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Academic literature on the topic 'Psychologie du comportement (UMI : 0384)'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Psychologie du comportement (UMI : 0384)"
Benbouriche, Massil. "Étude expérimentale des effets de l'alcool et de l'excitation sexuelle en matière de coercition sexuelle." Thèse, Rennes 2, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18445.
Full textAlors que plusieurs auteurs ont souligné l’existence d’un contexte social relativement permissif pour expliquer l’ampleur de la coercition sexuelle dont sont victimes les femmes, cette thèse a privilégié un niveau d’analyse individuel. De concert avec une perspective interactionniste somme toute classique, il a alors été proposé que des facteurs situationnels puissent contribuer à actualiser des facteurs de risque individuels et, par ce biais, précipiter le passage à l’acte. L'objectif général de cette thèse était ainsi d'étudier expérimentalement les effets de l'alcool et de l'excitation sexuelle sur la perception du consentement et les intentions comportementales d'utiliser des stratégies coercitives pour avoir une relation sexuelle. Plus exactement, et afin d’étudier les effets de l’alcool sur la perception des intentions comportementales exprimées par une femme, un plan expérimental inter-participants a permis de répartir aléatoirement 150 participants, issus de la population générale, dans une condition Avec alcool ou dans une condition Sans alcool. La concentration d’alcool dans le sang visée était de 0,8 g/L (2,22 ml de vodka à 40 % par kg). Par la suite, les participants étaient à nouveau répartis aléatoirement dans l'une des deux modalités du facteur Excitation sexuelle, soit Avec excitation sexuelle et Sans excitation sexuelle. Un plan factoriel inter-participants 2x2 a alors permis d'étudier les effets de l'alcool et de l'excitation sexuelle sur le temps de latence pour indiquer qu'une femme n'est plus intéressée par avoir une relation sexuelle, ainsi que sur les intentions comportementales d’utiliser des stratégies coercitives non-violentes et de commettre un viol. Pour ce qui est de la perception des intentions comportementales, les résultats, obtenus à l’aide d’analyses de variance mixte, indiquent qu’il existe une difficulté à percevoir correctement une absence de consentement lorsqu’elle n’est pas exprimée avec suffisamment d’intensité. Toutefois, cette difficulté est indépendante des effets de l’alcool, dans la mesure où elle se manifeste aussi bien chez les hommes qui ont consommé de l’alcool que chez ceux qui n’ont pas consommé d’alcool. Pour ce qui est de l’identification d’une absence de consentement sexuel, les résultats, obtenus à l’aide de modèles de régression linaire multiple et de régression de Cox, indiquent qu’il existe un effet de l’alcool, mais que cet effet est modéré par les distorsions cognitives. Toutefois, si la consommation d’alcool contribue, chez les individus présentant des distorsions cognitives au-delà d’un certain niveau, à différer l’identification d’une absence de consentement sexuel, elle ne l’empêche pas. Enfin, les résultats, issus de modèles de régression linéaire multiple et logistique multiple, indiquent que l’effet de l’alcool sur les intentions comportementales d’utiliser des stratégies coercitives est également modéré (et conditionné) par le niveau de distorsions cognitives. Plus exactement, malgré la perception d’une absence de consentement sexuel, notamment lorsqu’elle est exprimée avec suffisamment d’intensité, les individus qui présentent un niveau particulièrement élevé de distorsions cognitives sont plus à risque d’utiliser des stratégies coercitives non-violentes en l’absence d’alcool, mais sont également plus à risque de commettre un viol lorsqu’ils ont consommé de l’alcool. Par ailleurs, les résultats indiquent que notre manipulation de l’excitation sexuelle pourrait avoir, au moins partiellement, échoué. De nouvelles études apparaissent ainsi nécessaires afin de comprendre le rôle éventuel de l’excitation sexuelle dans la perception du consentement et les intentions comportementales d’utiliser des stratégies coercitives pour avoir une relation sexuelle. Alors que ces résultats ouvrent la voie à de nouvelles recherches afin de mieux comprendre les processus et mécanismes par lesquels l’alcool peut, chez certains individus, contribuer à expliquer la coercition sexuelle, des implications pratiques peuvent également être proposées. Ainsi, si les résultats relatifs à la perception du consentement soutiennent l’importance de programmes de prévention primaire, voire situationnelle, les résultats relatifs aux intentions comportementales d’utiliser des stratégies coercitives soulignent que des programmes de prévention secondaire apparaissent également comme un élément indispensable d’une politique efficace de prévention de la coercition sexuelle.
While a relatively permissive social context has been argued to explain the extent of sexual coercion against women, this dissertation has favored an individual level of analysis. In accordance with a classic interactionist perspective, situational factors have been proposed to contribute to trigger individual risk factors and, therefore, precipitate sexual coercion. The overall objective of this dissertation was to experimentally study the effects of acute alcohol intoxication and sexual arousal on the perception of consent and on behavioral intentions to use coercive strategies to have sex. More precisely, a between-subjects design was used to study the effects of acute alcohol intoxication in men on their perception of a woman’s behavioral intents. The 150 participants, recruited from the general population, were thus randomized either in a condition With alcohol or in a condition Without alcohol. The targeted blood alcohol content was 0,08 % (2,22 ml of 40% alcohol-by-volume Absolut vodka per kg of body weight). Then, participants were once again randomized in one of the two levels of “Sexual arousal” factor: a condition With sexual arousal and a condition Without sexual arousal. A 2x2 between-subjects factorial design was thereby used to study the effects of acute alcohol intoxication and sexual arousal on the latency to indicate that a woman is no longer interested in having sex as well as on the behavioral intentions to use non-violent coercive strategies and to commit rape. First, in regards to the perception of a woman’s behavioral intents, the results of mixed ANOVAs indicate that there exists a difficulty in correctly perceiving an absence of consent if it is not expressed with sufficient intensity. However, this difficulty is independent of the effects of alcohol consumption, as participants in both conditions express this difficulty. Secondly, for the identification of an absence of sexual consent, results of multiple linear regressions and Cox regression indicate that alcohol consumption does have an effect, but this effect is moderated by cognitive distortions. Moreover, if alcohol consumption contributes to postpone the identification of an absence of sexual consent in participants with a higher level of cognitive distortions, it does not ultimately hinder it. Finally, results of multiple linear and multiple logistic regressions indicate that the effect of alcohol consumption on behavioral intentions to use coercive strategies to have sex is also moderated (and conditioned) by the level of cognitive distortions. Despite the fact that participants ultimately correctly perceive an absence of sexual consent, those with a higher level of cognitive distortions are more likely to use non-violent coercive strategies to have sex if no alcohol is consumed and, are also more likely to commit rape when they consume alcohol. Moreover, results indicate that our experimental manipulation of sexual arousal may have partially failed. New studies appear necessary in order to better understand the potential role of sexual arousal on the perception of consent and on behavioral intentions to use coercive strategies. While these results pave the way for new research in order to better understand the processes and mechanisms by which acute alcohol intoxication may help to explain sexual coercion in some individuals, practical implications must also be considered. While results related to the perception of consent support the relevance of primary and situational prevention, results related to behavioral intentions to use coercive strategies to have sex highlight the need for secondary prevention in order to develop an effective policy for sexual coercion prevention.
Caru, Maxime. "Étude des effets de l’activité physique en oncologie pédiatrique : des paramètres physiologiques aux paramètres psychologiques." Thesis, Paris 10, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA100028.
Full textPhysical activity promotion in pediatric oncology is an essential aspect of patient care. Indeed, physical activity significantly improves the functional capacity, musculoskeletal system, inflammatory system, immune system, cardiovascular system, as well as the psychological health of children with cancer and childhood cancer survivors. Physical activity in pediatric oncology is central to this thesis, which was part of an international joint supervision approach, answering several questions posed by children with cancer and childhood cancer survivors, in particular those with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Among other things, "How does cancer and its treatments affect my health in the short, medium and long term?" And "How can physical activity help me?". To answer these questions, this thesis focuses on physiological, epidemiological, genetic, electrophysiological and psychological parameters. There are five works carried out within this thesis. They specify the effects of cancer treatments on the physical and psychological health of children with cancer and childhood ALL survivors. The first study in this thesis aims to explore the physiological differences between childhood cancer survivors (i.e., ALL survivors) and the healthy Canadian population. For these two populations, physical activity data, as well as cardiorespiratory fitness data, were compared in order to provide a better understanding of the daily challenges faced by childhood ALL survivors. The second study in this thesis provides answers to childhood ALL survivors’ physical deconditioning. This study is the first in the exercise and oncology field to explore the genetic association between childhood ALL survivors’ cardiorespiratory fitness and their trainability genes. These findings have an important impact on clinicians, patients, survivors and their families since they could allow, in the near future, to offer better follow-up to ALL patients, in line with their genetic profile and their cardiorespiratory fitness. The third study in this thesis explores the harmful long-term effects of cancer treatments on the electrophysiological parameters of ALL survivors. This study aims to better understand the physical deconditioning of these survivors, especially in regard to their autonomic nervous system which undergoes significant changes. These parameters, closely linked to the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system, are of paramount importance in the safe practice of physical activity. Finally, the last two studies are closely linked and follow up on the alarming observation made in ALL survivors. In this sense, these studies also stem from the interest of proposing a physical activity program in pediatric oncology. This work focuses on measures of the theory of planned behavior, self-esteem and perceived physical condition of children with cancer who are undergoing treatment. In this sense, the fourth article of this thesis documents the effects of cancer diagnosis on the psychological parameters mentioned above and shows the importance of providing children with cancer with physical activity support as soon as they are diagnosed. The fifth article can be considered as a follow-up to the fourth article since it proposes a supervised physical activity program in pediatric oncology. This latest study shows the positive effects of six weeks of physical activity on the physiological and psychological parameters of children with cancer. It shows the importance of family support to improve behavior linked to physical activity in children and alerts clinicians to the real and pressing need to provide children with cancer with support in physical activity as soon as they are diagnosed
Gauthier, Nathalie. "La communication de la douleur et de l'incapacité au sein des couples dont l'un des partenaires souffre de douleur persistante." Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4895.
Full textIn the past, it has been shown that pain communication, through the display of pain behaviours, is related to self-reported disability and pain chronicity. However, few studies have investigated the link between pain perception in couples and the chronic trajectory of individuals suffering from persistent pain. In the current thesis, three studies were conducted in order to understand the factors that are involved in pain communication in couples where one partner suffers from persistent pain. The first study aimed to validate a francophone version of the Pain Disability Index (PDI), a questionnaire, developed to assess disability associated with persistent pain. As expected, the results showed that this version of the PDI replicate the factorial structure of the original version of the PDI and showed a good reliability and validity. Another study was conducted with couples where one partner suffers from persistent pain to investigate the correlates of empathic accuracy, explore the relation between pain-related empathic accuracy and different variables associated with adaptational outcomes for chronic pain patients and their spouses, and explore the relation between pain-related empathic accuracy and relational variables. The results generally suggest that empathic accuracy is associated with negative outcomes for the patient, and might not be an important correlate of marital satisfaction. Finally, a last study was conducted to understand the influence of couple concordance of catastrophizing on the display of pain behaviours and on the perception of pain and disability in a physically demanding task. Results revealed that high catastrophizing pain participants, who were in a relationship with a low catastrophizing spouse, displayed more pain behaviours than all other groups. These findings suggest that high catastrophizing chronic pain persons might need to increase the ‘volume’ of pain communication in order to compensate for low catastrophizing spouses’ tendency to underestimate the severity of their pain experience. In brief, since the display of pain behaviours is related to self-reported disability of chronic pain persons, it is possible that any situation that contributes to the increase of pain behaviours, will also contribute to a higher disability level. Therefore, from a clinical perspective, interventions that lead the spouse to engage in active listening and to respond with validating statements, could reduce the amount of pain behaviours and possibly have an impact on the disability level of chronic pain persons.
Morin, Karine. "Perception des visages auprès des adolescents et des adultes autistes." Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/8771.
Full textFace perception is the most commonly used visual metric of social abilities in autism. When found to be atypical, the nature of its origin is often contentious. One hypothesis proposes that locally-oriented visual analysis, which characterizes persons with autism, influences performance on most face tasks where configural analysis is optimal. Objective. We evaluate this hypothesis by assessing face identity discrimination with synthetic faces presented with and without changes in viewpoint, with the former condition minimizing access to local face attributes used for identity discrimination. Methods. Fifty eight participants, with and without autism, matched for global intellectual quotient, age, and gender, were asked to perform a face identity discrimination task similar to that of Habak, Wilkinson, and Wilson (2008). Stimuli were frontal and side viewpoint of simplified and ecologically validated synthetic faces. Face identity discrimination thresholds, defined by the minimum percentage of change in face geometry at 75% correct performance, were obtained using a two-alternative, temporal forced choice match-to-sample paradigm. Results. Analyses revealed a significant interaction effect between groups and conditions, with significant group differences found only for the viewpoint change condition, where performance of the autism group was significantly decreased compared to that of neurotypical participants. Discussion. The selective decrease in autism performance for the viewpoint change condition suggests that face identity discrimination in autism is more difficult when (i) access to local cues are minimized, and (ii) an increased dependence on integrative analysis is introduced to the face task used.
Co-auteurs de l'article: Karine Morin, Jacalyn Guy, Claudine Habak, Hugh, R. Wilson, Linda S.Pagani, Laurent Mottron, Armando Bertone
Farrahi, Moghaddam Jeiran. "The effect of interference on reactivation of spatial memories in reconsolidation model by using an innovative experimental paradigm in healthy young adults at the behavioral level." Thèse, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/22822.
Full textMarleau, Brigitte. "Examen préliminaire d’une formation interactive en ligne pour enseigner aux parents d’enfants ayant un TSA ou une DI, les fonctions d’identification d’un comportement, les sélections d’intervention fonctionnelle et examiner leur appréciation vis-à-vis cette formation pour les soutenir dans la réduction de comportements problématiques." Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/19389.
Full textAutism spectrum disorders (ASD) and intellectual disability (ID) are developmental disorders that affect many families around the world (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Several studies have shown that children with ASD or ID engage in more challenging behavior than children without disability. Aggression, destruction, opposition, and self-injury often interfere with individual skills, preventing those who emit these behavior from functioning adequately in their natural environment and often causing them harm or injury (Matson, Wilkins & Macken, 2008; Mazurek, Kanne & Wodka,2013; Minshawi & al., 2014). Several studies have outlined the serious consequences that can result from these behaviors (Caron, Fleury, Godbout & Desranleau, 2005; Taylor, Oliver & Murphy, 2011). These consequences can limit or put at risk the optimal use of community resources and reduce the persons’ capacity to address their needs and limit their potential for social and community integration (Richards, Moss, Nelson & Oliver, 2016). Behavioral interventions can help families who are often stressed, socially isolated and confronted to risks if they do not receive access to adequate services (Bessette, Gorlin, McAlpine, Garwick & Wieling, 2016; Chan & Lam, 2016). However, accessibility to services to address these behavioral difficulties is often limited due to the high costs of private services, geographic isolation, shortage of staff, or waiting lists for public services. Interactive web training is an easy-to-use, efficient and affordable approach, which can be used to address these issues (Higbee & al., 2016; Pollard, Higbee, Akers & Brodhead, 2014). Research findings suggest that parents can be effectively involved as agents of change and play a meaningful role in the reduction of their children’s challenging behavior when trained adequately using verbal v and written instructions, video modeling and exercises (Gerencser, Higbee, Akers & Contreras, 2017; Ilg & al., 2016; Lanovaz, Rapp, Maciw, Dorion & Pelletier, 2016). The objective of our study was to document the effects of an interactive web training developed to support parents of children with ASD or ID in the reduction of challenging behavior. The objectives of this pilot project focused on three response variables (1) identifying a function of challenging behavior, (2) selecting a functional intervention, and (3) parents’ satisfaction with the training. The results indicated an improvement on behavioral function identification tasks and functional intervention selection tasks as well as an excellent social validity. The use of interactive web training as a resource for parents seems to be an interesting avenue for treatment, but it is necessary to replicate our study in order to validate the results.
Pouliot, Benoit. "Les déterminants de l’acceptation d’une affectation à l’international." Thèse, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/3490.
Full textThis study’s main focus is the reasons that are involved in the acceptance of an international assignment. While the number of multinational corporations is increasing, so is the pressure to attract and select candidates that will accept an international assignment. Based on a sample of employees working in engineering and construction, our study had two main goals. First, we sought to identify which are the key individual, organisational and assignment variables in the decision to accept or refuse an international assignment. The second goal was to verify the relative importance of those key variables in the acceptation of an international assignment. Our analyses revealed that two individual variables and seven organisational variables have a significant and positive influence in the acceptance of an international assignment.
Kirouac-Ouimet, Audrey. "Les facteurs associés à l’alliance thérapeutique avec les adolescents auteurs d’agressions sexuelles." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18684.
Full textThe scientific literature concerned with juvenile sex offenders shows that this is a particularly resistant population to change (Rich, 2003). They are forming a particular subgroup that differs in several aspects from the juvenile offender population in general (Tardif et al., 2012; Venziano and Veneziano, 2002; Andrade, Vincent and Saleh, 2005). Indeed, juvenile sex offenders have several deficits in social skills and interpersonal relationships, (Tardif et al., 2012; Carpentier, 2008; Becker, 1993; Hunter and Figueredo, 2000; Veneziano and Veneziano, 2002). Knowing that the therapeutic alliance is a key element in patient involvement in treatment and that its success is associated with a decreased risk of recidivism (Brannon and Troyer, 1991; Rubinstein, Yeager, Goodstein and Lewis, 1993); it is important to identify factors that promote or undermine the establishment of a therapeutic alliance with this specific population. This research helps to highlight the influence of personal, environmental and social characteristics of the young on the establishment of a therapeutic alliance in context of authority. This sample counted 76 teenagers who have committed sexual offenses which have been followed in different specialized treatment centers for sexual offenders located throughout the province of Quebec. The statistical analysies (correlation and regression) revealed several significant relationships between the adolescent’s individual and environmental characteristics and the therapeutic alliance. Indeed, factors related to post-traumatic stress symptoms, social skills and stress-coping strategies are associated with little or no development of the therapeutic alliance. On the other hand, factors referring to motivation level to change, the family environment, interpersonal as well as social support are more positively associated with. Thus, therapists working with adolescents molesters should consider the level of motivation and the characteristics of the family environment of these adolescents because they seem related to the construction of the therapeutic alliance during the therapy. However, it is important to note that the findings of this study does not establish causal relationships between variables in study, but still indicate some interesting tracks on the factors to consider when it comes to building a therapeutic alliance during a change process with adolescents sex offenders.
Ferfache, Daphnée-Sarah. "Étude internationale : l'effet modérateur d'un trait culturel sur la relation entre les traits psychopathiques et la coopération sociale chez des individus non incarcérés." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/25258.
Full textPsychopathy is characterized by various emotional and behavioural manifestations that include a lack of empathy towards others, manipulation and exploitation. To date, studies of psychopathy have focused primarily on antisocial behaviours, while little attention has been paid to the potential for prosocial behaviours. Although generally observed in about 10% of the carceral population, psychopathy is also found in the general population. In order to better understand what might distinguish psychopaths adapted to life in society from those involved in criminal activities, some researchers have attempted to study the relationship between psychopathic traits and the ability to cooperate in non-incarcerated individuals. However, the results are inconsistent from one study to another. To date, no research has explored the moderating effect of a third variable, that could potentially explain this discrepancy in data. For example, some cultural traits, such as individualism versus collectivism, are conceptually linked to both psychopathic traits and social cooperation. The objective of the thesis was to verify the relationship between psychopathic traits and cooperative behaviours among individuals in the general population, while taking into account the effect of participants individualistic or collectivist traits. It was expected that: 1) psychopathic traits would predict uncooperative choices; and 2) this relationship would differ according to the individualistic or collectivist attitudes reported by participants. Recruitment was conducted on the international scene via social networks, classified advertisement sites and some university departments. A total of 134 participants completed the entire study. They completed the following tests in random order: the Levenson Scale of Psychopathy, the Scenarios for the measurement of collectivism and individualism, and an iterative simulation of the prisoner's dilemma involving 12 trials. A hierarchical regression was conducted and did not confirm the hypotheses. Various exploratory analyses were also attempted, including logistic regressions and contrast analyses. Psychopathic traits were not significantly predictive of cooperative choices in the prisoner's dilemma, nor did the cultural traits have a significant impact on this relationship. An in-depth discussion was conducted to explain these results and to place them in the context of the current scientific literature. More specifically, the Discussion focused on the conceptualization of psychopathic traits and their manifestations in the general population, as well as on research in an intercultural context. A second experiment was conducted with a new sample, correcting the methodological flaws identified in the international study. This second experiment focused on the relationship between psychopathic traits and social cooperation, without considering cultural traits. To improve the research design, only males were recruited, the sample size was increased, and recruitment was not conducted internationally in order to limit variability among participants. Also, a questionnaire measuring the presence of clues to psychopathic traits in childhood and adolescence was added. The objective of this second experiment was to further explore the relationship between psychopathic traits and the adoption of cooperative behaviours in individuals from the general population. Psychopathic traits were expected to be predictors of uncooperative choices. More specifically, the hypothesis was that the more individuals report psychopathic traits in adulthood and psychopathic traits present in childhood, the less likely they are to be cooperative. Recruitment was conducted via social networks. A total of 150 men completed the entire study. Each completed the following tests in random order: the Levenson Psychopathy Scale, the Childhood and Adolescent Taxon Scale-Self Report, and an iterative simulation of the prisoner's dilemma involving 12 trials. Standard and hierarchical multiple regressions were performed. The hypotheses were partially confirmed. Childhood psychopathy indices were predictive of decisions made in the prisoner's dilemma, however the direction of the relationship was not as expected. The results indicated that the higher the score on the Childhood and Adolescent Taxon Scale-Self Report, the more cooperative the individuals were to the prisoner's dilemma. Second, psychopathic traits in adulthood, as measured by scores on the Levenson Psychopathy Scale, alone did not predict decisions about the prisoner's dilemma. Adult psychopathic traits were predictive of cooperative behaviour only when considered in conjunction with measures of childhood psychopathic trait indicators. The percentage of variance in cooperative behaviour that was explained by the model was small. Also, the predictive value of adult psychopathic traits was entirely attributable to Factor 1 traits (interpersonal and emotional). This time, the relationship was as expected: the higher the score on Levenson's Psychopathy Scale, the less cooperative participants were to the prisoner's dilemma. These results were interpreted in a new Discussion, which shed light on the similarities and differences between the two experiments carried out in the framework of the thesis. Also, questions surrounding the validity of the concept of psychopathy in the general population were supported. Based on the entire thesis, recommendations for future research were formulated.
Lapierre, Catherine. "Analyse du lien séquentiel entre les comportements d'anxiété et d'évitement lors d'interactions parent-enfant." Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/5868.
Full textAnxiety disorders are common among children. They can have serious consequences on their development, and tend to persist or even get worst over time. Avoidance behaviors are often used by anxious people, including children, to escape the object of their fear and to decrease their anxiety level. Dysfunctionnal anxious cognitions that support avoidance tend to develop early in childhood and are partially related to parent-child interactions. The objective of the present study was to examine sequential dependency between anxious and avoidant behaviours, by means of sequential analysis of parent-child interactions. The sample included 20 parent-child dyads, children being aged between 4 and 7 years. A story-completion task was administered in order to arouse anxious feelings in participants. Results of the present study did not suggest a dependency between anxious and avoidant behaviours among dyads. The discussion proposes avenues for future research to explore.