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Journal articles on the topic 'Psychrometric'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Senay, Gabriel B. "Satellite Psychrometric Formulation of the Operational Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEBop) Model for Quantifying and Mapping Evapotranspiration." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 34, no. 3 (2018): 555–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.12614.

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Abstract.Remote sensing-based evapotranspiration (ET) can be derived using various methods, from soil moisture accounting to vegetation-index based approaches to simple and complex surface energy balance techniques. Due to the complexity of fully representing and parameterizing ET sub-processes, different models tend to diverge in their estimations. However, most models appear to provide reasonable estimations that can meet user requirements for seasonal water use estimation and drought monitoring. One such model is the Operational Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEBop). This study presents a formulation of the SSEBop model using the psychrometric principle for vapor pressure/relative humidity measurements where the “dry-bulb” and “wet-bulb” equivalent readings can be obtained from satellite-based land surface temperature estimates. The difference in temperature between the dry (desired location) and wet limit (reference value) is directly correlated to the soil-vegetation composite moisture status (surface humidity) and thus producing a fractional value (0-1) to scale the reference ET. The reference ET is independently calculated using available weather data through the standardized Penman-Monteith equation. Satellite Psychrometric Approach (SPA) explains the SSEBop model more effectively than the energy balance principle because SSEBop does not solve all terms of the surface energy balance such as sensible and ground-heat fluxes. The SPA explanation demonstrates the psychrometric constant for the air can be readily adapted to a comparable constant for the surface, thus allowing the creation of a “surface” psychrometric constant that is unique to a location and day-of-year. This new surface psychrometric constant simplifies the calculation and explanation of satellite-based ET for several applications in agriculture and hydrology. The SPA formulation of SSEBop was found to be an enhancement of the ET equation formulated in 1977 by pioneering researchers. With only two key parameters, improved model results can be obtained using a one-time calibration for any bias correction. The model can be set up quickly for routine monitoring and assessment of ET at landscape scales and beyond. Keywords: Dry-bulb, ET fraction, ET modeling, Remote sensing, Satellite psychrometry, Wet-bulb.
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2

Erdélyi, Péter, and Róbert Rajkó. "Using Interactive Psychrometric Charts to Visualize and Explore Psychrometric Processes." Journal of Chemical Education 93, no. 2 (2015): 391–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.5b00779.

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3

Oteh, U. U. "Equations for psychrometric calculations." International Journal of Refrigeration 8, no. 2 (1985): 116–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-7007(85)90084-2.

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4

Gupta, Pankaj Kumar, and R. N. Patel. "A teaching-learning tool for elementary psychrometric processes on psychrometric chart using MATLAB." Computer Applications in Engineering Education 25, no. 3 (2017): 458–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cae.21813.

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5

Corraide da Silva, Larissa Carolina, Delly Oliveira Filho, Arthur Caio Vargas e Pinto, and Matheus Lima Diniz Araujo. "AUTOMATIC SYSTEM FOR PSYCHROMETRIC CALCULATIONS." REVISTA ENGENHARIA NA AGRICULTURA - REVENG 28 (February 18, 2020): 129–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.13083/reveng.v28i.951.

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Air psychrometric properties are important in several areas of agricultural engineering, such as calculation of evaluation of the animal environment and air control in grain storage units. Due to their relevance and the complexity and the uncertainties in the use of psychrometric charts, the objective of this paper was to develop the software, PsyCalculator, which stands out for the automated function that allows presenting the data acquired through sensors and the respective psychrometric properties of the air, either in graph or tables. The automatic data acquisition system consists of a microcontroller that performs readings of sensors that measure the dry bulb temperature and another variable, which may be: wet bulb temperature, relative air humidity or dew point temperature. Then, the values are sent to the PsyCalculator software system. In addition to the values ​​of dry bulb temperature, the software system presents wet bulb temperature and dew point temperature, values ​​of saturation vapor pressure, vapor pressure, mixing ratio, specific volume, enthalpy and degree of saturation. Among the psychometric variables analyzed, the software developed in the study presented a maximum error of 2.14% for the calculation of dew point temperature. The developed software allows the automation of systems that depend on the psychrometric parameters in a friendly and precise fashion.
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6

Mittal, G. S., and J. Zhang. "Artificial Neural Network-based Psychrometric Predictor." Biosystems Engineering 85, no. 3 (2003): 283–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1537-5110(03)00071-0.

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7

JONES, T. L., G. W. GEE, and P. R. HELLER. "PSYCHROMETRIC MEASUREMENT OF SOIL WATER POTENTIAL." Soil Science 150, no. 2 (1990): 535–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-199008000-00007.

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8

Ceylan, Ilhan, and Alper Ergun. "Psychrometric analysis of a timber dryer." Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 2 (March 2014): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2013.11.003.

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9

Mago, P. J., and Dr S. A. Sherif. "Modeling the Cooling Process Path of a Dehumidifying Coil Under Frosting Conditions." Journal of Heat Transfer 124, no. 6 (2002): 1182–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1494451.

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Whenever humid air comes in contact with a cooling coil whose temperature is below both the dew-point of water vapor in air and the freezing point, frost will form. The nature of the frost forming on the coil will depend to a large measure on the psychrometric conditions prevailing inside the freezer and whether the air around the coil is subsaturated or supersaturated. Psychrometric theory and the apparatus-dew-point calculating procedure assume that the cooling process path as the air passes through the coil is a straight-line on the psychrometric chart. The actual path is however a result of a much more complex series of processes and is therefore a curve. While researchers have calculated the actual process path on a dehumidifying coil, none has attempted to do the same for a frosted, multi-row coil. It is believed that determining the actual conditions leaving a given row in a multi-row freezer coil is a crucial step in identifying the coil location in the vicinity of which the transformation from the subsaturated zone to the supersaturated zone occurs. This will prove a key step in identifying a demarcation line between the unfavorable snow-like frost and the more traditional (and more favorable) frost formation patterns. Thus, the objective of this paper is to calculate the air path on an actual industrial-size finned-tube, multi-row coil utilizing experimentally derived data and correlate the shape of the path with the prevailing psychrometric conditions in the freezer in the hope of identifying the demarcation line in question.
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10

Sasaki, Robson S., Mauri M. Teixeira, Haroldo C. Fernandes, Sérgio Zolnier, Christiam F. S. Maciel, and Cleyton B. de Alvarenga. "Droplets spectrum of air-assisted boom sprayers under different environmental and operational conditions." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 20, no. 1 (2016): 92–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v20n1p92-96.

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ABSTRACT During pesticide spraying, the psychrometric conditions of the air may cause evaporation of the droplets along their trajectory from the nozzle to the target. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of air psychrometric conditions and operating pressure on the droplet spectrum of air-assisted boom sprayers. The test was performed using a prototype equipped with an axial fan, a flow homogenizer, temperature and relative air humidity sensors, a spray nozzle and a gas-heating system to warm up the airflow. With the assembled system and the aid of a particle analyser, the JSF 11002 spray nozzle was evaluated with respect to droplet spectrum in four air psychrometric conditions (7, 14, 21 and 28 hPa) and at four operating pressures (200, 300, 400 and 500 kPa). At the end, evaporation losses were observed during the sprayings. For a given operating pressure and for each increment of 1 hPa in vapor pressure deficit, there was a diameter reduction of approximately 0.0759, 0.518 and 1.514 μm for the parameters DV0.1, DV0.5 and DV0.9, respectively. The diameter of the droplets decreased as the operating pressure increased.
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11

Shallcross, D. C. "Psychrometric charts for hydrocarbon vapours in nitrogen." Calphad 20, no. 3 (1996): 273–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0364-5916(96)00030-2.

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12

James H. Young and Barbara H. Day. "Computer Generation of Mollier-Type Psychrometric Charts." Transactions of the ASAE 31, no. 4 (1988): 1224–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.30848.

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13

H. Zhang, R. S. Gates, and D. G. Colliver. "TURING MACHINE APPROACH TO SOLVE PSYCHROMETRIC ATTRIBUTES." Transactions of the ASAE 40, no. 3 (1997): 823–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.21292.

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14

Sando, Francis A., and Ossama A. Abdou. "Environmental/Psychrometric Test Cells in Industrial Facilities." Journal of Architectural Engineering 1, no. 3 (1995): 108–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1076-0431(1995)1:3(108).

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15

Sreekanth, S., H. S. Ramaswamy, and S. Sablani. "PREDICTION OF PSYCHROMETRIC PARAMETERS USING NEURAL NETWORKS." Drying Technology 16, no. 3-5 (1998): 825–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07373939808917438.

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16

Szokolay, S. V. "Climate analysis based on the psychrometric chart." International Journal of Ambient Energy 7, no. 4 (1986): 171–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01430750.1986.9675499.

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17

Devres, Y. O. "Psychrometric properties of humid air: Calculation procedures." Applied Energy 48, no. 1 (1994): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-2619(94)90063-9.

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18

Wang, D. C., W. Fang, and D. S. Fon. "DEVELOPMENT OF A DIGITAL PSYCHROMETRIC CALCULATOR USING MATLAB." Acta Horticulturae, no. 578 (June 2002): 339–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2002.578.42.

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19

Shallcross, David C. "Psychrometric charts for water vapour in natural gas." Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 61, no. 1 (2008): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2007.10.002.

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20

Singh, A. K., Harpal Singh, S. P. Singh, and R. L. Sawhney. "Numerical calculation of psychrometric properties on a calculator." Building and Environment 37, no. 4 (2002): 415–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0360-1323(01)00032-4.

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21

Vaughan, G. L., and C. G. Carrington. "Psychrometric properties of a moist carbon dioxide atmosphere." International Journal of Food Properties 1, no. 1 (1998): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10942919809524567.

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22

Qureshi, Bilal A., and Syed M. Zubair. "Application of exergy analysis to various psychrometric processes." International Journal of Energy Research 27, no. 12 (2003): 1079–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/er.933.

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23

Lowe, R. J. "Psychrometric control of dust mites in UK housing." Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 21, no. 4 (2000): 274–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014362440002100410.

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24

Mago, Pedro, and S. A. Sherif. "Psychrometric Charts and Property Formulations of Supersaturated Air." HVAC&R Research 11, no. 1 (2005): 147–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10789669.2005.10391131.

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25

Kalogiros, J. A., and C. G. Helmis. "Fast-Response Humidity Measurements with the Psychrometric Method." Journal of Applied Meteorology 32, no. 9 (1993): 1499–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1993)032<1499:frhmwt>2.0.co;2.

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26

Ratti, C., G. H. Crapiste, and E. Rotstein. "PSYCHR: A COMPUTER PROGRAM TO CALCULATE PSYCHROMETRIC PROPERTIES." Drying Technology 7, no. 3 (1989): 575–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07373938908916610.

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27

Zakaria, Asep, Kamin Sumardi, and Ega T. Berman. "Penerapan Metode Pembelajaran Edutainment pada Pembelajaran Psychrometric untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Siswa SMK." Journal of Mechanical Engineering Education 4, no. 1 (2017): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/jmee.v4i1.7437.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peningkatan hasil belajar dan aktivitas belajar siswa setelah menggunakan metode pembelajaran edutainment pada pembelajaran psychrometric. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah Penelitian Tindakan Kelas. Penelitian ini terdiri atas tiga siklus. Setiap siklus terdiri atas kegiatan perencanaan, pelaksanaan tindakan, observasi dan refleksi. Teknik pengumpulan datanya menggunakan soal pretest, posttest dan observasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terjadi peningkatan hasil belajar siswa yang ditunjukkan oleh nilai rata-rata hasil belajar siswa pada siklus I adalah sebesar 74,4, pada siklus II sebesar 81,1, dan pada siklus III sebesar 85 dengan nilai rata-rata N-Gain siklus I adalah sebesar 0,6, siklus II sebesar 0,6, dan siklus III sebesar 0,7. Penerapan metode pembelajaran edutainment juga menyebabkan aktivitas belajar siswa meningkat pada setiap siklusnya. Hasil rata-rata persentase aktivitas belajar pada siklus I adalah sebesar 39,8%, siklus II sebesar 65,2%, dan siklus III sebesar 84,2%. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini bahwa dengan menerapkan metode pembelajaran edutainment dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar dan aktivitas belajar siswa pada pembelajaran psychrometric.
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28

Chan, S. H., J. H. Sun, and S. C. Low. "A compact particulate dilution tunnel for the characterization of diesel exhaust." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 212, no. 4 (1998): 299–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954407981525975.

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This paper presents the design of a compact particulate dilution tunnel used for characterizing diesel exhaust. Details of particulate mass concentration calculations based on various methods and the estimations of tunnel flow temperature and relative humidity due to psychrometric mixing between the extracted exhaust gas and diluting air are also elaborated.
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29

Ren, He-Sheng. "Construction of a Generalized Psychrometric Chart for Different Pressures." International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Education 32, no. 3 (2004): 212–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/ijmee.32.3.3.

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30

Ruiz-Garcia, L., P. Barreiro, A. Anand, and J. I. Robla. "MODELING PSYCHROMETRIC DATA IN REAL-TIME FRUIT LOGISTICS MONITORING." Acta Horticulturae, no. 802 (December 2008): 385–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2008.802.51.

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31

Zolnier, S., R. S. Gates, J. Buxton, and C. Mach. "Psychrometric and ventilation constraints for vapor pressure deficit control." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 26, no. 3 (2000): 343–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1699(00)00084-3.

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32

SKIERUCHA, W. "Design and performance of psychrometric soil water potential meter." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 118, no. 1 (2005): 86–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-4247(04)00547-3.

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33

KENNEY, W. L., D. A. LEWIS, C. G. ARMSTRONG, et al. "Psychrometric Limits to Prolonged Work in Protective Clothing Ensembles." American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 49, no. 8 (1988): 390–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15298668891379954.

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34

Harder, Phillip, and John Pomeroy. "Estimating precipitation phase using a psychrometric energy balance method." Hydrological Processes 27, no. 13 (2013): 1901–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.9799.

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35

Shallcross, David C. "Preparation of psychrometric charts for alcohol vapours in nitrogen." Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering 17, no. 1 (2000): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02789260.

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36

Shallcross, David C. "Psychrometric charts for organic vapours 1. Ketones in air." International Journal of Thermal Sciences 44, no. 2 (2005): 197–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2004.03.009.

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37

Maciel, C. F. S., M. M. Teixeira, S. Zolnier, H. C. Fernandes, and H. Santiago. "Sprayed liquid loss due to evaporation in different psychrometric conditions." Revista Brasileira de Ciências Agrárias - Brazilian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 12, no. 2 (2017): 244–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5039/agraria.v12i2a5439.

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38

Wullschleger, Stan D., and Derrick M. Oosterhuis. "A Rapid Leaf-Disc Sampler for Psychrometric Water Potential Measurements." Plant Physiology 81, no. 2 (1986): 684–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.81.2.684.

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39

Beltrán-Prieto, Juan Carlos, Luis Antonio Beltrán-Prieto, and Long Huynh Bach Son Nguyen. "Estimation of psychrometric parameters of vapor water mixtures in air." Computer Applications in Engineering Education 24, no. 1 (2015): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cae.21670.

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40

Ucci, M., S. E. C. Pretlove, P. Biddulph, et al. "The psychrometric control of house dust mites: a pilot study." Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 28, no. 4 (2007): 347–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143624407084731.

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41

Kenney, W. Larry. "Psychrometric limits and critical evaporative coefficients for exercising older women." Journal of Applied Physiology 129, no. 2 (2020): 263–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00345.2020.

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This study is the first to describe, graphically and quantitatively, critical environmental limits for women between the ages of 62 and 80 yr based on the biophysics of heat exchange. These psychrometric limit lines define combinations of ambient temperature and humidity above which human heat balance cannot be maintained for a given metabolic heat production. These limits, and associated critical evaporative coefficients ( Ke′), can be used to model low- to moderate-intensity exercise responses in hot environments and have directly translatable data that can be used for evidence-based policy decisions, to prepare for impending heat events, and for implementation of other safety interventions.
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42

Shallcross, David C. "Preparation of psychrometric charts for water vapour in Martian atmosphere." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 48, no. 9 (2005): 1785–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2004.11.015.

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43

Elang Pramudya Wijaya and Ardiyansyah Saad Yatim. "Numerical Investigation of Air Movement on Laboratory Scale Psychrometric Chamber." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 84, no. 2 (2021): 82–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.84.2.8291.

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Higher energy demands in favorable energy prices increasing people's affordability of the cooling devices, causing most building and residential areas to wear air conditioning systems. Higher energy saving, efficiency, and eco-friendly equipment have become a challenge for manufacturers and researchers. Also, Indonesia's government rules the energy efficiency by SKEM (Minimum Standard of Energy Performance) by air conditioning equipment's labeling. In this study, the use of perforated ceiling was selected due to the excellent air distribution performance of the panels. This study analyzes the air circulation distribution (air loop) in a psychometric chamber using computational fluid dynamics (CFD), especially placing the air conditioner test unit. The numerical studies are performed with porous media models. A CFD model was used to analyze the air distribution in the psychrometric chamber. The simulation results show that the higher value of C1 resulted in a higher value of velocity. Furthermore, the pressure drop in the test chamber did not show any significant influence. In all cases, the influence of C1 value did not significantly affect the air movement in the test chamber.
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44

Al-Azri, N., YH Zurigat, and N. Al-Rawahi. "Selection and Assessment of Passive Cooling Techniques for Residential Buildings in Oman Using a Bioclimatic Approach." Journal of Engineering Research [TJER] 10, no. 2 (2013): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/tjer.vol10iss2pp52-68.

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Passive cooling is an ancient technique used in air reconditioning and ventilation. Despite its historical use, its relevance in building design has never ceased. To be sure, with the increasing interest in saving energy and preserving the environment, passive cooling stands out as a sustainable possibility. However, this is not always a viable option, and its practicality is determined mainly by the system's functionality, the type of activities involved in the space to be cooled, and the surrounding area's bioclimatic variables (i.e. temperature, humidity, and diurnal temperature differences). In areas under consideration for passive cooling systems, bioclimatic charts are helpful. Comprehensive charts, in which yearlong hourly meteorological data are projected on a psychrometric chart, help to determine the fits required by a particular location. In this paper, psychrometric charts were developed for eight locations in Oman, and a systematic procedure on the selection and viability of using passive cooling techniques is provided through meteorological data. Givoni's passive cooling zones are used and the applicability of each technique is quantified. The eight study locations are widely scattered around and Oman, and possess great geographical diversity. The presented results can help delineate the applicability of each passive cooling technique for residential buildings at each of the study locations and their proximities.
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45

Syazwan, M. M. Syafiq, Mohammad Zainal M. Yusof, C. K. Chang, and M. D. Amir Abdullah. "Monitoring of Selected Indoor Air Quality Parameters and Cooling Energy Usage in Hotel Restaurant Malaysia." Applied Mechanics and Materials 564 (June 2014): 250–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.564.250.

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Sensible (temperature) and latent (moisture) loads are the common load an air-conditioning (AC) system need to handle. Both loads are generated from conditioned space, internal source and outdoor air ventilation. This study is to monitor the indoor air quality IAQ in hotel restaurant and the results are compared with Malaysian standard MS1525 and Industry Code of Practice (COP) on IAQ 2010, Department of Safety and Health (DOSH) Malaysia. The AC system performance was also monitored to identify the actual cooling energy usage base on standard operations. Psychrometric chart was used to analyse the actual cooling energy required and identified the latent and sensible loads significantly. The result of the study shows the mean air temperature, relative humidity (RH), carbon dioxide (CO) and carbon monoxide (CO2) levels were within range as stipulated by standard and code of practice. Heat loads analysis on a psychrometric chart showed the total cooling energy as 296.2 kW; of which 196.3 kW was contributed to primary air unit (PAU) and 99.9 kW to air handling unit (AHU) respectively. The primary contribution for sensible and latent loads and recommendation of potential energy saving also been discussed to meet energy efficient in AC system while maintaining good indoor air quality in the restaurant.
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46

Xaverius, Bobby, Helmy Taufan, and Novi Sukma Drastiawati. "STUDI COOLING CAPACITY KAPAL CEPAT RUDAL 60 METER (STUDI KASUS PADA KCR 60 BATCH DI PT PAL INDONESIA)." Otopro 14, no. 2 (2019): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/otopro.v14n2.p59-63.

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Perkembangan dunia perkapalan maupun dunia maritim harus diimbangi dengan peningkatan mutu alat transportasi, terutama untuk alat transportasi laut. Pada alat transportasi tersebut beban pendinginan pada tiap ruangan perlu dilakukan perhitungan secara teliti untuk mendapatkan nilai efisiensi yang baik. Tujuan dari studi ini adalah untuk menganalisis dan mengetahui parameter-parameter yang mempengaruhi nilai dari kapasitas pendinginan pada Kapal Cepat Rudal 60 Meter, seperti parameter volume ruang, parameter kondisi udara luar dan udara dalam ruang, parameter beban panas yang diderita pada ruangan, parameter Fresh Air, parameter psychrometric diagram, serta kapasitas pendinginan yang dibutuhkan. Metode yang digunakan adalah menghitung nilai h yang didapatkan dari psychrometric chart. Langkah selanjutnya adalah menentukan nilai RSHF. Langkah ketiga adalah menentukan cooling capacity tiap ruangan. Hasil yang didapatkan adalah nilai dari total kapasitas pendingin (Cooling Capacity) yang dibutuhkan oleh kompresor pada ruang akomodasi Kapal Cepat Rudal 60 Meter sebesar 174,17 kW. Hasil tersebut dari perincian data berupa kapal dirancang dalam Summer Condition (iklim tropis) dengan temperatur inside = 22˚C dan temperature outside = 35˚C, Jumlah Beban Panas Transmisi = 20651Watt, Jumlah Beban Panas Jendela = 1192 Watt, Jumlah Beban Panas Lampu = 56817 Watt, Jumlah Beban Panas Penghuni (Sensible + Latent) = 104494 Watt, Jumlah Beban Panas Peralatan = 12400 Watt, Jumlah Beban Panas Total = 103737 Watt.
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47

Beggs, Clive B., and Eldad J. Avital. "A psychrometric model to assess the biological decay of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in aerosols." PeerJ 9 (March 2, 2021): e11024. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11024.

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There is increasing evidence that the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic has been influenced by variations in air temperature and humidity. However, the impact that these environmental parameters have on survival of the SARS-CoV-2 virus has not been fully characterised. Therefore, an analytical study was undertaken using published data to develop a psychrometric model to assess the biological decay rate of the virus in aerosols. This revealed that it is possible to describe with reasonable accuracy (R2 = 0.718, p &lt; 0.001) the biological decay constant for the SARS-CoV-2 virus using a regression model with enthalpy, vapour pressure and specific volume as predictors. Applying this to historical meteorological data from London, Paris and Milan over the pandemic period, produced results which indicate that the average half-life of the virus in aerosols outdoors was in the region 13–22 times longer in March 2020, when the outbreak was accelerating, than it was in August 2020 when epidemic in Europe was at its nadir. However, indoors, this variation is likely to be much less. As such, this suggests that changes in virus survivability due the variations in the psychrometric qualities of the air might influence the transmission of SARS-CoV-2.
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48

Strong, John C. "Psychrometric Analysis of the Environmental Equivalency Factor for Aqueous Tablet Coating." AAPS PharmSciTech 10, no. 1 (2009): 303–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1208/s12249-009-9204-7.

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49

Zeman, M. J., J. M. Pierzga, M. Chow, and W. L. Kenney. "PSYCHROMETRIC LIMITS FOR UNACCLIMATED MEN AND WOMEN WORKING IN HOT ENVIRONMENTS." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 33, no. 5 (2001): S162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200105001-00917.

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50

Kenney, W. Larry, and Michael J. Zeman. "Psychrometric limits and critical evaporative coefficients for unacclimated men and women." Journal of Applied Physiology 92, no. 6 (2002): 2256–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01040.2001.

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Critical environmental limits, defined as those above which heat balance cannot be maintained for a given metabolic heat production, have not been determined for unacclimated subjects. To characterize critical environmental limits and to derive evaporative heat exchange coefficients ( K e′) for unacclimated young men ( n = 11) and women ( n = 10), subjects of average aerobic fitness walked at 30% maximal aerobic capacity in an environmental chamber. Critical environmental conditions were defined as the psychrometric loci of dry-bulb temperature and water vapor pressure at which core (esophageal) temperature was forced out of equilibrium (heat gain exceeded heat loss). Compared with the men in our study, the women had significantly higher critical environmental limits ( P &lt; 0.001) in warm (34–38°C), humid (&gt;60%) environments, a function of their lower absolute metabolic heat production at the fixed relative exercise intensity. Isotherms constructed from biophysical models closely fit the data in this range of environments but underestimated empirically determined critical limits in hotter, drier environments. Sex-specific values of K e′ were derived by partial calorimetry in the critical water vapor pressure environments, in which full skin wettedness occurred. There were no sex differences for K e′ (men = 17.4, 15.5, and 14.2 W · m−2 · Torr−1 and women = 16.8, 15.5, and 14.2 W · m−2 · Torr−1 at 34, 36, and 38°C, respectively). These K e′ values were lower than those previously published for fully heat-acclimated men (18.4 W · m−2 · Torr−1 at 36°C) and women (17.7 W · m−2 · Torr−1 at 36°C and 15.5 W · m−2 · Torr−1 at 38°C) and may be used to model heat balance responses for unacclimated men and women working in hot environments.
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