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Journal articles on the topic 'Pterygota'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 17 June 2025

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1

Kukalová-Peck, Jarmila. "New Carboniferous Diplura, Monura, and Thysanura, the hexapod ground plan, and the role of thoracic side lobes in the origin of wings (Insecta)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 65, no. 10 (1987): 2327–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z87-352.

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A new Upper Carboniferous japygid, Testajapyx thomasi n.gen. et n.sp., shows that only Diplura of Entognatha shared an ancestral ground plan with Insecta–Ectognatha. Pleuron, palps, thoracic and abdominal legs, and vesicles are compared between Diplura, Archeognatha, Monura, Thysanura, and Pterygota. The origin and evolution of side lobes on the head, thorax, and abdomen, and of cereal legs, cerci, and posttarsal (=pretarsal) claws are considered. The paleoenvironment of the earliest insects and its impact on evolution of thoracic side lobes is discussed. Consistent evidence from several biological disciplines shows that protowings evolved from thoracic side lobes, which probably originated from serial, articulated outer appendages (=exites) of the arthropodan leg. Exites were continuously active and functional and became preadapted for flapping movements. Flight developed as the pterygotes diversified. Basic wing structures are monophyletic. Flight adaptation was finished and differences in wings arose somewhat later, by various means and in parallel, in already diversified lineages of Pterygota.

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2

COLLI-SILVA, MATHEUS, and JOSÉ RUBENS PIRANI. "Notes on the circumscription of Pterygota (Malvaceae, Sterculioideae) with special reference to a Brazilian taxon with a misapplied name." Phytotaxa 415, no. 2 (2019): 113–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.415.2.3.

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Pending taxonomic problems regarding Pterygota Schott & Endl. are related to troublesome circumscription and historical-nomenclatural issues. For instance, Pterygota brasiliensis Allemão is cited as Basiloxylon brasiliensis (Allemão) K.Schum in some publications, e.g. the Catalog of Plants and Fungi of Brazil (Forzza et al. 2010) and the Checklist of Vascular Plants of the Americas (Ulloa-Ulloa et al. 2017). Conversely, it is referred as P. brasiliensis in other works, such as the checklist of species from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest (Dutra et al. 2015) and now in the Brazilian Flora 2020 Project (Ferreira-Júnior 2018). Here, we review and standardize taxonomical issues regarding Pterygota, something which has not been addressed since the end of the 1960s, focusing on the Brazilian species P. brasiliensis.

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3

Dorr, Laurence J. "Validation of Pterygota amazonica (Sterculiaceae)." TAXON 41, no. 1 (1992): 84–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1222495.

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4

Hasenfuss, Ivar. "The Evolutionary Pathway to Insect Flight - a Tentative Reconstruction." Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 66, no. 1 (2008): 19–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/asp.66.e31678.

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Abstract Studies on non-pterygotan Ectognatha revealed that the construction of the winged Pterygota is based on lepismatid organization and that the first steps of mastering the air were attained already in the common ancestor of Ectognatha by adaptations in the context of jumping which is still retained in Machilidae (Archaeognatha). In these, the terminalfilum and the ectognathan 3-segmented antenna permit attitude control of the body. The acquisition of the mandibular dicondyly led to climbing on vascular plants and exploitation of plant tips as food since the late Silurian. The problems of beginning sustained flight with flapping wings are discussed. A scenario with intermediate gliding and one without gliding are presented. The corresponding parts of the sclerites and muscles of the three subcoxal leg segments found in lepismatids are still recognizable in the pterygotan pterothorax. The wings are composed of the paranota and part of the most basal subcoxal leg segment. It is concluded that wing elongation was impossible without flexing the wings on the back already during early evolution and that the inability to flex the wings is secondary. Wing flexing nearly ab initio was possible by a mechanical switch between the states of flight and non-flight. This led to the neopterous construction of the wing base.

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5

Hasenfuss, Ivar. "The Evolutionary Pathway to Insect Flight - a Tentative Reconstruction." Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 66 (June 30, 2008): 19–35. https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.66.e31678.

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Abstract Studies on non-pterygotan Ectognatha revealed that the construction of the winged Pterygota is based on lepismatid organization and that the first steps of mastering the air were attained already in the common ancestor of Ectognatha by adaptations in the context of jumping which is still retained in Machilidae (Archaeognatha). In these, the terminalfilum and the ectognathan 3-segmented antenna permit attitude control of the body. The acquisition of the mandibular dicondyly led to climbing on vascular plants and exploitation of plant tips as food since the late Silurian. The problems of beginning sustained flight with flapping wings are discussed. A scenario with intermediate gliding and one without gliding are presented. The corresponding parts of the sclerites and muscles of the three subcoxal leg segments found in lepismatids are still recognizable in the pterygotan pterothorax. The wings are composed of the paranota and part of the most basal subcoxal leg segment. It is concluded that wing elongation was impossible without flexing the wings on the back already during early evolution and that the inability to flex the wings is secondary. Wing flexing nearly ab initio was possible by a mechanical switch between the states of flight and non-flight. This led to the neopterous construction of the wing base.

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6

Ahmed, Sheikh Sunzid, and M. Oliur Rahman. "Taxonomic Revision of the Subfamily Sterculioideae Beilschm. In Bangladesh." Bangladesh Journal of Plant Taxonomy 29, no. 2 (2022): 373–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v29i2.63535.

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The subfamily Sterculioideae Beilschm. of Malvaceae has been revised for Bangladesh which revealed 16 taxa belonging to five genera, such as Firmiana Marsili, Heritiera Ait., Pterygota Schott & Endl., Scaphium Schott & Endl. and Sterculia L. The genus Sterculia is unveiled with the highest number of taxa, whereas both Pterygota and Scaphium are represented with single taxon. Dichotomous bracketed keys to genera and species are constructed for easy identification. Each taxon is presented with an updated nomenclature, description of the taxa along with illustrations, specimens examined, phenology, notes on distribution and economical importance. In most cases, chromosome number has been provided. Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 29(2): 373-401, 2022 (December)

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7

Mitra, Sonia, and Debabrata Maity. "Structure and distribution of heteromorphic stomata in Pterygota alata (Roxb.) R. Br. (Malvaceae, formerly Sterculiaceae)." Adansonia 37, no. 1 (2015): 139–47. https://doi.org/10.5252/a2015n1a9.

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Mitra, Sonia, Maity, Debabrata (2015): Structure and distribution of heteromorphic stomata in Pterygota alata (Roxb.) R. Br. (Malvaceae, formerly Sterculiaceae). Adansonia 37 (1): 139-147, DOI: 10.5252/a2015n1a9

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8

Hörnschemeyer, Thomas, and Jana Willkommen. "The Contribution of Flight System Characters to the Reconstruction of the Phylogeny of the Pterygota." Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 65, no. 1 (2007): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/asp.65.e31664.

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The ability to fl y is an important factor for the evolutionary success of insects. Their fl ight apparatus contains numerous sclerites and muscles, which represent valuable characters for phylogenetic analysis. We present a summary of the current state of knowledge on autapomorphies of the fl ight system of high-level taxa of the Pterygota. To date, no formal phylogenetic analysis based on fl ight system characters with the exception of wing venation has been presented. Nevertheless, this review shows that the wing base and the fl ight muscles contain valuable characters that can help to resolve current open questions of phylogenetic relationships among the Pterygota. It also becomes apparent that there are still many taxa without comprehensive descriptions of the wing base morphology.

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9

Hörnschemeyer, Thomas, and Jana Willkommen. "The Contribution of Flight System Characters to the Reconstruction of the Phylogeny of the Pterygota." Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 65 (March 28, 2007): 15–23. https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.65.e31664.

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The ability to fl y is an important factor for the evolutionary success of insects. Their fl ight apparatus contains numerous sclerites and muscles, which represent valuable characters for phylogenetic analysis. We present a summary of the current state of knowledge on autapomorphies of the fl ight system of high-level taxa of the Pterygota. To date, no formal phylogenetic analysis based on fl ight system characters with the exception of wing venation has been presented. Nevertheless, this review shows that the wing base and the fl ight muscles contain valuable characters that can help to resolve current open questions of phylogenetic relationships among the Pterygota. It also becomes apparent that there are still many taxa without comprehensive descriptions of the wing base morphology.

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10

Oguntokun, Michael Ogunmola, Kingsley Nwaokobia, Ogheneochuko Ohwofadjeke, Esther Adeola Oguntokun, and Theresa Aina Samuel. "Nutrient and anti-nutrient components of Pterygota macrocarpa seed (k. schum.)." Pharmaceutical and Chemical Journal 9, no. 6 (2022): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13980640.

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Proximate analysis, mineral composition and some toxic substance of (Pterygota macrocarpa) seed flour were determined using standard methods. The dried samples contained, on average 10.81g/100g Crude Protein (CP), 74.73g/100g ether extract (EE), 7.58g/100g Crude Fibre (CF), 1.57g/100g Ash and 96.33g/100g Dry Matter (DM). Potassium, sodium, calcium and phosphorus were the most abundant minerals in the dry sample with mean value of 13.03, 25.88, 6.50, 26.06 and 475.96g/100g respectively, and very low in iron and manganese (1.22 and 1.61mg/100g respectively). Three toxic substances were determined: phytic acid was 156.8mg/100g, tannin 73.3mg/100g and Oxalate 5.45mg/100g. Conclusively; the Pterygota macrocarpa seed flour can therefore be useful in chemical industries for synthesis(production) of other chemicals and can also be a good ingredient for animal feed production.  

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11

Willmann, Rainer. "Thuringopteryx — eine „permische“ Eintagsfliege im Buntsandstein (Insecta, Pterygota)." Paläontologische Zeitschrift 82, no. 1 (2008): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02988435.

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12

Wardhani, Febrina Kusuma, Abdul Rahman Singkam, and Abas Abas. "Keanekaragaman Pterygota di Taman Sains Air Sempiang Bengkulu." Spizaetus: Jurnal Biologi dan Pendidikan Biologi 5, no. 1 (2024): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.55241/spibio.v5i1.327.

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13

Brauckmann, Carsten, and Jörg Schneider. "A Lower Carboniferous insect from the Bitterfeld/Delitzsch area (Pterygota, Arnsbergian, Germany)." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Monatshefte 1996, no. 1 (1996): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpm/1996/1996/17.

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14

Klug, Rebecca, and Klaus Klass. "The potential value of the mid-abdominal musculature and nervous system in the reconstruction of interordinal relationships in Lower Neoptera." Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 65, no. 1 (2007): 73–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/asp.65.e31666.

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The mid-abdominal musculature and its innervation are compared for several lower neopteran “orders”; data on Embioptera and Mantophasmatodea are presented for the fi rst time. For the sclerotisations, the musculature, and the nervous system of the mid-abdomen general descriptions are given, and general aspects of homologisation in these elements are explained; for the lateral muscles the distinction of three groups innervated by the T-, B-, or C-nerves is confi rmed. Differences in the musculature and nervous system of the lower neopteran lineages are discussed and evaluated with regard to their phylogenetic implications. Conditions in Ephemeroptera, Megaloptera, and Zygentoma are partly included in the discussion. Several characters were found to be informative on interordinal relationships. Plecoptera have features probably plesiomorphic at the neopteran level: the origin of nerve A in front of the ganglion and the innervation of intrasegmental lateral muscles by nerve A; this may support the monophyly of a taxon comprising all other Neoptera. The hyperneural muscle found in many Dictyoptera also appears as a uniquely plesiomorphic structure (at the pterygotan level). The co-occurrence of two specifi c lateral muscles supplied by nerve B as well as certain subdivisions in the lateral muscles may support a clade Phasmatodea + Embioptera. We also point to character systems that appear informative on the internal phylogeny of order-level taxa, such as the relationships between nerves T and M in Plecoptera, the ventral musculature in Ensifera, the dorsal musculature in Dermaptera, and details of the hyperneural muscle in Dictyoptera. Besides the very low number of taxa studied so far, major problems still persistent in the use of mid-abdominal characters for phylogenetic work are (1) the insuffi cient knowledge on topographic homologies for the lateral cuticular areas of the mid-abdomen; (2) lacking knowledge on the neuronal structural level of the mid-abdominal nervous system; (3) diffi culties in the homologisation of muscles and nerves between Pterygota and the apterygote Archaeognatha and Zygentoma, which are partly due to the presence of a system of non-cuticular tendons in the latter and limit outgroup comparison for Pterygota.

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15

Klug, Rebecca, and Klaus Klass. "The potential value of the mid-abdominal musculature and nervous system in the reconstruction of interordinal relationships in Lower Neoptera." Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 65 (March 28, 2007): 73–100. https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.65.e31666.

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The mid-abdominal musculature and its innervation are compared for several lower neopteran "orders"; data on Embioptera and Mantophasmatodea are presented for the fi rst time. For the sclerotisations, the musculature, and the nervous system of the mid-abdomen general descriptions are given, and general aspects of homologisation in these elements are explained; for the lateral muscles the distinction of three groups innervated by the T-, B-, or C-nerves is confi rmed. Differences in the musculature and nervous system of the lower neopteran lineages are discussed and evaluated with regard to their phylogenetic implications. Conditions in Ephemeroptera, Megaloptera, and Zygentoma are partly included in the discussion. Several characters were found to be informative on interordinal relationships. Plecoptera have features probably plesiomorphic at the neopteran level: the origin of nerve A in front of the ganglion and the innervation of intrasegmental lateral muscles by nerve A; this may support the monophyly of a taxon comprising all other Neoptera. The hyperneural muscle found in many Dictyoptera also appears as a uniquely plesiomorphic structure (at the pterygotan level). The co-occurrence of two specifi c lateral muscles supplied by nerve B as well as certain subdivisions in the lateral muscles may support a clade Phasmatodea + Embioptera. We also point to character systems that appear informative on the internal phylogeny of order-level taxa, such as the relationships between nerves T and M in Plecoptera, the ventral musculature in Ensifera, the dorsal musculature in Dermaptera, and details of the hyperneural muscle in Dictyoptera. Besides the very low number of taxa studied so far, major problems still persistent in the use of mid-abdominal characters for phylogenetic work are (1) the insuffi cient knowledge on topographic homologies for the lateral cuticular areas of the mid-abdomen; (2) lacking knowledge on the neuronal structural level of the mid-abdominal nervous system; (3) diffi culties in the homologisation of muscles and nerves between Pterygota and the apterygote Archaeognatha and Zygentoma, which are partly due to the presence of a system of non-cuticular tendons in the latter and limit outgroup comparison for Pterygota.

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16

Lawal, Amadu. "Development of ten species-specific primers for sustainable management of <i>Pterygota macrocarpa</i> K.Schum in Nigeria using MatK and RuBisCo genes." Sustainable Forestry 7, no. 2 (2024): 10776. https://doi.org/10.24294/sf10776.

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In Nigeria, deforestation has led to an unimaginable loss of genetic variation within tree populations. Regrettably, little is known about the genetic variation of many important indigenous timber species in Nigeria. More so, the specific tools to evaluate the genetic diversity of these timber species are scarce. Therefore, this study developed species-specific markers for Pterygota macrocarpa using state-of-the-art equipment. Leaf samples were collected from Akure Forest Reserve, Ondo State, Nigeria. DNA isolation, quantification, PCR amplification, gel electrophoresis, post-PCR purification, and sequencing were done following a standardized protocol. The melting temperatures (TM) of the DNA fragments range from 57.5 ℃to 60.1 ℃ for primers developed from the MatK gene and 58.7 ℃ to 60.5 ℃ for primers developed from the RuBisCo gene. The characteristics of the ten primers developed are within the range appropriate for genetic diversity assessment. These species-specific primers are therefore recommended for population evaluation of Pterygota macrocarpa in Nigeria.

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17

Raymond, Kouame Adou Pangny, Groga Noël, and Kouadio Kan Alain Oscar. "Trial on the Production and Use of Compost Made from Pterygota bequaertii Crushed Material and Terminalia ivorensis a Chev Crushed Material for the Production of Gmelina arborea Seedlings : A Study from Daloa, Central Western Côte d'Ivoire." Journal of Experimental Agriculture International 46, no. 11 (2024): 431–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i113065.

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The over-exploitation of natural resources in the semi-deciduous forests of the Côte d'Ivoire forest zone has led to the degradation of the vegetation cover. This has reduced the ecological continuity of the semi-deciduous forest biomes in the forest zone. To restore these ecosystems, plantations of agroforestry species are recommended. However, nursery production of these types of trees using seed or vegetative propagation techniques faces a number of problems, such as the use of substrates with unfavourable physico-chemical properties and often contaminated with pathogens. This article presents the results of a trial conducted at the UJLOG experimental plot in Daloa to produce and evaluate the agronomic characteristics of compost made from Pterygota bequaertii and Terminalia Ivorensis A Chev for the production of Gmelina arborea seedlings. To this end, after the compost was made, four compost-based substrates and a forest humus-based control were prepared, characterised from a physical and chemical point of view and tested in the nursery. Seedling growth and root regeneration capacity measured in the nursery, as well as recovery after planting, were the parameters used to judge the quality of the seedlings and the effect of the compost. The results show that pterygota bequaertii and Terminalia Ivorensis A Chev have good composting properties, and their compost can be easily produced with or without a stimulator. The behaviour of the plants in the five substrates also showed that significant qualitative improvements were recorded in the plants reared in the compost-based substrates compared with the control plants. The results obtained show that the constituent elements of the substrates (droppings, bursa, carbonised sawdust) combined with pterygota bequaertii grindings and Terminalia Ivorensis A Chev grindings, depending on how they are prepared, have a significant effect on the physico-chemical parameters recorded (pH, total porosity, aeration and retention porosity, electrical conductivity, nitrogen, phosphorus, etc.); electrical conductivity, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium), and consequently, on germination (germination percentage) and vegetative behaviour (height, diameter, number of leaves and robustness ratio), as well as a better root regeneration capacity and a better recovery of the Gmelina arborea plants in the field compared with the control plants (forest compost). It is therefore possible to improve the quality of Gmelina arborea seedlings by using pterygota bequaertii compost and Terminalia Ivorensis A Chev as a growing medium instead of forest compost.

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18

Wang, Shiwen, Yanjie Shang, Lipin Ren, Li Yang, and Yadong Guo. "The complete mitochondrial genome of Sarcophaga pterygota (Diptera: Sarcophagidae)." Mitochondrial DNA Part B 4, no. 2 (2019): 2890–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23802359.2019.1660272.

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19

Hasenfuss, I. "The adhesive devices in larvae of Lepidoptera (Insecta, Pterygota)." Zoomorphology 119, no. 3 (1999): 143–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004350050088.

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20

Klass, Klaus-Dieter. "The Female Abdomen of Ovipositor-bearing Odonata (Insecta: Pterygota)." Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 66, no. 1 (2008): 45–142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/asp.66.e31681.

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The exoskeleton and musculature of the middle and posterior abdomen in female Calopteryx virgo are described (segmentsIVff), including parts of the midabdominal nervous system. Based on a sample of 16 species of Odonata with a plesiomor-phic morphology of the ovipositor (various Zygoptera, Epiophlebia, and Aeshnidae) the range of variation in the abdominalexoskeleton is documented, and a preliminary list and table of 79 characters are assembled. Abdominal muscles in Odonataare surveyed based on data from the literature. Topographic homologies between Odonata and other Insecta are discussed,with a focus on the female genitalic region and the terminal abdomen, and with consideration of previous ontogenetic stud-ies. The results are used for including outgroup scorings into the character list for Odonata. Odonata conform with manyNeoptera (e.g., Notoptera, pygidicranid Dermaptera) in the location of the female genital opening between or behind the gonapophyses VIII bases, contrasting with the VIIth-segmental openings in other Neoptera (e.g., Dictyoptera, Ensifera, ‘advanced’ Dermaptera), Archaeognatha, and Zygentoma. The gonangulum in most Odonata consists, like in Archaeognatha and some Dermaptera, of two separate sclerites; this contrasts with the one-piece condition of the gonangulum in other Dicondylia and Epiophlebia. The interpretation of terminal appendages in Odonata as the true cerci is supported by musculature data, and it is shown that previous counter-arguments are invalid. While Epiophlebia is in many characters highly peculiar among Odonata, the abdominal characters provide no resolution for the relationships between Epiophlebia, Zygoptera, and Anisoptera. The monophyly of Zygoptera receives considerable support.

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21

Klass, Klaus-Dieter. "The Female Abdomen of Ovipositor-bearing Odonata (Insecta: Pterygota)." Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 66 (June 30, 2008): 45–142. https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.66.e31681.

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The exoskeleton and musculature of the middle and posterior abdomen in female Calopteryx virgo are described (segmentsIVff), including parts of the midabdominal nervous system. Based on a sample of 16 species of Odonata with a plesiomor-phic morphology of the ovipositor (various Zygoptera, Epiophlebia, and Aeshnidae) the range of variation in the abdominalexoskeleton is documented, and a preliminary list and table of 79 characters are assembled. Abdominal muscles in Odonataare surveyed based on data from the literature. Topographic homologies between Odonata and other Insecta are discussed,with a focus on the female genitalic region and the terminal abdomen, and with consideration of previous ontogenetic stud-ies. The results are used for including outgroup scorings into the character list for Odonata. Odonata conform with manyNeoptera (e.g., Notoptera, pygidicranid Dermaptera) in the location of the female genital opening between or behind the gonapophyses VIII bases, contrasting with the VIIth-segmental openings in other Neoptera (e.g., Dictyoptera, Ensifera, 'advanced' Dermaptera), Archaeognatha, and Zygentoma. The gonangulum in most Odonata consists, like in Archaeognatha and some Dermaptera, of two separate sclerites; this contrasts with the one-piece condition of the gonangulum in other Dicondylia and Epiophlebia. The interpretation of terminal appendages in Odonata as the true cerci is supported by musculature data, and it is shown that previous counter-arguments are invalid. While Epiophlebia is in many characters highly peculiar among Odonata, the abdominal characters provide no resolution for the relationships between Epiophlebia, Zygoptera, and Anisoptera. The monophyly of Zygoptera receives considerable support.

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22

Seino, Mitsuhiro, and Yoshitaka Kakazu. "Dynamic Pattern Formation for Wings of Pterygota in an Eclosion." Progress of Theoretical Physics Supplement 138 (2000): 600–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/ptps.138.600.

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23

Yaseen, Ahmed E., F. M. Mostafa, and I. S. Kawashti. "Karyological Studies on Five Egyptian Species of Dictyoptera (Pterygota: Insecta)." CYTOLOGIA 61, no. 3 (1996): 285–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1508/cytologia.61.285.

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24

McCoy, Victoria E., James C. Lamsdell, Markus Poschmann, Ross P. Anderson, and Derek E. G. Briggs. "All the better to see you with: eyes and claws reveal the evolution of divergent ecological roles in giant pterygotid eurypterids." Biology Letters 11, no. 8 (2015): 20150564. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.0564.

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Pterygotid eurypterids have traditionally been interpreted as active, high-level, visual predators; however, recent studies of the visual system and cheliceral morphology of the pterygotid Acutiramus contradict this interpretation. Here, we report similar analyses of the pterygotids Erettopterus, Jaekelopterus and Pterygotus , and the pterygotid sister taxon Slimonia . Representative species of all these genera have more acute vision than A. cummingsi . The visual systems of Jaekelopterus rhenaniae and Pterygotus anglicus are comparable to that of modern predatory arthropods. All species of Jaekelopterus and Pterygotus have robust crushing chelicerae, morphologically distinct from the weaker slicing chelicerae of Acutiramus . Vision in Erettopterus osiliensis and Slimonia acuminata is more acute than in Acutiramus cummingsi , but not to the same degree as in modern active predators, and the morphology of the chelicerae in these genera suggests a grasping function. The pterygotids evolved with a shift in ecology from generalized feeder to specialized predator. Pterygotid eurypterids share a characteristic morphology but, although some were top predators, their ecology differs radically between genera.

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25

Mehrotra, Arushi. "Corynespora leaf spot, a new disease of Pterygota alata and its management." Indian Journal of Forestry 24, no. 2 (2001): 237–38. https://doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2001-20vt0a.

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A new leaf spot disease of Pterygota alata (Roxb.) R. Br. Caused by Corynespora cassiicola (Berk. & Curt.) Wei was recorded from forest nurseries and a young planted stand at Lacchiwala and Satyanarayan in and around Dehra dun. About 15-40% of the leaf area was damaged by the pathogen. The disease may be controlled by foliar application of a mixture of Dithane M-45 (0.2%) and Bavistin (0.1%).

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26

Möckel, Lars, Karen Meusemann, Bernhard Misof, et al. "Phylogenetic Revision and Patterns of Host Specificity in the Fungal Subphylum Entomophthoromycotina." Microorganisms 10, no. 2 (2022): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10020256.

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The Entomophthoromycotina, a subphylum close to the root of terrestrial fungi with a bias toward insects as their primary hosts, has been notoriously difficult to categorize taxonomically for decades. Here, we reassess the phylogeny of this group based on conserved genes encoding ribosomal RNA and RNA polymerase II subunits, confirming their general monophyly, but challenging previously assumed taxonomic relationships within and between particular clades. Furthermore, for the prominent, partially human-pathogenic taxon Conidiobolus, a new type species C. coronatus is proposed in order to compensate for the unclear, presumably lost previous type species C. utriculosus Brefeld 1884. We also performed an exhaustive survey of the broad host spectrum of the Entomophthoromycotina, which is not restricted to insects alone, and investigated potential patterns of co-evolution across their megadiverse host range. Our results suggest multiple independent origins of parasitism within this subphylum and no apparent co-evolutionary events with any particular host lineage. However, Pterygota (i.e., winged insects) clearly constitute the most dominantly parasitized superordinate host group. This appears to be in accordance with an increased dispersal capacity mediated by the radiation of the Pterygota during insect evolution, which has likely greatly facilitated the spread, infection opportunities, and evolutionary divergence of the Entomophthoromycotina as well.

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Belles, Xavier. "The innovation of the final moult and the origin of insect metamorphosis." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1783 (2019): 20180415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0415.

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The three modes of insect postembryonic development are ametaboly, hemimetaboly and holometaboly, the latter being considered the only significant metamorphosis mode. However, the emergence of hemimetaboly, with the genuine innovation of the final moult, represents the origin of insect metamorphosis and a necessary step in the evolution of holometaboly. Hemimetaboly derives from ametaboly and might have appeared as a consequence of wing emergence in Pterygota, in the early Devonian. In extant insects, the final moult is mainly achieved through the degeneration of the prothoracic gland (PG), after the formation of the winged and reproductively competent adult stage. Metamorphosis, including the formation of the mature wings and the degeneration of the PG, is regulated by the MEKRE93 pathway, through which juvenile hormone precludes the adult morphogenesis by repressing the expression of transcription factor E93, which triggers this change. The MEKRE93 pathway appears conserved in extant metamorphosing insects, which suggest that this pathway was operative in the Pterygota last common ancestor. We propose that the final moult, and the consequent hemimetabolan metamorphosis, is a monophyletic innovation and that the role of E93 as a promoter of wing formation and the degeneration of the PG was mechanistically crucial for their emergence. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The evolution of complete metamorphosis’.

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28

Hasenfuss, I. "Precursor structures and evolution of tympanal organs in Lepidoptera (Insecta, Pterygota)." Zoomorphology 117, no. 3 (1997): 155–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004350050040.

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Hasenfuss, Ivar. "Precursor structures and evolution of tympanal organs in Lepidoptera (Insecta, Pterygota)." Zoomorphology 117, no. 4 (1998): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004350050050.

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30

Chukwuma, Emmanuel Chukwudi, Luke Temitope Soyewo, Tolulope Fisayo Okanlawon, and Omokafe Alaba Ugbogu. "Foliar and petiole anatomy of Pterygota (Sterculioideae; Malvaceae) species and their distribution in Nigeria." Anales de Biología, no. 39 (June 22, 2017): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesbio.39.12.

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Se estudió la anatomía foliar y del peciolo de especies de Pterygota de Nigeria, proveyendo información sobre su distribución en el área. Principalmente están distribuidas por el sur de Nigeria, especialmente en zonas más húmedas. Los microcaracteres foliares muestran que las especies son hiposteomátcas y generalmente paracíticas, más abundantes en P. berquaertii, con un promedio de 115/mm2, que en P. macrocarpa, con 59/mm². Las células epidérmicas son irregulares, rectangulares y poligonales. El peciolo esférico con epidermis uniseriada; la distribución celular varia desde solitarias a radiales múltiples. Este estudio ha proporcionado importante información sobre las especies indígenas. Son necesarios estudios posteriores para comprender grado y tiempo de evolución independiente de las especies en Nigeria. Leaf and petiole anatomy of Pterygota species in Nigeria were studied and their distribution within the area is also reported, following outlined standard protocols. They are chiefly distributed in Southern Nigeria especially in wetter areas. Foliar micro-characters showed that the species are hypostomatic and generally paracytic, more abundant in P. berquaertii, with an average of 115/mm2, than in P. macrocarpa, where it is 59/mm2. Epidermal cells are irregular, rectangular and polygonal. Petiole spherical with uniseriate epidermis; cell distribution ranging from solitary to radial multiples. This study has provided valuable information about these indigenous species. Further systematic studies are vital to understand the number and timing of independent evolution of the species into Nigeria.

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31

Singh, Sudhir. "A new species of Paraphaenodiscus Girault (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) from India parasitizing Coccus sp. (Hemiptera: Coccidae)." Journal of Insect Biodiversity 4, no. 4 (2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.12976/jib/2016.4.4.

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A new species, Paraphaenodiscus udayveeri Singh sp. nov., has been described and illustrated with automontaged photographs of both male and female. Species parasitized scale insects on the leaves of Pterygota alata which were weaved into nest of red weaver ant, Oecophylla smaragdina (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Species is compared with P. chrysocomae Prinsloo and P. pedanus Prinsloo & Mynhardt. Key to world species of Paraphaenodiscus except European species is also given. Types are deposited with National Forest Insect Collection, Entomology Division, Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun, India (NFIC-FRI).

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32

TRUEMAN, JOHN W. H. "A brief history of the classification and nomenclature of Odonata*." Zootaxa 1668, no. 1 (2007): 381–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1668.1.20.

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The classification of insect order Odonata is traced from Linnaeus’ Systema Naturae, through 19th and 20th century morphology-based taxonomies, to molecular phylogenies published before November, 2007. Past and present nomenclatural difficulties are reviewed and the current situation in regard to rival taxonomies is outlined. Ordinal classifications based on morphological data continue to suffer from intractable uncertainty concerning wing vein homologies between Odonata and other Pterygota, but molecular analyses may soon show where the phylogenetic tree of Odonata should be rooted. The natural classification will become much clearer once this has been achieved.

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33

Lin, Lijing, Zhijun Song, and Hanhong Xu. "A new phenylpropanoid galactoside and other constituents from Pterygota alata (Roxb.) R. Brown." Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 38, no. 6 (2010): 1238–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2010.12.006.

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34

Couteyen, Samuel, and Michel Papazian. "Catalogue et affinités géographiques des Odonata des îles voisines de Madagascar (Insecta: Pterygota)." Annales de la Société entomologique de France (N.S.) 48, no. 1-2 (2012): 199–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00379271.2012.10697764.

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35

., K. Adouby, L. C. Koffi Akissi ., N. Eboua Wandan ., and B. Yao . "Removal of Heavy Metal Ions (Pb2+, Cu2+) in Aqueous Solutions by Pterygota macrocarpa Sawdust." Journal of Applied Sciences 7, no. 14 (2007): 1864–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jas.2007.1864.1872.

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36

Fleitas, Pedro E., Ximena G. Acosta, Paola A. Vargas, et al. "Diptera (Insecta: Pterygota) larvae as predators of Strongyloides stercoralis causing false negative stool cultures." IDCases 27 (2022): e01387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.idcr.2022.e01387.

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37

Willkommen, Jana. "The tergal and pleural wing base sclerites – homologous within the basal branches of Pterygota?" Aquatic Insects 31, sup1 (2009): 443–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650420902812131.

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38

Haas, Fabian. "Evidence from folding and functional lines of wings on inter-ordinal relationships in Pterygota." Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 64, no. 2 (2006): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/asp.64.e31653.

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Insects fold their hind wings because of quite simple reasons. With fl exed and folded wings, it is easier to hide, to use small crevices and shelters against the impact of weather, e.g. wind and rain, and to escape predators, to name just a few reasons. The fi tness advantage is so great that wing folding convergently evolved in many separate insect ʻordersʼ (Heteroptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera amongst others), using superfi cially different mechanisms. The Dermaptera, Blattodea and Coleoptera were examined in more detail. Included in the comparative study were other, technical and ornamental folded structures such as Origami models. The comparison showed despite very many differences some common features: almost all fold structures consist of Basic Mechanisms, an arrangement of four plates and four folding lines intersecting in one point. In hind wings, resilin is ample; energy is needed to unfold and/or fold the wings and prevents wear at critical locations in the wing. Often the folding lines in the wing are not morphologically differentiated (at least at LM and SEM level), but some specialised structures, typical for taxonomic families and orders do occur. The actual mechanics used in folding and unfolding, respectively, are fundamentally different: Coleoptera use their thoracic muscle to unfold the wing, but the elytra and the abdomen to fold it again. In Dermaptera, the wing is unfolded with the cerci, and folded with intrinsic elasticity stored in the many, strategically placed resilin patches. In Blattodea the wing unfolding is a simple by-product of wing promotion. Technical folded structure such as airplanesʼ wings are comparatively simple, and take advantage of the option to have additional tools & mechanisms for (un-)folding, as well interrupting the structural integrity for a short period of time. So they become unfunctional for a spell, which is no option for biological structures.

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39

Haas, Fabian. "Evidence from folding and functional lines of wings on inter-ordinal relationships in Pterygota." Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 64 (December 1, 2006): 149–58. https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.64.e31653.

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Insects fold their hind wings because of quite simple reasons. With fl exed and folded wings, it is easier to hide, to use small crevices and shelters against the impact of weather, e.g. wind and rain, and to escape predators, to name just a few reasons. The fi tness advantage is so great that wing folding convergently evolved in many separate insect ʻordersʼ (Heteroptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera amongst others), using superfi cially different mechanisms. The Dermaptera, Blattodea and Coleoptera were examined in more detail. Included in the comparative study were other, technical and ornamental folded structures such as Origami models. The comparison showed despite very many differences some common features: almost all fold structures consist of Basic Mechanisms, an arrangement of four plates and four folding lines intersecting in one point. In hind wings, resilin is ample; energy is needed to unfold and/or fold the wings and prevents wear at critical locations in the wing. Often the folding lines in the wing are not morphologically differentiated (at least at LM and SEM level), but some specialised structures, typical for taxonomic families and orders do occur. The actual mechanics used in folding and unfolding, respectively, are fundamentally different: Coleoptera use their thoracic muscle to unfold the wing, but the elytra and the abdomen to fold it again. In Dermaptera, the wing is unfolded with the cerci, and folded with intrinsic elasticity stored in the many, strategically placed resilin patches. In Blattodea the wing unfolding is a simple by-product of wing promotion. Technical folded structure such as airplanesʼ wings are comparatively simple, and take advantage of the option to have additional tools & mechanisms for (un-)folding, as well interrupting the structural integrity for a short period of time. So they become unfunctional for a spell, which is no option for biological structures.

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40

Lamsdell, James C., and David A. Legg. "An isolated pterygotid ramus (Chelicerata: Eurypterida) from the Devonian Beartooth Butte Formation, Wyoming." Journal of Paleontology 84, no. 6 (2010): 1206–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/10-040.1.

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An isolated ramus of the pterygotid eurypterid Jaekelopterus cf. howelli from the Early Devonian (Pragian) Beartooth Butte Formation (Cottonwood Canyon, north-western Wyoming) is described. Pterygotid taxonomy and synonymy is briefly discussed with the genera Pterygotus, Acutiramus and Jaekelopterus shown to be potential synonyms. The use of cheliceral denticulation patterns as a generic-level character is discouraged in light of variations within genera and its unsuitability as a major characteristic in the other eurypterid families.

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41

SHCHERBAKOV, DMITRY E. "The alleged Triassic palaeodictyopteran is a member of Titanoptera." Zootaxa 3044, no. 1 (2011): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3044.1.4.

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A sensational find of Palaeodictyoptera in the Mesozoic was recently reported from the Middle–Late Triassic of Central Asia (Ladinian–Carnian, Madygen Formation). The single, somewhat damaged wing described as Liquia reliquia was compared to nearly all possible groups of Pterygota and concluded to be an aberrant palaeodictyopteran with a concave MA (Béthoux et al. 2010). The venation of Liquia was interpreted correctly, but its taxonomic placement cannot be considered valid. Upon closer examination, the fossil immediately reveals its titanopteran affinities, resulting in the following synonymy: Paratitan Sharov, 1968 = Liquia Bethoux et al., 2010, syn. nov. (Titanoptera Paratitanidae); Paratitan reliquia (Bethoux et al., 2010), comb. nov. So far as known, no palaeodictyopteroids survived into the Mesozoic.

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42

E. Omran, Maha, Azza A. Shafei, and Sally E. Abdel-Rahman. "Chemical constituents, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Pterygota alata (Roxb.) leaves extracts grown in Egypt." Novel Research in Microbiology Journal 3, no. 3 (2019): 366–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/nrmj.2019.37210.

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43

Cai, Yin-Yin, Ya-Jie Gao, Le-Ping Zhang, Dan-Na Yu, Kenneth B. Storey, and Jia-Yong Zhang. "The mitochondrial genome of Caenis sp. (Ephemeroptera: Caenidae) and the phylogeny of Ephemeroptera in Pterygota." Mitochondrial DNA Part B 3, no. 2 (2018): 577–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23802359.2018.1467239.

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44

Loureiro, João P., Pedro Correia, André Nel, and Ary Pinto de Jesus. "Lusitaneura covensisn. gen., n. sp., first Caloneurodea from the Carboniferous of Portugal (Insecta: Pterygota: Panorthoptera)." Annales de la Société entomologique de France (N.S.) 46, no. 1-2 (2010): 242–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00379271.2010.10697664.

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45

Jahan, Nusrat, Mst Shahnaj Parvin, Nandita Das, Mohammad Saiful Islam, and Md Ekramul Islam. "Studies on the antioxidant activity of ethanol extract and its fractions from Pterygota alata leaves." Journal of Acute Medicine 4, no. 3 (2014): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacme.2014.05.001.

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46

Kukalová-Peck, Jarmila, and Carsten Brauckmann. "Wing folding in pterygote insects, and the oldest Diaphanopterodea from the early Late Carboniferous of West Germany." Canadian Journal of Zoology 68, no. 6 (1990): 1104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z90-163.

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The most primitive known wing articulation and wing folding in the Pterygota occurs in the extinct Palaeoptera the Diaphanopterodea. The oldest Diaphanopterodea Namurodiapha sippelorum n.gen., n.sp. (Namurodiaphidae n.fam.) is described from the early Late Carboniferous (Namurian B) of Hagen-Vorhalle, Ruhr area, West Germany. Unlike other Palaeoptera, the Diaphanopterodea show similar apomorphic venational features and parallel evolutionary trends in wing evolution, as in the unrelated Neoptera. This is explained (i) by convergence caused by the wing folding present in both Neoptera and Diaphanopterodea but absent in the rest of the Palaeoptera, and (ii) by a progressive diminution in size which affected the diaphanopterid and neopterous wing venation in a similar way. The wing articulation and the evolution of wing folding in the earliest known Palaeoptera and Neoptera are examined.

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47

Jahan, N., M. S. Parvin, A. Khan, N. Das, M. S. Islam, and M. E. Islam. "Evaluation of Free Radical Scavenging and Polyphenolic Contents of Bark of Pterygota alata Roxb." Journal of Scientific Research 6, no. 3 (2014): 543–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v6i3.17586.

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Pterygota alata is a large deciduous tree of Malvaceae family. The present study was designed to evaluate in vitro antioxidant activity of stem bark of the plant. Ferric reducing power (FRP) test, 1, 1- diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging test and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) assay were used to detect the antioxidant activity. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were also determined as they are well known phytochemicals with antioxidant property. The bark of the plant showed efficient reducing power as well as free radical scavenging property (IC50 values 52.25 - 172.05). The bark also found rich in total phenolic and flavonoid content. The highest amount of total phenolic content was found in chloroform soluble fraction (29.898 µg/mL) followed by ethyl acetate soluble fraction (15.88 µg/mL). The highest content of total flavonoid also detected in chloroform soluble fraction (107.56 µg/mL) but followed by crude ethanol extract (98.66 µg/mL). Overall, the bark of the plant possesses significant antioxidant activity, therefore can be used as a good natural source of antioxidant. © 2014 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v6i3.17586 J. Sci. Res. 6 (3), 543-552 (2014)

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48

Yoshizawa, Kazunori, and Tomoya Ninomiya. "Homology of the wing base sclerites in Ephemeroptera (Insecta: Pterygota) – A reply to Willkommen and Hörnschemeyer." Arthropod Structure & Development 36, no. 3 (2007): 277–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2007.05.004.

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49

Prokop, Jakub, Jacek Szwedo, Jean Lapeyrie, Romain Garrouste, and André Nel. "New Middle Permian insects from Salagou Formation of the Lodève Basin in southern France (Insecta: Pterygota)." Annales de la Société entomologique de France (N.S.) 51, no. 1 (2015): 14–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00379271.2015.1054645.

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50

Li, Dan, Jia-Chang Qin, and Chang-Fa Zhou. "The phylogeny of Ephemeroptera in Pterygota revealed by the mitochondrial genome of Siphluriscus chinensis (Hexapoda: Insecta)." Gene 545, no. 1 (2014): 132–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2014.04.059.

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