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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Psychotropic substance'
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1
Chan, Kin-yi Ivy, and 陳健儀. "A study of determinants of relapse in psychotropic substance abuse." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1995. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31250038.
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Chan, Kin-yi Ivy. "A study of determinants of relapse in psychotropic substance abuse /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1995. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19470757.
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Perkonigg, Axel, Roselind Lieb, and Hans-Ulrich Wittchen. "Substance Use, Abuse and Dependence in Germany." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-99907.
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To provide background information about previous findings about the prevalence of use, abuse and dependence of various substances (nicotine, alcohol, prescription and illicit drugs) findings of available epidemiological studies in Germany from the 1980s and 1990s are summarized and critically evaluated. Focusing on findings of substance use surveys in adolescents and young adults the review indicates: (a) a considerable number of large scale questionnaire surveys in general population samples documenting the frequency of use and patterns of use of most substances; (b) indications of increasing rates of drug use particularly in East Germany; (c) high rates of illicit drug use, mainly of cannabinoids, but also stimulants and hallucinogens, among young age groups. No data are available from substance use surveys or from clinical epidemiological studies allowing the determination of how frequent substance abuse and substance dependence diagnoses are in the general population or in adolescents and young adults. Priorities for future research to ameliorate this unsatisfactory situation are outlined with emphasis on research in adolescents and young adults.
4
Nanchy, Nicole, and Michelle Sereese Green. "An exploratory study of barriers to psychotropic adherence from the client's perspective." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2006. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/3057.
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The purpose of this study was to identify barriers to psychotropic adherence regimens in clients with Severe and Persistent Mental Illness (SPMI). Medication non-adherence perpetuates the cycle of psychotic episodes, which leads to rehospitalization, incarceration, and homelessness.
5
Brown, Jessica, and Lisa M. Whittington. "Positive Drug Screens for Methamphetamine and/or Cocaine Versus Other Substances of Abuse in Patients with Serious Mental Illnesses: Comparison of Polysubstance Abuse, Psychiatric Hospitalizations, Prescribed Psychotropic Medications, and Cost of Services." The University of Arizona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/624324.
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Class of 2007 AbstractObjectives: To identify differences between patients diagnosed with a serious mental illness who test positive for cocaine and/or methamphetamine compared to patients who test positive or other abused substances. Methods: This retrospective study of clinical data obtained through a community mental health agency that provides outpatient services for patients with a serious mental illness. The study population was divided into two subgroups: positive cocaine and/or methamphetamine drug screen versus other positive drug screens and were compared over a 12- month period for the frequency and types of positive drug screens and blood alcohol levels, days of court-ordered treatment, the number of psychiatric hospitalizations and length of stay, primary psychiatric diagnosis, and the cost of care for services provided. Results: More females were in the “cocaine/methamphetamine” group versus more males in the “other substances of abuse” group, (p < 0.01). A higher proportion of patients diagnosed with psychotic disorders tested positive for “other substances” than for “cocaine and methamphetamine” (p < 0.01) and the “cocaine/methamphetamine” group had significantly more mood and anxiety disorders than the other group (p < 0.05). The frequency of patients testing positive for marijuana, methadone, and other opiates was higher in the “other substance abuse” group (p < 0.001). Patients in the “cocaine/methamphetamine” group had higher rates of polysubstance abuse (p < 0.001). The most commonly abused substance was cocaine (53.8%). Conclusions: Regular drug screening for substances of abuse and utilization of drug treatment programs should be recommended for SMI patients to improve their care and treatment outcomes.
6
Perkonigg, Axel, Roselind Lieb, and Hans-Ulrich Wittchen. "Substance Use, Abuse and Dependence in Germany: A Review of Selected Epidemiological Data." Karger, 1998. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A26266.
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To provide background information about previous findings about the prevalence of use, abuse and dependence of various substances (nicotine, alcohol, prescription and illicit drugs) findings of available epidemiological studies in Germany from the 1980s and 1990s are summarized and critically evaluated. Focusing on findings of substance use surveys in adolescents and young adults the review indicates: (a) a considerable number of large scale questionnaire surveys in general population samples documenting the frequency of use and patterns of use of most substances; (b) indications of increasing rates of drug use particularly in East Germany; (c) high rates of illicit drug use, mainly of cannabinoids, but also stimulants and hallucinogens, among young age groups. No data are available from substance use surveys or from clinical epidemiological studies allowing the determination of how frequent substance abuse and substance dependence diagnoses are in the general population or in adolescents and young adults. Priorities for future research to ameliorate this unsatisfactory situation are outlined with emphasis on research in adolescents and young adults.
7
Trávníček, Dušan. "Vliv alkoholu a jiných psychotropních látek na bezpečnost v dopravě." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232883.
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The objective of the thesis is based on statistical data to assess the degree of risk of abuse of psychotropic substances in transport. The work is divided into two parts. The theoretical part is mainly a search, dealing with the issue. The practical part has analyzed statistical data and the questionnaire survey, whose results are compared with the results of statistical data.
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Baran, Ozlem. "Determination Of Narcotic And Psychotropic Substances By Using Infrared Spectroscopy." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12606293/index.pdf.
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Narcotic and psychotropic substances are all chemicals that affect a person&rsquos mental activities, perceptual abilities, behavior and level of consciousness
they may cause physical and/or psychological dependence. For determination of narcotic and psychotropic substances, chromatographic techniques are usually preferred which are aimed to identify the target chemicals and require several extraction steps. In this study, an Infrared Spectrometric method has been developed for qualitative determination of most widely encountered substances (morphine, heroin, cocaine, MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamhetamine) and amphetamine) and additives (caffeine, paracetamol and lactose). Standard reference materials and illicit samples have been analyzed in powdered form by using Fourier Transform Infrared-Attenuated Total Reflectance (FTIR-ATR) technique. In the first part, a spectral FTIR database was constituted from the standard references. Illicit samples containing drugs and additives in varying percentages were analyzed using the same method and their database forecast results were compared with results from Gas Chromatography and High Pressure Liquid Chromatography. In the second part of the study, the possibility of finding a similarity between two samples just by comparing their spectra was investigated. For this purpose, all illicit sample spectra were collected in a new database, and then randomly selected samples were searched using this database. Most of the search attempts resulted in a correct match. Consequently, it has been observed that FTIR-ATR can be used as a priory detection step for classification studies
moreover with this technique pre-determination of narcotic and psychotropic substances can be done simply and rapidly.
9
Czuba, Céline. "Consommations de substances psychoactives : à la confluence entre les droits à la santé et à la vie privée au travail." Thesis, Lille 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL20027/document.
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Les pratiques addictives aux substances psychoactives sont caractérisées par une dépendance révélée par l’impossibilité répétée de contrôler un comportement et la poursuite de ce comportement en dépit de la connaissance des conséquences négatives. Au-delà du problème considérable de santé publique, la question intéresse directement le monde du travail. Curieusement, le sujet reste un tabou, ou alors, n’est abordé que sous un angle moralisateur. Qu’elle soit à l’origine de ces conduites ou uniquement un des lieux d’expression des problèmes en découlant, l’entreprise ne peut plus faire l’impasse sur cette question. Si l’employeur, tenu à des impératifs de production, peut, parfois, tirer des bénéfices secondaires de certaines conduites addictives (« boulimies » au travail), cela peut avoir un impact négatif sur l’efficacité de sa structure (absences, accidents, baisse de productivité …). L’employeur peut également être tenu responsable pénalement dans les cas d’introduction de substances illicites dans l’entreprise. Au surplus, étant responsable des dommages causés par ses salariés, il devra s’assurer que ces derniers ne représentent pas un danger pour les tiers. Enfin, et peut être surtout, l’employeur est responsable de la santé de ses salariés. La consécration prétorienne d’une obligation de sécurité de résultat a d’ailleurs considérablement renforcé l’intensité de cet objectif. Afin de remplir ses obligations, l’employeur dispose de différentes mesures de contrôle, et jouit d’un double pouvoir de répression et de prévention en la matière. Mais les actions de l’employeur dans le domaine des addictions viennent se heurter à l’inaliénable liberté individuelle des salariés. Il est alors nécessaire de savoir jusqu'où la politique de prévention des entreprises du risque addictif en milieu de travail peut-elle aller sans interférer dans la vie privée des salariésAddictive behaviors related to psychoactive substances are characterized by a dependence revealed by the repeated impossibility to control behavior and the continuation of the said behavior despite the subject being aware of its negative consequences. Over and beyond the significant public health issue, this topic directly concerns the world of work. Surprisingly, it remains taboo or is only approached from a moralizing angle. Should a company be the source of such behaviors or only one of the places where they are exhibited, it cannot ignore the issue. Although employers may sometimes see secondary benefits of some addictive behavior for productivity reasons (e.g. « workaholism »), this may result in a loss of efficiency of their workforce (absenteeism, accidents in the workplace, drop in productivity). Employers may be held criminally liable in the event of illicit substances being brought into the workplace. What is more, being liable for any damage or injuries caused by their employees, they must make sure they do not represent a threat to others. Last, but not least, employers are responsible for the health of their employees. This objective has been considerably strengthened by the definition of the employer’s safety obligation, by the Court of cassation, as an obligation of safety performance. In order to fulfil these obligations, employers have various control measures at their disposal and enjoy dual powers of repression and prevention. However, any action taken by the employer in the field of addiction comes up against the inalienable right to individual freedom of the employees. An employer is not omnipotent: where is the limit between the management of addictive risks in the workplace and an employee’s privacy, taking into account an employer’s obligation of safety performance
10
Chapy, Hélène. "Identification fonctionnelle et moléculaire d'un transporteur de psychotropes et substances d'abus." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA05P603.
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Le système nerveux central est un organe privilégié et protégé, notamment grâce à l’existence des barrières histologiques entre le sang et les tissus nerveux. La barrière-hémato encéphalique (BHE) et la barrière hémato-rétinienne (BHR) séparent respectivement le parenchyme cérébral et la rétine des composés contenus dans l’espace vasculaire, grâce à l’expression de jonctions serrées et de transporteurs membranaires permettant une régulation spécifique des échanges entre le sang et le parenchyme nerveux. Ce travail a porté sur l’étude d’un nouveau transporteur de cations organiques mis en évidence fonctionnellement à la BHE de la souris. Ce transporteur appartenant très probablement à la superfamille des solute carrier (SLC), fonctionne comme un antiport proton. Actuellement, sa présence ne peut être démontrée que de façon fonctionnelle car son identité moléculaire est encore inconnue. Cet antiport proton constitue un nouvel acteur de la perméabilité cérébrale et ouvre une nouvelle voie d’accès au cerveau. Nous nous sommes tout d’abord attachés à approfondir les connaissances fonctionnelles de ce transporteur en étudiant de nouveaux substrats et tissus d’expression. Le transport cérébral de psychotropes a été étudié in vivo par la technique de perfusion carotidienne in situ chez la souris et in vitro grâce à une lignée de cellules endothéliales cérébrales humaines immortalisées (hCMEC/D3). Nous avons démontré que la haute perméabilité cérébrale de la cocaïne fait intervenir à la fois une diffusion passive et surtout une diffusion médiée par un antiport proton. La vitesse d’entrée des substances d’abus dans le cerveau est associée à un plus fort risque d’addiction et fait de ce transporteur un nouvel acteur critique de la régulation du passage cérébral. En effet, d’autres substances comme la nicotine et certaines amphétamines comme le MDPV et l'ecstasy sont également des substrats de cet antiport. Ce transporteur apparaît comme une cible pharmacologique potentielle dans la prise en charge de toxicomanies. Malgré la diversité chimique et pharmacologique d’interactions des composés avec cet antiport, les concentrations nécessaires pour l’inhiber dépassent celles retrouvées dans le sang. Pour aider l’identification d’inhibiteurs sélectifs et efficaces nous avons développé un modèle pharmacophorique d’inhibiteurs du transporteur à partir de données générées in vitro et de l’approche FLAPpharm. Ce modèle semble prédictif de nouveaux composés pouvant constituer de meilleurs inhibiteurs de ce transporteur. L’étude des échanges in vivo au niveau du tissu nerveux nous a menés à étudier l’impact de transporteurs ABC et de l’antiport-proton au niveau cérébral et rétinien à l’aide de substances spécifiques ou de substrats mixtes comme le vérapamil. L’antiport proton est fonctionnel au niveau de la BHR et transporte notamment la clonidine, le DPH et le vérapamil. Cependant, dans le cas d’un substrat mixte P-gp et SLC (ex : vérapamil), ce transport d’influx n’est visible à la BHE que lorsque la P-gp est neutralisée. Au contraire, à la BHR l’influx lié à cet SLC est visible naturellement. L’impact de la P-gp à la BHR étant 6.3-fois plus faible ce processus est probablement moins masqué. Cette étude illustre la difficulté actuelle de prédire l’impact fonctionnel d’un transporteur pour des substrats multi-spécifiques et l’existence d’une priorisation du transport. Enfin, nous avons essayé d’identifier l’antiport proton au niveau moléculaire par une méthode de photo-activation à l’aide d’un composé adapté. Cette méthode s’est avérée efficace pour fixer une molécule sur le transporteur, permettant par la suite de l’isoler plus facilement. En conclusion, ce travail a permis de mettre en évidence l’importance de l’antiport proton dans la distribution cérébrale de psychotropes et d’ouvrir de nouvelles perspectives dans l’addiction et la compréhension du transport de substrats multi-spécifiquesThe central nervous system is a privilege organ protected by histological barriers between the blood and the nervous tissue. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) separate cerebral parenchyma and retina from the circulating blood and both express tight junctions and membrane transporters, allowing a precise regulation of the exchanges between the blood and nervous tissues. We studied a new cationic transporter functionally evidenced at the mouse BBB. This molecularly unknown transporter belong to the solute carrier super family (SLC) and is a proton antiporter. It could constitute a new actor in the cerebral permeability and may be a new brain access pathway. First, we worked on the functional identification studying new substrates and new localization. Psychotropic brain transport was studied in vivo by brain in situ perfusion on mouse and in vitro with human immortalized endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3). We showed that cocaine brain entry depends on passive diffusion but also mainly on a proton antiporter. Brain entry rate of drugs of abuse is associated with modulation of addiction liability, making this transporter a new component of brain entry of cocaine, and also nicotine and some amphetamines such as ecstasy and MDPV. This proton antiporter appears to be a new potential target in addiction. Various chemical entities interact with this transporter; however concentrations used to inhibit the transporter are much higher than the one possibly found in the blood. In order to help find or design new selective and potent inhibitors, we developed a pharmacophore model of the proton antiporter inhibitors using in vitro data and the FLAPpharm approach. The model predicts well new possible inhibitors of this transporter. We also studied the impact of the ABC transporters and the proton antiporter at the BBB and the BRB using specific or multi-specific substrates such as verapamil. The proton antiporter is functionally expressed at the BRB and transports clonidine, DPH and verapamil. However, for the multi-specific (P-gp and SLC) compound verapamil, influx transport by the proton antiporter is visible at the BBB only when P-gp efflux is neutralized. On the contrary, at the BRB, the proton antiporter influx is always visible. This is certainly due to the lower impact (by 6.3 fold) of P-gp at the BRB compared to the BBB. These results show the difficulty to predict the functional impact of a transporter for multi-specific compounds and a probable transport prioritization. Finally we worked on the molecular identification of the proton antiporter using a photolabeling method. This work evidenced the importance of the proton antiporter in the brain distribution of psychotropic and drugs of abuse and opened toward new perspectives in addiction and transport comprehension
11
DANJOU, PHILIPPE. "Methodes d'etudes des substances psychotropes chez le sujet volontaire sain." Paris 6, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA066097.
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Cette these aborde les diverses methodes d'etude des substances psychotropes chez le sujet volontaire sain, tant au niveau elementaire du recepteur que sur celui de la resultante comportementale globale. Les methodes utilisees evaluent les effets sur le systeme nerveux central, le systeme nerveux autonome et divers effets biologiques (etudes biochimiques, quantification des recepteurs, etudes neuroendocriniennes et etudes d'eeg spectral). Neuf travaux originaux realises pour la plupart chez des sujets volontaires sains sont presentes. Les principaux axes de recherche sont l'evaluation des performances psychomotrices, la recherche de modeles de stress et leur validation par des anxiolytiques, l'etude de l'effet erectogene valide par un agoniste dopaminergique. Trois methodes d'evaluation ainsi que leur validation sont presentees: a) une technique de pupillometrie numerique par analyse d'image digitalisee; b) une technique de plethysmographie penienne numerique; c) un logiciel d'evaluation automatisee des traits de personnalite integrant l'inventaire de personnalite de eysenck, l'echelle d'anxiete de cattell, l'inventaire de personnalite multiphasique du minnesota (mmpi) et l'inventaire de depression de beck. Les divers resultats et methodes sont discutes dans la perspective du developpement du medicament et de l'extrapolation des resultats obtenus chez le volontaire sain aux populations de malades, en terme d'effet therapeutique ou d'effet indesirable
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Filho, João Maria Corrêa. "Eficácia da ondansetrona no tratamento de dependentes de álcool." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5142/tde-14082013-155818/.
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INTRODUÇÃO: A dependência de álcool é um grave problema de saúde publica no Brasil. Seu tratamento ainda é um desafio, mesmo para os melhores programas terapêuticos disponíveis. Esta dificuldade ocorre pelo pequeno número de medicamentos aprovados para o uso e também pela elevada taxa de abandono, próximo a 50%. A ondansetrona tem surgido como uma medicação promissora para o tratamento de alcoolistas. A identificação de pacientes com maior risco de desistência do tratamento é uma estratégia para reverter essa taxa. Os objetivos deste estudo são: (a) avaliar a eficácia e segurança da ondansetrona na dose de 16 mg/dia; (b) investigar variáveis clínicas e psicossociais capazes de prever maior aderência ao tratamento; (c) desenvolver uma tipologia para alcoolistas com características presentes no início do tratamento; (d) testar se os diferentes tipos podem prever o abandono ao tratamento. METODOS: Trata-se de estudo realizado em três etapas. Na primeira foi realizado ensaio clinico randomizado duplo-cego placebo controlado, com ondansetrona, por 12 semanas, desenvolvido na Universidade de São Paulo - Brasil. A amostra era composta por 102 dependentes de álcool com idade entre 18 - 60 anos. A análise foi realizada com os dados brutos e com os dados imputados. Na segunda etapa, foi combinado o banco de dados deste estudo com os de outros dois ensaios realizados no mesmo local (acamprosato versus placebo e naltrexona, topiramato versus placebo), com número total de 332 dependentes de álcool. A partir da análise de quatro fatores clínicos (idade de início dos problemas com uso do álcool, alcoolismo familiar, gravidade da dependência do álcool e intensidade de sintomas depressivos) foi realizada a análise de cluster tipo K-Means e, após a identificação dos tipos, foi avaliada a associação destes com a adesão ao tratamento. Na última etapa, analisando apenas os participantes avaliados quanto ao desejo pelo álcool (257 alcoolistas) foi realizada uma regressão logística, com variáveis clínicas e psicossociais, para analisar a influência dessas na retenção ao tratamento. RESULTADO: A ondansetrona foi capaz de retardar o tempo para o primeiro consumo de álcool (54,7 versus 40,9 dias) e, também, o primeiro consumo pesado de álcool (58,4 versus 45,4 dias) quando comparado ao placebo. Essa droga não influenciou a percentagem de dias bebidos durante o estudo, mas esteve associada com menor percentagem de dias com consumo pesado de álcool (7,8% versus 11,7%), quando comparado ao placebo, na análise de dados imputados. Na análise de tipologia foram identificados dois grupos de alcoolistas. O tipo de alcoolista caracterizado pelo início precoce dos problemas com álcool, maior histórico familiar de dependência, elevada gravidade de alcoolismo e poucos sintomas depressivos esteve associado a maior chance de descontinuar o tratamento, independente da medicação usada e da participação nos alcoólicos anônimos (AA). Entre as variáveis clínicas e psicossociais estudadas, ter idade mais elevada, participar do AA e o consumo preferencial pela cerveja foram fatores independentes associados a maior adesão ao tratamento. Maiores escores de depressão aumentaram o risco de abandono. CONCLUSÃO: A ondansetrona mostrou ser segura e bem tolerada na dose de 16mg/dia. Foi mais eficaz que o placebo em retardar o primeiro consumo e primeiro consumo pesado de álcool, deixou dúvida sobre seu efeito na percentagem de dias bebidos e de consumo pesado de álcool. O tipo de alcoolista com idade precoce de problemas com álcool, elevada dependência dessa substância, mais história familiar de alcoolismo e menos sintomas depressivos, esteve associado ao maior risco de abandono. Idade mais elevada, frequentar o AA e ter preferência pela cerveja aumenta a chance de completar o tratamento propostoINTRODUCTION: Alcohol dependence is a serious public health problem in Brazil. Its treatment remains a challenge, even for the best available treatment programs. This difficulty is due to the small number of drugs approved for use and also the high dropout rates, close to 50%. Ondansetron has emerged as a promising drug for the treatment of alcoholics. The identification of patients with increased risk of treatment discontinuation is a strategy to reverse these rates. The aims of this study are: (a) to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ondansetron in a dose of 16 mg/day; (b) to investigate clinical and psychosocial variables that could predict treatment retention, (c) to develop a typology of alcoholics based on clinical factors present at the beginning of the treatment; and (d) to test if different types of alcoholics could predict the higher withdrawal from treatment. METHODS: This study was conducted in three stages. Firstly, a randomized, double-blind, placebo- controlled clinical trial was conducted with ondansetron for 12 weeks, developed at the University of São Paulo - Brazil. The sample consisted of 102 alcoholics aged between 18 and 60 years old. The analysis was performed by using only the sample of adherents and an imputed sample. Secondly, the database of this study was combined with two other clinical trials that were carried out in the same setting (acamprosate versus placebo, and topiramate, naltrexone versus placebo), with a final sample size of 332 alcohol dependents. From the analysis of four clinical factors (problem drinking onset age, family alcoholism, severity of alcohol dependence and intensity of depressive symptoms) a K-means cluster analysis was performed to identify types of alcoholics. In addition, the association between the resulting types of alcoholics and treatment retention was verified. Thirdly, using only the participants who were evaluated for craving on alcohol (257 alcoholics), a logistic regression analysis was run with clinical and psychosocial variables as independent variables to analyze their influence on treatment retention. RESULTS: Ondansetron was able to delay the first alcohol consumption (54.7 versus 40.9 days) and the first heavy alcohol consumption (58.4 versus 45.4 days) compared to placebo. Ondansetron did not have effect on the percentage of drinking days. However, ondansetron was associated with a lower percentage of days with heavy alcohol consumption (7.8% versus 11.7%) in an imputed sample, when compared to placebo. Two types of alcoholics were identified. The type characterized by earlier problem drinking onset age, more family alcoholism, high severity of alcoholism, and fewer depressive symptoms, was associated with a greater chance of discontinuing treatment regardless of medication used and participation in alcoholic anonymous groups (AA). Out of the clinical and psychosocial variables, older age, AA attendance, and beer preference drinkers were independent factors associated with higher treatment retention. Higher scores on depression also increased the risk of dropout. CONCLUSION: Ondansetron showed to be safe and well tolerated at the dose of 16mg/day. It was more effective than placebo in delaying both the first use and the first heavy alcohol consumption. In addition, ondansetron was not effective in decreasing the percentage of drinking days throughout this study. The type of alcoholics characterized by earlier problem drinking onset age, more family alcoholism, high severity of alcoholism and fewer depressive symptoms, was associated with greater risk of dropout. Separately, the variables higher age, AA attendance, and beer preference increased the chance of completing the proposed treatments
13
MacPherson, Tom. "Genetic and pharmacological investigation of α4-containing GABAA receptors in conditioned behaviours influenced by cocaine." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2014. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/47585/.
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α4-subunit containing GABAA receptors (α4-GABAARs) are often found co-assembled with δ-subunits in extrasynaptic locations on nucleus accumbens (NAc) medium spiny neurons (MSNs), were they mediate a tonic form of inhibition thought to control the excitability of the neuron. This thesis combines genetic and pharmacological techniques to explore the role of α4-GABAARs in locomotor and reward-conditioned behaviours. Activation of α4-GABAARs by systemic or intra-accumbal administration of THIP, a GABAAR agonist with a preference for δ-subunits, was able to reduce cocainepotentiated locomotor activity in wildtype but not GABAAR α4-subunit knockout mice. Similarly, the ability of repeated cocaine to induce behavioural sensitisation was unaffected in GABAAR α4-subunit knockout mice, but systemic THIP was able to reduce the sensitised increase in locomotor activity in wildtype but not knockout mice. α4-GABAARs are also able to modulate behavioural responses to reward-conditioned stimuli and their enhancement by cocaine. Deletion of GABAAR α4-subunits from dopamine D1-expressing neurons facilitated cocaine-CPP, and activation of α4- GABAARs on NAc D1-MSNs was able to attenuate cocaine-enhancement of cocaine CPP. Conversely, deletion of GABAAR α4-subunits from dopamine D2-expressing neurons increased CRf responding, and activation of α4-GABAARs on NAc D2-MSNs was able to attenuate cocaine-potentiation of CRf responding. These data also indicate that there is a dissociation in the NAc MSNs mediating cocaine-CPP and CRf responding. This may be explained by the different glutamatergic inputs needed to provide information about conditioned cues important for these behaviours. The data presented within this thesis indicate that α4-GABAAR-mediated inhibition of D1- and D2-expressing neurons plays an important physiological role in controlling behavioural responses to conditioned cues. Furthermore, NAc α4βδ GABAARs may provide a potential therapeutic target by which to limit the enhancement of locomotor and conditioned-behaviours by cocaine.
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Tjäderborn, Micaela. "Psychoactive prescription drug use disorders, misuse and abuse : Pharmacoepidemiological aspects." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Avdelningen för läkemedelsforskning, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-130768.
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Background: There is a widespread and increasing use of psychoactive prescription drugs, such as opioid analgesics, anxiolytics, hypnotics and anti-epileptics, but their use is associated with a risk of drug use disorder, misuse and abuse. Today, these are globally recognized and emerging public health concerns. Aim: The aim of this thesis is to estimate the prevalence of psychoactive prescription drug (PPD) use disorders, misuse and abuse, and to investigate the association with some potential risk factors. Methods: A study using register data from forensic cause of death investigations investigated and described cases of fatal unintentional intoxication with tramadol (Study I). Based on register data on spontaneously reported adverse drug reactions (ADRs) reported cases of tramadol dependence were investigated and summarised (Study II). In a study in suspected drug-impaired drivers with a toxicology analysis confirming the intake of one out of five pre-specified PPDs, the prevalence of non-prescribed use was assessed and associated factors were investigated (Study III). From a cohort of patients initiating prescribed treatment with pregabalin, using data on prescription fills, a study investigated longitudinal utilisation patterns during five years with regards to use of the drug above the maximum approved daily dose (MAD), and factors associated with the utilisation patterns (Study IV). Results: In the first study, 17 cases of unintentional intoxications were identified, of which more concerned men, the median age was 44 years and the majority used multiple psychoactive substances (alcohol, illicit drugs and prescription drugs). The second study identified 104 spontaneously reported cases of tramadol dependence, in which more concerned women, the median age was 45 years, and a third reported a history of substance abuse and 40% of past psychoactive medication use. In the third study, more than half of the individuals suspected of drug-impaired driving used the drug without a recent prescription. Non prescribed use was most frequent in users of benzodiazepines and tramadol, and was more likely in younger individuals and in multiple-substance users. In the last paper five longitudinal utilisation patterns were found in pregabalin users, with two patterns associated with a particularly high risk of doses above the maximum approved dosing recommendation. This pattern of use was associated with male sex, younger age, non-urban residency and a recent prescribed treatment with an antiepileptic or opioid analgesic drug. Conclusions: This thesis shows that psychoactive prescription drug use disorders, misuse and abuse occur and may have serious and even fatal consequences. The prevalence varies between different drugs and populations. Abuse and misuse seem to be more common in young people. Fatal intoxications and misuse of prescribed drugs may be more common in men, while drug use disorders following prescribed treatment may be more common in women and non-prescribed use equally distributed between women and men. Individuals with a history of mental illness, substance use disorder or abuse, or of past use of psychoactive medications are likely important risk groups. In summary, the findings suggest a potential for improvements in the utilisation of psychoactive prescription drugs. The results may be useful in the planning of clinical and regulatory preventive interventions to promote the rational, individualised and safe use of such drugs.
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Grotz, Annalen [Verfasser]. "Primärprozess in der Katathym Imaginativen Psychotherapie unter dem Einfluss psychotroper Substanzen / Annalen Grotz." Ulm : Universität Ulm, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1190178036/34.
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Lacroix, Isabelle. "Pharmacovigilance chez la femme enceinte : aspects maternel et néonatal (exemple des substances psychoactives." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/579/.
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Dans ce travail de thèse, deux aspects sur l'exposition aux médicaments pendant la grossesse nous ont intéressés. Un domaine peu évalué concernant les effets indésirables des médicaments sur la femme enceinte. Deux études nous ont permis de montrer une incidence faible des effets indésirables chez la femme enceinte et un risque de réaction anaphylactique plus élevé qu'en population générale. La deuxième partie de cette thèse porte sur les effets des médicaments psychotropes sur le déroulement de la grossesse et sur le nouveau-né. Une étude a concerné l'état de santé de 53 nouveau-nés exposés aux substances psychotropes en fin de grossesse. Ils ont été exposés majoritairement aux benzodiazépines, aux opiacés et au cannabis. Les pathologies néonatales les plus fréquentes sont les syndromes de sevrage, pathologies respiratoires et hypotonie. Une deuxième étude s'est intéressée aux effets du Subutex sur le déroulement de la grossesse et sur le nouveau-né. Cette étude a montré que le Subutex est une bonne alternative pour le traitement des dépendances aux opiacés pendant la grossesseFirst, we have carried out two different surveys to study the incidence and the profile of adverse drug reactions (ADR) in pregnant women. These studies show that the incidence of ADRs is very low in pregnant women and underline the risk of anaphylactic reactions in pregnant women. Secondly, we have studied the effects of psychoactive drugs on the fetus. We have conducted a study called "NENUPHAR" to describe the impact of maternal psychotropic use or abuse on late pregnancy in newborns, using data from hospital laboratory (positive assay for psychoactive drugs). Fifty three newborns were included. Most of the cases have been exposed to benzodiazepines, opioids and cannabis. Ninety two and a half per cent had a neonatal disease. Neonatal withdrawal and respiratory disease were the most frequent neonatal pathologies. Many cases were exposed to cannabis which might increase neonatal disease risk. Finally, in order to investigate the effects of buprenorphine exposure during pregnancy, a prospective multicentric study comparing 90 buprenorphine exposed pregnant women and 45 methadone exposed pregnant women was also performed. No alarming results concerning pregnancy outcomes or neonatal withdrawal frequency and severity have been observed in this survey
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Wieliczko, Monika J. "Psychological effects of MDMA." Thesis, Canterbury Christ Church University, 2016. http://create.canterbury.ac.uk/14928/.
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Zinberg's Interaction Model implies that the content of a drug-induced experience is a function of the pharmacological properties of the drug, the set (the user’s characteristics e.g. motivation and personality), and the setting (the physical and social context). The current research investigated the function of the set and setting and their role in shaping the psychological effects of 3,4-methylenedioxmethamphetamine (MDMA), as well as their role in reducing the risk of drug abuse. An online survey was distributed among adult MDMA polydrug users (n = 158) and MDMA-naïve controls (alcohol, nicotine and cannabis users, n = 138). Participants answered questions regarding their pattern of drug use, their motivation for MDMA use and the setting (e.g. clubbing, home with friends), as well as the subjective effects of MDMA. Participants also completed a range of self-report measures of self-reflection and insight, emotional intelligence, and personality, as well as a drug dependency measure. MDMA users displayed higher levels of self-reflection and insight, openness to new experience and lower levels of neuroticism and conscientiousness, in comparison to the control group. The significant predictors of self-reflection and insight were openness, emotional intelligence, MDMA use, extraversion and neuroticism. When the analysis was rerun only for the MDMA group, the significant predictors of self-reflection and insight were openness, emotional intelligence and self-insight effects of MDMA. High levels of self-reported negative effects of MDMA were predictors of a problematic drug use. These findings suggest that there might be a relationship between MDMA use and higher levels of self-reflection and insight; however, longitudinal studies are required to further investigate the causality of this relationship. The results add to existing evidence that MDMA has potential for altering emotional experiences. Further research utilising a prospective design is warranted.
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Tauziet, Véronique. "Exposition prénatale aux substances psychoactives : impact sur le développement de l'enfant. Revue bibliographique." Bordeaux 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR23069.
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Haris, Roland. "Trajectoires des troubles intériorisés à l'adolescence influence de la consommation de psychotropes." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2009. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/647.
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À l'adolescence, la dépression et l'anxiété peuvent avoir de graves conséquences sur le développement personnel et social. Les risques associés aux troubles intériorisés sont d'autant plus sévères que ceux-ci s'accompagnent, dans certains cas, d'une consommation de psychotropes. L'objet de la présente étude exploratoire vise à déterminer, auprès de jeunes adolescents présentant des troubles intériorisés, si la consommation de psychotropes est associée à la persistance de ces troubles 12 puis 24 mois plus tard. L'échantillon initial est composé de 93 adolescents. Les troubles intériorisés ont été diagnostiqués à l'aide du Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children et la consommation de psychotropes évaluée avec l'Indice de Gravité d'une Toxicomanie pour adolescents. Les résultats 12 mois plus tard suggèrent que la gravité consommation de drogues est associée à la non persistance des troubles intériorisé. Puis, 24 mois plus tard, le maintien des troubles intériorisés est prédit par la consommation hebdomadaire de dépresseurs et par l'augmentation de la consommation de drogues du premier au second temps de mesure. Les résultats obtenus sont interprétables selon l'hypothèse de l'automédication et sont discutés dans une perspective d'intervention.
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Vavassori, David. "Etude psychopathologique des comportements de consommation de substances psychoactives (usage, abus, dépendance) : construction d'un modèle multidimensionnel de la dépendance psychopathologique." Toulouse 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU20054.
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Dans notre travail nous étudions la dépendance en psychopathologie à travers l'observation des comportements de consommation (usage, abus, dépendance). Nous avons élaboré l'hypothèse suivante : La "dépendance psychopathologique" aux substances psychoactives est caractérisée par des facteurs psychodynamiques, psychologiques et environnementaux, contribuant à la constitution d'aménagements psychiques de la dépendance en tant que processus prévalents dans l'apparition des comportements addictifs. Cette hypothèse est testée auprès de 53 sujets consommateurs de substances psychoactives, soumis à une batterie d'outils qualitatifs et quantitatifs (ASI; SCL 90-R; TAT; Le test de l'Arbre; L'entretien biographique). Nos résultats mettent en évidence: L'absence de fondement empirique de la classification nosographique des comportements de consommation (usage, abus, dépendance). Des configurations de la dépendance intégrant des facteurs psychodynamiques, psychologiques et environnementaux. L'existence d'aménagements psychiques de la dépendance prévalents dans la "dépendance psychopathologique". Enfin, nous avons tenté de modéliser la "dépendance psychopathologique"The descriptions of the "addictive practices" (use, abuse, dependence) while constituting an important common basis for the diagnosis. Do these facts interrogate us on what is a psychopathological dependence ? This interrogative development conduct us to elaborate the following hypothesis: The "psychopathological dependence" to the psychoactive substances is characterized by psychodynamic, psychological and environmental factors, contributory to the constitution of differents mode of the psychic dependence. This process predominate in the apparition of the addictive behaviors. We tested this hypothesis near to 53 consumers subjects of psychoactive substances, submitted to instrument battery (ASI; SCL 90-R; TAT; The test of the tree; The biographic interview). Our results put in evidence : The absence of empiric foundation of the psychiatric classification of the consumption behaviors (use, abuse, dependence). Psychopathological configurations of the dependence integrating the psychodynamic, psychological and environmental factors. The existence of different modes of the psychic dependences predominate in the "psychopathological dependence". Finally, we attempted to construct a model of the "psychopathological dependence"
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Binsinger, Caroline Laure Patrick. "Consommation de substances psychoactives chez les pré-adolescents. Estime de soi, anxiété et activité physique et sportive." Reims : S.C.D. de l'Université, 2006. http://scdurca.univ-reims.fr/exl-doc/GED00000519.pdf.
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Verret, Anne. "L'expérience des jeunes adultes ayant vécu avec un parent dépendant aux substances psychoactives." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27370.
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La présente étude s'intéresse aux jeunes adultes ayant vécu avec un parent dépendant aux substances psychoactives (SPA). Elle examine plus particulièrement les difficultés rencontrées par ces enfants, les stratégies d'adaptation qu'ils ont mises en place ainsi que leur appréciation de l'efficacité de ces dernières. Les études démontrent que les enfants ayant un parent dépendant aux SPA vivent des conséquences importantes sur le plan personnel, familial et social associées à la consommation abusive de leur parent. Les études effectuées auprès de proches des personnes dépendantes démontrent également que ces derniers utilisent différentes stratégies afin de diminuer leur inconfort en lien avec la dépendance. Par contre, à ce jour, peu d'études se sont intéressées aux stratégies d'adaptation mises en place par les enfants dont un parent est dépendant aux SPA. En utilisant le modèle théorique Stress-Strain-Coping-Support (Orford et al. 2010), cette étude a examiné les stratégies d'adaptation utilisées par les enfants ayant un parent dépendant. Un devis qualitatif basé sur huit entrevues individuelles semi-dirigées a été réalisé. Les résultats démontrent que les enfants ayant grandi avec un parent dépendant ont rencontré plusieurs difficultés en lien avec la consommation de leur parent telles qu'une somatisation, un sentiment d'abandon et d'insécurité, un sentiment de responsabilité, une aversion pour la consommation de SPA, etc.. Pour composer avec ces difficultés, ils ont eu recours à différentes stratégies d'adaptation basées sur les émotions pour certains, et sur l'action pour d'autres. Par ailleurs, les résultats indiquent que leur perception de la situation a un impact sur leur évaluation des difficultés rencontrées ainsi que sur les stratégies d'adaptation utilisées.
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Sloss, Ian. "The effects of ethanol on memory and neuroplasticity in a vertebrate and an invertebrate model of learning." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2016. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/65381/.
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Binge drinking is characterised by cycles of ethanol intoxication and withdrawal and is thought to be highly deleterious for the normal functioning of the nervous system. The behavioural and neurophysiological consequences of rapid escalation of blood alcohol concentration and subsequent withdrawal, and their effects on learning and memory and underlying neural circuitry can be studied in suitable animal models. Here, spatial and instrumental learning as well as hippocampal LTP were assessed in C57BL/6J mice for the effects of adolescent intermittent ethanol (AIE) and other ethanol treatments. AIE treatment did not impair spatial or non-spatial memory when tested in adulthood. However, if mice were trained whilst intoxicated during AIE treatment, spatial memory was impaired. Post-training injections of ethanol impaired performance in operant conditioning. A rapid rise and fall in ethanol concentration, prior to stimulation, blocked LTP induction in drug naïve hippocampal slices; an effect that was not seen if the ethanol concentration was gradually increased and decreased. Moreover, AIE treatment caused an NMDA receptor-dependent transient increase in hippocampal LTP. The second part of this study used a novel molluscan model Lymnaea stagnalis and demonstrated that high concentrations of ethanol blocked acquisition and retrieval of an associative memory. However, if acquisition occurred in the presence of ethanol then memory could also be retrieved under ethanol, demonstrating ethanol state dependency. By utilising the cerebral giant cells, a modulatory neuron type with known involvement in memory formation, it was found that ethanol reduced the tonic firing frequency as well as the peak-to-trough and half-width parameters of individual action potentials. The development of in vivo and in vitro ethanol treatment and test protocols, and the findings based on their use, open up new avenues for future systematic investigations on ethanol's effects on behaviour and underlying neural circuitry in both vertebrate and invertebrate model systems.
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Picard-Masson, Marianne. "Portrait de la consommation des boissons énergisantes chez les étudiants de niveau collégial du Québec." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/5994.
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Problématique : Les boissons énergisantes (BÉ) font l’objet d’une promotion qui incite les jeunes québécois à consommer ces liquides sucrés et contenant de la caféine. La publicité laisse croire que ces boissons peuvent être absorbées à volonté et banalise une utilisation fréquente. En fait, la caféine ainsi que les nombreuses calories que contiennent ces boissons peuvent entraîner des conséquences néfastes. Dans ce contexte, une étude auprès des étudiants de niveau collégial au Québec a été réalisée afin de décrire l’ampleur du phénomène de la consommation de BÉ ainsi que certaines caractéristiques associées. Méthodologie : Trente-six cégeps provenant de 14 régions administratives du Québec ont accepté de participer à l’enquête. Un hyperlien menant à un questionnaire autoadministré était envoyé par courriel, à partir des cégeps. Environ 20 minutes étaient nécessaires afin de répondre aux 63 questions à choix de réponses. La collecte des données s’est effectuée du 11 février au 8 mars 2013. Analyses : Les variables à l’étude ont fait l’objet d’une analyse descriptive. De plus, les associations entre la consommation de BÉ et les caractéristiques sociodémographiques et les habitudes de vie des consommateurs ont été explorées. Résultats : Au total, 10 283 individus ont rempli un questionnaire au complet ce qui correspond à un taux de participation de 10,3%. Une faible proportion des répondants a rapporté avoir consommé des BÉ (9,1%) et/ou des boissons énergisantes alcoolisées (BÉA) (1,1%) régulièrement (≥ 1 fois/semaine) dans le dernier mois. La consommation régulière de BÉ était associée à une consommation d’autres substances psychoactives (tabac, cannabis ou amphétamines). Tandis qu’un contexte social de fête semblait associé à la consommation de BÉA, notre étude indique que la consommation de BÉ paraît liée à des motifs et des contextes de performance. Malgré cette dissimilitude, la consommation avec les pairs semblait répandue tant pour l’utilisation de BÉA que de BÉ. Peu de participants ont déclaré avoir consommé des BÉ et des drogues au même moment (5,0%) dans la dernière année. Conclusion et retombées : Notre enquête rapporte que la très grande majorité des répondants ne sont pas d’importants consommateurs de BÉ, de BÉA et de BÉ avec drogues. Tout de même, plusieurs participants ont déclaré avoir déjà eu des effets indésirables suivant l’ingestion de ces produits. Il importe d’assurer un suivi de l’évolution de cette habitude de vie en émergence, notamment dans le cadre des grandes enquêtes sur les habitudes de vie des jeunes et de poursuivre la recherche sur ces produits qui sont encore peu connus.
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Jouanjus, Emilie. "Identification des complications graves associées à l'usage de substances psychoactives." Toulouse 3, 2013. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2123/.
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Le système d'addictovigilance français recueille les cas d'abus et de pharmacodépendance graves aux substances psychoactives mais est limité du fait d'une sous-notification. Dans cette thèse, nous avons estimé la fréquence des complications associées à ces substances dans la zone géographique couverte par le Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Toulouse. D'une part, en appliquant la méthode de capture-recapture à trois sources de données, notamment la base de données hospitalière (PMSI, Programme de Médicalisation des Systèmes d'Information). D'autre part, à partir des hospitalisations en lien avec la prise de cannabis enregistrées dans le PMSI. Ces derniers travaux ont mis en évidence un nombre relativement élevé de complications cardiovasculaires, que nous avons ensuite spécifiquement caractérisées en utilisant les données du système d'addictovigilance français (Notifications spontanées) dans le cadre d'une étude nationale. Au total, ce travail de thèse a permis de caractériser qualitativement et quantitativement les complications associées à l'usage de substances psychoactives, en particulier le cannabis, et d'évaluer la pertinence de l'utilisation de différentes sources de données pour l'identification de ces complicationsThe French Addictovigilance system is unique in Europe. However, it is not meant to reliably and exhaustively comprehend the dangerousness of drugs with potential of abuse. Notably, the under-reporting of serious abuse and dependence cases raises the issue of the relevance of using these data to assess the medical complication risk associated with psychoactive drug use. Another possible approach could be the use of administrative computerized hospital databases. We used data from the French hospital database PMSI (Programme de Médicalisation des Systèmes d'Information) to estimated the frequency of complications related to psychoactive substance use. First, three-source-capture-recapture analysis was applied. Then, cannabis-related hospitalizations identified from PMSI were systematically reviewed. These studies revealed a relatively high prevalence of cardiovascular complications, and these findings led us to specifically characterize cannabis-related cardiovascular complications at the national level by using the data collected by the French Addictovigilance System (i. E. Spontaneous Reports). To conclude, this thesis enabled to qualitatively and quantitatively characterize psychoactive-drug-related-complications, particularly cannabis. Doing so, we assessed the relevance of the data sources which can possibly be explored to identify serious complications related to psychoactive drug use (including PMSI), and defined methodological criteria in order to make the best use of them
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Daubech-Tournier, Marie. "Consommation de substances psychoactives chez les sujets suicidants : prévalence, impact pronostique et méthodes d'identification." Bordeaux 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BOR21221.
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Des études suggèrent que l'usage de substances psychoactives est un facteur de risque suicidaire. . L'objectif de ce travail était d'évaluer la prévalence des troubles liés à l'utilisation de substances et l'impact pronostique de ces substances lors de 2388 hospitalisations consécutives aux urgences médicales pour intoxication médicamenteuse volontaire (IMV). Dans notre étude, la consommation, l'abus et la dépendance aux substances psychoactives sont fréquents chez les sujets ayant fait une IMV. Les sujets ayant consommé des substances avaient un risque multiplié par deux de présenter une IMV grave (OR 1,9 IC 95 ù 1,3-2,8 p = 0,001). Les suicidants sont une population à haut risque de suicide et cet usage représente un facteur de risque supplémentaire et de pronostic. Ils sont cependant très peu évalués dans les services hospitaliers qui reçoivent ces patients. Leur identification pourrait avoir des conséquences importantes sur la prévention et le traitement des conduites suicidairesStudies have suggested that substance use is a risk factor for suicidal behavior. The aims of this work were to assess the prevalence of substance use disorders and its prognostic impact in 2388 subjects consecutively admitted in an emergency department for intentional drug overdose IDO). Substance use abuse and dependence were frequent in subjects with IDO. Subjects who had used psychoactive substances were two times more likely to present with serious IDO (OR 1,9 IC 95 % 1,3-2,8 p = 0,001). As subjects with IDO are at high risk of suicide, substance use and misuse are additional risk and prognostic factors in this population. However they are not often investigated in routine practice by the emergency department staff. Their identification may have important consequences on prevention and management of suicidal behavior
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Binsinger, Caroline. "Consommation de substances psychoactives chez les pré-adolescents. Estime de soi, anxiété et activité physique et sportive." Reims, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006REIMS021.
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Les comportements à risque pour la santé, dont la consommation de substances psychoactives, sont souvent initiés dès l’adolescence. L’efficacité de la prévention sur ce thème, auprès des plus jeunes, dépend donc de la connaissance des déterminants à ces conduites. L’objectif de ce travail est l’analyse des relations entre trois facteurs de protection et/ou de vulnérabilité (estime de soi, anxiété-trait et activité physique et sportive - APS), et l’usage de produits chez les pré-adolescents, au travers du modèle de santé interactionniste. Une cohorte de 1 230 collégiens volontaires, a été suivie pendant quatre ans. Les données ont été recueillies tous les semestres par auto-questionnaire portant, entre autres, sur la santé, l’APS, l’estime de soi, l’anxiété-trait et les consommations de substances (tabac, alcool, cannabis, médicaments anxiolytiques et hypnotiques, vitamines). Les principaux résultats montrent que près de 40 % des élèves pratiquent une APS régulièrement, et qu’entre 11 et 14 ans, la prévalence de l’usage régulier de cannabis est multipliée par 34, et celle de tabac par 9. En outre, des facteurs de protection élevés et de vulnérabilité bas sont liés à un moindre usage de produit. Les filles disposeraient de facteurs de protection et de vulnérabilité plus sujets à variation que les garçons, en cas de consommation de tabac, médicaments anxiolytiques ou hypnotiques, ou de vitamines, substances préférentiellement consommées par les filles. Ce travail confirme la nécessité de développer, tôt, les compétences psychosociales propices à l’adoption de comportements favorables à la santé, au sein d’un environnement sensibilisé à ces questionsContext: health risk behaviours, for instance drug use, are often initiated during the adolescence period. Thus, the behaviour’s determining factors have to be known to realize preventative actions among these young people. Aim: to analyze the relationship between three protective and/or risk factors (self-esteem, trait-anxiety and extra-curricular physical activity - ECPA), and drug use by early-adolescents, through the interactionist health model. Study design: A cohort of 1 230 voluntary pupils, followed for a period of four years. Data were collected every six months by self-report questionnaires. The document included questions on health, ECPA, self-esteem, trait-anxiety, and drug use (tobacco, alcohol, cannabis, anxiolytics, hypnotics, vitamins). Main results: nearly 40 % of the pupils practice regularly ECPA. Between 11 and 14 year of age, the prevalence of regular use of cannabis was multiplied by 34, and that of tobacco by 9. High protective factors and low risk factors are related to less drug use. Girls tend to have protective and risk factors more prone to variation than boys, in the event of consumption of tobacco, anxiolytic or hypnotic drugs, or vitamins, substances preferentially consumed by girls. Conclusion: this work confirms the need to develop, in children, psychosocial competences so that they can adopt favourable health behaviors
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Boutin, Stéphanie. "Les différentes formes de violence agie envers les pairs à l'âge scolaire primaire influencent-elles la consommation de psychotropes chez les adolescents?" Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2010. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/673.
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La présente étude vise à : (1) Comparer les fréquences moyennes de consommation auto-révélée de tabac, d'alcool, de marijuana et de drogues dures au cours de l'adolescence (âge moyen = 15,8 ans) en fonction de quatre sous-groupes de filles agressives (directes, indirectes, mixtes et témoins) identifiées par les pairs à l'âge scolaire primaire (âge moyen = 12,0 ans; N = 191); et (2) Vérifier la contribution spécifique de chacun de ces sous-groupes sur la fréquence de consommation moyenne de psychotropes en contrôlant l'effet de la consommation au T1 et des variables démographiques (âge, revenu, structure familiale, changements de milieux). Les résultats démontrent que les filles manifestant de la violence indirecte et celles utilisant la violence mixte à l'école primaire consommeraient plus de tabac, de marijuana et de drogues dures à l'adolescence que celles ayant utilisé de la violence directe et que les témoins. Par contre, seul l'effet des variables démographiques et de la consommation initiale contribue à expliquer la consommation d'alcool chez les filles adolescentes.
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O'Connor, Eoin. "Investigations into the role of the metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGluR5, in incentive learning and some behavioural and neurobiological effects of cocaine." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2011. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/6981/.
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The metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGluR5, is densely expressed in brain regions involved in incentive learning processes. There is considerable evidence to suggest that following exposure to addictive drugs such as cocaine, adaptations in these brain areas may underlie the development and maintenance of behavioural responses related to addictive processes. The present thesis examines the role of mGluR5 in both incentive learning processes and some behavioural and neurobiological effects of cocaine. First, using a novel mutant mouse line in which mGluR5 is selectively knocked down in cells that express dopamine D1 receptors (D1R), I argue that this mGluR5 population is critically important for specific incentive learning processes. By blocking mGluR5 in wild-type mice with a selective antagonist, I then propose mGluR5 as necessary for the acquisition, but not the expression of an incentive association. Next, I present data showing that mGluR5 on dopaminoceptive neurons are not necessary for the „conditioned rewarding‟ properties of cocaine, measured in the conditioned place preference model, but do contribute to the psychomotor activating effects of cocaine. Finally, I present an immunohistochemistry study that examines cocaine-induced activation of the extracellular-signal related kinase (ERK) pathway. In the mGluR5 knock-down mice, activation of the ERK pathway in the striatum is disrupted following an acute injection of cocaine. Given the importance of the ERK pathway in establishing and maintaining long term memories, I propose that disruption of this pathway could contribute, in part, to some findings reported in the present thesis. Taken together, this thesis will argue that signalling through mGluR5 on D1R expressing neurons is important for the formation of incentive associations, and may contribute to neural adaptations necessary for the development and maintenance of behavioural responses related to addictive processes.
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Potier-Perrin, Catherine Lambert Henry. "Evaluation de la pharmacodépendance chez des patients hospitalisés pour intoxication médicamenteuse volontaire une étude sur 345 cas /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2007. http://www.scd.uhp-nancy.fr/docnum/SCDMED_T_2007_POTIER_PERRIN_CATHERINE.pdf.
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Čipkienė, Erika. "Narkotikų prevencijos, organizuojant ugdymo procesą, teorinis ir empirinis pagrindindimas." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20090629_134854-01551.
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Erikos Čipkienės magistro darbo Narkotikų prevencijos, organizuojant ugdymo procesą, teorinis ir empirinis pagrindimas objektas yra prevencinės veiklos vaidmuo organizuojant ugdymo procesą bendrojo lavinimo mokykloje.
Darbe analizuojama mokslinė literatūra apie narkomanijos problemą bei galimus jos prevencijos būdus, organizuojant ugdymo procesą, aptariama narkotikų vartojimo problema Lietuvoje ir Europos šalyse bei narkotikų plitimas mokyklose. Darbe taip pat nagrinėjami būdai, kaip įtraukti į prevencinę veiklą mokinius, mokytojus, mokinių tėvus.
Empirinėje darbo dalyje siekta atskleisti pedagogų ir pačių mokinių požiūrį į prevencinės veiklos organizavimą mokykloje, išryškinant šios veiklos būdus bei efektyvumą lemiančius veiksnius. Tyrimas buvo vykdomas Q tipo duomenų rinkimo metodu – anketine apklausa bendrojo lavinimo mokyklų bei gimnazijų mokiniams ir mokytojams. Anketinėje apklausoje dalyvavo 124 pedagogai ir 246 mokiniai iš Vilniaus miesto mokyklų.
Tyrimas parodė, kad pedagogų ir mokinių požiūris į prevencinės veiklos poreikį ir jos prioritetus mokyklose skiriasi: prevencinės veiklą svarbesne laiko pedagogai. Tyrimas parodė, kad prevencinės veiklos mokyklose galimybių bei šios veiklos formų yra daug, bet ne visos jos efektyvios: ir mokiniai, ir mokytojai efektyvesniais laiko aktyvius prevencijos metodus, akcijas bei renginius. Daugiausia dėmesio prevencijai skiriama lietuvių kalbos, biologijos ir dorinio ugdymo pamokose. Apklausti mokytojai ir mokiniai sutinka, kad... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]The object of the master Degree paper, ”Drug Abuse Prevention in Education process, Theoretical and Empirical Foundation”, written by Erika Cipkiene, is the role of preventive activity when organizing the teaching process in secondary co-educational schools. The work analyses the resources that deal with the information on drug addiction issue and the possible prevention means when organizing educational process; the issues of drug abuse and the spread of drugs at schools in Lithuanian and other European countries are also analyzed the work also aims to find the ways how students, teachers and students’ parents could be involved in the prevention program. The empirical part of the work is dedicated to reveal teachers’ and students’ attitude towards prevention activity organization at school, highlighting the possible preventative actions and factors that determine success. The research was carried out collecting the a type data-a questionnaire was given to secondary school and gymnasium students and teachers. The respondents included 124 teachers and 246 students from various schools in Vilnius .the research revealed the difference between students’ and teachers’ attitude towards the need and priorities of prevention activity in secondary schools. Prevention activity is considered to be more significant by teachers. The research showed a wide variety of preventive means and opportunities, however, not all of them prove to be highly effective-both, students and teachers... [to full text]
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Fernandes, Lídia Reis. "Desenvolvimento e avaliação das propriedades psicométricas da sexta versão brasileira do Addiction Severity Index 6 (ASI 6) light." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 2015. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/878.
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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Introdução: O uso abusivo ou dependência de substâncias psicoativas pela população brasileira constitui problema relevante no âmbito da saúde pública. A disponibilização de um instrumento que avalie o quadro geral de um usuário de álcool e outras drogas é útil para o planejamento do tratamento e para avaliação de sua efetividade. O Addiction Severity Index (ASI) é um instrumento que permite avaliar informações sobre vários aspectos da vida de pessoas com problemas associados ao uso de álcool e outras drogas, como problemas médicos, no emprego, nos aspectos legais, sociofamiliares, psiquiátricos, além do uso de álcool e de outras drogas. Sua sexta versão foi validada para o Brasil obtendo boas propriedades psicométricas, porém faz-se necessário o desenvolvimento de uma versão brasileira reduzida do ASI6 para otimizar o tempo de aplicação. Objetivo: O presente trabalho buscou desenvolver e avaliar as Propriedades Psicométricas de uma versão brasileira reduzida do ASI6, proposta a partir de um estudo de validação dos construtos do instrumento. Método: Foram entrevistados 200 sujeitos, 100 com uso problemático de álcool e outras drogas e 100 sem uso problemático. Foram calculados os escores dos indivíduos a partir da Teoria de Resposta ao Item. As propriedades psicométricas foram avaliadas pela correlação entre os escores do ASI6 e do ASSIST (Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test), padrão-ouro do estudo. Foram avaliados os índices de sensibilidade e especificidade. Resultados: Foi encontrada uma alta correlação entre o escore da área “álcool” do ASI 6 Light e os escores do ASSIST em relação ao álcool (r=0,79), correlações moderadas em relação ao tabaco (r=0,47) e cocaína/crack (r=0,44) e baixa (r=0,39) em relação à maconha. Ao correlacionar os escores do ASSIST e os escores da área drogas do ASI 6 Light obteve-se uma alta correlação em relação à cocaína/crack (r=0,85), correlações moderadas em relação ao tabaco (r=0,57) e maconha (r=0,68) e baixa (r=0,29) em relação ao álcool. A área sob a curva ROC da área “álcool” foi 0,93 e da área “drogas” foi 0,88. Discussão: Com este estudo foi possível desenvolver e avaliar as propriedades psicométricas da versão reduzida do ASI6 Light. Boas evidências de validade da área “álcool” e “drogas” foram apresentadas. Essa nova versão tornou-se um instrumento de fácil manejo e de rápida aplicação, contendo os itens que melhor avaliam a gravidade de problemas com substâncias e dos problemas associados nas diversas áreas.
Introduction: The abuse or dependence on psychoactive substances by the Brazilian population is a relevant problem in public health. The availability of an instrument to assess the general framework of a user of alcohol and other drugs is useful for treatment planning and to evaluate their effectiveness. The Addiction Severity Index (ASI) is an instrument to evaluate information on various aspects of life of people with problems associated with alcohol and other drugs such as medical conditions, on employment, legal, social-familial, psychiatric, and the use alcohol and other drugs. His sixth version was validated in Brazil getting good psychometric properties, but it is necessary the development of a shortened Brazilian version of the ASI6 to optimize the exposure time. Aims: This study aimed to develop and evaluate the Psychometric Properties of a shortened Brazilian version of the ASI6, proposal from a validation study of the instrument constructs. Method: 200 subjects were interviewed, 100 with the abuse of alcohol and other drugs and 100 without problematic use. The scores of individuals from the Item Response Theory were calculated. The psychometric properties were evaluated by the correlation between the scores of the ASI6 and ASSIST (Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test), the gold standard study. We assessed the sensitivity and specificity rates. Results: A high correlation between the score of the area "alcohol" ASI6 Light and scores ASSIST regarding alcohol was found (r = 0.79), moderate correlations with tobacco (r = 0.47) and cocaine / crack (r = 0.44) and low (r = 0.39) with respect to marijuana. Correlating ASSIST scores and the scores of the area of drugs ASI6 Light obtained a high correlation to cocaine / crack (r = 0.85), moderate correlations with tobacco (r = 0.57) and marijuana (r = 0.68) and low (r = 0.29) compared to alcohol. The area under the ROC curve of area "alcohol" was 0.93 and the area "drugs" was 0.88. Discussion: With this study was possible to develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of the short version of the ASI6 Light. Good evidence of validity of the area "alcohol" and "drugs" were presented. This new version has become an instrument for easy handling and quick application, containing the items that best assess the severity of problems with substances and the problems associated in various areas.
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Albert, Joanie. "Relation entre le trouble déficitaire de l'attention avec ou sans hyperactivité (TDAH) et la consommation de substances psychoactives chez les adolescents : le rôle médiateur du trouble des conduites." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26413.
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Cette étude vise à documenter la relation entre le TDAH et la consommation de substances psychoactives chez les adolescents, selon qu’ils présentent ou non un trouble des conduites et que ce trouble soit précoce ou limité à l’adolescence. Elle a été réalisée à l’aide d’une analyse secondaire des données de l’étude de Pauzé et al. (2004) et portait sur un sous-échantillon de jeunes âgés de 12 à 17 ans présentant un TDAH (68 jeunes) référés à la prise en charge des centres jeunesse. Résultats : Les jeunes présentant un TDAH de l’échantillon ne se distinguaient pas des jeunes ne présentant pas de TDAH quant à leur consommation de substances psychoactives. Toutefois, l’ensemble des résultats indique que la présence de problèmes de consommation de substances psychoactives chez les jeunes ayant un TDAH semble positivement associée à la présence de trouble des conduites, principalement le trouble des conduites ayant débuté à l’adolescence.
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Bernadet, Sabrina. "Consommation de substances psychoactives et comportements antisociaux à l’adolescence : étude psychopathologique multi-échantillons, approche centrée sur la personne et facteurs de vulnérabilité." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR21977/document.
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L’objectif de cette recherche est d’étudier, chez l’adolescent, les mécanismes psychopathologiques et psychologiques impliqués dans la co-occurrence de comportements antisociaux et de conduites de consommation et responsables de la « pathologisation » de la consommation de substances psychoactives, par l’adoption conjointe d’une approche centrée sur la personne et centrée sur les variables et la mise en place d’un dispositif d’étude multi-échantillons. Ainsi, cette recherche comporte trois volets : 1) une étude en milieu scolaire menée auprès de 1025 collégiens âgés de 12 ans à 16 ans, 2) une étude en milieu psychiatrique menée auprès de 168 adolescents suivis ou hospitalisés pour un trouble externalisé ou internalisé, âgés de 12 ans à 18 ans, et 3) une étude en addictologie menée auprès de 43 adolescents abuseurs/dépendants à une substance psychoactive, âgés de 12 ans à 18 ans. Un protocole d’évaluation pluri-source (adolescents, parents, enseignants) a permis d’évaluer les comportements antisociaux, les conduites de consommation, les conduites à risques, les troubles et symptômes externalisés et internalisés (et les antécédents de troubles), la personnalité, le stress perçu et les stratégies de coping de ces adolescents. Ce dispositif a permis de montrer que les adolescents les plus susceptibles d’associer ces deux comportements et d’adopter des conduites de consommation à risques présentent des difficultés à la fois relationnelles (faible coopération, trouble oppositionnel avec provocation, faible transcendance), émotionnelles (symptômes dépressifs, troubles internalisés, intolérance à la frustration, stress perçu dans le domaine scolaire ou dans la relation aux parents, stratégies d’adaptation dysfonctionnelles) et comportementales (forte recherche de nouveauté, comorbidité TDAH/TOP). La pathologisation des conduites de consommation relèvent d’enjeux similaires à l’adoption de conduites de consommation à risques. Néanmoins, le risque de pathologisation serait d’autant plus important que les enjeux émotionnels et relationnels relèvent de manifestations tempéramentales (faible dépendance à la récompense sociale). En termes de prévention des conduites de consommation à l’adolescence et de leur pathologisation, il paraît primordial de bien distinguer ces différents niveaux de vulnérabilité (psychopathologique, psychologique, tempéramentaux, adaptatif)This work aims to study, among adolescents, the psychopathological and psychological mechanisms involved in the co-occurrence of antisocial behaviors and psychoactive substance use and in the “pathologizing” of psychoactive substance use through a person-centered and a variable-centered approach and based on a multi-sample plan. This research focus on: 1) 1 025 middle and high school students aged between 12 to 16 years old, 2) 168 inpatients and outpatients adolescents aged between 12 to 18 years old, and 3) 43 psychoactive substance abusers/dependent adolescents aged between 12 and 18 years. A multi-source assessment (adolescents, parents, teachers) was used to collect information about adolescents’ antisocial behaviors, psychoactive substance use, risk-taking behaviors, past and present externalized and internalized disorders and symptoms, personality, perceived stress and coping strategies. The results show that adolescents are most likely to associate antisocial behaviors and psychoactive substances use and to have a risky psychoactive substance use when they present both relational problems (low cooperation, oppositional defiant disorder, low transcendence), emotional difficulties (depressive symptoms, internalizing disorder, intolerance to frustration, perceived stress in school and in relationships with parents, dysfunctional coping strategies) and behavioral dysregulation (high novelty seeking, ADHD/ODD comorbidity). Mechanisms involved in the pathologizing of psychoactive substance use are similar to the adoption of risky psychoactive substance use. Nevertheless, the risk of pathologizing is all the more important when emotional and relational problems are temperamental expression (low social reward dependence). In terms of prevention of risky psychoactive substance use in adolescence and of its pathologizing, it seems important to distinguish between these different levels of vulnerability (psychopathological, psychological, temperamental, adaptative)
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Skarupke, Christian [Verfasser], Stefan [Akademischer Betreuer] Cohrs, Knut [Akademischer Betreuer] Brockmann, and Margarete [Akademischer Betreuer] Schön. "Prävalenz von Insomniebeschwerden und deren Assoziation mit dem Konsum psychotroper Substanzen bei Jugendlichen in Deutschland unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Kaffeekonsums / Christian Skarupke. Gutachter: Knut Brockmann ; Margarete Schön. Betreuer: Stefan Cohrs." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1054191565/34.
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Skarupke, Christian Verfasser], Stefan [Akademischer Betreuer] [Cohrs, Knut [Akademischer Betreuer] Brockmann, and Margarete [Akademischer Betreuer] Schön. "Prävalenz von Insomniebeschwerden und deren Assoziation mit dem Konsum psychotroper Substanzen bei Jugendlichen in Deutschland unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Kaffeekonsums / Christian Skarupke. Gutachter: Knut Brockmann ; Margarete Schön. Betreuer: Stefan Cohrs." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:7-11858/00-1735-0000-0022-5EFB-C-4.
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Bankauskaitė, Aurelija. "Sergančių 2 tipo diabetu su sveikata susijusios gyvenimo kokybės, emocinės įtampos ir psichotropinių medžiagų vartojimo sąsajos." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20120611_150134-38727.
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Tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti sergančiųjų 2 tipo diabetu su sveikata susijusios gyvenimo kokybės sąsajas su emocine įtampa ir psichotropinių medžiagų vartojimu.
Tyrime iš viso dalyvavo 149 asmenys, sergantys 2 tipo diabetu (57 vyrai ir 92 moterys). 56 tiriamieji buvo iš diabeto klubų (37 – Marijampolės „Diabetikas ABC“ ir 28 – Jonavos „Ramunė“). Taip gavus prof. A. Goštauto leidimą, buvo naudoti 84 tiriamųjų duomenys, paimti iš archyvinių duomenų, surinktų iniciatyvinių tyrimų, atliktų 2009 m. KMU Endorinologijos klinikoje Diabetologijos skyriuje besigydančiais ligoniais sergančiais 2 tipo diabetu, metu.
Tiriamieji užpildė Pasaulio sveikatos organizacijos su sveikata susijusios gyvenimo kokybės klausimyną (PSOGK-100).
Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, sergantys 2 tipo diabetu vyrai ir moterys, patiriantys daugiau emocinės įtampos, savo su sveikata susijusią gyvenimo kokybę vertina prasčiau, nei patiriantys mažiau emocinės įtampos. Prastesni savo su sveikata susijusios gyvenimo kokybės vertinimai pastebėti ir rūkančių vyrų bei alkoholį vartojančių moterų grupėse. Tuo tarpu rūkančių moterų ir alkoholį vartojančių vyrų grupėse su sveikata susijusios gyvenimo kokybės įvertinimai yra geresni.
Taip pat sergantys 2 tipo diabetu vyrai ir moterys, kurie rūko, patiria daugiau emocinės įtampos, nei tie, kurie nerūko ir atvirkščiai. Sergančių 2 tipo diabetu vyrų ir moterų, vartojančių ir nevartojančių alkoholio, tarp patiriamos emocinės įtampos statistiškai patikimų skirtumų nerasta.
Sergančių 2... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]The aim of the study was to assess the relations between health-related quality of life, emotional tension and psychotropic substances consumption in people with type 2 diabetes. The subjects of the study were 149 people with type 2 diabetes (57 men and 92 women), 56 subjects were from diabetes clubs (37 from Marijampolė club „Diabetikas ABC“ and 28 from Jonava club „Ramunė“). Also after receiving permission from prof. A. Goštautas, 84 archival cases, which taken from KMU Endokrinology clinic Department of Diabetology‘s patiens with type 2 diabetes, was used in this study. The subjects completed World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHOQoL-100). The results of the study showed that men and women with type 2 diabetes who reported more emotional tension rated their health-related quality of life poorer than those who reported less emotional tension. Though smoking men and alcohol consuming women rated their health-related quality of life poorer, smoking women and alcohol consuming men rated their health-related quality of life higher. Also smoking men and women with type 2 diabetes reported more emotional tension than non-smokers and vice versa. There were found no relations between emotional tension and alcohol consumption in both men and woman. Men with type 2 diabetes rated their health-related quality of life higher compared with women. Also more men than women were smokers and alcohol consumers. There were found no differences between men and women... [to full text]
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Minko, Mi Nze Igor Kevin. "L'intervention du Conseil de sécurité en matière de sécurité maritime." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMR140.
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Les espaces maritimes font l’objet de nombreuses atteintes qui mettent en péril leur sécurité. Les faits illicites des États d’une part, et l’accroissement de la criminalité d’autre part, sont de nature à faire peser des risques dommageables importants pour la sécurité de la navigation, du milieu marin et des utilisateurs de la mer. Le Chapitre VII de la Charte des Nations Unies, qui n’a pas en principe pour vocation la protection de la sécurité maritime, est régulièrement mis en oeuvre par le Conseil de sécurité en mer au cours de ses missions de maintien de la paix. A cet effet, il arrive parfois qu’il participe indirectement par ricochet à la protection des espaces maritimes contre les faits illicites des États à cette occasion. Au cours de cette dernière décennie le Conseil de sécurité utilise également le Chapitre VII pour directement protéger les espaces maritimes contre les actes de criminalité qui s’y produisent. Il se dégage ainsi une pratique ambivalente du Conseil de sécurité de mise à disposition du Chapitre VII au service de la sécurité maritime qui est révélatrice d’une contribution du droit de la sécurité collective à la consolidation du droit de la merMaritime areas are subject to many violations that represent real threats to them. Wrongful Acts of States on the one hand, and the increasing number of crimes on the other hand, contribute to endanger the safety of the navigational system, but also of the marine environment and of the sea users. Although, its main purpose is not to take care of the maritime security, the Chapter VII from the Charter of the United Nations is often used by the Security Council, when they implement peace-keeping missions.Therefore, it can sometimes indirectly participate and protect maritime areas from the wrongful acts committed by some States. During the last ten years, the Security Council has also resorted to Chapter VII in order to protect the maritime areas from the criminal acts that take place there. The impression which emerges from this is that of an ambivalent policy, which is indicative of the collective security’s contribution to the Law of the Sea
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Chorley, Paul. "The influence of dopamine on prediction, action and learning." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2012. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/39650/.
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In this thesis I explore functions of the neuromodulator dopamine in the context of autonomous learning and behaviour. I first investigate dopaminergic influence within a simulated agent-based model, demonstrating how modulation of synaptic plasticity can enable reward-mediated learning that is both adaptive and self-limiting. I describe how this mechanism is driven by the dynamics of agentenvironment interaction and consequently suggest roles for both complex spontaneous neuronal activity and specific neuroanatomy in the expression of early, exploratory behaviour. I then show how the observed response of dopamine neurons in the mammalian basal ganglia may also be modelled by similar processes involving dopaminergic neuromodulation and cortical spike-pattern representation within an architecture of counteracting excitatory and inhibitory neural pathways, reflecting gross mammalian neuroanatomy. Significantly, I demonstrate how combined modulation of synaptic plasticity and neuronal excitability enables specific (timely) spike-patterns to be recognised and selectively responded to by efferent neural populations, therefore providing a novel spike-timing based implementation of the hypothetical ‘serial-compound' representation suggested by temporal difference learning. I subsequently discuss more recent work, focused upon modelling those complex spike-patterns observed in cortex. Here, I describe neural features likely to contribute to the expression of such activity and subsequently present novel simulation software allowing for interactive exploration of these factors, in a more comprehensive neural model that implements both dynamical synapses and dopaminergic neuromodulation. I conclude by describing how the work presented ultimately suggests an integrated theory of autonomous learning, in which direct coupling of agent and environment supports a predictive coding mechanism, bootstrapped in early development by a more fundamental process of trial-and-error learning.
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Galéra, Cédric. "Symptômes de l'hyperactivité-inattention dans l'enfance et conduites à risque au jeune âge adulte." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR21766/document.
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Le Trouble Déficit de l'Attention/Hyperactivité (TDA/H) et le Trouble des Conduites (TC) sont associés à des Conduites à Risque (CAR) comme les consommations de substances psycho-actives, les comportements suicidaires et les comportements sexuels à risque. Cependant, la question des rôles respectifs du TDA/H et du TC dans l'émergence des CAR reste controversée : le TDA/H est-il un facteur de risque indépendant de la survenue ultérieure de CAR? Le TC est-il un facteur de confusion ou un modificateur de l'effet de la relation entre TDA/H et CAR? L'objectif de cette thèse était d'examiner le lien entre les symptômes de l'hyperactivité-inattention dans l'enfance et l'adolescence et la survenue de CAR à l'adolescence et au jeune âge adulte, en prenant en compte différents facteurs de risque potentiels dont les symptômes du trouble des conduites. Nous avons mené cinq analyses à partir des données de la cohorte GAZEL enfants issue de la population générale française. Les résultats suggèrent des effets différents des symptômes de l'hyperactivité-inattention selon le type de conduite à risque considéré et selon le genre. Ils montrent chez les garçons un effet des symptômes de l'hyperactivité-inattention sur la survenue de CAR plus sévères comme la consommation régulière de cannabis, l'expérimentation de drogues illégales et la survenue de comportements suicidaires. Chez les filles, on retrouve un effet des symptômes de l'hyperactivité-inattention sur la consommation ultérieure régulière de tabac. L'initiation de CAR pourrait être aggravée par la présence de hauts niveaux de symptômes de l'hyperactivité-inattention chez les jeunes présentant simultanément des hauts niveaux de symptômes du trouble des conduites. Ce travail renforce la connaissance de l'existence d'une association entre troubles du comportement perturbateur dans l'enfance et survenue ultérieure de conduites à risque. Il souligne la nécessité de reconnaitre l'existence de ces troubles, pour les identifier et mieux les prendre en charge afin d'en prévenir les possibles conséquences à long termeAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Conduct Disorder (CD) are associated with Youth Risk Behaviors (YRB) such as substance-related problems, suicidal behaviors and sex risk behaviors. However, a main issue is the respective role of ADHD and CD regarding YRB : is ADHD an independent risk factor for YRB? Is CD a confounding factor or a moderator of the relationship between ADHD and YRB? The aim of this thesis was to assess the link between childhood hyperactivity-inattention symptoms and subsequent YRB, controlling for other risk factors among which conduct disorder symptoms. We have conducted five analyses from a French community-based sample belonging to the youth GAZEL cohort. Results suggest different effects of hyperactivity-inattention symptoms on YRB according to the the type of YRB and gender. In males, they show an effect of hyperactivity-inattention symptoms on more severe YRB such as regular cannabis use, illicit drug experimentation and suicidal behaviors. In females, they show an effect of hyperactivity-inattention symptoms on regular tobacco use. The risk of YRB initiation was increased in youths with high levels of conduct disorder symptoms, particularly in combination with simultaneously high levels of hyperactivity-inattention symptoms. This thesis enhances the knowledge of a link between disruptive behaviors in childhood and subsequent risk behaviors. It underscores the importance of a better acknowledgement of these disorders, in order to better identify and treat them to prevent negative long-term outcomes
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Šolcová, Šárka. "Trestná činnost související se zneužíváním návykových látek." Master's thesis, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-439566.
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1 Abstract Crime relating to the abuse of addictive substances This thesis deals with the issue of substance abuse and criminality associated with this pathological phenomenon. Addiction and substance abuse can be considered a significant criminogenic factor, which is a common cause of traffic accidents, domestic violence, reduced self-control, increased aggression and other crime-related behaviors. Criminality related to the production, distribution and use of addictive substances covers a wide range of offenses, from trivial offenses bordering on offenses to the diverse activities of international organized crime, which can be consider a global issue. Subject matter of this thesis is to link this stated issue with fundamental knowledge about narcotic and psychotropic substances and its effects on individuals, along with their potential influence on the delinquent behavior of drug users, while providing a theoretical definition of crimes related to substance abuse and an effort to quantify this phenomenon. This thesis is devided into four parts. The introductory chapter focuses on interpreting concepts related to substance abuse, which is necessary for a comprehensive understanding of the stated issue. As a follow up to this, the second chapter deals with narcotic and psychotropic substances' fundamental...
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KVÍDEROVÁ, Lenka. "Zkušenosti studentů středních škol a odborných učilišť s omamnými a psychotropními látkami na teritoriu města Plzně." Master's thesis, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-137785.
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I selected the topic "Experience of secondary school students and vocational school students in the territory of the town Pilsen with narcotics and psychotropic drugs" for my diploma thesis. Substances that change consciousness have been known throughout the history of mankind. Newer substances, helping individuals to improve their physical and psychical abilities, keep appearing. This reason resulted in an increased demand for such "miraculous" substances in the past years. Life conditions have significantly changed lately, life has become hurried and confusing; striving for money, power, success or admiration prevails. That is why people are forced to pretend that they can cope with stressful situations, when they have to mask any failure or insecurities by never ending search for new resources and possibilities that could help them to stand such situations. The Diploma thesis gives an overview of the well-known substances that are being abused nowadays and the classification of these addictive substances, the work also deals with health and social consequences of drug abuse and, finally yet importantly, provides information about the danger of drug abuse, causes of its development and possibilities of prevention of this problem not only at schools, but also in private lives of adolescents, who are the most susceptible group in today's world. This work also includes statistic surveys that were conducted by distinguished organisations within the territory of the Czech Republic and that were subsequently compared with my own questionnaire survey. In order to find out what experience do students have with narcotics and psychotropic substances, a questionnaire was compiled and distributed for completion among students of selected secondary schools and vocational schools in the territory of the town Pilsen. Although the results of the empiric part of the Diploma thesis proved that the students had experience with narcotics and psychotropic substances, most of the cases related just to experimenting with these addictive substances and only a small percentage of students abused drugs from a long-term perspective.
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Matos, Joana Mafalda Barreiras. "Estimulação cognitiva em indivíduos com perturbação por uso de substâncias em tratamento em comunidade terapêutica." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10437/9400.
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Orientação : Paulo LopesA presente investigação teve como objetivo explorar estatisticamente o impacto de uma intervenção com base na utilização de novas tecnologias e jogos sérios em indivíduos com Perturbação do Uso de Substâncias que realizaram tratamento em Comunidade Terapêutica. Este programa foi implementado durante um ano, sendo que o utente fazia uma primeira avaliação neuropsicológica, de seguida teria seis meses de estimulação cognitiva, realizava-se uma reavaliação neuropsicológica com os mesmos instrumentos, submetia-se mais seis meses de estimulação e no final realizava-se uma segunda reavaliação neuropsicológica com os mesmos intrumentos utilizados anteriormente. A amostra foi composta por 41 indivíduos de ambos os sexos, dos quais 32 (72,7%) são do sexo masculino e 9 (20,5%) do sexo feminino, com uma média de idades de 42,47 (DP=7,73). Os domínios cognitivos avaliados incidiram sobre a atenção, a memória e as funções executivas. Os resultados mostraram melhorias após a intervenção em dimensões da atenção e do funcionamento executivo, o que pode suportar a utilização de jogos sérios direcionados à promoção cognitiva em indivíduos em tratamento para a perturbação do uso de substâncias.
The present investigation was aimed to statistically explore the impact of an intervention based on the use of new technologies and serious games in individuals with Substance Use Disorders who underwent treatment in the Therapeutic Community. This program was implemented during one year, and the patient underwent a first neuropsychological evaluation, followed by six months of cognitive stimulation, a neuropsychological reassessment with the same instruments, six months of stimulation, and at the end a second neuropsychological reassessment with the same instruments used previously.The sample was composed by 41 subjects of both genders, of whom 32(72,7%) were males and 9 (20,5%) females, with an age mean of 42,47 (SD=7,73). The evaluated cognitive domains were focused on attention, memory and executive functions. The results showed improvments after the intervention in attention's dimension and executive functioning, which can support the use of serious games, that focus on cognitive improvement in indivuduals in substance use disroder's treatment.
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Juránková, Sandra. "Trestná činnost související se zneužíváním návykových látek." Master's thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-327304.
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95 Summary - Crime Related to Substance Abuse This diploma thesis deals with the phenomena of drugs from the criminal law point of view. This topic represents a danger for a lot of domains, eg. criminality, therefore it is necessary to pay appropriate attention to it. The first chapter is introductory and it defines the basic terminology concerning drug problem. The next chapter looks at the drugs in international dimension. It focuses on international treaties handling narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, which affected legislation in the Czech republic, especially by those adopted in the United Nations. I briefly mention overall situation in the Czech republic after 1989. The third chapter describes the evolution of legislation from the time of Austro- Hungarian empire until the times of new criminal code. The principal part of my diploma thesis concerns primary and secondary aspects of drug-related crime. The fourth chapter is a detailed analysis of drug crimes according to criminal code Nř 40/2009 Coll. Analysis of the individual merits follows after defining common features of these crimes. This chapter also reflects the Constitutional court decision. This decision cancels part of criminal code that enabled government to determine in its regulation the quantity of the drug which is to be treated...
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Staněk, Pavel. "Využití adiktologie v činnosti Probační a mediační služby." Master's thesis, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-412378.
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Background: The Probation and Mediation Service plays an essential role in the execution of alternative sanctions for offenders who are often addictive users. During my practice I was intrigued by the scope and breadth of activities and the necessary knowledge of probation workers. Objectives: The aim of the thesis was describing the possibilities of using addictological knowledge and specialization of probation officers to work with clients using narcotic and psychotropic substances and to compare possible changes compared to the situation described by Gabrhelíková in her dissertation in 2010. Sample: The research sample consisted of probation officers and assistants of the Probation and Mediation Service Prague; 36 respondents were participated in the research. Methods: The research methods were a questionnaire survey, semi-structured interviews and also a case report of the Probation and Mediation Service client. The analysis of available documentation was used in the case report. Ethical principles were observed. Results: Surveys showed that the number of users of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances among clients continues to increase. Official statistics underestimate this situation. Probation workers positively perceive the contribution of addictological knowledge to their client work while...
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Penth, Michael [Verfasser]. "Gebrauch psychotroper Substanzen durch Jugendliche in Stadt und Landkreis Regensburg / vorgelegt von Michael Penth." 2009. http://d-nb.info/1001178955/34.
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Dansereau, Véronique. "La comorbidité de l'épuisement professionnel et de la consommation de substances psychoactives." Thèse, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/9837.
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L’objectif principal du présent mémoire réside dans l’exploration des liens concomitants existant entre les trois dimensions de l’épuisement professionnel telles que définies par Maslach (1981) et la consommation de substances psychoactives, plus précisément au niveau de la consommation épisodique excessive et hebdomadaire à risque d’alcool et de la consommation de médicaments psychotropes. À partir d’un échantillon composé de 1809 travailleurs provenant de 83 milieux de travail québécois, des profils-types correspondant à des formes particulières de comorbidité de santé mentale au travail sont identifiés grâce à la méthode d’analyse en classes latentes.
Ainsi quatre profils-types sont dégagés: un premier regroupant les individus dits «sains», dont les scores aux différentes dimensions de l’épuisement professionnel sont faibles et dont la consommation de substances psychoactives est modérée; deux autres correspondant à des formes intermédiaires de risques; et un quatrième rassemblant des travailleurs dits «fragiles» dont les scores pour chacune des dimensions de l’épuisement professionnel se situent dans le quintile le plus élevé et dont les probabilités de consommation de substances psychoactives sont grandes.
De plus, cette recherche s’est penchée sur l’identification de facteurs de risque et de protection associés à chacun des profils-types. À cet effet, les résultats des analyses corroborent la plupart des associations retrouvées au sein de la littérature quant aux facteurs du travail (composantes des modèles du stress professionnel de Karasek et Theorell (1990) ainsi que de Siegrist (1990)), hors travail (statut matrimonial, obligations parentales, revenu du ménage) et certaines caractéristiques individuelles (âge et genre). De faibles récompenses et un fort degré de surinvestissement de la part de l’individu se révèlent être des facteurs de risque particulièrement significatifs pour les formes intermédiaires et à risque de comorbidité de la santé mentale au travail. Dans une moindre mesure, une faible utilisation des compétences, des demandes psychologiques élevées, un soutien social inadéquat et le jeune âge expliquent une part de la variation observée entre les différents profils-types. Enfin, les résultats soutiennent une conceptualisation tridimensionnelle de l’épuisement professionnel.The main objective of this master is to explore the concurrent associations between two phenomena related to stress, burnout and the use of psychoactive substance. Particularly, this research focuses on the three dimensions of burnout as defined by Maslach (1981), on two hazardous alcohol patterns consumption, binge drinking and weekly alcohol abuse, and on psychotropic drugs utilization. From a sample of 1809 workers issued from 83 workplaces in Quebec, typical profiles corresponding to different forms of comorbidity are identified with the use of latent class analysis. Four typical profiles were identified. The first one referred to “healthy” individuals who presented the lowest scores for the three dimensions of burnout without misuse of any psychoactive substances. Two more groups corresponded to intermediate health risk forms of comorbidity patterns. The fourth one was composed of “fragile” workers, with the highest burnout scores and the highest probabilities for misusing alcohol and psychotropic drugs. In addition, this research identified some risk and protective factors associated with each profiles. Multivariate analyses results corroborated most associations found in the occupational stress literature on organizational work conditions (model components of occupational stress developed by Karasek and Theorell (1990) and Siegrist (1996)), non-work determinants (marital status, parental status and household income), and on individual characteristics (age and gender). Low rewards and high overcommitment appeared as particularly significant risk factors for the intermediate and severe forms of comorbidity. Low skills utilization, low social support at work, high psychological demands and a young age explained to a lesser extent part of the variation observed between the comorbidity profiles. Results supported a three-dimensional conceptualization of burnout.
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Ristulescu, Veronica. "Estudo de dois instrumentos breves de avaliação do funcionamento cognitivo em população saudável e com perturbação por uso de substâncias." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10437/9911.
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Orientação: Jorge OliveiraA presente investigação teve como objetivo o estudo psicométrico de dois instrumentos breves bem estabelecidos de rastreio cognitivo: o Mini-Mental State Examination e o Short Test, através das curvas ROC para determinar a capacidade discriminativa do MMSE na deteção do declínio cognitivo em indivíduos com perturbação do uso de substâncias, bem como, das correlações entre os sub-testes das duas provas e da influência de características sociodemográficas nas pontuações totais de cada um dos instrumentos. A amostra baseou-se em arquivos de dados, sendo selecionada uma amostra clínica com pacientes com perturbação por uso de substâncias e uma amostra da população geral. A amostra total foi constituída por 797 pessoas de ambos os sexos, com 89 pessoas do grupo AUD, 115 pessoas do grupo SUD e 593 da população geral. Os resultados indicam que ambos os testes são sensíveis a variáveis sociodemográficas tais como a idade e a escolaridade e o MMSE que nos permitiu a análise da amostra clínica aponta ter uma capacidade discriminativa superior para indivíduos consumidores de substâncias a longo prazo.
The aim of the present investigation was the psychometric study of two well-established brief cognitive screening instruments: the Mini-Mental State Examination and the Short Test, using ROC curves to determine the MMSE discriminative ability to detect cognitive decline in individuals with Substance Use Disorder as well as the correlations between the subtestes of the two instruments and the influence of sociodemographic characteristics on the total score of each instrument. The sample was based on data files and it was selected a clinical sample constituted with patients with substance use disorder and a sample of the general population. It was composed by 797 subjects of both genders, with 89 people from the AUD group, 115 people from SUD group and 593 from the general population. The results showed that both tests are sensitive to some sociodemographic variables such as age and education. The MMSE, which allowed us to analyse the clinical sample points to have superior discriminative capacity for long term substance use.
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Skarupke, Christian. "Prävalenz von Insomniebeschwerden und deren Assoziation mit dem Konsum psychotroper Substanzen bei Jugendlichen in Deutschland unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Kaffeekonsums." Doctoral thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0022-5EFB-C.
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Pilote-Allard, Audrey. "Influence des pairs du réseau social et de la détresse psychologique sur la consommation de substances psychotropes chez les adolescents." Thèse, 2013. http://constellation.uqac.ca/2708/1/030617330.pdf.
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Cette étude a pour objectif de vérifier l'influence des pairs les plus significatifs, de la détresse psychologique, de l'âge et du sexe sur la consommation de substances psychotropes des adolescents. Cette recherche se distingue particulièrement des études antérieures, car elle s'intéresse non seulement à l'influence des pairs sur cette consommation, mais également à l'influence de la composition de la dyade de pairs constitué de l'adolescent et de son meilleur ami de même sexe et de sexe opposé. La composition des dyades peut donc être de même sexe, fille avec meilleure amie fille (Ff) et garçon avec meilleur ami garçon (G-g), ou de sexe opposé, fille avec meilleur ami garçon (F-g) et garçon avec meilleure amie fille (G-f). Quatre questionnaires ont été utilisés dans le cadre de cette étude, soit un questionnaire sociodémographique, la grille de dépistage de consommation problématique d'alcool et de drogues chez les adolescents et adolescentes (DEP-ADO) afin d'évaluer la consommation de substances psychotropes, le questionnaire de Perception de l'environnement des personnes (PEP) pour estimer la tendance des adolescents à échanger sur certaines situations personnelles spécifiques avec le meilleur ami de même sexe et de sexe opposé et le SCL-90R, questionnaire auto-rapporté de l'état psychologique afin d'évaluer le niveau de détresse psychologique. L'échantillon est constitué de 910 participants âgés de 12 à 17 ans provenant d'écoles secondaires du Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean au Québec. Contrairement à ce qu'indique la documentation scientifique consultée, les résultats démontrent qu'il n'y a pas de différence significative entre les garçons et les filles quant à la consommation de substances psychotropes. En outre, les analyses statistiques permettent de constater que la consommation de substances psychotropes est positivement liée avec le score de détresse psychologique. Les résultats révèlent également que la consommation de substances psychotropes augmente avec l'âge, et ce, autant pour les deux sexes. Par ailleurs, un modèle de régression multiple a permis de constater que l'âge et le niveau de détresse psychologique sont des prédicteurs importants de la consommation de substances psychotropes dans cette population. Finalement, les résultats indiquent qu'il existe un lien significatif entre l'importance de l'ami dans certaines dyades de pairs et la consommation de substances psychotropes. Les dyades de pairs sont constituées par le participant à l'étude qui procède à l'identification de son meilleur ami de même sexe ou de sexe opposé. Par la suite, le participant indique l'importance relative de cet ami comme personne avec qui il échangerait sur certaines situations personnelles spécifiques. Pour les dyades F-g, G-f et F-f les corrélations entre la consommation de substances psychotropes et l'importance relative du meilleur ami est positive et significative et cela par ordre d'importance corrélationnelle décroissante pour ces trois dyades. Cet effet corrélationnel significatif n'est pas observé pour la dyade G-g. De plus, parmi les dyades de pairs, certaines se distinguent significativement entre elles concernant la corrélation existante entre le score de consommation et le score d'importance relative de l'ami. D'ailleurs, les dyades F-f et F-g ainsi que les dyades G-g et G-f sont significativement distinctes. Il y a une différence significative concernant l'importance du lien corrélationnel entre la consommation de substances psychotropes et l'importance accordée aux amis entre les dyades de pairs qui sont de même sexe et ceux de sexe opposé, et ce, autant chez les garçons et que chez les filles. Les corrélations positives pour les dyades de sexe opposé sont plus élevées que les corrélations pour les dyades de même sexe. En effet, la corrélation positive entre la consommation de substances psychotropes et l'importance accordée au pair de sexe opposé est plus importante, surtout pour la dyade F-g. Ceci suggère qu'un facteur de maturation aurait un impact auprès des filles ce qui favorise les relations avec des garçons plus âgés et influencerait à la hausse la consommation de substances psychotropes.