteria.
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Girvan, Erik, and Heather J. Marek. "Psychological and structural bias in civil jury awards." Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research 8, no. 4 (2016): 247–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jacpr-09-2015-0190.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, it proposes a basic organizing framework for when a plaintiff’s race, ethnicity, or sex may impact civil jury awards. The framework takes into account psychological and structural sources of bias and the ways in which they may interact when jurors have more or less discretion. Second, the paper employs a methodological innovation to overcome one of the primary barriers to empirical field research on bias in civil legal decisions: the absence of plaintiff demographic information. Design/methodology/approach The data set is comprised of jury verdicts in tort cases combined with information from the US Census Bureau regarding race and ethnicity. Statistical tests measure the relationships between race, ethnicity, sex, and awards for economic damages and pain and suffering. Findings Overall, the results were consistent with the psycho-structural framework. Where jurors had discretion (i.e. pain and suffering damages), they awarded less to black plaintiffs than to white plaintiffs, indicating potential psychological bias. Where jurors had little discretion (i.e. lost income) they awarded less to female plaintiffs and more to Asian plaintiffs than to male and white plaintiffs, respectively, a potential reflection of structural income disparities. Thus, the framework and method have promise for exploring relationships between structural and psychological bias and differential civil jury awards. Originality/value Because demographic information is not easily available, there is very little research on race and gender bias in civil cases. This study introduces and provides a conceptual test of a novel framework for when bias is most likely to impact damage awards in these cases and tests it using advances in social demography that can help researchers overcome this barrier.