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Journal articles on the topic 'Pterosaurios'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Dalla Vecchia, Fabio Marco. "Seazzadactylus venierigen. et sp. nov., a new pterosaur (Diapsida: Pterosauria) from the Upper Triassic (Norian) of northeastern Italy." PeerJ 7 (July 25, 2019): e7363. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7363.

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A new non-monofenestratan pterosaur with multicusped dentition,Seazzadactylus venieri, is described from the Upper Triassic (middle-upper Norian) of the Carnian Prealps (northeastern Italy). The holotype ofS. venieripreserves a complete mandibular and maxillary dentition, along with a nearly complete premaxillary one, showing unique features. Furthermore, the arrangement of the premaxillary teeth and the shape of jugal, pterygoid, ectopterygoid, scapula and pteroid are unique within non-monofenestratan pterosaurs.S. venieriis similar and closely related toCarniadactylus rosenfeldiandAustriadraco dallavecchiai, which are also from the Alpine middle-upper Norian of Italy and Austria, respectively. In a parsimony-based phylogenetic analysis,S. venieriis found to nest within a clade of Triassic pterosaurs composed ofArcticodactylus cromptonellus,Austriadraco dallavecchiai, Carniadactylus rosenfeldiand a trichotomy ofRaeticodactylus filisurensis,Caviramus schesaplanensisand MCSNB 8950. This unnamed clade is basal within the Pterosauria, but is not the basalmost clade.Eudimorphodon ranziilies outside this clade and is more derived, making the Eudimorphodontidae paraphyletic.S. venieriincreases the diversity of Triassic pterosaurs and brings the number of pterosaur genera and species in the Dolomia di Forni Formation to four.

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2

Baron, Matthew G. "Testing pterosaur ingroup relationships through broader sampling of avemetatarsalian taxa and characters and a range of phylogenetic analysis techniques." PeerJ 8 (July 28, 2020): e9604. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9604.

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The pterosaurs first appear in the fossil record in the middle of the Late Triassic. Their earliest representatives are known from Northern Hemisphere localities but, by the end of the Jurassic Period, this clade of flying reptiles achieved a global distribution, as well as high levels of diversity and disparity. Our understanding of early pterosaur evolution and the fundamental interrelationships within Pterosauria has improved dramatically in recent decades. However, there is still debate about how the various pterosaur subgroups relate to one another and about which taxa comprise these. Many recent phylogenetic analyses, while sampling well from among the known Triassic and Early Jurassic pterosaurs, have not included many non-pterosaurian ornithodirans or other avemetatarsalians. Given the close relationship between these groups of archosaurs, the omission of other ornithodirans and avemetatarsalians has the potential to adversely affect the results of phylogenetic analyses, in terms of character optimisation and ingroup relationships recovered. This study has addressed this issue and tests the relationships between the early diverging pterosaur taxa following the addition of avemetatarsalian taxa and anatomical characters to an existing early pterosaur dataset. This study has, for the first time, included taxa that represent the aphanosaurs, lagerpetids, silesaurids and dinosaurs, in addition to early pterosaurs. Anatomical characters used in other recent studies of archosaurs and early dinosaurs have also been incorporated. By expanding the outgroup taxa and anatomical character coverage in this pterosaur dataset, better resolution between the taxa within certain early pterosaur subclades has been achieved and stronger support for some existing clades has been found; other purported clades of early pterosaurs have not been found in this analysis—for example there is no support for a monophyletic Eopterosauria or Eudimorphodontidae. Further support has been found for a sister-taxon relationship between Peteinosaurus zambelli and Macronychoptera, a clade here named Zambellisauria (clade nov.), as well as for a monophyletic and early diverging Preondactylia. Some analyses also support the existence of a clade that falls as sister-taxon to the zambellisaurs, here named Caviramidae (clade nov.). Furthermore, some support has been found for a monophyletic Austriadraconidae at the base of Pterosauria. Somewhat surprisingly, Lagerpetidae is recovered outside of Ornithodira sensu stricto, meaning that, based upon current definitions at least, pterosaurs fall within Dinosauromorpha in this analysis. However, fundamental ornithodiran interrelationships were not the focus of this study and this particular result should be treated with caution for now. However, these results do further highlight the need for broader taxon and character sampling in phylogenetic analyses, and the effects of outgroup choice on determining ingroup relationships.

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3

O'Connor, Patrick M., Joseph J. W. Sertich, and Fredrick K. Manthi. "A pterodactyloid pterosaur from the Upper Cretaceous Lapurr sandstone, West Turkana, Kenya." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 83, no. 1 (March 2011): 309–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0001-37652011000100019.

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An isolated pterosaurian caudal cervical (~ postcervical) vertebra was recovered from the Upper Cretaceous Lapurr sandstone ofWest Turkana, northwestern Kenya. The vertebral centrum is short, wide, and dorsoventrally compressed. Although the specimen is lightly built similar to most pterosaurs, it is here referred to Pterodactyloidea and tentatively to the Azhdarchidae in that it lacks pneumatic features on both the centrum and neural arch. This represents one of the few pterosaurs recovered from the entirety of Afro-Arabia, the first pterosaur recovered from the Cretaceous of East Africa, and, significantly, a specimen that was recovered from fluvial deposits rather than the near-shore marine setting typical of most pterosaur discoveries.

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4

Andres, Brian, and Timothy S. Myers. "Lone Star Pterosaurs." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 103, no. 3-4 (September 2012): 383–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755691013000303.

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ABSTRACTThe state of Texas has one of the greatest records of pterosaurs in the world, surpassing all other US states and most countries in the number of occurrences. Uniquely, this record extends over the entire 150+ million history of the Pterosauria. A review of this pterosaur record confirms at least 30 pterosaurs known from 13 occurrences, including five valid species. The holotypes of two of these species have been described before and are diagnosed and erected here as the new speciesRadiodactylus langstoni, gen. et sp. nov., named in honour of Dr. Wann Langston Jr, the father of Texas pterosaurology, andAlamodactylus byrdi, gen. et sp. nov.. Phylogenetic analysis of all Texas pterosaurs that can be coded for more than one character confirms that these species are distinct from others and occupy phylogenetic positions close to their original classifications.Radiodactylus langstoniis recovered as a non-azhdarchid azhdarchoid,Quetzalcoatlus northropias an azhdarchid,Alamodactylus byrdias a non-pteranodontoid pteranodontian,Aetodactylusas a pteranodontoid, andColoborhynchus wadleighias an ornithocheirid. The presence of eudimorphodontid, dsungaripterid, as well as other azhdarchid and pteranodontoid pterosaurs, is also confirmed in Texas.

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5

Farke, Andrew A. "A large pterosaur limb bone from the Kaiparowits Formation (late Campanian) of Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, Utah, USA." PeerJ 9 (January 20, 2021): e10766. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10766.

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Pterosaurs were widespread during the Late Cretaceous, but their fossils are comparatively rare in terrestrial depositional environments. A large pterosaur bone from the Kaiparowits Formation (late Campanian, ~76–74 Ma) of southern Utah, USA, is tentatively identified as an ulna, although its phylogenetic placement cannot be precisely constrained beyond Pterosauria. The element measures over 36 cm in preserved maximum length, indicating a comparatively large individual with an estimated wingspan between 4.3 and 5.9 m, the largest pterosaur yet reported from the Kaiparowits Formation. This size estimate places the individual at approximately the same wingspan as the holotype for Cryodrakon boreas from the penecontemporaneous Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta. Thus, relatively large pterosaurs occurred in terrestrial ecosystems in both the northern and southern parts of Laramidia (western North America) during the late Campanian.

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6

Mazin, Jean-Michel, and Joane Pouech. "The first non-pterodactyloid pterosaurian trackways and the terrestrial ability of non-pterodactyloid pterosaurs." Geobios 58 (February 2020): 39–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geobios.2019.12.002.

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7

LÜ, JUNCHANG, YOICHI AZUMA, ZHIMING DONG, RINCHEN BARSBOLD, YOSHITSUGU KOBAYASHI, and YUONG-NAM LEE. "New material of dsungaripterid pterosaurs (Pterosauria: Pterodactyloidea) from western Mongolia and its palaeoecological implications." Geological Magazine 146, no. 5 (June 16, 2009): 690–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756809006414.

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AbstractNew material of dsungaripterid pterosaurs from the Early Cretaceous of Tatal, western Mongolia, allows the diagnoses of Dsungaripteridae andNoripterusto be amended. All pterosaurs found at Tatal belong to Dsungaripteridae (eitherDsungaripterusorNoripterus). The namePhobetoris a junior synonym ofNoripterus. The differing shapes of the anterior tips of skulls, differing tooth morphologies and the coexistence of bothDsungaripterusandNoripterusmay imply that they occupied distinct ecological niches.

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8

Frey, Eberhard, Helmut Tischlinger, Marie-Céline Buchy, and David M. Martill. "New specimens of Pterosauria (Reptilia) with soft parts with implications for pterosaurian anatomy and locomotion." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 217, no. 1 (2003): 233–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.2003.217.01.14.

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9

CHENG, XIN, SHUNXING JIANG, XIAOLIN WANG, and ALEXANDER W. A. KELLNER. "Premaxillary crest variation within the Wukongopteridae (Reptilia, Pterosauria) and comments on cranial structures in pterosaurs." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 89, no. 1 (February 9, 2017): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201720160742.

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10

Perea, Daniel, Matías Soto, Pablo Toriño, Valeria Mesa, and John G. Maisey. "A Late Jurassic-?earliest Cretaceous ctenochasmatid (Pterosauria, Pterodactyloidea): The first report of pterosaurs from Uruguay." Journal of South American Earth Sciences 85 (August 2018): 298–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2018.05.011.

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11

Buchmann, Richard, Leonardo dos Santos Avilla, and Taissa Rodrigues. "Comparative analysis of the vertebral pneumatization in pterosaurs (Reptilia: Pterosauria) and extant birds (Avialae: Neornithes)." PLOS ONE 14, no. 10 (October 25, 2019): e0224165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224165.

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12

Longrich, Nicholas R., David M. Martill, and Brian Andres. "Late Maastrichtian pterosaurs from North Africa and mass extinction of Pterosauria at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary." PLOS Biology 16, no. 3 (March 13, 2018): e2001663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.2001663.

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13

Longrich, Nicholas R., David M. Martill, and Brian Andres. "Correction: Late Maastrichtian pterosaurs from North Africa and mass extinction of Pterosauria at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary." PLOS Biology 16, no. 4 (April 11, 2018): e1002627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002627.

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14

Jagielska, Natalia, and Stephen L. Brusatte. "Pterosaurs." Current Biology 31, no. 16 (August 2021): R984—R989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.06.086.

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15

Bantim, R. A. M., A. A. F. Saraiva, and J. M. Sayão. "Skull variation and the shape of the sagittal premaxillary crest in anhanguerid pterosaurs (Pterosauria, Pterodactyloidea) from the Araripe Basin, Northeast Brazil." Historical Biology 27, no. 6 (May 30, 2014): 656–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2014.921818.

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16

Jacobs, Megan L., David M. Martill, David M. Unwin, Nizar Ibrahim, Samir Zouhri, and Nicholas R. Longrich. "New toothed pterosaurs (Pterosauria: Ornithocheiridae) from the middle Cretaceous Kem Kem beds of Morocco and implications for pterosaur palaeobiogeography and diversity." Cretaceous Research 110 (June 2020): 104413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104413.

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17

Vecchia, Fabio M. Dalla. "Triassic pterosaurs." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 379, no. 1 (2013): 119–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp379.14.

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18

Butler, Richard J., Paul M. Barrett, and David J. Gower. "Postcranial skeletal pneumaticity and air-sacs in the earliest pterosaurs." Biology Letters 5, no. 4 (May 2009): 557–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2009.0139.

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Patterns of postcranial skeletal pneumatization (PSP) indicate that pterosaurs possessed components of a bird-like respiratory system, including a series of ventilatory air-sacs. However, the presence of PSP in the oldest known pterosaurs has not been unambiguously demonstrated by previous studies. Here we provide the first unequivocal documentation of PSP in Late Triassic and earliest Jurassic pterosaurs. This demonstrates that PSP and, by inference, air-sacs were probably present in the common ancestor of almost all known pterosaurs, and has broader implications for the evolution of respiratory systems in bird-line archosaurs, including dinosaurs.

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19

Middleton, K. M., and L. T. English. "Challenges and advances in the study of pterosaur flight." Canadian Journal of Zoology 93, no. 12 (December 2015): 945–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2013-0219.

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Pterosaurs have fascinated scientists and nonscientists alike for over 200 years, as one of the three known clades of vertebrates to have evolved flapping flight. The smallest pterosaurs were comparable in size to the smallest extant birds and bats, but the largest pterosaurs were vastly larger than any extant flier. This immense size range, coupled with poor preservation and adaptations for flight unknown in extant vertebrates, have made interpretations of pterosaur flight problematic and often contentious. Here we review the anatomical, evolutionary, and phylogenetic history of pterosaurs, as well as the views, perspectives, and biases regarding their interpretation. In recent years, three areas of pterosaur biology have faced challenges and made advances: structure of the wing membrane, function of the pteroid, body size and mass estimates, as well as flight mechanics and aerodynamics. Comparative anatomical and fossil study, simulated bone loading, and aerodynamic modeling have all proved successful in furthering our understanding of pterosaur flight. We agree with previous authors that pterosaurs should be studied as pterosaurs, a diverse but phylogenetically, anatomically, and mechanically constrained clade that can offer new insights into the diversity of vertebrate flight.

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20

Junchang, LÜ, JIN Xingsheng, David M. UNWIN, ZHAO Lijun, AZUMA Yoichi, and JI Qiang. "A New Species of Huaxiapterus (Pterosauria: Pterodactyloidea) from the Lower Cretaceous of Western Liaoning, China with Comments on the Systematics of Tapejarid Pterosaurs." Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition 80, no. 3 (September 7, 2010): 315–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6724.2006.tb00251.x.

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21

Unwin, David M. "Smart-winged pterosaurs." Nature 425, no. 6961 (October 2003): 910–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/425910b.

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22

Deeming, D. Charles. "How pterosaurs bred." Science 358, no. 6367 (November 30, 2017): 1124–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aao6493.

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23

Tytell, E. "PTEROSAURS PTAKE OFF." Journal of Experimental Biology 209, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): iv. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.01997.

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24

Hazlehurst, Grant A., and Jeremy M. V. Rayner. "Flight characteristics of Triassic and Jurassic Pterosauria: an appraisal based on wing shape." Paleobiology 18, no. 4 (1992): 447–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s009483730001099x.

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The mass, wingspan, and wing area of pterosaurs were reconstructed. Mass was estimated by determining volume and multiplying by avian density. This method was considered appropriate only for smaller pterosaur species because there is evidence for lower density in larger species. These reconstructions were used to compare the wing shapes of Triassic and Jurassic pterosaurs with those of birds. Pterosaurs had wings of below-average loading and above-average aspect compared to the avian mean. This wing design was compatible with relatively slow and highly efficient flight, with high maneuverability. Wing area depends on the reconstruction model adopted; wings attached to the hindlimb principally reduced aspect, and secondarily reduced loading, which would improve take-off performance at the expense of efficiency. The wing shape and cranial feeding adaptations of pterosaurs were most compatible with a marine or aerial predatory adaptive zone. The reconstructed pterosaurs show a limited range of wing shape compared to birds. This may partly reflect preservational bias favoring species living in marine or lagoonal environments, but this is not a complete explanation because there is a lack of pterosaurs with wings of high loading like the marine ducks and auks. Structural, physiological, or adaptive factors may have limited pterosaur wing shape.

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25

Palmer, Colin, and Gareth J. Dyke. "Biomechanics of the unique pterosaur pteroid." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277, no. 1684 (December 9, 2009): 1121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.1899.

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Pterosaurs, flying reptiles from the Mesozoic, had wing membranes that were supported by their arm bones and a super-elongate fourth finger. Associated with the wing, pterosaurs also possessed a unique wrist bone—the pteroid—that functioned to support the forward part of the membrane in front of the leading edge, the propatagium. Pteroid shape varies across pterosaurs and reconstructions of its orientation vary (projecting anteriorly to the wing leading edge or medially, lying alongside it) and imply differences in the way that pterosaurs controlled their wings. Here we show, using biomechanical analysis and considerations of aerodynamic efficiency of a representative ornithocheirid pterosaur, that an anteriorly orientated pteroid is highly unlikely. Unless these pterosaurs only flew steadily and had very low body masses, their pteroids would have been likely to break if orientated anteriorly; the degree of movement required for a forward orientation would have introduced extreme membrane strains and required impractical tensioning in the propatagium membrane. This result can be generalized for other pterodactyloid pterosaurs because the resultant geometry of an anteriorly orientated pteroid would have reduced the aerodynamic performance of all wings and required the same impractical properties in the propatagium membrane. We demonstrate quantitatively that the more traditional reconstruction of a medially orientated pteroid was much more stable both structurally and aerodynamically, reflecting likely life position.

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26

Martill, David M., Roy E. Smith, Nicholas Longrich, and James Brown. "Evidence for tactile foraging in pterosaurs: a sensitive tip to the beak of Lonchodraco giganteus (Pterosauria, Lonchodectidae) from the Upper Cretaceous of southern England." Cretaceous Research 117 (January 2021): 104637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104637.

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27

Chan, Nicholas R. "Morphospaces of functionally analogous traits show ecological separation between birds and pterosaurs." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1865 (October 18, 2017): 20171556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.1556.

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Birds originated and radiated in the presence of another group of flying vertebrates, the pterosaurs. Opinion is divided as to whether birds competitively displaced pterosaurs from small-body size niches or whether the two groups coexisted with little competition. Previous studies of Mesozoic birds and pterosaurs compared measurements of homologous limb bones to test these hypotheses. However, these characters probably reflect differing ancestries rather than ecologies. Here, competition and ecological separation were tested for using multivariate analyses of functionally equivalent morphological characters. As well as using characters from the fore- and hindlimbs, these analyses also included measurements of the lower jaw. The results of this study indicate that pterosaurs had relatively longer jaws, shorter metatarsals and shorter brachial regions compared with birds of similar size. Contrary to the results of previous studies, the distal wing was not important for separating the two clades in morphospace owing to the inclusion of the primary feathers in this unit. The differences found here indicate ecological separation based on differences in size, locomotory features and feeding adaptations. Thus, instead of one group displacing the other, birds and pterosaurs appear to have adopted distinctive ecological strategies throughout their period of coexistence.

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28

Organ, Chris L., and Andrew M. Shedlock. "Palaeogenomics of pterosaurs and the evolution of small genome size in flying vertebrates." Biology Letters 5, no. 1 (October 21, 2008): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2008.0491.

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The two living groups of flying vertebrates, birds and bats, both have constricted genome sizes compared with their close relatives. But nothing is known about the genomic characteristics of pterosaurs, which took to the air over 70 Myr before birds and were the first group of vertebrates to evolve powered flight. Here, we estimate genome size for four species of pterosaurs and seven species of basal archosauromorphs using a Bayesian comparative approach. Our results suggest that small genomes commonly associated with flight in bats and birds also evolved in pterosaurs, and that the rate of genome-size evolution is proportional to genome size within amniotes, with the fastest rates occurring in lineages with the largest genomes. We examine the role that drift may have played in the evolution of genome size within tetrapods by testing for correlated evolution between genome size and body size, but find no support for this hypothesis. By contrast, we find evidence suggesting that a combination of adaptation and phylogenetic inertia best explains the correlated evolution of flight and genome-size contraction. These results suggest that small genome/cell size evolved prior to or concurrently with flight in pterosaurs. We predict that, similar to the pattern seen in theropod dinosaurs, genome-size contraction preceded flight in pterosaurs and bats.

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29

Padian, K., and J. M. V. Rayner. "The wings of pterosaurs." American Journal of Science 293, A (January 1, 1993): 91–166. http://dx.doi.org/10.2475/ajs.293.a.91.

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30

Wellnhofer, Peter. "Terrestrial locomotion in pterosaurs." Historical Biology 1, no. 1 (January 1988): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08912968809386464.

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31

Unwin, David M., and David M. Martill. "No protofeathers on pterosaurs." Nature Ecology & Evolution 4, no. 12 (September 28, 2020): 1590–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41559-020-01308-9.

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32

Peters, David. "Wing shape in pterosaurs." Nature 374, no. 6520 (March 1995): 315–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/374315b0.

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33

Unwin, David M., and Natasha N. Bakhurina. "Wing shape in pterosaurs." Nature 374, no. 6520 (March 1995): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/374316a0.

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34

Unwin, David M. "New pterosaurs from Brazil." Nature 332, no. 6163 (March 1988): 398–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/332398a0.

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35

Baron, Matthew G. "The origin of Pterosaurs." Earth-Science Reviews 221 (October 2021): 103777. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103777.

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36

WANG, XIAOLIN, ALEXANDER W. A. KELLNER, XIN CHENG, SHUNXING JIANG, QIANG WANG, JULIANA M. SAYÃO, TAISSA RODRIGUES, et al. "Eggshell and Histology Provide Insight on the Life History of a Pterosaur with Two Functional Ovaries." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 87, no. 3 (July 3, 2015): 1599–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201520150364.

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The counterpart of a previously described non-pterodactyloid pterosaur with an egg revealed the presence of a second egg inside the body cavity of this gravid female. It clearly shows that pterosaurs had two functional oviducts and demonstrates that the reduction of one oviduct was not a prerequisite for developing powered flight, at least in this group. Compositional analysis of one egg suggests the lack of a hard external layer of calcium carbonate. Histological sections of one femur lack medullary bone and further demonstrate that this pterosaur reached reproductive maturity before skeletal maturity. This study shows that pterosaurs laid eggs even smaller than previously thought and had a reproductive strategy more similar to basal reptiles than to birds. Whether pterosaurs were highly precocial or needed parental care is still open to debate.

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37

Moraes, Marcelo Léda de. "Locomoção terrestre em pterossauros: uma breve revisão da literatura." Anuário do Instituto de Geociências 28, no. 1 (June 1, 2005): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.11137/2005_1_35-48.

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The pterosaurs had been the first reptiles to fly, however its locomotion in land still are partially unknown and in debate. In history many models had been adopted by them, but, only recently a unique model has being accepted. This work carries through a bibliographical revision on the terrestrial locomotion. The anatomical characteristics of the pterosaurs determine quadruped characteristics like bipedal, as seen by the authors. The feet, the pélvis and the vertebral column would have a capacity to support both models, initially contradictory for its structures. The wings were used in terrestrial locomotion for the pterosaurs, as the ichnofossil leave little doubt. In contrast of that it was postulate for many authors, the wing would have a more important function, since, the gravity center if found forward. In spite of does not have evidences of the real use of the tails in the deambulation, even so its use was possible. Footprints that also indicate bipedal advance or of scaling never had been found what it becomes these possible but not proven forms of locomotion. Thus, the pterossauros could assume a half-erect and plantigrad quadruped position when in low speeds or in rest, and high speed it would assume a digitigrad position bipedal. It is possible, also the presence of fossil registers of terrestrial locomotion of pterosaurs in Brazil, since none was never found and here they meet one of the best fossiliferous basins of pterosaurs of the world. The real determinative factor of which model they would still use are not proven, but new studies and new evidences to establishing a definitive model for these magnificent flying reptiles.

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38

Witton, Mark P., Michael O’Sullivan, and David M. Martill. "The relationships of Cuspicephalus scarfi Martill and Etches, 2013 and Normannognathus wellnhoferi Buffetaut et al., 1998 to other monofenestratan pterosaurs." Contributions to Zoology 84, no. 2 (May 8, 2015): 115–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18759866-08402002.

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The evolution of pterodactyloid pterosaurs occurred in a ‘modular’ fashion with ‘pterodactyloid’-type crania and cervical vertebrae evolving in pterodactyloid sister taxa – early monofenestratan pterosaurs – before later postcervical modifications marked the development of the true pterodactyloid condition. This means of evolution creates problems for distinguishing isolated pterodactyloid crania from those of non-pterodactyloid monofenestratans, and has led to uncertainty over the affinities of two Late Jurassic European pterosaurs known only from skulls, Cuspicephalus scarfi Martill and Etches, 2013 and Normannognathus wellnhoferi Buffetaut et al. , 1998. Some aspects of their cranial anatomy suggest affinities to early pterodactyloids – specifically the Germanodactylidae – while others indicate a relationship with a group of non-pterodactyloid monofenestratans, the Wukongopteridae. Here, we characterise the skulls of Jurassic monofenestratans to provide greater insight into the identity of these pterosaurs. We find a suite of characters indicating that Cuspicephalus is a wukongopterid, notable for being a particularly large and long snouted member of the group, as well as the youngest, and the first European record of this clade. The affinities of Normannognathus are less clear however. We consider its previous allocation to the Germanodactylidae doubtful, and note some similarities it shares with ctenochasmatoid pterodactyloids, but the only known specimen is probably too fragmentary for confident referral to any specific clade within Monofenestrata.

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Buffetaut, Eric, and Jean-Michel Mazin. "Evolution and palaeobiology of pterosaurs." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 217, no. 1 (2003): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.2003.217.01.01.

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Bennett, S. Christopher. "Pterosaurs: Natural History, Evolution, Anatomy." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34, no. 5 (July 29, 2014): 1260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2014.841708.

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Cadena, Edwin-Alberto, David M. Unwin, and David M. Martill. "Lower Cretaceous pterosaurs from Colombia." Cretaceous Research 114 (October 2020): 104526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104526.

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Brougham, Tom, Elizabeth T. Smith, and Phil R. Bell. "Isolated teeth of Anhangueria (Pterosauria: Pterodactyloidea) from the Lower Cretaceous of Lightning Ridge, New South Wales, Australia." PeerJ 5 (May 3, 2017): e3256. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3256.

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The fossil record of Australian pterosaurs is sparse, consisting of only a small number of isolated and fragmentary remains from the Cretaceous of Queensland, Western Australia and Victoria. Here, we describe two isolated pterosaur teeth from the Lower Cretaceous (middle Albian) Griman Creek Formation at Lightning Ridge (New South Wales) and identify them as indeterminate members of the pterodactyloid clade Anhangueria. This represents the first formal description of pterosaur material from New South Wales. The presence of one or more anhanguerian pterosaurs at Lightning Ridge correlates with the presence of ‘ornithocheirid’ andAnhanguera-like pterosaurs from the contemporaneous Toolebuc Formation of central Queensland and the global distribution attained by ornithocheiroids during the Early Cretaceous. The morphology of the teeth and their presence in the estuarine- and lacustrine-influenced Griman Creek Formation is likely indicative of similar life habits of the tooth bearer to other members of Anhangueria.

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Zhou, Chang-Fu, Ke-Qin Gao, Hongyu Yi, Jinzhuang Xue, Quanguo Li, and Richard C. Fox. "Earliest filter-feeding pterosaur from the Jurassic of China and ecological evolution of Pterodactyloidea." Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 2 (February 2017): 160672. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160672.

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Pterosaurs were a unique clade of flying reptiles that were contemporaries of dinosaurs in Mesozoic ecosystems. The Pterodactyloidea as the most species-diverse group of pterosaurs dominated the sky during Cretaceous time, but earlier phases of their evolution remain poorly known. Here, we describe a 160 Ma filter-feeding pterosaur from western Liaoning, China, representing the geologically oldest record of the Ctenochasmatidae, a group of exclusive filter feeders characterized by an elongated snout and numerous fine teeth. The new pterosaur took the lead of a major ecological transition in pterosaur evolution from fish-catching to filter-feeding adaptation, prior to the Tithonian (145–152 Ma) diversification of the Ctenochasmatidae. Our research shows that the rise of ctenochasmatid pterosaurs was followed by the burst of eco-morphological divergence of other pterodactyloid clades, which involved a wide range of feeding adaptations that considerably altered the terrestrial ecosystems of the Cretaceous world.

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Cheng, Xin, Shunxing Jiang, Xiaolin Wang, and Alexander W. A. Kellner. "New anatomical information of the wukongopteridKunpengopterus sinensisWang et al., 2010 based on a new specimen." PeerJ 5 (December 1, 2017): e4102. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4102.

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The Wukongopteridae compose a non-pterodactyloid clade of pterosaurs that are the most abundant flying reptiles in the deposits of the Middle-Late Jurassic Yanliao Biota. Until now, five species of three genera and two additional unnamed specimens have been described. Here we report on a new material, IVPP V 23674, that can be referred to the wukongopteridKunpengopterus sinensisdue to several features such as a comparably short nasoantorbital fenestra, the dorsally rising posterodorsal margin of the ischium, and the very short first pedal phalanx of digit V relative to metatarsal IV. IVPP V 23674 provides the first view of a wukongopterid palate, which differs from all other pterosaurs by having a very large postpalatine fenestra and laterally compressed choanae, indicating that the evolution of the pterosaur palate was more complex than previously thought. Sesamoid bones at the dorsal side of manual unguals are present and are reported for the first time in a wukongopterid suggesting an arboreal life-style for these pterosaurs.

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Averianov, A. O. "Taxonomy of the Lonchodectidae (Pterosauria, Pterodactyloidea)." Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS 324, no. 1 (March 24, 2020): 41–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2020.324.1.41.

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The pterodactyloid family Lonchodectidae includes three genera, Lonchodectes Hooley, 1914, Lonchodraco Rodrigues et Kellner, 2013, and Ikrandraco Wang et al., 2014, and four species, Lonchodectes compressirostris (Owen, 1851), Lonchodraco giganteus (Bowerbank, 1846), Ikrandraco avatar Wang et al., 2014, and Ikrandraco machaerorhynchus (Seeley, 1870) comb. nov. [=Ornithocheirus microdon Seeley, 1870 syn. nov.]. The holotype of Lonchodectes compressirostris (NHMUK PV 39410) consists of two fragments of the anterior rostrum, not the mandibular and rostrum fragments as was supposed previously. The difference between Lonchodectes and Ikrandraco is not clear and the taxa could be synonyms. The diagnostic characters for the Lonchodectidae are the presence of the palatal ridge, elevated alveolar margin of the upper and lower jaws, small teeth that are not varying in size, and a prominent mandibular crest (unknown for Lonchodectes). The family includes taxa with long and low rostrum and prominent mandibular crest (Ikrandraco and, possibly, Lonchodectes), or with both premaxillary and mandibular crests (Lonchodraco). Various phylogenetic analyses place the Lonchodectidae within the Ornithocheiroidea, frequently as a sister taxon to the Anhangueria. The family is known from the mid-Cretaceous (Albian-Turonian) of England (Lonchodectes compressirostris, Lonchodraco giganteus, Ikrandracomachaerorhynchus), the Lower Cretaceous (Aptian) of China (Ikrandraco avatar), and the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of European Russia (Lonchodraco (?) sp.). The putative records of the Lonchodectidae from the Lower Cretaceous of England (Serradraco sagittirostris (Owen, 1874), BEXHM 2015.18, and Palaeornis cliftii Mantell, 1844), Spain (Prejanopterus curvirostris Fuentes Vidarte et Meijide Calvo, 2010), and Brazil (Unwindia trigonus Martill, 2011) are reviewed. None of them can be attributed to that group.

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Codorniú, Laura, and Zulma Gasparini. "The Late Jurassic pterosaurs from northern Patagonia, Argentina." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 103, no. 3-4 (September 2012): 399–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755691013000388.

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ABSTRACTRecords of flying Jurassic reptiles are very scarce in the Southern Hemisphere. Upper Jurassic pterosaurs have been discovered in marine Tithonian sediments of the Vaca Muerta Formation, in the Neuquén Basin, Patagonia, Argentina. Only four specimens are known so far: the first from Arroyo Picún Leufú, and the other three from the lithographic limestones of Los Catutos. Here, we update knowledge of Late Jurassic pterosaurs from northwest Patagonia. We revise the diagnosis and description of a previously described pterodactyloid, which is named as a new genus and species, Wenupteryx uzi. This small-sized pterosaur shows affinities with Euctenochasmatia or Archaeopterodactyloidea, and represents the most complete Jurassic pterosaur so far known from the Southern Hemisphere. We also report a recent finding suggesting that the new specimen belongs to a new species of pterodactyloid pterosaur. These records show that at least three different taxa of pterosaurs coexisted in the Neuquén Basin: Herbstosaurus, Wenupteryx and a more derived pterodactyloid that represents the largest pterosaur known from the Upper Jurassic of Gondwana.

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Funston, Gregory F., Elizabeth Martin-Silverstone, and Philip J. Currie. "The first pterosaur pelvic material from the Dinosaur Park Formation (Campanian) and implications for azhdarchid locomotion." FACETS 2, no. 1 (May 1, 2017): 559–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/facets-2016-0067.

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A partial pterosaur pelvis from the Campanian Dinosaur Park Formation of Canada adds to our knowledge of Late Cretaceous pterosaurs. The pelvis is tentatively referred to Azhdarchidae and represents the first pelvic material from a North American azhdarchid. The morphology of the ilium is bizarre compared with other pterosaurs: it is highly pneumatized, the preacetabular process tapers anteriorly, and muscle scars show that it would have anchored strong adductor musculature for the hindlimb. The acetabulum is deep and faces ventrolaterally, allowing the limb to be positioned underneath the body. These features support previous suggestions that azhdarchids were well adapted to terrestrial locomotion.

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Unwin, David M. "Pterosaurs: back to the traditional model?" Trends in Ecology & Evolution 14, no. 7 (July 1999): 263–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5347(99)01605-5.

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Witton, Mark P. "Were early pterosaurs inept terrestrial locomotors?" PeerJ 3 (June 16, 2015): e1018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1018.

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Bennett, S. Christopher. "Posture, Locomotion, and Paleoecology of Pterosaurs." Journal of Paleontology 79, no. 3 (May 2005): 625–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/0022-3360(2005)079<0625:r>2.0.co;2.

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