Academic literature on the topic 'PUBLIC ACTIONS INSTRUMENTS'

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Silvana Maria Zioni<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Planejamento e Gestão do Território, 2016.<br>Com objetivo de contribuir com as explicações que tratam do estágio das condições de mobilidade urbana de São Paulo, esta pesquisa teve como objeto um instrumento de ação pública da política de mobilidade urbana da Prefeitura de São Paulo: o Polo Gerador de Tráfego (PGT). Os achados permitem argumentar que os mecanismos presentes no instrumento, com filiação na abordagem tradicional da engenharia de transportes, reforçam e incentivam o uso do automóvel como padrão normativo de deslocamento ao promover a construção de vagas de estacionamento e solicitar medidas que visam dar fluidez ao trânsito, indo de encontro aos objetivos declarados do instrumento. Tais mecanismos, contudo, são encontrados em outras searas da política urbana de São Paulo, como nos requisitos mínimos de garagem presentes na legislação urbanística de uso e ocupação do solo, indicando que as ideias e os legados que se estruturam a partir da chegada do automóvel na cidade tiveram repercussões para além das burocracias que cuidam do trânsito (CET) e do transporte (SPTrans). Tais evidências foram, então, abordadas a partir das ideias por trás da ação estatal para acomodar o carro na cidade a transição operada no conceito de mobilidade ¿, revela a dimensão da política de mobilidade voltada para o automóvel. Em seguida, a trajetória da política é refeita a partir dos planos urbanísticos e de transportes que marcaram a história da política de mobilidade de São Paulo, buscando revelar a política do automóvel que subjaz às decisões e não decisões das burocracias e atores políticos à frente do Estado e de seus legados. O PGT é, nesse sentido, devidamente contextualizado no arco de mudanças e permanências da política de mobilidade e seu papel é objeto de reflexão a partir da análise das normas que o regulamentam, seus mecanismos de funcionamento e sua aplicação.<br>In order to contribute to the explanations that deal with the stage of urban mobility conditions of São Paulo, the research came from an analysis of a public action instrument of São Paulo municipality urban mobility policy - the Polo Traffic Generator (PGT). The findings can argue that the mechanisms present in the instrument, with membership in the traditional approach to transportation engineering, reinforce and encourage the use of the automobile as a normative standard to offset once it promotes the construction of parking spaces and require measures to improve transit fluidity, opposing to the declared objectives of the instrument. Such mechanisms, however, are found in other fields of urban policy in São Paulo, as the minimum requirements garage present in the urban legislation of land use and occupation, which indicates that the ideas and legacy structured from the car arrival in the city had repercussions beyond the bureaucracies that take care of the traffic (CET) and transport (SPTrans). Such evidence, then, were approached from the ideas behind the state action to fit the car in the city - the transition in mobility concept reveals the dimension of the mobility policy for the automobile. Then the trajectory of the policy is resumed from urban plans and transportation that have marked the history of mobility policy in São Paulo, seeking to reveal the auto policy that underlies the decisions and non-decisions of bureaucracies and political actors ahead of State and his legacy. The PGT is then properly contextualized in the arc of change and continuities of mobility policy and its role is the object of reflection from a careful analysis of the rules that regulate, its operating mechanisms and the instrument application.

Dans ce travail, l’impact des accords d’EMIR et d’autres directives internationales (Principles for Financial Market Infrastructures, Key Attributes of Effective Resolution Regimes for Financial Institutions) sur la résilience des marchés financiers est étudié en termes de risque de contrepartie et de risque systémique. Plus particulièrement, le travail se focalise sur la résilience des Chambres de Compensation (CCPs), qui sont au cœur de la nouvelle architecture du système financier. Dans le cadre du mouvement réglementaire des produits dérivées vers les CCPs, le risque de contrepartie a ainsi été transféré des marchés bilatéraux aux CCPs. Il est donc aujourd’hui primordial d’évaluer les risques systémiques relatifs à cette transformation de la structure des marchés financiers. Après avoir décrit le fonctionnement des CCPs et leur cadre réglementaire, le rôle du marché européen des pensions livrées compensées comme canal d’amplification du risque systémique est analysé. Les pensions livrées sont des instruments financiers de refinancement des banques, représentant une part croissante de la liquidité des institutions financières en Europe. Un nouvel ensemble de données sur les taux de décote appliqués aux obligations d’état par les CCPs est présenté. Son analyse montre que les taux de décote sur les obligations d’État des pays périphériques ont considérablement augmenté en réaction à la hausse du risque souverain. Enfin, la procyclicité des taux de décote et la concentration des transactions sécurisées indiquent que le marché de la pension livrée pourrait être une source de risque systémique dans la zone Euro. La deuxième partie s’intéresse à la résilience financière des CCPs et de leurs membres. Comme la résilience de long terme d’une CCP dépend de la solidité de sa base de membres, la capacité de paiement des bases de membres en vertu des scénarios normaux et stressés est évaluée. Pour se protéger contre le défaut de leurs participants, les chambres de compensation ont mis au point plusieurs procédures de gestion des risques : des marges, des fonds de garantie mutuels (default fund), et des outils de récupération (remplissage des fonds de garantie mutuels, prélèvement d’une fraction des gains de marges, ). Les ressources préfinancées, les outils de récupération, et les pouvoirs d’évaluation (assessment powers) des plus importantes CCPs européennes et américaines sont étudiés afin d’évaluer l’exposition possible de leurs membres. Des règles de répartition des pertes et l’impact des nouveaux régimes de résolution sur la liquidité contingente sont aussi considérés. Il ressort de cette analyse que, sous un scénario stressé (couverture 2), la qualité de la base des membres s’érode considérablement, compromettant la capacité des membres à fournir des liquidités contingentes et à maintenir la résilience de la chambre de compensation. Enfin, l’ensemble des CCPs européens est scruté en utilisant des données publiques. Des nouveaux outils ont été développés ; ils permettent de comparer les activités des CCPs européens, leur degré d’interconnexion, et le risque de liquidité auquel fait face une CCP dans le cadre de ses activités du réinvestissement. Ces outils permettent de montrer que, dans le cas d’une crise systémique, plusieurs CCPs pourraient poser des problèmes sévères pour la stabilité du système financier<br>No English summary available

Este trabalho versa sobre a utilização do orçamento público como instrumento de intervenção no domínio econômico, demonstrando, em síntese, de que forma o Estado utiliza, ou ao menos deveria utilizar, o orçamento público como instrumento de planejamento de suas ações e de intervenção na atividade desempenhada pela iniciativa privada. Tem-se por objetivo contribuir para a compreensão jurídica de diversas questões atinentes à elaboração e execução da peça orçamentária federal, aos reflexos causados na economia e na atividade desempenhada pela iniciativa privada, especialmente no que toca à realização das receitas e despesas públicas, à elaboração das leis orçamentárias Plano Plurianual (PPA), Lei Orçamentária Anual (LOA) e Lei de Diretrizes Orçamentárias (LDO) e, também, aos interesses, às paixões e ideologias envolvidas em todo o processo financeiro. Para tanto, inicialmente, estuda o papel do Estado, distinguindo os campos de atuação privada e aquele reservado à Administração Pública, os modos de intervenção e aqueles aplicados à hipótese analisada, para, em seguida, proceder à análise da peça orçamentária, sua concepção atual e relevância para a iniciativa privada, o que possibilita, então, tratar de questões que envolvam as receitas públicas, em específico as tributárias e as despesas públicas. Por fim, trata do crédito público e, com isso, procura evidenciar de que forma, sob a ótica do orçamento público e nos limites legais de atuação do Estado, as previsões constantes do orçamento podem funcionar como instrumento de promoção, incentivo e estímulo, ou, em sentido contrário, limitar, frear ou desestimular o crescimento econômico e a atividade desenvolvida pela iniciativa privada.<br>This paper deals with the use of public budget as means of intervening in the economic control, demonstrating, in summary, how the Government uses, or at least should use, the public budget as means of planning its actions and any intervention in activities that the private initiative performs. The purpose is to contribute to the legal understanding of various issues pertaining to federal budget preparation and execution, the reflection caused to the economy and the activity performed by the private initiative. It especially regards the realization of public revenues and expenses, preparation of budgetary laws Multiannual Plan (PPA), Annual Budgetary Law (LOA) and Budgetary Directives Law (LDO) , as well as, interests, passions and ideology involved along the entire financial process. Therefore, it is initially assessed the Government role, distinguishing the fields reserved to private sector and that to Public Authorities; moreover, the intervention modalities and those applied to event of levy analyzed, to, then, proceed to the budget analysis, its current design and relevance for the private initiative. It allows the address of issues comprising public revenues, specifically, tax revenues and public expenses. Finally, it regards public credit and, it seeks to evidence how, from the public budget perspective and within the legal boundaries of Government performance, the forecast included to the budget may operate as instrument of promotion, incentive and motivation, or, otherwise, limit, hinder or discourage economic growth and private sector activities.

Depuis le début des années 2000, le recours à la méthodeexpérimentale par assignation aléatoire pour évaluer les dispositifs publicsconnait un essor mondial sans précédent. Cette méthode scientifique estprésentée par ses promoteurs comme la plus rigoureuse pour estimer l’impactd’une intervention ainsi que la mieux à même de favoriser la prise en comptedes preuves scientifiques par les décideurs politiques. Son utilisation dans lecadre de l’evidence-based policy nous amène à considérer cette méthodecomme un instrument, une institution sociale, visant à organiser unapprentissage commun entre les acteurs de l’action publique et les acteursscientifiques. L’observation de cette interaction constitue le coeur de ce travailde recherche. Ce dernier étudie comment l’inscription de ses parties prenantesdans leurs champs d’action stratégiques respectifs conditionne l’usage de cetteméthode sur le territoire français. Celle-ci se décline alors, en une variété desites institutionnels témoignant des oppositions entre les pratiques, les intérêts,et les modèles d’apprentissages des acteurs la composant. Notre analyse de15 études de cas de son utilisation sur le territoire français, révèle les tensionsinhérentes à l’application de cette méthode sur de nouveaux dispositifsd’intervention sociale, et questionne ses capacités à produire un apprentissagecommun entre acteurs de l’action publique et acteurs scientifiques<br>The start of the XXIst century witnessed an unprecedenteduse of randomized controlled trials to assess public programs across theworld. This scientific method has been championed as the most rigorous toassess the impact of public intervention. It has promoted the use ofscientific evidence by policy makers through the evidence-based policymovement. Therefore, this method is to be understood as a socialinstitution whose aim is to organize a joint learning between policy actorsand scientists. The study of this interaction is the core of this dissertation,which analyzes how stakeholders’ memberships to their respective strategicaction fields drive this method's use in France. Through the execution ofthis method, we observe a range of different institutional sites. They aretestimonies of the opposing practices, interests and learning patterns of theactors involved. This dissertation analyses 15 case studies of this method'simplementation in France. It reveals the inherent tensions at work in its useon new social programs, and challenges this method's ability to produce ajoint learning between policy actors and scientists

Les grands projets urbains sont devenus des éléments indispensables des stratégies de développement local, dans un contexte de compétition entre les territoires. Leur pilotage nécessite souvent une remise en question des formes organisationnelles convenues de l'action publique. Ainsi, le programme Constellation, opération toulousaine réunissant une zone industrielle et deux éco-quartiers, a été l’occasion de ré-instruire les connaissances et les pratiques urbaines locales. Ce processus se matérialise dans des instruments d’action délibérément mobilisés pour domestiquer l’incertitude générée par la mise à distance du fonctionnement traditionnel du système de fabrication de la ville. Ces instruments, qui peuvent être des chartes, des équipes-projets, des procédures de désignation d’urbanistes ou d’architectes, des normes qualité ou des bases-vie de chantier, mobilisent de nouveaux acteurs et de nouvelles formes managériales. Les usagers leur attribuent une capacité à transformer la culture du projet urbain. Cette thèse vise à comprendre comment les acteurs instrumentent leur action en situation d’incertitude. Elle montre que l’action instrumentée active quatre types de médiation, pragmatique, épistémique, interactive et symbolique, dont les combinaisons produisent quatre mécanismes de confinement des problèmes : la socialisation et la communalisation, la sélection et la socialisation. L’ensemble rend compte d’une politisation de l’action, dans la mesure où les instruments transforment la nature des échanges, passant d’échanges économiques à des échanges politiques<br>Large urban projects have come to play an indispensible part in local development strategies, in the context of competition between areas. Their successful conduct often requires calling into question conventional ways of organizing public action. The Constellation project in Toulouse, including an industrial zone and two eco-neighborhoods, provides an occasion to re-examine local urban knowledge and practices. This process is seen in the tools used deliberately to calm the incertitude caused by departures from traditional ways of building cities. They can include charters, team projects, procedural designations of urbanists and architects, drawing up of quality standards and managing on-site locales. They mobilize new participants and new forms of management. Users of the site accredit them with an ability to transform an urban project’s culture. This doctoral thesis intends to provide an understanding of how participants use these tools in a situation of uncertainty. It shows how action involves four types of mediation: pragmatic, epistemic, interactive, and symbolic. Combinations of these produce four mechanisms for delimiting problems: association and community building, selection and socialization. The whole gives an account of the politicization of action insofar as the tools transform the nature of exchanges, from economic to political ones

Cette thèse de doctorat porte sur les instruments d’action publique de planification urbaine dans les villes de Douala et Yaoundé. Elle s’inscrit dans la dynamique des recherches sur le politique en Afrique. Elle interroge la trajectoire de l’Etat à travers son déploiement dans un domaine concret de politique publique qui est la planification urbaine.Deux cadres géographiques ont été mobilisés pour mener cette étude à savoir Douala la capitale économique du pays et Yaoundé la capitale politique.46 entretiens, le recueil des documents d’archives et de travail, ainsi que l’observation non participante ont servi à construire une analyse de sociologie politique reposant sur les rapports gouvernants/gouvernés. Les principaux résultats de l’étude montrent une forme de réappropriation des instruments d’action publique et une contextualisation de la planification urbaine influencées par les dynamiques propres à chaque territoire. L’élaboration des instruments d’action publique ainsi que leur mobilisation dans le cadre de la planification évoluent en fonction de la nature de l’Etat. Cette approche par les instruments permet d’avoir une vue globale sur le secteur de l’urbanisme et les politiques de développement élaborées par le Cameroun depuis l’époque coloniale jusque nos jours. Cette politique de planification urbaine qui émerge dans le contexte colonial se veut d’abord territoriale avant de se sectoriser avec la mise en place des plans FIDES. L’Etat post-indépendant va hériter de cette orientation sectorielle. Face aux difficultés récurrentes et au vu des défis contemporains de la gouvernance urbaine, la tendance est désormais à une (re)territorialisation de cette action publique<br>This Phd thesis focuses on public policy instruments for urban planning in the cities of Douala and Yaoundé. It is part of the dynamics of political research in Africa. It questions the trajectory of the state through its deployment in a concrete area of public policy, which is urban planning.Two geographical locations were mobilized to carry out this study, namely Douala the economic capital of the country and Yaounde the political capital.46 interviews, the collection of archival and working documents, as well as the non-participant observation were used to build an analysis of the political sociology based on the relations between the rulers and the ruled. The main results of the study concern a form of reappropriation of public action instruments and a contextualization of urban planning based on the specific realities of each territory. The development of public policy instruments as well as their mobilization within the framework of planning evolves according to the nature of the state. This instrument-based approach provides a comprehensive view of the urban planning sector and the development policies developed by Cameroon from the colonial era till date. This urban planning policy, which emerges in the colonial context, is primarily a territorial before becoming sectored policy with the establishment of the FIDES plans. The post-independent state will inherit this sector orientation. Faced with recurrent difficulties and considering the contemporary challenges of urban governance, the trend is now towards a (re) territorialization of this public action

O CODIVAR (Consórcio de Desenvolvimento Intermunicipal do Vale do Ribeira) e o CONSAD (Consórcio de Segurança Alimentar e Desenvolvimento Local) são dois instrumentos de ação pública criados no Vale do Ribeira - SP com o objetivo de promover cooperação para o desenvolvimento, a partir de diferentes referências. No caso do CODIVAR, sua origem é bottom-up a partir de iniciativa voluntária dos prefeitos e da influência externa do nível estadual representado por Franco Montoro e seus ideais progressistas; é configurado em uma estrutura decisória restrita aos prefeitos. No caso do CONSAD, sua origem é top-down a partir do contexto das políticas de desenvolvimento territorial propostas pelo nível federal representado por Lula e fundamentado pela retórica participativa de seu discurso eleitoral; é configurado em uma estrutura decisória que concede poder de participação e capacidade de deliberação para a sociedade civil, proporcionando-lhe protagonismo. Ao longo do tempo e do movimento de interação com os atores que se apropriaram destes instrumentos de acordo com suas lógicas e interesses, os objetivos que motivaram sua criação mudaram de trajetória. Assim, os instrumentos passaram a ser inercialmente conduzidos, assumindo vida própria a partir de novas representações. Este movimento de apropriação do espaço do Vale do Ribeira pelos atores permitiu a construção social de dois territórios sobrepostos, organizados por conexões e lógicas de atuação distintas (embora igualmente amesquinhadas) que geram tensões e impossibilidade de articulação e cooperação. Além disso, este movimento permite entender como foram construídas relações de atraso no interior destes instrumentos. No caso do CODIVAR, tais relações explicam sua capacidade de permanência legitimada no espaço de ação pública do Vale do Ribeira, enquanto no CONSAD desenharam caminhos que levaram ao esvaziamento do fórum.<br>CODIVAR (Intermunicipal Consortium for the Development of the Ribeira Valley) and CONSAD (Consortium for Food Security and Local Development) and are two public action instruments created in the Ribeira Valley, São Paulo state, Brazil, with the aim of promoting cooperation for development from different references. In the case of CODIVAR, its origin is \"bottom-up\" from voluntary initiative of the mayors and the external influence of the state level government represented by Franco Montoro and his progressive ideals; It is set in a decision-making structure restricted to mayors. In the case of CONSAD, its origin is \"top-down\" from the context of territorial development policies proposed by the federal level represented by Lula and grounded by the participatory rhetoric of his election speech; It is set in a decision-making structure that empowers participation and deliberation capacity for civil society, making it the protagonist. Over time and throughout the movement of interaction with the actors who have appropriated these instruments according to their logic and interests, the goals that motivated instruments creation changed their trajectory. Thus, the instruments started being inertially conducted, taking life from new representations. This appropriation movement of the Ribeira Valley by the actors allowed the social construction of two overlapping territories, organized by distinct connections and logics of action (though both contaminated by personal and political interests) that generate tension and impossibility of articulation and cooperation. Furthermore, this movement allows to understand how delayed relations were constructed within these instruments. In the case of CODIVAR such relations explain its legitimate staying power in public action space of the Ribeira Valley, while in CONSAD such relations drew paths that led the forum to emptying process.

A tão conhecida segmentação dos direitos em público e privado, marcante nos sistemas jurídicos romanísticos, têm sido alvo de questionamentos em razão de sua insuficiência para explicar fenômenos que não mais se reconduzem a uma ou outra rubrica. Tem-se, dessa forma, que os setores público e privado estão cada vez mais imbricados, o que demanda do jurista e dos legisladores a criação de novas categorias e instrumentos, ou mesmo um câmbio de interpretação no tocante a categorias antigas. O Urbanismo, a sua vez, é fértil em oferecer exemplos de imbricação entre público e privado, uma vez que o ambiente da urbe é prenhe de manifestação dos mais diversos interesses que, mais e mais, têm sido objeto de acolhimento pelo ordenamento jurídico. Nesse quadro, a dissertação propõe-se a demonstrar como o ambiente urbano constantemente desafia a divisão rígida entre público e privado, para, na sequência, se dedicar à análise: (i) dos mecanismos de participação na concertação público-privada, com foco, sobretudo, na definição das políticas públicas de cunho urbanístico; (ii) e dos instrumentos contratuais entendidos de forma ampla cada vez mais utilizados na formatação das operações urbanísticas<br>The well known division between public and private law, classical in romanistic legal systems, has suffered considerable challenges due to its insufficiency to explain issues that may not be included in one or another side. As a consequence, private and public are more and more integrated which demands from jurists and legislators the creation of new categories and instruments or even the change of interpretation of old conceptions. Urbanism, on its turn, is a fertile soil in offering examples of the integration between private and public, since the environment of the city is rich in manifestations of the most diverse interests, which, more and more, are being accepted and considered by the legal orders. In this scenario, this essay aims at demonstrating how the urban environment frequently challenges the rigid division between public and private and thus will be dedicated to analyze (i) the mechanisms of joint participation of public and private players in the definition of public policies of urban issues; and (ii) the contractual instruments understood broadly widely used to the implementation of urban projects.

L’étude de l’ingénierie territoriale dans les Pays du Beaujolais et du Roannais en Rhône Alpes, en liaison avec de nombreux autres dispositifs (Contrats d’agglomération, Contrats Territoriaux Emploi Formation, Leader) met en lumière une tendance forte à la recentralisation de la gestion publique territoriale.L’ingénierie territoriale est une bureaucratie professionnelle territoriale coincée entre les injonctions autoritaires de l’État et les velléités d’autonomie du pouvoir local. D’un côté, on observe que l’Europe, les services centraux de l’État diffusent des représentations et les bonnes pratiques aussi strictes que les règles impersonnelles du modèle bureaucratique wébérien. De l’autre côté, les pouvoirs locaux, face aux insuffisances des services déconcentrés de l’État structurent une ingénierie territoriale composite pour se doter de l’expertise nécessaire à leur stratégie de développement. Paradoxalement, c’est dans le cadre des politiques constitutives, que le pouvoir local en se dotant d’un appareil d’expertise, gage d’autonomie, crée les conditions de son propre contrôle et de sa soumission au régime d’agence qui s’impose comme nouveau mode de régulation de l’action publique au détriment de la négociation contractuelle.En d’autres termes, les instruments d’action publique et les savoir mobilisés par l’ingénierie territoriale dans la démarche de projet participent d’une technologie de gouvernement qui ne met pas fin à la rationalité bureaucratique, elle la transforme<br>The study of territorial engineering in two “Pays” (rural areas) of the Rhône-Alpes Region – the “Beaujolais” and the “Roannais”, linked to a number of other measures (urban area contracts, territory/employment/training contracts, Leader) reveals a strong trend towards re-centralising the public management of territories.Territorial engineering is a professional bureaucracy caught between authoritarian dictates from the State and local authority desires for autonomy. On one hand, Europe and central State services convey representations and good practices as strict as the impersonal rules of Weber’s model of bureaucracy. On the other hand, local authorities, faced with the insufficiencies of decentralised State services construct their own composite territorial engineering to acquire the expertise necessary for their development strategies. Paradoxically, it is in the context of constitutive policies that local authorities, in acquiring a system of expertise – guarantee of autonomy, create the conditions of their own control and their submission to an agency system which asserts itself as the new way of regulating public action to the detriment of contractual negotiation.In other words, the instruments of public action and the expertise mobilized by territorial engineering in project planning participate in a technology of governance which, rather than bringing bureaucratic rationality to an end, transform it