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1
Coid, Jeremy W. "An Affective Syndrome in Psychopaths with Borderline Personality Disorder?" British Journal of Psychiatry 162, no. 5 (May 1993): 641–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.162.5.641.
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A preliminary study of the repetitive mood swings of 72 female psychopaths with a DSM-III diagnosis of borderline personality disorder demonstrated considerable complexity and specificity in what has been previously considered a criterion of personality disorder. A principal-components analysis of the symptom profile for these affective disturbances revealed four factors (anxiety, anger, depression, and tension) which showed individual patterns of association with additional lifetime diagnoses of major mental illness and other personality disorders. The women also had multiple mood-related behavioural disorders, enacted with a feeling of compulsion, which appeared to relieve the original affective symptoms. It is hypothesised that these women could have a distinct affective syndrome that has not previously been described in the literature.
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Santoso, Meilanny Budiarti, Hetty Krisnani, and Gevia Nur Isna Deraputri. "GANGGUAN KEPRIBADIAN ANTISOSIAL PADA NARAPIDANA." Share : Social Work Journal 7, no. 2 (December 30, 2017): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/share.v7i2.15681.
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ABSTRAKArtikel ini membahas mengenai gangguan psikopat atau antisosial yang terjadi pada narapidana. Psikopat merupakan perilaku psikologis yang terjadi pada manusia. Psikopat ini merupakan keadaan seseorang dimana seseorang tersebut tidak dapat merasakan empati dan cenderung untuk dapat melakukan kekerasan pada manusia lain tanpa diikuti dengan perasaan bersalah dan melakukan perilaku tersebut untuk kepuasan dirinya sendiri dan mereka cenderung untuk membenarkan dirinya sendiri atas perbuatan yang dilakukannya. Narapidana adalah seseorang yang hidup dalam tahanan atau sel penjara karena mereka telah melakukan tindakan-tindakan menyimpang yang tidak sesuai dengan norma dan nilai-nilai yang ada pada masyarakat.Tidak sedikit dari narapidana yang ada didalam sel tahanan yang teridentifikasi mempunyai prilaku psikologis yang menyimpang yaitu psikopat. Mereka, narapidana penyandang psikopat, cenderung tidak memiliki kemampuan untuk mengenali dan belajar dari kesalahan yang mereka lakukan sebelumnya. Beberapa mendefinisikan penyebab dari psikopat ini adalah karena gangguan pada sel otak dan juga pengaruh lingkungan dari orang tersebut yang terbentuk sejak mereka kecil.Pada artikel ini akan menjelaskan mengenai apa itu psikopat, bagaimana narapidana yang mempunyai gangguan psikopat, dan bagaimana seharusnya penanganan untuk narapidana yang tinggal dan menetap di sel penjara yang mengidap penyakit mental. Serta, bagaimana pekerja sosial dalam kasus ini berperan untuk dapat memanusiakan manusia. ABSTRACTThis article discusses the psychopathic or antisocial disorders that occur on inmates. Psychopaths is a psychological behavior that occurs in humans. Psychopaths disorder is a situation where one person is unable to feel empathy and tends to be violent to other humans without feeling guilty and perform these behaviors for themselves and their satisfaction justifies itself on the act of doing. Inmates are someone living in detention or prison cells because they have committed acts which do not deviate in accordance with the norms and values that exist in society.Some of the inmates that there were unidentified having antisocial personality disorder. inmates with psychopathic does not have the ability to recognize and learn from the mistakes they did before. but they also can behave either like a normal person and do not show that they have a personality disorder. Some define the cause of the psychopath is due to disturbances in brain cells and also environmental influence of the person who formed since they are small.This article will explain about what is a psychopath, how prisoners who have psychopathic disorders, and how should the handling of prisoners who live and stay in a prison cell with mental illness. As well, how social workers in this case contribute to humanize humans.
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Dolan, M., I. M. Anderson, and J. F. W. Deakin. "Relationship between 5-HT function and impulsivity and aggression in male offenders with personality disorders." British Journal of Psychiatry 178, no. 4 (April 2001): 352–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.178.4.352.
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BackgroundReduced serotonergic (5-HT) function and elevated testosterone have been reported in aggressive populations.AimsTo investigate relationships between impulsivity, aggression, 5-HT function and testosterone in male offenders with personality disorders.MethodSixty male offenders with DSM–III–R personality disorders and 27 healthy staff controls were assessed using the Special Hospital Assessment of Personality and Socialisation (SHAPS), impulsivity and aggression ratings, d-fenfluramine challenge and plasma hormone concentrations.ResultsThe SHAPS non-psychopaths and those with schizoid personality disorders had enhanced 5-HT function (prolactin response to d-fenfluramine). Reduced 5-HT function was found in offenders with DSM–III–R borderline personality disorders and those with a history of repeated self-harm or alcohol misuse. The 5-HT function was inversely correlated more strongly with impulsivity than with aggression. Plasma testosterone correlated positively with aggressive acts. The SHAPS primary psychopaths had lower initial cortisol and higher testosterone concentrations than controls.ConclusionsFuture studies are needed to investigate regional brain 5-HT function.
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Nentjes, L., and D. Bernstein. "The effectiveness of schema focused therapy; Indirect, experimental measures of emotional change in forensic patients." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 2105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73808-1.
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According to recent literature, 50 to 90 percent of criminal offenders have personality disorders (PDs), with cluster B PDs being the most prevalent in forensic settings. The latter type of PD is associated with an increased risk of violence and recidivism. Among forensic patients with a cluster B diagnosis, psychopathic offenders are at particularly high risk for re-offending. Psychopaths are believed to be untreatable, but evidence for this view is weak.The current study aims at determining the effectiveness of Schema Focused Therapy (SFT) versus ‘treatment as usual’ in male forensic patients (including psychopaths) with Antisocial, Borderline, Narcissistic, and Paranoid PDs, within a 3-year multi-center randomized clinical trial. SFT is an integrative form of psychotherapy combining cognitive, behavioral, psychodynamic object relations, and humanistic/existential approaches, and was developed as a treatment for PDs and other longstanding problems. SFT aims at changing early maladaptive schema modes, thereby producing changes on a structural, emotional level.The goal of a second study that runs within the same project is to objectively determine the nature of the emotional deficiencies that are thought to be central to psychopathy. By administering forensic patients an extensive test battery that assesses various affective capacities (e.g., moral emotion, emotional expressive behavior, cognitive and emotional empathy), we aim at constructing an integrative picture of psychopaths’ emotional functioning. Within the SFT effectiveness study, patients are tested twice (with a one year interval), to see whether these affective capacities are subject to change in the context of therapy.
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Drislane, L. E., U. Vaidyanathan, and C. J. Patrick. "Reduced cortical call to arms differentiates psychopathy from antisocial personality disorder." Psychological Medicine 43, no. 4 (July 31, 2012): 825–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291712001547.
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BackgroundPsychopathy and antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) are both characterized by impulsive, externalizing behaviors. Researchers have argued, however, that psychopathy is distinguished from ASPD by the presence of interpersonal–affective features that reflect an underlying deficit in emotional sensitivity. No study to date has tested for differential relations of these disorders with the brain's natural orienting response to sudden aversive events.MethodElectroencephalography was used to assess cortical reactivity to abrupt noise probes presented during the viewing of pleasant, neutral and unpleasant pictures in 140 incarcerated males diagnosed using the Psychopathy Checklist – Revised and DSM-IV criteria for ASPD. The primary dependent measure was the P3 event-related potential response to the noise probes.ResultsPsychopaths showed significantly smaller amplitude of P3 response to noise probes across trials of all types compared with non-psychopaths. Follow-up analyses revealed that this overall reduction was attributable specifically to the affective–interpersonal features of psychopathy. By contrast, no group difference in general amplitude of probe P3 was evident for ASPD versus non-ASPD participants.ConclusionsThe findings demonstrate a reduced cortical orienting response to abrupt aversive stimuli in participants exhibiting features of psychopathy that are distinct from ASPD. The specificity of the observed effect fits with the idea that these distinctive features of psychopathy reflect a deficit in defensive reactivity, or mobilization of the brain's defensive system, in the context of threat cues.
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Mei-Tal, Maya. "The Criminal Responsibility of Psychopathic Offenders." Israel Law Review 36, no. 2 (2002): 103–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021223700012334.
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AbstractThe main purpose of this paper is, first, to consider the nature of psychopathic personality disorder, and then, to consider the capacity for criminal culpability of psychopaths and whether it is justified to hold them culpable. Initially, a description of the disorder of psychopathy shall be presented, highlighting those character traits deemed relevant for findings of criminal culpability. There follows a brief discussion of the main theories justifying punishment and their position on punishing persons incapable of effective participation in moral reasoning. Lastly, a discussion of the importance for moral condemnation of the capacity to feel empathy and the absence of that capacity in the psychopath, leading to the conclusion that these persons should not be regarded as blameworthy.
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Zepinic, Vito. "Psychopathy: Simple or Syndromal Disorder of Personality." International Journal of Psychological Studies 9, no. 4 (September 12, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijps.v9n4p1.
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Psychopathy is one of the most puzzling clinical diagnosis and has been a subject to numerous theoretical attempts to define this personality disorder. Although not being recognised as an independent disorder in the DSM-5, the disorder is manifested in different areas of the individual’s personality and subsequently became subject of consideration as syndromal, not a simple disorder. This condition is usually stable and long-lasting, its onset usually traced back to childhood or adolescence, often being undiagnosed and/or successfully masked by the psychopath. Some psychopaths are quite successful in their profession, others are commonly related to the violence or crime.
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Cheang, Henry S., and Steven H. Appelbaum. "Corporate psychopathy: deviant workplace behaviour and toxic leaders (part two)." Industrial and Commercial Training 47, no. 5 (July 6, 2015): 236–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ict-12-2013-0087.
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Purpose – Increasingly, it is recognized that (larger) organizations have many employees who present with corporate psychopathy (i.e. a milder version of anti-social personality disorder). Importantly, such a disorder contributes to the presence of deviant workplace behavior. Organizations must therefore adapt its practices to both identify and manage employees who either present with, or have tendencies toward, corporate psychopathy. As a means of developing a guiding framework for organizational adaptation, this two part paper offers two reviews of relevant research. The first revolves around the body of knowledge regarding corporate psychopathy and the primary, established behavioral method of identifying its presence; the second is a brief review on physiological measures that can complement current gold standards. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – A range of published empirical and practitioner research articles were reviewed to first, elaborate on anti-social personality disorder and corporate psychopathy; second, showcase the efficacy of the currently most accepted method of detecting psychopathic behavior – the Psychopathy Checklist (PCL); and third, highlight physiological methods of detecting psychopathic tendencies which may complement usage of the PCL – electroencephalography, measurement of galvanic skin responses, and electromyography. Findings – First, deviant workplace behaviors cause losses of billions of dollars across all business organizations, and much of this behavior stems from corporate psychopaths in positions of leadership. Second, the PCL, while useful, can nonetheless yield sharp differences in the identification of psychopathy across different administrators of the test. Third, measures of physiological states show good reliability in discriminating psychopathic persons from non-psychopathic persons. Based on these findings, the authors propose guidelines for how to identify and mitigate the effects of corporate psychopathy for organizations. Research limitations/implications – The proposed guidelines must be tested in an empirical paper to measure their effectiveness. Practical implications – The paper suggests an overall framework that may help leaders and organizational development practitioners identify the major factors which may be considered to safeguard against the potentially detrimental conduct of corporate psychopaths in their organizations. Social implications – This paper highlights the need to identify and ward against the presence of corporate psychopaths. There needs to be guidelines for organizations on how to identify and mitigate the effects of corporate psychopathy for organizations. Originality/value – The suggestion of integrating physiological methods of detection with the PCL, as well as urging pro-active education of all employees as the symptoms and effects of corporate psychopathy, is the novel contribution of the paper.
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Cheang, Henry S., and Steven H. Appelbaum. "Corporate psychopathy: deviant workplace behaviour and toxic leaders – part one." Industrial and Commercial Training 47, no. 4 (June 1, 2015): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ict-12-2013-0086.
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Purpose – Increasingly, it is recognized that (larger) organizations have many employees who present with corporate psychopathy (i.e. a milder version of antisocial personality disorder (APD)). Importantly, such a disorder contributes to the presence of deviant workplace behaviour. Organizations must therefore adapt its practices to both identify and manage employees who either present with, or have tendencies towards, corporate psychopathy. As a means of developing a guiding framework for organizational adaptation, the purpose of this two-part paper is to offer two reviews of relevant research. The first revolves around the body of knowledge regarding corporate psychopathy and the primary, established behavioural method of identifying its presence; the second is a brief review on physiological measures that can complement current gold standards. Design/methodology/approach – A range of published empirical and practitioner research articles were reviewed to elaborate on APD and corporate psychopathy; showcase the efficacy of the currently most accepted method of detecting psychopathic behaviour – the Psychopathy Checklist (PCL) and; highlight physiological methods of detecting psychopathic tendencies which may complement usage of the PCL – electroencephalography, measurement of galvanic skin responses, and electromyography. Findings – Deviant workplace behaviours cause losses of billions of dollars across all business organizations, and much of this behaviour stems from corporate psychopaths in positions of leadership; the PCL, while useful, can nonetheless yield sharp differences in the identification of psychopathy across different administrators of the test; measures of physiological states show good reliability in discriminating psychopathic persons from non-psychopathic persons. Based on these findings, the authors propose guidelines for how to identify and mitigate the effects of corporate psychopathy for organizations. Research limitations/implications – The proposed guidelines must be tested in an empirical paper to measure their effectiveness. Practical implications – The paper suggests an overall framework that may help leaders and organizational development practitioners identify the major factors which may be considered to safeguard against the potentially detrimental conduct of corporate psychopaths in their organizations. Social implications – This paper highlights the need to identify and ward against the presence of corporate psychopaths. There needs to be guidelines for organizations on how to identify and mitigate the effects of corporate psychopathy for organizations. Originality/value – The suggestion of integrating physiological methods of detection with the PCL, as well as urging proactive education of all employees as the symptoms and effects of corporate psychopathy, is the novel contribution of the paper.
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Sánchez de Ribera, Olga, Nicholas Kavish, Ian M. Katz, and Brian B. Boutwell. "Untangling Intelligence, Psychopathy, Antisocial Personality Disorder, and Conduct Problems: A Meta–Analytic Review." European Journal of Personality 33, no. 5 (September 2019): 529–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2207.
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Substantial research has investigated the association between intelligence and psychopathic traits. The findings to date have been inconsistent and have not always considered the multidimensional nature of psychopathic traits. Moreover, there has been a tendency to confuse psychopathy with other closely related, clinically significant disorders. The current study represents a meta–analysis conducted to evaluate the direction and magnitude of the association of intelligence with global psychopathy, as well as its factors and facets, and related disorders (i.e. antisocial personality disorder, conduct disorder, and oppositional defiant disorder). Our analyses revealed a small, significant, negative relationship between intelligence and total psychopathy ( r = −.07, p = .001). Analysis of factors and facets found differential associations, including both significant positive (e.g. interpersonal facet) and negative (e.g. affective facet) associations, further affirming that psychopathy is a multidimensional construct. Additionally, intelligence was negatively associated with antisocial personality disorder ( r = −.13, p = .001) and conduct disorder ( r = −.13, p = .001) but positively with oppositional defiant disorder ( r = .06, p = .001). There was significant heterogeneity across studies for most effects, but the results of moderator analyses were inconsistent. Finally, bias analyses did not find significant evidence for publication bias or outsized effects of outliers. © 2019 European Association of Personality Psychology
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DOLAN, M., and R. FULLAM. "Theory of mind and mentalizing ability in antisocial personality disorders with and without psychopathy." Psychological Medicine 34, no. 6 (August 2004): 1093–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291704002028.
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Background. The literature on Theory of Mind (ToM) in antisocial samples is limited despite evidence that the neural substrates of theory of mind task involve the same circuits implicated in the pathogenesis of antisocial behaviour.Method. Eighty-nine male DSM-IV Antisocial Personality Disordered subjects (ASPDs) and 20 controls (matched for age and IQ) completed a battery of ToM tasks. The ASPD group was categorized into psychopathic and non-psychopathic groups based on a cut-off score of 18 on the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version.Results. There were no significant group (control v. psychopath v. non-psychopathic ASPD) differences on basic tests of ToM but both psychopathic and non-psychopathic ASPDs performed worse on subtle tests of mentalizing ability (faux pas tasks). ASPDs can detect and understand faux pas, but show an indifference to the impact of faux pas. On the face/eye task non-psychopathic ASPDs showed impairments in the recognition of basic emotions compared with controls and psychopathic ASPDs. For complex emotions, no significant group differences were detected largely due to task difficulty.Conclusions. The deficits in mentalizing ability in ASPD are subtle. For the majority of criminals with ASPD and psychopathy ToM abilities are relatively intact and may have an adaptive function in maintaining a criminal lifestyle. Our findings suggest the key deficits appear to relate more to their lack of concern about the impact on potential victims than the inability to take a victim perspective. The findings tentatively also suggest that ASPDs with neurotic features may be more impaired in mentalizing ability than their low anxious psychopathic counterparts.
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Martínez-López, Medina-Mora, Robles-García, Madrigal, Juárez, Tovilla-Zarate, Reyes, Monroy, and Fresán. "Psychopathic Disorder Subtypes Based on Temperament and Character Differences." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 23 (November 27, 2019): 4761. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234761.
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The concept of psychopathy has shifted from people who commit crimes to those with a particular personality and deviant behaviors. Although antisocial personality disorder is associated with psychopathy, it also seems common in individuals with narcissistic personality traits. Psychopathy may be the expression of earlier, persistent patterns of individual characteristics as personality. The psychobiological model of personality can be useful for determining whether the expression of psychopathy differs in accordance with personality dimensions and specific personality disorders. The aim was to compare temperament and character dimensions between individuals with psychopathy with comorbid predominant antisocial or narcissistic personality traits and control subjects and to determine which dimensions distinguish these groups. Control subjects (n = 80) and individuals with psychopathy (n = 80) were assessed using the Psychopathy Checklist-Reviewed, the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II disorders and the Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised. Reward dependence and Self-Directedness distinguish psychopathic individuals with predominant narcissistic personality traits whereas Novelty Seeking and Self-Transcendence characterize those with antisocial personality traits. Individuals with antisocial or narcissistic psychopathy could be identified by their temperament and character traits. The expression of psychopathy differed in accordance with biologically based, environmentally shaped personality traits.
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Gullhaugen, Aina Sundt, and Jim Aage Nøttestad. "Under the Surface." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 56, no. 6 (July 26, 2011): 917–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x11415633.
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The present study yields an in-depth examination of the interpersonal and affective world of high-security and detention prisoners with possible (Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version [PCL:SV] ≥ 13) and strong (PCL:SV ≥ 18) indications of psychopathy. A group of male inmates ( n = 16) was compared with noncriminal and non–personality disordered controls ( n = 35) on measures of self and other (Young Schema Questionnaire–Short Form [YSQ-SF], Inventory of Interpersonal Problems–Circumplex Scales [IIP-C]), and the experience and regulation of affect (Positive and Negative Affect Schedule [PANAS], Emotion Control Questionnaire 2 [ECQ2]). Results confirm the established grandiose, dominant, and callous characteristics of the psychopath (PCL:SV, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Disorders [SCID-II], DSM-IV and ICD-10 Personality Questionnaire [DIP-Q], IIP-C), while demonstrating personal distress and important nuances and variations in psychopathic offenders’ interpersonal and affective functioning (YSQ-SF, PANAS, ECQ2, SCID-II, DIP-Q). These preliminary findings support, expand, and challenge the ordinary portrayal of the psychopath and, if replicated in larger samples, point to a need for an expansion or reformulation of the concept, measurement, and treatment of psychopathy.
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Ogloff, James R. P. "Psychopathy/Antisocial Personality Disorder Conundrum." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 40, no. 6-7 (June 2006): 519–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2006.01834.x.
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Psychopathy has traditionally been characterised as a disorder primarily of personality (particularly affective deficits) and, to a lesser extent, behaviour. Although often used interchangeably, the diagnostic constructs of psychopathy, antisocial personality disorder, and dissocial personality disorder are distinct. In this article, the relevant historical and contemporary literature concerning psychopathy is briefly reviewed. The diagnostic criteria for psychopathy, antisocial personality disorder, and dissocial personality disorder are compared. Consideration is given to the assessment, prevalence, and implications of psychopathy for violence risk and treatment efficacy. The DSM-IV-TR criteria for antisocial personality disorder, in particular, are largely behaviourally based. The ICD criteria for dissocial personality disorder, while paying more attention to affective deficits, also do not represent the broad personality and behavioural components of psychopathy. Since 1980, a great deal of research on these disorders has been conducted, using the Hare Psychopathy Checklist, Revised (PCL-R). The PCL-R assesses both personality (interpersonal and affective) and behavioural (lifestyle and antisocial) deficits. As such, the research and clinical implications of psychopathy, as operationalised by the PCL-R, cannot be readily extrapolated to the diagnoses of antisocial personality disorder and dissocial personality disorder. As currently construed, the diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder grossly over-identifies people, particularly those with offence histories, as meeting the criteria for the diagnosis. For example, research shows that between 50% and 80% of prisoners meet the criteria for a diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder, yet only approximately 15% of prisoners would be expected to be psychopathic, as assessed by the PCL-R. As such, the characteristics and research findings drawn from the psychopathy research may not be relevant for those with antisocial or dissocial personality disorder.
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Calabrò, Giuseppina, Antonio Francesco Musolino, Andrea Adolfo Filippo, Renato de Filippis, Elvira Anna Carbone, Marianna Rania, Matteo Aloi, Valentina Pugliese, and Cristina Segura-Garcia. "Clinical Impact of Psychopathy on Bipolar Disorder." Medicina 57, no. 2 (February 12, 2021): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina57020165.
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Background and Objectives. Bipolar disorder (BD) is associated with a significant burden due to affective symptoms and behavioral manifestations, but also cognitive and functional impairment. Comorbidity with other psychiatric conditions, including personality disorders, is frequent. The comorbidity with psychopathy deserves special consideration given that both disorders share some clinical characteristics, such as grandiosity, risky behavior or poor insight, among others, that can worsen the outcome of BD. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of psychopathy in a sample of clinically stabilized patients with BD and its impact on the severity of BD. Materials and Methods. A sample of 111 patients with BD (38 type I and 73 type II) was studied. The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) and the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) served to assess the severity of BD. Psychopathy was measured by means of the Psychopathic Personality Inventory-Revised (PPI-R). Patients were divided into three groups according to the severity of psychopathy (Group 1: no psychopathy; Group 2: “psychopathic” trait; Group 3: clinical psychopathy). Other measures regarded impulsiveness (Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11, BIS-11) and empathy (Empathy Quotient, EQ). Comparisons of mania, depression, impulsivity and empathy scores were run with MANOVA considering psychopathy and diagnosis as independent variables. Results. The prevalence of psychopathy was 5.4%. A significant association between the level of psychopathy and YMRS, attentional/cognitive impulsivity and motor impulsivity scores emerged. No interaction between psychopathy and BD diagnosis was found. Post hoc analysis demonstrated significantly higher YMRS scores in Group 3 than in Group 1; that is, patients with psychopathy have more manic symptoms. Conclusion. Psychopathy seems quite frequent among patients with BD. The association of psychopathy with BD results in higher impulsivity and manic symptoms. In light of this, psychopathy should be investigated when assessing patients with BD, regardless of the comorbidity of BD with other personality disorders.
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Atadjikova, J. A., and S. N. Enikolopov. "Problems of Psychopathy Concept in the Modern Domestic and Foreign Psychology." Psychological-Educational Studies 8, no. 1 (2016): 114–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/psyedu.2016080111.
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The article raises the problem of the heterogeneity of the group of persons with antisocial behavior and the need for dividing it into subgroups. This problem can be solved by adopting psychology of the subject and his identity specifically as mediating process. Psychopathy as a personal anomaly acts as a link enables a clear assessment of anti-social behavior mechanisms in a particular group of individuals. We describe the understanding of psychopathy concept also known as antisocial (dissocial, psychopathic) personality disorder by domestic and foreign authors. The article discusses the main debating points of psychopathy role in clinical practice, definition of the diagnostic criteria, terminological confusion caused by the concept of antisocial (dissocial) personality disorders, as well as the search for the reasons and psychological mechanisms of psychopathy emergence and developing. Analysis of psychopathy relations with such constructs as aggression, violence and anti-social behavior, allows examining applied problems and the prospects of using the psychopathy construct in medical and legal practice.
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Moul, Caroline, and Angela Nickerson. "Psychopathic Personality Traits as a Protective Factor against the Development of Intrusive Memories." Journal of Experimental Psychopathology 8, no. 1 (February 19, 2017): 2–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5127/jep.055516.
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Background People with psychopathic personality traits have been shown to have low rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Contemporary theoretical models of PTSD and psychopathy converge to suggest that a bias in the type of information that is encoded into memory is a core component of both disorders. We tested the hypothesis that people with psychopathic personality traits have a reduced susceptibility to developing intrusion-related symptoms. Method Participants completed self-report measures before watching a short video depicting the aftermath of a motor vehicle accident. The participants recorded their intrusive memories for seven days before returning for a follow-up assessment. Results Psychopathic personality score was found to be a significant negative predictor of intrusion-related experiences at follow-up. This relationship was mediated by the vividness of intrusions. Conclusion The results support the hypothesis that the balance between the encoding of perceptual versus conceptual properties is a core feature both in the aetiology of PTSD and in people with psychopathic personality traits.
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Goodlad, Katie, Maria Ioannou, and Melanie Hunter. "The Criminal Narrative Experience of Psychopathic and Personality Disordered Offenders." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 63, no. 4 (October 26, 2018): 523–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x18808433.
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Given the challenges associated with psychopathic and personality disordered offenders, further insight is needed. One way of doing this is by looking at offending from the first-person perspective. The study investigated the criminal narrative experience (CNE) of this population during the commissioning of crimes. Twenty-two high-risk male offenders were recruited and a questionnaire design was used. The data were analysed using Smallest Space Analysis which revealed four themes consistent with Ioannou, Canter, and Youngs’s CNE framework: depressed victim, distressed revenger, calm professional, and elated hero. Independent samples t tests explored whether personality disorders related to CNE themes, and Pearson’s product–moment correlation was used to explore the relationship between psychopathy and the CNE themes. Borderline personality disorder identified with the depressed victim. Paranoid and schizoid personality disorders did not identify with the calm professional. There was no significant relationship between psychopathy and the CNE themes. The theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
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Jasser, Karolina. "Rationality, Moral Motivation and Psychopathology." Studies in Global Ethics and Global Education 9 (December 22, 2018): 42–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.8147.
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Motivational internalism is a view according to which moral judgments are necessarily motivating. Rationalist internalism (RI) is the most popular version of this view; it limits internalism to people who are practically rational. Motivational internalism, including RI, has been criticized as being incompatible with research into certain personality disorder; in particular psychopathic personality and pathological personality which is the result of damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (shortened to VM damage). In this paper, I argue that many of the features of psychopathic personality and of VM damage, which some philosophers interpreted as direct proof against internalism, should be understood as having an effect on the practical rationality of the patients. This means that these personality disorders cannot be used as counter examples to RI and can, in fact, be seen as supporting RI to some extent . I begin by describing RI. I then turn to I describing the phenomenon of psychopathic personality and VM damage and their philosophically relevant features. Finally I discuss whether the features characterizing psychopathy and VM damage influence the degree to which these disorders can serve as counterexamples to internalism of the rationalist variety.
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Botha, Ryan, Dap Louw, and Sonja Loots. "Psychopathy and its relation to personality psychopathology in a South African female forensic context." South African Journal of Psychology 48, no. 2 (June 20, 2017): 230–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0081246317715351.
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There is a paucity of research about personality pathology among female offenders. This study aims to address this gap in the forensic psychology empirical base by examining the relationship between female psychopathy, as measured by the Psychopathy Checklist–Revised, and personality disorders, as measured by the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III in a South African forensic context. Participants included 108 purposively sampled female offenders incarcerated in South Africa. The Kruskal–Wallis H test and Mann–Whitney U test revealed a number of significant differences in levels of personality pathology between groups. Importantly, the results support international findings that significantly higher rates of Cluster B personality pathology are found among psychopathic offenders compared to non-psychopathic offenders.
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Atadzhykova, Y. A., and S. N. Enikolopov. "Testing K. Patrick Method of Psychopathy Diagnosis in Russian Sample." Психологическая наука и образование 20, no. 4 (2015): 75–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/pse.2015200407.
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The article is devoted to the development of a method of diagnosing psychopathy, or antisocial (dissocial) personality disorder. Modern researchers mostly use the methods of experiment, expert assessment, clinical interview or different combinations for personality disorders, including psychopathy. However, nowadays there is a growing need in development of a psychopathy diagnosis method which would be less labour-intensive, less expensive and more objective. One of the recently developed models of psychopathy is Trierarchic conceptualization by C. Patrick, it offers a new way to operationalize and diagnose psychopathy. The authors had tested this method in the Russian population, including both common sample as well as criminal offender sample consisting of individuals that have been suspected, accused or convicted of violent crimes. The subject of the current research is psychopathic traits measured by the tested method. We had carried out statistical and content analyzes of the data. Our study allowed to conclude that tested Russian version of the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure is effective enough to be used for research purposes. However, further research is required in order to render this measure valid to practical use.
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Rozali, Reza, Mulyono Mu, and Maharani Intan Andalas IRP. "FENOMENA PERILAKU PSIKOPAT DALAM NOVEL KATARSIS KARYA ANASTASIA AEMILIA: KAJIAN PSIKOLOGI SASTRA." Jurnal Sastra Indonesia 7, no. 3 (April 16, 2019): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jsi.v7i3.29841.
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Kasus kriminalitas di Indonesia beberapa tahun terakhir menunjukkan peningkatan yang begitu memprihatinkan, serta pada beberapa kasus dikaitkan dengan gangguan gejala psikopat. Psikopat ialah bentuk kekalutan mental yang ditandai dengan tidak adanya pengorganisasian dan pengintegrasian pribadi, tidak bisa bertanggung jawab secara moral, selalu konflik dengan norma sosial dan hukum yang diciptakkan oleh angan-angannya sendiri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan fenomena perilaku psikopat pada novel Katarsis karya Anastasia Aemilia dengan pendekatan psikologi sastra, khususnya menggunakan teori gangguan kepribadian psikopat Sigmund Freud. Pada dasarnya psikologi sastra memberikan perhatian pada masalah kejiwaan para tokoh fiksional yang terkandung dalam karya sastra. Sasaran dalam penelitian ini adalah fenomena perilaku psikopat yang dialami oleh tokoh dengan mengkaji bentuk perilaku, dan faktor penyebabnya. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah teknik deskriptif kualitatif. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat diketahui bahwa (1) bentuk perilaku psikopat tokoh dalam novel Katarsis karya Anastasia Aemilia diketahui berdasarkan ciri perilaku khusus pada psikopat yaitu berperilaku antisoasial, suka memanipulasi, berperilaku agresif, berperilaku sadistis, serta tidak menyesal dan tidak merasa bersalah sehingga dapat ditentukan bentuk perilaku psikopat yang terbagi ke dalam tiga bentuk, yaitu ringan, sedang, dan berat. (2) Faktor yang menyebabkan tokoh dalam novel Katarsis berperilaku psikopat yaitu faktor biologis dan faktor lingkungan.
Cases of criminality in Indonesia in recent years have shown such an alarming increase, and in some cases linked to psychopathic symptoms disorder. Psychopaths are forms of mental disorder that is characterized by lack of organization and personal integration, can not be morally responsible, always conflict with social norms and laws created by wishful thinking alone. This study aims to describe the phenomenon of psychopathic behavior in the novel Katarsis by Anastasia Aemilia with the approach of literature psychology, in particular using the theory of psychopath personality disorder from Sigmund Freud. Basically, literature psychology gives attention to the psychological problems of the fictional characters contained in the literary work. Target in this research is phenomenon of psychopathic behavior experienced by the character by studying the form of behavior, and the cause factor. Data analysis technique used is descriptive qualitative technique. Based on the results of the research can be seen that (1) the form of psychopathic behavior of characters in the novel Katarsis by Anastasia Aemilia is known based on specific behavior on the psychopath that is behaving antisoasial, like to manipulate, behave aggressively, behave sadistis, and not regret and not feel guilty, so it can be determined form psychopathic behavior is divided into three forms, a light, medium, and heavy. (2) Factors that cause characters in the novel Katarsis behave psychopaths namely biological factors and environmental factors.
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Czajkowski, Wojciech, and Patryk Pokornicki. "Psychopatic Traits in Interpersonal Relation." Kultura Bezpieczeństwa. Nauka – Praktyka - Refleksje 35, no. 35 (September 30, 2019): 9–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.0245.
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The subject of interest in the presented text is the possible relationship between a number of personality traits of the individual and its functioning in social relation. Dealing with the psychopathic features of personality and their importance in social relations, the authors pay attention to psychopathy, as well as narcissistic features and Machiavellianism in individual’s activity. These three traits since the beginning of the 21st century have aroused vivid interest of researchers and therapists attempting empirical verification of hypotheses in this area. It is also worth indicating. The above-mentioned categories of behavior form the dark triad of personality. Researchers draw our attention to clinical interpretations regarding diagnostic criteria enabling the recognition of psychopathic features and the broader dark triad. This sometimes carry on to referring to the concept of sub-clinical psychopathy that does not meet the diagnostic criteria used in the classification of mental disorders. The authors also try to interpret the negative role of these features in social relations.
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Klembovskaya, E., and G. Fastovtsov. "Clinical Content of Schizotypal Personality Disorder." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)71387-2.
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Background and aim:«Schizotypal personality disorder» occupies a special position in the classification of mental disorders. It is not enough investigated, what kind of disorders they are like, their characteristics are, and how they differ from schizoid personality disorder and continuous sluggish schizophrenia. with the aim to define the clinical features of schizotypal personality disorder 58 patients were examined.Results:•Schizotypal personality disorder is similar to deficit states, observed at schizophrenia, clinically limited to personality sphere, without the signs of flow of endogenous process and psychotic disorders.•Schizotypal personality disorder on the clinical content reminds schizoid, but insignificant ideatory disorders are typical. Dymamic of psychopathy - disposition to decompensation - is never observed.•Schizotypal personality disorder can be diagnosed as latent schizophrenia, because the clinical picture is similar. the special value acquires a dynamic aspect typical of the endogenous process.•High quality remission of schizophrenia limited of specific personality changes, as a variant of «acquired psychopathy» can be considered as clinically identical to «schizotypal personality disorder».Conclusion:A content of Schizotypal personality disorder includes a group of disorders of schizophrenia spectrum, different originally, from shizofreniform personality disorders without the signs of dynamics to the different states of development of schizophrenia - initial (latent schizophrenia), and final (high quality remission of schizophrenia as practical completion of schizophrenia process with the formation of certain features of personality). It can explain the special place of «Schizotypal personality disorder» in the classification of psychic disorders.
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Waller, Rebecca, Arianna M. Gard, Daniel S. Shaw, Erika E. Forbes, Craig S. Neumann, and Luke W. Hyde. "Weakened Functional Connectivity Between the Amygdala and the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex Is Longitudinally Related to Psychopathic Traits in Low-Income Males During Early Adulthood." Clinical Psychological Science 7, no. 3 (November 29, 2018): 628–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167702618810231.
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Psychopathy is a complex disorder consisting of harmful personality traits and impulsive-lifestyle and antisocial behaviors. Weakened functional connectivity between limbic and prefrontal brain regions is thought to underlie impaired sensitivity to others’ emotions that contribute to the interpersonal and affective personality traits associated with psychopathy. We tested whether weakened functional connectivity between the amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) during the processing of fearful, angry, and neutral facial expressions was prospectively related to psychopathic traits in early adulthood. The sample included 167 low-income, racially diverse, urban males who completed a functional MRI scan at age 20 and questionnaire measures at ages 20 and 22. Weakened amygdala-vmPFC functional connectivity to fearful but not neutral or angry faces at age 20 was related to higher psychopathic traits at age 22.
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Golonka, Anna. "ZABURZENIA OSOBOWOŚCI I ICH WPŁYW NA OCENĘ POCZYTALNOŚCI SPRAWCY PRZESTĘPSTWA." Zeszyty Prawnicze 13, no. 3 (December 12, 2016): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/zp.2013.13.3.05.
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PERSONALITY DISORDERS AND THEIR EFFECT ON OFFENDERS CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY Summary Personality disorders are a relatively common subject of forensic psychiatric opinions. This generally accepted term is usually associated with the concept of psychopathy. However, despite being regarded as a manifestation of a personality disorder, in principle psychopathy precludes the use of Art. 31 § 1 or 2of the Polish Penal Code in court. From the point of view of criminal law it would seem appropriate to distinguish psychopathy from personality disorders, which are sometimes referred to as characteropathy. This distinction is highly relevant in view of its far-reaching consequences as regards the offender’s criminal responsibility. This is confirmed by the results of research on materials relating to specific cases, which warrant a set of conclusions on the effect a personality disorder may have on an offender’s criminal responsibility during the commission of the offence.
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Lewis, Michael. "Treatment of psychopathy: a conceptual and empirical review." Journal of Criminological Research, Policy and Practice 4, no. 3 (September 17, 2018): 186–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcrpp-06-2018-0019.
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Purpose For decades, psychopathy has been thought to be untreatable. Yet, conceptualisations, and indeed its assessment, have deviated away from viewing the disorder as personality pathology towards a behavioural focus where the core underlying deficits in cognition and affect have been ignored. Interventions have followed suit leading to a premature discounting of the role of therapy in adjusting psychopathic traits. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach The review critically evaluates the conceptual and empirical evidence relevant to the treatment of psychopathy, deciphering components integral to the disorder that require intervention. Psychopathy is approached from a developmental perspective, with the review identifying several mechanisms thought to be responsible for precipitating and perpetuating its expression. Findings There appears some utility in targeting psychopathy from multiple angles, addressing experiences of trauma, associated schemas and the underlying cognitive-affective dysfunction noted to give rise to psychopathic traits. A new model for treatment was proposed integrating these factors to encourage the design of effective interventions that will address the origins and underlying deficits of the disorder, rather than symptomology. Originality/value The review encourages future research to consider the aetiology of psychopathy, with the aim of informing early intervention and containing the disorder whilst in its infancy, as well as addressing neurobiological dysfunction when most malleable.
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Ronchetti, Ramiro, Gabriel José Chittó Gauer, Sílvio Vasconcellos, Leonardo Machado da Silva, Guinter Luhring, Aline Rubin, and Alice Martines. "Psychopathic traits in adolescence: a review." Estudos de Psicologia (Campinas) 31, no. 2 (June 2014): 237–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-166x2014000200009.
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Currently, and throughout the history of mental healthcare, the literature highlights that there is no agreement on the use of the terms "antisocial personality disorder" and "psychopathic personality". This paper aims to promote a debate over these concepts and their evaluation for both adults and adolescents. With this aim, a systematic review was conducted in the MedLine data base between 1968 and March 2011 using the terms "adolescent", "antisocial personality disorder", and "personality assessment". From the 59 identified articles 29 were selected to further analysis. The discussion of these terms was confirmed, as well as the importance of assessing psychopathic traits during adolescence. An initial tendency to disregard the term psychopathy and its affective implications was evidenced. However, the latest psychological instruments return to the discussion regarding the use of this diagnosis and its implications.
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Hicklin, Jabbar, and Thomas A. Widiger. "Similarities and differences among antisocial and psychopathic self‐report inventories from the perspective of general personality functioning." European Journal of Personality 19, no. 4 (June 2005): 325–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.562.
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There are currently many alternative self‐report inventories for the assessment of antisocial and psychopathic personality traits. The hypothesis of the current study was that similarities and differences among them can be meaningfully understood with respect to their representation of common personality traits. The current study explored this hypothesis using as a point of comparison the Five Factor Model (FFM) of general personality functioning. Six self‐report measures currently being used in antisocial and psychopathy research were administered, along with a self‐report measure of the FFM. Differences were obtained across the six inventories with respect to how they related to the domains and facets of the FFM that were consistent with FFM models of psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder. Implications for the theoretical and clinical understanding of findings obtained with the respective inventories, and the personality disorder constructs they assess, are discussed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Nigel, S., J. Streb, K. Leichauer, B. Hennig, S. Otte, and M. Dudeck. "Differences in current psychological and physiological subclinical stress levels in forensic patients with psychopathic personality traits." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.898.
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Stress and its associations with psychopathic traits have been widely studied. However, recent research suggests the distinction between psychological and physiological symptoms of subclinical stress experience. Possible differences regarding these two dimensions of stress and their relations to psychopathy factors have not been investigated yet. Hence, this is the first study on psychological and physiological subclinical stress levels of forensic patients with psychopathic personality traits. We expected to find distinct associations between stress dimensions and psychopathy factors. Therefore, we examined 164 forensic patients with a substance use disorder regarding their psychopathy scores and current stress levels, using the Psychopathy Personality Inventory (PPI) and the Subclinical Stress Questionnaire (SSQ). Our results indicate that only the experience of psychological stress and not physiological stress is predicted by psychopathy. More precisely, the psychopathy factor “Impulsive Antisociality” is a positive predictor of subclinical psychological stress symptoms, while the factor “Fearless Dominance” is a negative predictor. Thereby, gender has an influence as females are more likely to experience psychological and physiological stress. In conclusion, these results imply that forensic patients scoring high on the psychopathy factor “Impulsive Antisociality” experience high levels of psychological distress. This is in line with previous findings describing Impulsive Antisociality as a generally maladaptive trait manifesting in low adaptability and insufficient coping strategies.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Babcock, Julia, and Jared Michonski. "Sensitivity to facial affect in partner-violent men: the role of psychopathic and borderline traits." Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research 11, no. 3 (June 27, 2019): 213–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jacpr-12-2018-0396.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the associations among psychopathic and borderline traits, intimate partner violence (IPV) and sensitivity to facial affect. The authors hypothesized that IPV men high in psychopathic traits would exhibit reduced sensitivity to expressions of distress specifically (fear + sadness), while IPV men high in borderline traits would show heightened sensitivity to facial affect more generally. Design/methodology/approach A community sample of 79 IPV men in heterosexual relationships were exposed to slides of facial affect displays while psychophysiological reactions were recorded. Sensitivity to facial affect was operationalized as accuracy in recognizing and skin conductance responses (SCR) while viewing discrete facial expressions. Findings Borderline personality disorder (BPD) features were positively related to accuracy in labeling fear and surprise while primary psychopathy (Factor 1) was negatively related to accuracy in labeling disgust. Borderline traits were positively associated with SCR while primary psychopathy was negatively associated with SCR while viewing slides of facial affect. Secondary psychopathy (Factor 2) follows the same physiological patterns of BPD traits but the correlates are weaker. Results suggest that IPV men high in traits of primary psychopathy show hypoarousal whereas those high borderline features show hyperarousal to facial emotions. Research limitations/implications Limitations include a small sample of heterosexual violent community couples. Women’s IPV was not analyzed. Findings suggest that BPD and primary psychopathy traits are diametrically opposite in SCR, making them powerful comparison groups for psychophysiological studies. Findings challenge Blair’s (1995) model of a specific deficit in processing distress cues for individuals high in psychopathic traits. Rather results suggest that IPV men high in traits of primary psychopathy show more pervasive hypoarousal to facial emotion. The hyperarousal of men high in BPD traits across facial expressions supports Linehan’s (1993) emotional vulnerability model of borderline personality disorder. Practical implications Differences in psychophysiological responding to emotions may be clinically relevant in the motivations for violence perpetration. The hypoarousal associated with primary psychopathy may facilitate the perpetration of proactive violence. The hyperarousal associated with BPD and secondary psychopathy may be fundamental in the perpetration of reactive violence. Treatment matching by IPV perpetrators’ personality traits may improve the efficacy of battering intervention programs. Perpetrators high in borderline personality features may benefit from emotional regulation therapies, such as Dialectical Behavior Therapy. IPV men high in traits of primary psychopathy may benefit from affective empathy and validation training. Social implications Currently, battering intervention programs show little efficacy in reducing intimate partner recidivism. Experimental psychopathology studies such as this one may inform advocates seeking to develop new, tailored treatment packages for partner violence offenders with different personality disorder traits. Originality/value Many treatment providers assume that men who batter women have deficits in empathy and emotional intelligence. However, this study suggests that rather than global deficits, deficits depend on personality traits. The current study is the first to assess psychophysiological reactivity in response to facial affect displays among IPV perpetrators. Examining SCR responding to photos of facial affect may be used in future studies of affect sensitivity.
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COOKE, David J. "PSYCHOPATHY." Main Issues Of Pedagogy And Psychology 17, no. 1 (April 28, 2020): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24234/miopap.v17i1.362.
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Psychopathy is an important forensic construct. Psychopathic personality disorder has long been recognized as an important forensic construct. It has relevance for violence, treatability and manageability. It is a construct that can have a disproportionate influence on decision making and ethical forensic practice requires practitioners to take cognizance of the limitations of our current assessments.
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Juni, Samuel. "Diagnosing antisocial behavior and psychopathy." Journal of Criminal Psychology 4, no. 1 (March 12, 2014): 76–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcp-10-2012-0016.
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Purpose – Psychopathy and antisocial personality are controversial disorders with alternate behavioral and dynamic formulations. As such, diagnostic approaches are often fragmentary and inconsistent. The purpose of this paper is to delineate the various conceptual parameters and to propose a comprehensive diagnostic approach. Design/methodology/approach – A model is presented based on the congruence and differences among various categories of psychopathic and antisocial personality disorders and their clinical manifestations. Diagnostic approaches are critiqued and evaluated. Specific assessment tools and measures are recommended based on referrals and symptomatology. Findings – Key factors of low frustration tolerance, poor social intelligence, aggression-driven psychopathy, sadism, and superego impairment are shown as central in the differential diagnostics of antisocial individuals. Originality/value – The model enables the differentiation of problematic behaviors which may appear similar but require different forensic, legal, diagnostic, and intervention strategies.
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Cooke, David J., Christine Michie, and Jennifer Skeem. "Understanding the structure of the Psychopathy Checklist – Revised." British Journal of Psychiatry 190, S49 (May 2007): s39—s50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.190.5.s39.
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SummaryPsychopathy is the key construct in the Dangerous and Severe Personality Disorder (DSPD) Programme. The Psychopathy Checklist – Revised is used as a primary means of selection for the programme. The Checklist confounds two distinct constructs – personality disorder and criminal behaviour. This confound is important both practically and theoretically. For example, under the criteria for DSPD it is necessary to demonstrate that personality disorder has afunctional link with future risk of criminal behaviour. The confound has been exacerbated recently by claims that criminal behaviour is a core feature of psychopathic disorder. This contention is based on inappropriate analytical methods. In this paper we examine the source of this confound and illustrate how inappropriate methods can mislead.
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Watts, Ashley L., Madeline G. Nagel, Robert D. Latzman, and Scott O. Lilienfeld. "Personality Disorder Features and Paraphilic Interests Among Undergraduates: Differential Relations and Potential Antecedents." Journal of Personality Disorders 33, no. 1 (February 2019): 22–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/pedi_2017_31_327.
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We examined the relations between: (1) narcissism, psychopathy, DSM-5 personality disorder symptom counts; and (2) paraphilic interests among undergraduates (N = 608). Base rates of paraphilic interests were appreciable. The disinhibition and meanness features of psychopathy and the entitlement and exploitativeness features of narcissism were robustly associated with paraphilic interests, particularly sexual sadism, whereas the boldness features of narcissism and psychopathy were essentially unrelated to these interests. Narcissism and psychopathy features typically manifested the most pronounced relations with paraphilic interests, although antisocial personality disorder features were also strong predictors. By and large, these relations were comparable across gender. Lastly, there was no evidence that erotophilia mediated the relations between the narcissism and psychopathy features and paraphilic interests, most likely because erotophilia was generally unrelated to paraphilic interests. Relative to other dimensions of personality disorders, facets of meanness and disinhibition from psychopathy and entitlement/exploitativeness facets from narcissism were most associated with paraphilic interests.
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Anderson, Nathaniel E., J. Michael Maurer, Prashanth Nyalakanti, Keith A. Harenski, Carla L. Harenski, Michael R. Koenigs, Jean Decety, and Kent A. Kiehl. "Affective and interpersonal psychopathic traits associated with reduced corpus callosum volume among male inmates – RETRACTED." Psychological Medicine 49, no. 08 (October 12, 2018): 1401–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291718002921.
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AbstractBackgroundPsychopathy is a personality disorder associated with severe emotional and interpersonal consequences and persistent antisocial behavior. Neurobiological models of psychopathy emphasize impairments in emotional processing, attention, and integration of information across large-scale neural networks in the brain. One of the largest integrative hubs in the brain is the corpus callosum (CC) – a large white matter structure that connects the two cerebral hemispheres.MethodThe current study examines CC volume, measured via Freesurfer parcellation, in a large sample (n= 495) of incarcerated men who were assessed for psychopathic traits using the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R).ResultsPsychopathy was associated with reduced volume across all five sub-regions of the CC. These relationships were primarily driven by the affective/interpersonal elements of psychopathy (PCL-R Factor 1), as no significant associations were found between the CC and the lifestyle/antisocial traits of psychopathy. The observed effects were not attributable to differences in substance use severity, age, IQ, or total brain volume.ConclusionsThese findings align with suggestions that core psychopathic traits may be fostered by reduced integrative capacity across large-scale networks in the brain.
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Kendell, R. E. "The distinction between personality disorder and mental illness." British Journal of Psychiatry 180, no. 2 (February 2002): 110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.180.2.110.
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BackgroundProposals by the UK Government for preventive detention of people with ‘dangerous severe personality disorders' highlight the unresolved issue of whether personality disorders should be regarded as mental illnesses.AimsTo clarify the issue by examining the concepts of psychopathy and personality disorder, the attitudes of contemporary British psychiatrists to personality disorders, and the meaning of the terms ‘mental illness'and ‘mental disorder’.MethodThe literature on personality disorder is assessed in the context of four contrasting concepts of illness or disease.ResultsWhichever of the four concepts or definitions is chosen, it is impossible to conclude with confidence that personality disorders are, or are not, mental illnesses; there are ambiguities in the definitions and basic information about personality disorders is lacking.ConclusionsThe historical reasons for regarding personality disorders as fundamentally different from mental illnesses are being undermined by both clinical and genetic evidence. Effective treatments for personality disorders would probably have a decisive influence on psychiatrists' attitudes.
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Hunt, E., M. A. Bornovalova, and C. J. Patrick. "Genetic and environmental overlap between borderline personality disorder traits and psychopathy: evidence for promotive effects of factor 2 and protective effects of factor 1." Psychological Medicine 45, no. 7 (October 30, 2014): 1471–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291714002608.
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BackgroundPrevious studies have reported strong genetic and environmental overlap between antisocial-externalizing (factor 2; F2) features of psychopathy and borderline personality disorder (BPD) tendencies. However, this line of research has yet to examine etiological associations of affective-interpersonal (factor 1, F1) features of psychopathy with BPD tendencies.MethodThe current study investigated differential phenotypic and genetic overlap of psychopathy factors 1 and 2 with BPD tendencies in a sample of over 250 male and female community-recruited adult twin pairs.ResultsConsistent with previous research, biometric analyses revealed strong genetic and non-shared environmental correlations of F2 with BPD tendencies, suggesting that common genetic and non-shared environmental factors contribute to both phenotypes. In contrast, negative genetic and non-shared environmental correlations were observed between F1 and BPD tendencies, indicating that the genetic factors underlying F1 serve as protective factors against BPD. No gender differences emerged in the analyses.ConclusionsThese findings provide further insight into associations of psychopathic features – F1 as well as F2 – and BPD tendencies. Implications for treatment and intervention are discussed, along with how psychopathic traits may differentially influence the manifestation of BPD tendencies.
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Pridmore, Saxby, Amber Chambers, and Milford Mcarthur. "Neuroimaging in Psychopathy." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 39, no. 10 (October 2005): 856–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2005.01679.x.
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Objective: The biological basis of psychopathy remains to be fully elucidated. Evidence suggests a genetic contribution and dysfunction of the serotonin system. The objective of this article is to review the contribution of the neuroimaging of the last decade to our understanding of psychopathy. Method: A literature search was conducted using PubMed and the words psychopath, antisocial personality disorder, dissocial personality disorder, violence, image and imaging. In addition, the reference lists of the identified papers, and recent textbooks, were perused for additional sources. Results: Five structural and 15 functional neuroimaging studies were selected and examined. Structural studies have reported decreased prefrontal grey matter, decreased posterior hippocampal volume and increased callosal white matter, but to this point, these have not been replicated. Functional studies suggest reduced perfusion and metabolism in the frontal and temporal lobes. Abnormalities of function have been reported, predominantly in frontal and temporal lobe structures during classical conditioning and response inhibition tasks, and in the processing of emotional words and pictures. Conclusion: Functional neuroimaging strongly suggests dysfunction of particular frontal and temporal lobe structures in psychopathy. However, there are difficulties in selecting homogeneous index cases and appropriate control groups. Further studies are necessary. Responses depend on genetic endowment, early life experience, the sociocultural context and the significance of any stimulus to the individual.
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Gemra, Anna. "„Człowiek zły i bezwstydny”: Jekyll i Lecter." Literatura i Kultura Popularna 25 (July 28, 2020): 305–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0867-7441.25.17.
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According to Robert D. Hare “[P]sychopathy is a personality disorder defined by a distinctive cluster of a behaviours and inferred personality traits, most of which society views as pejorative”.57 Although “psychopath” and “psychopathy” are buzzwords nowadays, there is neither a definition clearly defining characteristics of such a person nor a description of what this disorder actually is. In belles-lettres such characters appear for a long time, though no such term was used for them. One of the most interesting cases is Dr. Jekyll from the gothic novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (1886) by Robert L. Stevenson, where fantastic and criminal threads are combined. The work is an interesting personality study of a man who ignores social norms and satisfies all his whims. He blames his other personality, Mr. Hyde, for his crimes and offenses, himself — Jekyll — perceiving as not only innocent but also a victim. The other example analysed in the article is the character of a psychiatrist, Dr. Hannibal Lecter, one of the characters in the series of four crime novels by Thomas Harris. The picture of a personality that emerges from them is complicated on the one hand, so that it eludes any medical classification, but simple at the same time: a man for whom other people and social norms have no meaning, as if they did not exist at all. Lecter sets his own rules, decides what is good, bad, funny, or boring, whom to kill or keep alive. In the article, I try to show that no one can feel safe in the presence of psychopaths, because their way of perceiving the world and building relationships is completely different from “ordinary” people’s understanding. So, they are a huge threat, the more so because they seem not to stand out from the surroundings. This is one of the issues discussed in the texts I am analysing.
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Patrick, Christopher J., Don C. Fowles, and Robert F. Krueger. "Triarchic conceptualization of psychopathy: Developmental origins of disinhibition, boldness, and meanness." Development and Psychopathology 21, no. 3 (July 7, 2009): 913–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579409000492.
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AbstractThe clinical concept of psychopathy (“psychopathic personality”) is generally considered to entail persistent behavioral deviancy in the company of emotional–interpersonal detachment. However, longstanding debates continue regarding the appropriate scope and boundaries of the concept. Here, we review alternative historic descriptions of the disorder together with empirical findings for the best-established assessment instruments in use with adolescents and youth as a basis for formulating an integrative, triarchic model of psychopathy. The essence of the triarchic model is that psychopathy encompasses three distinct phenotypic constructs: disinhibition, which reflects a general propensity toward problems of impulse control; boldness, which is defined as the nexus of social dominance, emotional resiliency, and venturesomeness; and meanness, which is defined as aggressive resource seeking without regard for others (“dysaffliated agency”). These differing phenotypic components are considered in terms of relevant etiologic and developmental pathways. The triarchic conceptualization provides a basis for reconciling and accommodating alternative descriptive accounts of psychopathy, and a framework for coordinating research on neurobiological and developmental processes contributing to varying manifestations of the disorder.
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Biro, Miklos, Snezana Smederevac, and Zdenka Novovic. "Antisocial behavior: Dimension or category(ies)?" Psihologija 41, no. 3 (2008): 275–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi0803275b.
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Classificatory systems (DSM-IV, ICD-10) use different criteria for defining a rather common antisocial disorder, traditionally referred as psychopathy. Most empirical studies of this phenomenon use Cleckley's operational definition that was applied and amended in Hare's revised Psychopathy Checklist (PCL-R). In modern literature, the fact that there is less than a perfect correspondence between classificatory systems and Hare's PCL-R is often cited as an indication that antisocial behavior is not confined to a distinct category of people but is rather a continuous personality dimension. In order to further elucidate the nosology of antisocial behaviors, a Psychopathy Assessment Questionnaire (PAQ) based on Cleckley - Hare's criteria and consisting of 40 binary items was administered to 339 men (135 prisoners and 204 members of the general population). Four distinct clusters of respondents were identified by means of hierarchical cluster analysis: Psychopathic type (characterized by high positive scores on dimension of Unemotionality; Antisocial type (characterized by high positive scores on Social deviance dimension); Adapted type (characterized by negative scores on all dimensions); and Hyper-controlled type (characterized by extremely negative scores on dimension Social deviance accompanied with positive scores on Unemotionality dimension). Additional comparison with MMPI profiles which classified prison sample in two groups ("Psychopathic profiles" and "Non- Psychopathic profiles") shows that there is no expected compatibility between MMPI and PAQ. We conclude that Antisocial type can be treated as a distinct category, while Psychopathic type displays characteristics of dimensional distribution.
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Cooke, David J. "Psychopathic Personality Disorder." European journal of analytic philosophy 14, no. 1 (November 7, 2018): 15–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31820/ejap.14.1.1.
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The diagnosis of psychopathic personality disorder has salience for forensic clinical practice. It influences decisions regarding risk, treatability and sentencing, indeed, in certain jurisdictions it serves as an aggravating factor that increases the likelihood of a capital sentence. The concatenation of symptom that is associated with modern conceptions of the disorder can be discerned in early writings, including the book of Psalms. Despite its forensic clinical importance and historical pedigree the concept remains elusive and controverted. In this paper I describe an attempt to map the concept of psychopathic personality disorder—the Comprehensive Assessment of Psychopathic Personality (CAPP). I outline the processes used to create the concept map; I summarise evidence in support of the content validity of the map and describe different operations designed to operationalise the construct. It is only when conceptual clarity is achieved that valid operations and measures can be created. I end with a plea for more carefully considered application of statistical methods; applications that better fit the theoretical questions being posed.
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Klembovskaya, E., G. Fastovtsov, and O. Pechenkina. "Differencial diagnosing of schizotypal personality disorder." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 785. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72490-7.
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Background and aimClinical definitions and differencial diagnosis criteria of «Schizotypal personality disorder» is not enough investigated yet, especially how it differs from schizoid personality disorder and continuous sluggish schizophrenia. It is impossible to consider diagnostic indications (that the symptoms of schizophrenia couldn’t be observed before and during actual examination) sufficient to explain the special place of this mental disorder. Some criteria of diagnosis of schizotypal disorders (for example, suspiciousness and paranoid ideas, episodes of quazi- psychotic disorders) are not applicable.With the aim to define the clinical features of schizotypal personality disorder 58 patients were examined. All patients were characterized by mainly personality disorders.Results-Schizotypal personality disorder is similar to deficit states, observed at schizophrenia, clinically limited to personality sphere, without the signs of flow of endogenous process and psychotic disorders.-Schizotypal personality disorder on the clinical content reminds schizoid, but insignificant ideatory disorders are rather typical. Dymamic of psychopathy - disposition to decompensation - is never observed.-Schizotypal personality disorder can be diagnosed as latent, prodromal schizophrenia, because the clinical picture of these states is very similar. The special value acquires a dynamic aspect, allowing to find the signs of «flow» and dynamics typical of the endogenous process.ConclusionThus, the main differencial diagnosing criteria of schizotypal personality disorder are the dynamic aspects and changing of clinical features.
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Hart, Stephen D., and Alana N. Cook. "Current issues in the assessment and diagnosis of psychopathy (psychopathic personality disorder)." Neuropsychiatry 2, no. 6 (December 2012): 497–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/npy.12.61.
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Swogger, Marc T., Zach Walsh, C. W. Lejuez, and David S. Kosson. "Psychopathy and Risk Taking Among Jailed Inmates." Criminal Justice and Behavior 37, no. 4 (March 3, 2010): 439–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854810361617.
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Several clinical descriptions of psychopathy suggest a link to risk taking, but the empirical basis for this association is not well established. Moreover, it is not clear whether any association between psychopathy and risk taking is specific to psychopathy or reflects shared variance with other externalizing disorders, such as antisocial personality disorder, alcohol use disorders, and drug use disorders. The present study aimed to clarify relationships between psychopathy and risky behavior among male county jail inmates using both self-reports of real-world risky behaviors and performance on the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART), a behavioral measure of risk taking. Findings suggest that associations between externalizing disorders and self-reported risk taking largely reflect shared mechanisms. However, psychopathy appears to account for unique variance in self-reported irresponsible and criminal risk taking beyond that associated with other externalizing disorders. By contrast, none of the disorders was associated with risk-taking behavior on the BART, potentially indicating limited clinical utility for the BART in differentiating members of adult offender populations.
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DOLAN, MAIREAD, and RACHAEL FULLAM. "Face affect recognition deficits in personality-disordered offenders: association with psychopathy." Psychological Medicine 36, no. 11 (August 8, 2006): 1563–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291706008634.
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Background. There is a limited literature examining face affect recognition in offenders. In line with the Integrated Emotion Systems (IES) model, existing studies suggest a psychopathy-related deficit in sad/fear recognition. However, many of these studies have small samples, and few include a healthy control group in order to examine the contribution of criminality.Method. We compared the performance of male criminals with dissocial (antisocial) personality disorder (PD group) and healthy male IQ-matched controls, on a morphed face affect-processing task and examined the relationship between psychopathy (assessed using the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version, PCL: SV), score and performance on this task in the PD sample.Results. The PD group had a specific deficit in the recognition of sad facial affect that was present even at 100% expression intensity. This deficit could not be attributed to impulsive responding as the PD group generally had longer mean reaction times than healthy controls. Within the PD group, those with high scores on the PCL: SV were less accurate than low scorers at classifying sad facial affect. There was also a significant negative correlation between total psychopathy score and sad affect recognition accuracy. There were no specific relationships between affect recognition and the subcomponents of psychopathy.Conclusions. The findings suggest that criminality/antisocial personality may be associated with a deficit in the recognition of aversive cues in others, and that this deficit is more severe in psychopathic offenders. The findings lend further support to the IES model.
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Decuyper, Mieke, Sarah De Pauw, Filip De Fruyt, Marleen De Bolle, and Barbara J. De Clercq. "A meta‐analysis of psychopathy‐, antisocial PD‐ and FFM associations." European Journal of Personality 23, no. 7 (November 2009): 531–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.729.
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This research meta‐analytically summarizes the relationships of the Five‐Factor Model (FFM) with psychopathy and Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD). Effect sizes of the associations between psychopathy, APD and the FFM were compiled from 26 independent samples (N = 6913) for psychopathy and 57 independent samples (N = 16 424) for APD. The results revealed predominantly points of similarity and some differences in the FFM associations of both disorders. Symptoms of psychopathy and APD were negatively associated with Conscientiousness and Agreeableness facets and positively with scores on Angry–Hostility (N2), Impulsiveness (N5), Excitement Seeking (E5) and negatively with Warmth (E1). Only psychopathy had a small negative association with Anxiety (N1) and was characterized by stronger negative associations with Agreeableness and Straightforwardness (A2), Compliance (A4) and Modesty (A5) compared to APD. The moderator analyses showed that sample type, use of the NEO‐PI‐R and APD instrument moderated the APD FFM associations, while psychopathy instrument and age group were moderators in the psychopathy MA. Implications of this research for the assessment of APD and psychopathy relying on dimensional models of personality pathology are discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Tanuwijaya, Tifanny, and Budi Darma. "CLARITY." K@ta Kita 5, no. 1 (July 18, 2017): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.9744/katakita.5.1.129-135.
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This creative project is a romantic suspense novel that tells about the emotional bond of a cruel psychopath, Lukas, who kidnaps people and commits drug exploitation on them, and Sharon, who is one of his victims. To develop the plot and the characterization, I used four theories: Psychoanalysis, Antisocial Personality Disorder, Stockholm syndrome and Dream Analysis. The themes are about perception, exploring that of the psychopath’s false perception about people’s lives, and purpose, in which we explore both the psychopath and the victim’s contradicting purpose. This novel will also explore the topics of drug exploitation, factors that trigger Stockholm syndrome to the victim, and the syndrome’s effects to both the psychopath and victim. These are to assist me in conveying my purpose of writing this novel which are to raise the ever-growing issue of kidnapping and drug abuse, so that people could raise their guard more; also, for the people to know the underlying causes of a problematic person’s actions, so they are not quick to judge.
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Pasion, Rita, Catarina Prata, Marisa Fernandes, Rita Almeida, Helena Garcez, Carolina Araújo, and Fernando Barbosa. "N2 amplitude modulation across the antisocial spectrum: a meta-analysis." Reviews in the Neurosciences 30, no. 7 (October 25, 2019): 781–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revneuro-2018-0116.
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Abstract Despite the accumulated knowledge on antisocial behavior and the positive event-related potential peaking around 300 ms (P3), less is known about the preceding negative electrophysiological response around 200 ms (N2). A systematic search of the literature was conducted to analyze the N2 modulation across the antisocial spectrum. Thirty-seven studies (n = 1199) were retrieved to the quantitative analysis. Reduced N2 amplitudes were found in the more severe antisocial manifestations (violent behavior and antisocial personality disorder), which is consistent with previous findings on P3 alterations and N2 reduced amplitudes in externalizing disorders. Findings on psychopathy were mixed, also in accordance with previous P3 results. From a dimensional lens, this supports the heterogeneity of the psychopathic personality structure: impulsivity features are a closer attribute of antisocial behavior and thus may be associated with N2 reduction, while adaptive psychopathic traits may be associated with intact (or even increased) N2 amplitude. The increased N2 amplitudes observed in impulsive behavior challenge, however, the previous meta-analytic findings. As most of the studies on impulsivity include subclinical samples, it leads to the hypothesis that some compensatory mechanisms can still occur at a subclinical level, reflecting the need for heightened allocation of brain resources to yield similar performances. Importantly, inhibition was the core deficit to explain N2 blunted amplitudes, alongside with deficits in the frontal brain region. From our findings, the reduction in P3 amplitude across the antisocial spectrum may be detected in the previous N2 time window.