Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Psychologie – Éthologie humaine'
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Brixhe, Daniel. "Aspects processuels interactifs de la coréférence chez l'enfant (10 à 12 ans) en situation d'explication de jeu." Nancy 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993NAN21023.
Full textThis research relate to construction of coreference with ten to twelve old children, in a natural situation of game's explanation: the U. S. Dominoes. The material in which is based the analysis regroup 25 situations of explanations among children, without adult's intervention, and in the framework of a school tourney. We try to display the interactive processes whereby the cognitive environments' management is assumed by interlocutors. The first part investigates the work of contextualization. The second show characteristics of the assumptions' management in successful and failed communicative acts. Finally, the third part presents some aspects of social interaction with peers in construction of mathematical concepts and schemas
Bruant, Gérard. "La construction sociale du geste athlétique." Paris 10, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA100163.
Full textThree types of social interactions account for the evolution of athletic races. 1- The nature of the athletic effort could be defined as struggles between groups which underline their differences through comparison so as to gain the whole monopoly of the symbols. In order to preserve their motivations, individuals will create new forms of physical activities. Thus, they emphatically contest the orthodoxy of sport and therefore constrain the institution to integrate their messianic stand-point. 2- The thus created conflicts during a collective activity are regulated by individualizing the efforts, separating the operations concerning the treatment of both internal and external uncertain- ties, and lastly by the presence of the coach who acts as a go-between. 3- The technical and organizational productions form compromises between the various types of agents. They maintain and try to solve the duality of a contest against others and a contest against oneself. The symbolical images used to achieve a sort of harmony remain in accordance with a situational type of rhetoric which drives the athlete to keep the social constraints within himself. Reversing the means and ends well account for the shift from handicap to scratch races as they might account for increased preparatory tasks
Nondier, Patricia. "La passion amoureuse : entre mythe et réalité." Nancy 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000NAN21014.
Full textOur work consists in studying the function of love passion in the everyday life and reality of individual. . . We would like to show the positive aspect of it, as it can be stimulating, motivating for all of us. So, it is necessary to wander passion from its pathological context, and to elaborate everyone's search of passion. To do so, we had to express theoretical assumptions concerning its etiology, through clinical analysis of characters in mythical work as : Tristan et Iseult, Roméo et Juliette, Les Liaisons dangereuses. Passion condenses these topics : possivity, destruction, transgression, lack, guiltiness, death. . . Passion reactivate primary processes in archaïc relation concerning feelings of potency and impotence. The passionate subject lives for a while in a narcissism by procuration, a fusional search, an omnipotence. From that, we showed, by means of interviews and personality tests on seven individuals, passion stake in reality, phantasm, human thoughts. Some subjects accept it, some do not for different reasons like fear of dependance, loss of self-control. Nevertheless, even if some subjects do not dose to involve themselves in passion, they need it as mobilization of pulsional energy and stand out that need on literary or cinematographic characters. Fascination for works relating strong passions can be explained by search of absolute perfection, limits, impossible desire, emergence of unconscious phenomenons
Tenin, Aurélie. "Catégorisation et systèmes symboliquesApproches différentielles des traitements, des matériels et des tâches." Paris 5, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA05H011.
Full textResearch on simple objects of natural categories (rosch, 76 ; 78) have empirically demonstrated the existence of typicality. These results have been extended to complex objects, scenes or situations of road environments, using different procedures, different pictorial representations, and tested on differently experienced subjects. Results of twenty experiments proved a negligible effect of procedures on an highly symbolic stimuli, and for experienced subjects. The pictorial variable however induces differences between photographs or schematic drawings, associated to holistic processes and functionnal verbal criteria on one side, and symbolic drawings, associated to mixt or analytic processes and perceptual verbal comments. Novice subjects are more responsive to procedure effect than experienced subjects. Regarding procedure variables, including either the presentation of reference exemplars or not, or intructions upon the number of categories required, specially for an ecological material (such as photographs), novice subjects are less holistic than experienced ones and produce less infered verbal criteria. Lastly, for "two partitions" procedures (with or without the presentation of prototypes), novice subjects process the pictorial representations as such, whereas experienced subjects process them as more or less "realistic" representations of the "real world", more or less adjusted to their categorial representations in long term memory
Mouzé-Amady, Marc. "Contribution à une approche écologique de la cognition : effets des nuisances physiques sur des enchaînements de traitement de l'information." Nancy 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991NAN21005.
Full textCognitive psychology considers physical environment as being at most interference in information processing. Nevertheless, we assume that recognizing the full part of environment leads to (a) an improvement in the predictive power of cognitive models, and (b) provides a sharp methodological tool, which can reveal the cognitive processes and the physiological mechanisms regulating the world-organism relationships. This twofold hypothesis has been tested by investigating the behavioral and physiological effects of physical stressors (inadequate noise and lighting) during a simulated procee control (a complex cognitive task). In such conditions, the subjects' response times are not affected in the same way, depending on the nature of the ongoing processing (perception, diagnosis, decision. . . ), its temporal location within the response pattern, and the type of environment. Moreover, close to these changes in performance, we observed changes in the physiological time-locked indicators (cardiac output, cerebral activation, hemispheric asymmetry. . . ). These results allow validating use of physical factors as probes within the frame of an ecological model of information processing
Fischer, Jean-Paul. "Connaissances procédurales et déclaratives dans des apprentissages numériques élémentaires." Nancy 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991NAN21001.
Full textSavigny, Aline. "L'organisation des connaissances et la production de textes procéduraux : études "off-line" et "on-line"." Poitiers, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995POIT5002.
Full textPereira, da Costa Maria. "Apport des verbalisations dans l'etude des stratégies cognitives." Paris 5, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA05H018.
Full textA large portion of the research on cognitive strategies uses exclusively quantitative performance measures, such as reaction times. The current research elaborates a methodology to associate subject's verbalizations to classical quantitative indices. This methodology is developed and tested using a sentence-picture comparison task following Clark and Chase (1972). One aim of the current experiments is to validate the reliability of verbalizations with regard to classical indices of performance. Existing studies were replicated with the addition of the verbalization methodology. Verbalizations are shown to be reliable under certain conditions of utilization and verification (cross-referenced within subjects). The other aim is to study the strategies used during task performance. The results support a vicarious-processing model as compared to other general models
Lang, Karen. "Le schéma corporel et les notions sémantiques fondamentales : étude de leur intégration lors d'un entrainement." Paris 10, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA100071.
Full textThis study of analogic and nonverbal elements pertaining to meaning represents a cognitive advance to a subject born of genetic and of Anglo-Saxon psychology, and of functional linguistics. We explore situations allowing children at different age levels (five, nine, and fourteen) to integrate eight fundamental semantic notions (fsn) within their body schemata. The process of integration is opened by a semiotic behavior which conducts the child to traduce his knowledge into nonverbal contexts. Our hypothesis predict for the experimental groups, the possibility of reaching a higher level of integration. The experimental factor is a training session founded on the semiotic expression of perceptual contrasts (underlying the fsn). A ground research estimates the change which intervened in the experimental groups compared to control groups. Following a before-after design, two scales, a semantic and a graphic one, are applied. The semantic scale provides two outcomes, time score and number of associations for each fsn. There is an improvement for the 'after'-scores of the experimental groups; the factor 'age' and 'fsn treated' differentiate the scores
Loisy, Jane. "Contribution à l'étude des jugements esthétiques en matière musicale chez les enfants : le timbre instrumental." Paris 10, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA100035.
Full textInstrumental tone considered firstly as a perceptive element is the object of early discrimination; here one studies the discriminative aptitude of children from the age of five to eight years in complex musical items, their evolution and the process that they follow. The tone is predominant in the commentaries by which children justify their judgments. One endeavor to understand the importance of this factor in the judgments themselves, in relation to the writing of music. The comparison of experimental data concerning different age groups shows that the judgments mature according to the various dimensions of stimulation. Finally one associates instrumental tone with non-additive senses and with affective connotations arising from symbols which are more flexible for creative composers than for instrumental theorists. One attempts here to understand if a change of instruments provokes a change of semantic associations and also to explain the importance of this factor in relation to musical writing. The comparison of the data of experimental groups enables observation of the gradual or late structuring of the meaning associated with the music, in relation to the various dimensions of stimulation
Engrand, Emmanuelle. "De l'analyse de dialogues téléphoniques fonctionnels à distance à celle des compétences et des savoir-faire communicationnels : la relation d'écoute ou les gestions de l'angoisse de l'appelant par l'écoutant bénévole dans le cadre d'une association d'écoute sur le cancer." Nancy 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000NAN21039.
Full textKorichi, Rodolphe. "Cosmétique plaisir et bien-être : approche psychologique, éthologique et physiologique de la modulation des processus hédoniques impliqués dans la situation de maquillage." Thesis, Tours, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008TOUR4030.
Full textCosmetics are part of behavioral and psychosocial dynamics. In this theoretical framework, a first series of experiments showed two very distinct and opposed psycho-behavioral profiles called « camouflage » and « seduction ». In a second series of experiments, the two profiles were linked to specific variations in the type of skin (visual quality), to the asymmetry of some facial features, as well as to the use of colors in making-up. Finally, combining the different ethological and psycho psychological approaches, we showed that making up allows to reduce emotional reactions in a situation of social stress, mainly among women belonging to the « camouflage » profile. In conclusion, making-up appears as a holistic technique which allows to manipulate not only the aesthetics of a face, but also the emotional responses linked to the image of oneself and the interactions with a social environment
Déret, Dominique. "Raisonnement catégorique : étude génétique des jugements de compatibilité." Paris 8, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA081037.
Full textThe essential difference between our research and the classical researchs on the categorical judgement is based on the use of a new paradigm: the problems are presented on the form of three phrases from which the subjects must make a compatibility judgement. In the case of incompatibility judgement, the subject must rewrite the propositions(s) judged incompatible. Does we observed the same difficulty scale with valid problems in the "compatibility" task than in the classical tasks (inference, multiple choices)? which phrases(s) is principally eliminated by the subject (the phrase which is equivalent to the conclusion in classical tasks)? does the problems have the same high of difficulty in a compatibility task? which cognitif mecanisms are involved in the judgement of three categorical propositions? with this aim we have analysed infants, adolescents and adults behaviours in the resolution of valid categorical syllogisms. Our results show that "compatibility" is better successful than the other tasks however the age of the subject. We propose a model for analysed subjects's responses: variables are composed two by two. The 'dyadic' model is a model of analysis of compatibility process when a subject judge that the informations are incompatible (true or false responses)
Greiveldinger, Lucile. "Processus d'évaluation et réponses émotionnelles chez les ovins : prévisibilité, contrôlabilité, correspondance aux attentes et contexte social." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00718313.
Full textVom, Hofe Alain. "Facteurs cognitifs et représentations dans les habiletés perceptivo-motrices complexes." Paris 5, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA05H014.
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