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Journal articles on the topic 'Public Defender'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 April 2022

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1

Anderson, James F., Christine A. VanDross, Esq., Kelley Reinsmith-Jones, and Adam H. Langsam. "Challenges Faced by the Clayton County, Georgia Public Defender’s Office." International Journal of Social Science Studies 6, no. 1 (December 1, 2017): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v6i1.2829.

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While the Sixth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution guarantees indigent defendant’s legal representation in state and federal courts, public defenders’ offices are challenged by the lack of resources to represent an endless flow of clients, attract and retain talented counsel, enlist the help of expert witnesses, as well as deliver the best quality defense. This study addresses the daily strain of defending clients who are not always the most cooperative in helping their own defense, but it also reveals the struggles and challenges faced by an urban southern public defender’s office and what changes need to be implemented to improve the public defender system. In the end, this study finds that public defender programs need adequate funding to fully deliver a quality legal defense.

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2

Abramson, Seth. "Public Defender." Iowa Review 36, no. 3 (December 2006): 166–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0021-065x.6241.

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3

Aguiar Aguilar, Azul A. "Gaining Access to Justice: A Subnational Study of the Public Defender’s Office in Mexico." Mexican Law Review 13, no. 2 (January 5, 2021): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/iij.24485306e.2021.2.15089.

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With the transition to democracy, Latin American countries have embarked on implementing judicial reforms to redesign justice-sector institutions and build up the rule of law in the region. Reform efforts included empowe¬ring the courts, granting political independence to the public prosecutor’s office, professionalizing the public defender offices and implementing the accusatory criminal system in justice-sector institutions. To what extent are the reforms tar¬geted at the public defender offices changing the way legal defense is provided? In this article, after discussing a theoretical framework that captures and opera¬tionalizes the concepts of a merit-based career system, an accusatory criminal justice system and effective legal representation, I examine the extent to which the changes of transitioning from an inquisitorial to an adversarial system and from a non-merit-based career system to a merit-based career system have affec¬ted the way legal counsel is provided at subnational public defender offices. To accomplish this, I provide both a de jure and de facto measures (indicators of reform implementation). To identify the de jure indicators, I consulted legal texts (constitutions and secondary laws), and to gauge how the de facto indi¬cators work, I relied on interviews with public defenders, reports and academic documents. I collected 50 interviews with public defense attorneys from three Mexican states: Baja California Sur, Jalisco and Nuevo León. Findings from these states suggest that as reform implementation advances, public defenders have more tools to offer legal representation; more specifically, they are better trained, in addition to having higher salaries, a lower caseload per defender and increased access to forensic services.

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4

Kimball, Robert R., and Lisa J. McIntyre. "The Public Defender." Michigan Law Review 86, no. 6 (May 1988): 1336. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1289181.

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5

POWELL, ROBERT. "Defending against Terrorist Attacks with Limited Resources." American Political Science Review 101, no. 3 (July 26, 2007): 527–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055407070244.

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This paper develops a framework for analyzing a defender's allocation of scarce resources against a strategic adversary like a terrorist group in four settings: (1) a baseline case in which the sites the defender tries to guard are “independent” in that resources dedicated to protecting one site have no effect on any other site; (2) if the defender can also allocate resources to border defense, intelligence, or counterterrorist operations which, if successful, protect all of the sites; (3) if threats have strategic and nonstrategic components (e.g., the threat to public health from bioterror attacks and the natural outbreak of new diseases); and (4) if the defender is unsure of the terrorists' preferred targets. The analysis characterizes the defender's optimal (equilibrium) allocations in these settings, an algorithm or approach to finding the optimal allocations, and relevant comparative statics. These characterizations provide a general way of thinking about the resource-allocation problem in these settings.

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6

Lee, Soonuk. "A Study on the Public Defender." Institute for Legal Studies Chonnam National University 39, no. 3 (August 30, 2019): 213–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.38133/cnulawreview.2019.39.3.213.

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7

Jaffe, Samantha. ""It's Not You, It's Your Caseload": Using Cronic to Solve Indigent Defense Underfunding." Michigan Law Review, no. 116.8 (2018): 1465. http://dx.doi.org/10.36644/mlr.116.8.its.not.

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In the United States, defendants in both federal and state prosecutions have the constitutional right to effective assistance of counsel. That right is in jeopardy. In the postconviction setting, the standard for ineffective assistance of counsel is prohibitively high, and Congress has restricted federal habeas review. At trial, severe underfunding for state indigent defense systems has led to low pay, little support, and extreme caseloads—which combine to create conditions where lawyers simply cannot represent clients adequately. Overworked public defenders and contract attorneys represent 80 percent of state felony defendants annually. Three out of four countywide public defender systems and fifteen out of twenty-two statewide public defender systems operate with yearly caseloads that are significantly higher than the ABA recommends. This Note argues that courts should utilize the procedural ineffectiveness presumption that the Supreme Court made available in United States v. Cronic to find state defense counsel carrying caseloads above the ABA-recommended maximums constitutionally ineffective. Thus, defendants could not be tried until caseloads in the locality fell within the maximums. This would incentivize state and local legislatures to spend more money on indigent defense.

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8

Ramirez, Fanny. "The digital divide in the US criminal justice system." New Media & Society 24, no. 2 (February 2022): 514–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14614448211063190.

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The growing use of digital evidence from smartphones and social media has led to a digital divide in the US criminal justice system that advantages law enforcement and prosecutors while further increasing the vulnerability of poor people and people of color who rely on public legal assistance. Drawing on a year-long ethnographic study of one of the first digital forensics laboratories in a public defender office, I argue that digital inclusion in the form of better resources for public defenders is necessary for equitable and fair representation in today’s criminal justice system. Findings show that access to digital forensic technologies is an important equalizing tool that allows public defenders to (1) mount strong, data-driven cases; (2) create counter narratives that challenge depictions of marginalized defendants as dangerous; and (3) engage in nuanced storytelling to highlight the complexities of human relationships and life circumstances that shape cases.

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9

Brennan, Carrie Dvorak. "The Public Defender System: A Comparative Assessment." Indiana International & Comparative Law Review 25, no. 2 (September 15, 2015): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/7909.0022.

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10

Stone, Christopher. "Innovations in Public Defense as an Investment in Better Sentencing." Federal Sentencing Reporter 24, no. 1 (October 1, 2011): 21–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/fsr.2011.24.1.21.

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The Neighborhood Defender Service of Harlem (NDS) opened its doors in 1990, hoping to demonstrate the benefits of a community-based, team-based public defender that began representation from the moment of arrest, or even earlier. Although pretrial detention time was not statistically different for NDS clients compared with similar defendants, NDS clients ultimately received significantly shorter sentences, and the savings to the government in terms of jail and prison time were substantial. More than twenty years after its debut, NDS continues to show that high-quality public defense can play an important role in any strategy to unwind mass incarceration while improving the quality of criminal justice generally.

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11

Fondevilla, Gustavo, and Rodrigo Meneses Reyes. "Is cheaper better? Public and private lawyers before criminal courts in Mexico City." International Journal of Law in Context 12, no. 1 (February 23, 2016): 63–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744552315000361.

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AbstractThis paper aims to conduct a descriptive analysis of a total of 2,172 semi-structured interviews with sentenced inmates in Mexico City during 2002–2008 in order to explain how public legal defence works, how this service is evaluated by the inmates who took part in the interviews, and how the traditional division between public and private services constitutes an important distinction in the way in which criminals interact with, and are processed by, the legal system. Our findings suggest that, in the case of Mexico City: (i) to be tried by a public defender not only implies that the person accused holds a bigger chance of getting a softer sentence than those defended by private lawyers; but also, (ii) that the population will have a better perception of the justice process.

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12

McQuoid–Mason, David. "LEGAL AID IN NIGERIA: USING NATIONAL YOUTH SERVICE CORPS PUBLIC DEFENDERS TO EXPAND THE SERVICES OF THE LEGAL AID COUNCIL." Journal of African Law 47, no. 1 (April 2003): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0221855303002001.

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At the National Consultative Forum on Transforming the Administration of Justice System in Nigeria, convened by the Federal Minister of Justice and the Federal Attorney-General in November 2001, it was decided to draft a National Action Plan on Justice Sector Reform in Nigeria and to produce a Justice Vision document. The Ministry of Justice and the Attorney-General's office identified the need to examine ways of (a) upholding the Constitution and the rule of law; (b) promoting justice, fairness and human dignity; and (c) incorporating and expanding community participation in the administration of justice. The Legal Aid Council of Nigeria could contribute to this process by establishing a public defender network using law graduates in the National Youth Service Corps (NYSC). It may be possible to use the NYSC scheme to expand dramatically the current level of legal aid in Nigeria by employing the services of NYSC law graduates more extensively as public defenders. In order to consider the feasibility of such a programme the following factors will be considered: (i) the availability of lawyers and law graduates; (ii) the duties imposed by the Nigerian Constitution; (iii) the function of the Legal Aid Council; (iv) the operation of the Legal Aid Council; (v) the provision of legal aid services by the Legal Aid Council; and (vi) the cost of establishing a structured NYSC public defender programme.

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13

Pasha, Obed Q., Theodore H. Poister, and Lauren H. Edwards. "Mutual Relationship of Strategic Stances and Formulation Methods, and Their Impacts on Performance in Public Local Transit Agencies." Administration & Society 50, no. 6 (May 29, 2015): 884–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095399715587524.

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This study is a continuation of previous work that emphasizes an alignment between the internal management (strategy formulation) of public organizations and their environment (strategic stance). As public organizations formulate strategy through strategic planning or logical incrementalism, they relate to their external environments through the strategy stances of prospector or defender. Current research asserts that organizations with a prospector stance perform better when they adopt logical incrementalism, whereas organizations with a defender stance perform better when they formulate their strategy through formal strategic planning (FSP). Our study on the transit industry, however, could not find support to these assertions.

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14

Ward, Jeffrey T., and Nathan W. Link. "Financial Sanctions in Pennsylvania." Federal Sentencing Reporter 34, no. 2-3 (February 1, 2022): 166–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/fsr.2022.34.2-3.166.

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While potential adverse consequences of carrying criminal justice debt are well documented, less is known empirically about the degree to which both assessed amounts reflect ability to pay and how repayment success varies for individuals with dissimilar financial means. This study uses fine, cost, and restitution imposition and collection data from the Administrative Office of the Pennsylvania Courts (AOPC) that spans a ten year period to examine whether there are differences in assessment and outstanding debt balances between defendants with private counsel and defendants with public defenders. To address the research aims, this study utilizes straightforward descriptive and bivariate statistics. Results indicate that a typical defendant with a public defender is assessed less in fine, cost, and/or restitution than a typical defendant with private counsel, suggesting that some courts are factoring in a defendant’s ability to pay when imposing assessments. Nonetheless, a typical defendant represented by a public defender is unable to fully repay their assessment within a decade. This is in stark contrast to a typical defendant with private counsel who is able to settle up within three to five years, depending on the type of sanction. The findings suggest that sentencing stage adjustments in financial sanctions necessitated by a defendant’s ability to pay may not be sufficient. Furthermore, the general rise in assessment amounts over time is largely due to increased costs. Given general difficulties in debt settlement, especially among indigent defendants, enhanced reliance on costs may unintentionally affect restitution amounts received by crime victims.

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15

Prieto-Lage, Iván, Juan Carlos Argibay-González, Adrián Paramés-González, Alexandra Pichel-Represas, Diego Bermúdez-Fernández, and Alfonso Gutiérrez-Santiago. "Patterns of Injury in the Spanish Football League Players." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 1 (December 27, 2021): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010252.

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Background: The study of football injuries is a subject that concerns the scientific community. The problem of most of the available research is that it is mainly descriptive. The objective of this study is to discover and analyse the patterns of injury in the Spanish Football League (2016–2017 season). Methods: The sample data consisted of 136 given injuries identified by the official physicians of the football clubs. The analysis was performed by using traditional statistic tests, T-pattern detection and polar coordinate analysis. Results: The analysis revealed several patterns of injury: (a) The defender suffered a rupture of the hamstring muscles after a sprint, (b) knee sprains happened due to a received tackle, (c) fibrillar adductor rupture appeared mostly among defenders and (d) fibrillar ruptures took place mostly throughout the first part. Conclusions: There is a marked shift in the tendency regarding the player who gets more injured, from the midfielder to the defender. The most common injury was fibrillar rupture. The most common scenario in which this injury occurred was that in which the player injured himself after a sprint (24%). A week without competing seems to be insufficient as a prevention mechanism for injuries.

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16

Vanjani, Rahul, Sarah Martino, Sheridan F. Reiger, James Lawless, Chelsea Kelly, Vincent J. Mariano, and M. Catherine Trimbur. "Physician–Public Defender Collaboration — A New Medical–Legal Partnership." New England Journal of Medicine 383, no. 21 (November 19, 2020): 2083–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmms2002585.

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17

Leto, Jessica L., Mark R. Pogrebin, and Paul B. Stretesky. "DEFENDING THE INDIGENT WHITE-COLLAR CRIMINAL: FEDERAL PUBLIC DEFENDER DEFENSE STRATEGIES FOR POST-INDICTMENT REPRESENTATION." Journal of Crime and Justice 30, no. 2 (January 1, 2007): 79–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0735648x.2007.9721236.

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18

Kampourakis, Ioannis. "CSR and the Public/Private Divide." Journal of Legal Anthropology 4, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 116–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/jla.2020.040208.

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Ellen Hertz’s manifold critique of corporate social responsibility (CSR) paradoxically begins by establishing common ground with the ardent defender of free market capitalism and an otherwise political opponent to her normative framework, Milton Friedman. Building on his analytical framework, according to which corporations and government operate on different principles, Hertz reinforces the idea that CSR cannot and should not replace democratic mechanisms in the determination of the public interest. In addition, following established critiques of CSR (e.g., Shamir 2008), Hertz highlights that CSR introduces the logics of the market in areas traditionally governed by different logics of action, while it also serves to obfuscate relations of power and to shape global governance in corporate-friendly directions.

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19

Škodáček, I. "Child ombudsmen as collaborators of child psychiatry ?" European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72062-4.

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Legislation regulates rights also of individuals with mental disorders. Observance of these regulations is monitored by so-called Ombudsperson,or the Public Defender of the Rights. Since 2002, special attention has been paid to young generation in Slovakia. Developmental problems and issues of rights of ordinary and mentally handicapped children have also been dealt with, applying the paradigm that childhood is entitled to special care and assistance. And this is the ground for collaborators of the Public Defender of Rights, i.e. for school. They are helpful to parents of the minor, to teachers, healthcare professionals and to other adults working with minors. Thus the children ombudspersons become assistants of pedopsychiatry. From the viewpoint of a child psychiatrist, it was important to solve cases of Child Abuse and Neglect syndrome of various scope. Since December 2008, a project for creating the network of children collaborators of the Public Defender of Rights is in operation in Slovakia. Children from a school or other institution selected from their ranks a “children ombudsperson” who is willing to defend the rights of each member also with mental problems and disorders. For this reason is the necessity of development of international cooperation of ombudspersons for children which takes place in 22 European countries within the ENOC (The European Network of Ombudspersons for Children) which was commenced in a greater scale in April 2010. The children ombudspersons should be taken into account in the public healthcare system and they should become a part of the standard care for minor patients.

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20

원혜욱. "Protection idea in the juvenile and the Public Defender(assistance)." Korean Journal Of Criminology 28, no. 3 (December 2016): 9–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.36999/kjc.2016.28.3.9.

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21

Chen, Yu, John Daniel Eshleman, and Jared S. Soileau. "Business Strategy and Auditor Reporting." AUDITING: A Journal of Practice & Theory 36, no. 2 (September 1, 2016): 63–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/ajpt-51574.

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SUMMARY This study examines whether a firm's business strategy influences auditor reporting. We rely on the organizational literature to develop our prediction that firms utilizing the innovative “prospector” strategy will be more likely than firms utilizing the cost-leadership “defender” strategy to receive both going concern and material weakness opinions. Our empirical evidence supports this prediction. Specifically, we find that, among a sample of financially troubled firms, prospectors are significantly more likely than defenders to receive a going concern opinion. We then analyze a sample of clients who subsequently filed for bankruptcy and find that auditors are less likely to issue going concern opinions to prospector clients. This indicates that auditors commit more Type II errors when auditing prospector clients. We also find that prospectors are significantly more likely than defenders to receive a material weakness opinion. Taken together, the evidence suggests that business strategy is a significant determinant of both going concern and material weakness auditor reporting. JEL Classifications: M41; M42; L10. Data Availability: All data are available from public sources identified in the text.

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22

Bardacke, Frank. "The UFW and the Undocumented." International Labor and Working-Class History 83 (2013): 162–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547913000045.

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It has become an embarrassment. The American Conservative crows, “Cesar Chávez, Minuteman,” and the accompanying article delivers the news that the United Farm Workers was not only anti-immigrant but that it set up its own border patrol between Arizona and Mexico. The magazine does not stand alone. Leaders of current right-wing vigilante groups claim Chávez's retroactive endorsement for their occasional attempts to close small sections of the border. In response, Chávez's defenders contend that the UFW opposed the undocumented only when they broke strikes; and besides, that was long ago, and now the union is a strong defender of immigrant rights. Thus, UFW policy toward the undocumented—controversial in its own time—once again has become a subject of public debate, threatening to tarnish the name given to so many California streets, parks, schools, community centers, and even university departments.

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23

Ogletree, Charles J. "An Essay on the New Public Defender for the 21st Century." Law and Contemporary Problems 58, no. 1 (1995): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1192169.

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24

Kirkendall, Richard S., and Roger R. Trask. "Defender of the Public Interest: The General Accounting Office, 1921-1966." Journal of American History 84, no. 3 (December 1997): 1120. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2953204.

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25

Bourgeois‐Law, Gisèle, Glenn Regehr, Pim W. Teunissen, and Lara Varpio. "Educator, judge, public defender: Conflicting roles for remediators of practising physicians." Medical Education 54, no. 12 (August 5, 2020): 1171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/medu.14285.

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26

Vianna Alves Ferreira, Olavo Augusto, and Guilherme De Siqueira Castro. "Legitimação ativa da defensoria pública no mandado de injunção coletivo." Revista da Faculdade de Direito da UFG 42, no. 1 (June 20, 2018): 80–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/rfd.v42i1.43711.

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O presente artigo tem o objetivo de examinar a legitimidade ativa da Defensoria Pública no mandado de injunção coletivo. Para a consecução desta finalidade, o tema será abordado tanto do ponto de vista constitucional como do ponto de vista processual. Será estudado o vício de constitucionalidade formal da Lei 13.300/2016 no que tange a legitimidade ativa da Defensoria Pública no mandado de injunção coletivo. A necessidade de pertinência temática para a impetração e o tipo de interesse transindividual tutelado são questões que envolvem um profícuo debate constitucional que já foi objeto de exame pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal. Por derradeiro, abordaremos a possibilidade de litisconsórcio ativo no mandado de injunção envolvendo a Defensoria Pública e os demais legitimados extraordinários previsto na lei de regência da ação injuncional. Abstract This article aims to examine the active legitimacy of the Office of the Public Defender in the collective writ of injunction. To achieve this purpose, the subject will be addressed both from a constitutional point of view and from a procedural point of view. This paper will study the formal constitutional vice of Law 13.300 / 2016 regarding the active legitimacy of the Office of the Public Defender in the collective writ of injunction. The need for thematic relevance to the filing and type of ward transindividual interest are issues involving a fruitful constitutional debate that has been the subject of examination by the Supreme Court. For last, we discuss the possibility of active joinder in the writ of injunction involving the Office of the Public Defender and the other extraordinary legitimated under the law of Regency injuncional action.

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27

Mattos, Ruben Araujo de. "A integralidade na prática (ou sobre a prática da integralidade)." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 20, no. 5 (October 2004): 1411–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2004000500037.

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O artigo faz uma reflexão sobre as manifestações ou os signos da integralidade na prática em saúde, buscando facilitar o reconhecimento de experiências que estejam avançando e permitir que elas sejam posteriormente analisadas. Pretende também contribuir para que cada vez mais atores se engajem na construção de práticas pautadas pela integralidade. Parte-se do princípio de que o que caracteriza a integralidade é a apreensão ampliada das necessidades e a habilidade de reconhecer a adequação da oferta ao contexto específico da situação no qual se dá o encontro do sujeito com a equipe de saúde; e defender a integralidade nas práticas é defender que a oferta de ações de saúde deva estar sintonizada com o contexto específico de cada encontro.

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Worden, Alissa Pollitz. "Privatizing Due Process: Issues in the Comparison of Assigned Counsel, Public Defender, and Contracted Indigent Defense Systems." Justice System Journal 15, no. 1 (May 1991): 390–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23277556.1991.10871136.

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Petley, Julian. "Savoy scrapbook." Index on Censorship 25, no. 1 (January 1996): 162–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030642209602500143.

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A legal column dedicated to the memory of Bernie Simons (1941-1993), radical lawyer and defender of human rights In a liberal society, issues of civil liberties and free expression are generally fought out on the margins of public debate, as Savoy publishers discovered when their Lord Horror ran foul of the law

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30

Halliday, Terence C., and Lisa J. McIntyre. "The Public Defender: The Practice of Law in the Shadows of Repute." Contemporary Sociology 18, no. 3 (May 1989): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2073860.

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31

Landon, Donald D., and Lisa J. McIntyre. "The Public Defender: The Practice of Law in the Shadows of Repute." Social Forces 69, no. 3 (March 1991): 964. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2579515.

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32

Dubofsky, Melvyn. "Free Justice: A History of the Public Defender in Twentieth-Century America." Journal of American History 108, no. 4 (March 1, 2022): 862–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jaac082.

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33

Keane, Webb. "Divine Text, National Language, and Their Publics: Arguing an Indonesian Qur'an." Comparative Studies in Society and History 60, no. 4 (October 2018): 758–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417518000282.

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AbstractThe entry of a universal revelation into the mundane world of language threatens to be paradoxical: it must take a specific and local form. As such, it becomes implicated in nationalist, ethnic, linguistic, and other sources of community. This article centers on a small melodrama in late twentieth-century Indonesia, home to the largest number of Muslims of any country. After undergoing a mid-life spiritual awakening, H. B. Jassin, a modernist literary critic, editor, and ardent defender of freedom of expression, undertook two projects intended to convey the aesthetic power of the Qur'an to a non-Arabic speaking public. But if Qur'anic Arabic summons a transnational community of the faithful, standardized Indonesian was developed to address a nation of citizens. If scripture speaks in a divine, uncreated idiom, the national language is shaped by human efforts. Jassin's career had served a vision of literature and its public whose values and semiotic ideologies were dramatically at odds with Qur'anic traditions. Although this may appear at first glance to be a familiar story of progress and its opponents, this article asks whether Jassin's critics grasped something about signs and communities that his defenders did not. Examining the furor that resulted from his Qur'ans, it explores an array of conflicting assumptions about language, freedom, truth, and people's lives together in the late twentieth century.

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34

Lillehammer, Hallvard. "VOLUNTARY EUTHANASIA AND THE LOGICAL SLIPPERY SLOPE ARGUMENT." Cambridge Law Journal 61, no. 3 (December 11, 2002): 545–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000819730200171x.

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In his recent book “Euthanasia, Ethics, and Public Policy”, John Keown puts forward two slippery slope arguments against the legalisation of voluntary euthanasia. One of these arguments claims that a defender of voluntary euthanasia is logically committed to the permissibility of non-voluntary euthanasia. This paper seeks to show that Keown’s argument either rests on a logical confusion or on a misunderstanding of the value of autonomy.

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35

Ma, Yun. "Vindicating environmental public interests in China: A balanced approach to institutional interaction in public interest litigation system." Environmental Law Review 21, no. 4 (December 2019): 269–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461452919881342.

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Along with the adoption of environmental public interest litigation (EPIL) in China, the configuration among civil society, administrative, procuratorial and judicial powers is reshaped and transformed. With various actors brought to the public interest ground, the conventional role of governments as a public interest defender through law enforcement activities is distorted. This, on the one hand, spurs and supplements insufficient government enforcement of environmental law, and on the other hand poses the danger of supplanting government enforcement, crowding out statutory responsibilities for governments and eroding their discretion in selecting regulatory tools and administrative procedures. To reach a balance making no power excessively intruding the other and bring PIL’s potential into full play, realignment of their respective roles and functions in the enforcement system is imperative. Government enforcement should be strengthened and given priority in vindicating environmental public interests. Pre-conditions for filing different types of EPIL claims should be established and specified. To develop an internally coordinated EPIL system, the future reforms should be legally underpinned with the order of standing coordinated, concurrent claims screened, connection arrangements established and the usage of incidental litigation promoted.

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36

Sung-Ryong Kim. "The Implication of discussions on the reform of the public defender in Germany." KYUNGPOOK NATIONAL UNIVERSITY LAW JOURNAL ll, no. 56 (November 2016): 145–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17248/knulaw..56.201611.145.

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채준호. "sex assault victim, protection of victim, violent sexual crimes, public defender of victim." Police Science Journal 9, no. 2 (July 2014): 117–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.16961/polips.2014.9.2.117.

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Torsten Husén. "Encounters with James B. Conant-Harvard President and Defender of the Public School." Biography 13, no. 1 (1990): 76–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bio.2010.0355.

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Ward, Patricia A. "Madame Guyon and Experiential Theology in America." Church History 67, no. 3 (September 1998): 484–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3170942.

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Jeanne-Marie Bouvier de la Motte Guyon (1648–1717) has been best known for her role in the Quietist controversy of late-seventeenthcentury France, leading to the public debate that pitted her defender, Fenelon, against Bossuet. Madame de Maintenon, the wife of Louis XIV, also became an opponent, adding her influence to that of Bossuet, so that Madame Guyon was imprisoned in the Bastille from 1698 to 1703.

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Шафажинская and Natalya Shafazhinskaya. "The Russian Cossacks’ Deeds on the State and Military-and-Patriotic Service In The Continuous Education Context." Socio-Humanitarian Research and Technology 2, no. 3 (September 30, 2013): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1666.

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The Cossacks’ heroic deeds during the hardest periods of the Russian history are the embodiment of the archetypal to this country’s culture image of the brave warrior and defender. Examples of how the Cossacks proved themselves in terms of military expertise and patriotism on the public service should be incorporated in the system of continuous education and general liberal education of Cossack youth.

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Moore, Janet, and Andrew L. B. Davies. "Introduction to Special Issue: New Developments in Public Defense Research." Criminal Justice Policy Review 31, no. 6 (June 10, 2020): 791–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0887403420921228.

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This special issue focuses on interdisciplinary research in public defense. Seven papers represent a diverse group of scholars in an understudied field. Two overarching themes emerge. The first theme, “System Interventions: Evaluating Programs and Identifying Opportunities,” includes three studies of innovative policies and practices. Two evaluate new resource injections that support, respectively, social work-initiated holistic defense and counsel at first appearance. The third examines state sentencing schemes to identify opportunities for emphasizing defendant assets instead of deficits. The second theme, “Understanding Decision Makers,” includes four papers drawing on qualitative data regarding juvenile resentencing and reentry, defendant views of attorney–client communication, defender motivations for remaining in the profession, and manager perspectives on likely effects of caseload reductions. As a collection, these papers bridge gaps between theory and practice, offer new insight into public defense as a critical component of criminal legal systems, and identify new avenues for future research.

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Nisihara, Renato Mitsunori, Ana Carolina Possebom, Luiza de Martino Cruvinel Borges, Ana Claudia Athanasio Shwetz, and Fernanda Francis Benevides Bettes. "Judicial demand of medications through the Federal Justice of the State of Paraná." Einstein (São Paulo) 15, no. 1 (March 2017): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-45082017gs3792.

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ABSTRACT Objective To describe the profile of lawsuits related to drug requests filled at the Federal Justice of the State of Paraná. Methods A cross-sectional study, and the data were obtained through consulting the lawsuits at the online system of the Federal Justice of Paraná. Results Out of 347 lawsuits included in the study, 55% of plaintiffs were women, with a median age of 56 years. Oncology was the field with more requests (23.6%), and the highest mean costs. A wide variety of diseases and broad variety of requested drugs were found in the lawsuits. Approximately two-thirds of them were requested by the brand name, and the most often requested drugs were palivizumab and tiotropium bromide. Only 14.5% of the requested medicines were registered in the National Medication Register. The Public Defender’s Office filled actions in 89.6% of cases and all lawsuits had an interim relief. The mean time for approval was 35 days and 70% of requests were granted. Conclusion Oncology was the field with the highest demand for medicines at the Federal Justice of Paraná in 2014. A great variety of medications was requested. The Public Defender´s Office represented most lawsuits. All demands had an interim relief, and the majority of requests were granted, within an average of 35 days.

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Rafael, Maria Katarina E., and Chris Mai. "Understanding the Burden of Legal Financial Obligations on Indigent Washingtonians." Social Sciences 11, no. 1 (January 6, 2022): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci11010017.

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In criminal courts across the country, judges assess a variety of fines, fees and other legal financial obligations (LFOs) that many defendants struggle to pay. This paper examines the disproportionate burden that fine and fee assessment and collection practices impose on low-income, system-involved individuals, using administrative court data for criminal cases filed in Washington’s courts of limited jurisdiction between 2015 and 2020. The authors find that the majority of defendants do not or only partially pay their LFOs, but that these observations are more pronounced for indigent defendants. The authors also find that, of defendants who fully pay off their fines and fees, individuals with a public defender satisfy their debt after a greater number of days, as compared to individuals with private counsel. This is all in spite of public defender defendants generally being assessed smaller amounts in fines and fees at the outset. Additionally, the authors uncover that when defendants do pay off all of their fines and fees, they tend to do so on the day of assessment, with the likelihood of satisfying full payment generally decreasing as time goes on. These findings suggest that many people struggle with criminal justice debt, but that this problem disproportionately impacts indigent Washingtonians, subjecting them to a greater possibility of harm through the various methods of collections enforcement.

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Rafael, Maria Katarina E., and Chris Mai. "Understanding the Burden of Legal Financial Obligations on Indigent Washingtonians." Federal Sentencing Reporter 34, no. 2-3 (February 1, 2022): 173–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/fsr.2022.34.2-3.173.

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In criminal courts across the country, judges assess a variety of fines, fees and other legal financial obligations (LFOs) that many defendants struggle to pay. This paper provides a summary of the authors’ longer empirical article that examines the disproportionate burden that fine and fee assessment and collection practices impose on low-income, system-involved individuals, using administrative court data for criminal cases filed in Washington’s courts of limited jurisdiction between 2015 and 2020. The authors find that the majority of defendants do not or only partially pay their LFOs, but that these observations are more pronounced for indigent defendants. The authors also find that, of defendants who fully pay off their fines and fees, individuals with a public defender satisfy their debt after a greater number of days, as compared to individuals with private counsel. This is all in spite of public defender defendants generally being assessed smaller amounts in fines and fees at the outset. Additionally, the authors uncover that when defendants do pay off all of their fines and fees, they tend to do so on the day of assessment, with the likelihood of satisfying full payment generally decreasing as time goes on. These findings suggest that many people struggle with criminal justice debt, but that this problem disproportionately impacts indigent Washingtonians, subjecting them to a greater possibility of harm through the various methods of collections enforcement.

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Salem, James M. "Busting Out: African-American Culture from the 1954 Republican Lincoln Day Box Supper to the 1955 Emmett Till Lynching as Documented by the Chicago Defender." Prospects 29 (October 2005): 541–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s036123330000185x.

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Black newspapers began to compete with the church as an institution influential in shaping black public opinion as early as 1878 in Chicago and, by World War II, according to the authors of Black Metropolis, they represented “one of the most powerful forces among Negroes in America.” The most prominent and influential of these weekly newspapers was the Chicago Defender, founded in 1905 by Robert S. Abbott, the “son of slaves,” who was encouraged to believe by his minister-stepfather that “a newspaper was one of the strongest weapons a Negro could have in the defense of his race.” Abbott, his biographer contends, “was one of the first Negroes in the United States to become a millionaire — and, in the process, he revolutionized the Negro press, today [1955] the greatest single force in the Negro world.” Though Abbott would have been proud of the compliment, he would not have printed it in his paper because during his lifetime the Defender was not permitted to use the terms Negro or black. Abbott preferred Race, Race men, and Race women.

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Spangler, Eve. "The Public Defender: The Practice of Law in the Shadows of Repute.Lisa J. McIntyre." American Journal of Sociology 94, no. 2 (September 1988): 434–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/229011.

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Wolfe, Nancy Travis. "Book Review: The Public Defender: The Practice of Law in the Shadows of Repute." Criminal Justice Review 15, no. 1 (May 1990): 109–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073401689001500125.

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Rago, Elisabeth Juliska. "Francisca Praguer Fróes: medicina, gênero e poder nas trajetórias de uma médica baiana (1872-1931)." Ciência & Saúde Coletiva 13, no. 3 (June 2008): 985–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-81232008000300020.

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No Brasil, a entrada das pioneiras no ensino superior, possibilitada pela urbanização, pelo crescimento do comércio e da indústria e por uma conjuntura mais favorável ao trabalho feminino no último quartel do século XIX, significou um marco fundamental na história da participação de mulheres no campo da medicina. Francisca Praguer Fróes formou-se na Faculdade de Medicina e Farmácia da Bahia, em 1893. Dedicou-se à Ginecologia e à Obstetrícia, defendeu a saúde, os direitos civis e políticos da mulher. O empenho de Francisca Praguer Fróes em defender o direito à saúde das mulheres infectadas por doenças sexualmente transmissíveis é notável e, nesse sentido, os preceitos higiênicos ganham força em suas proposições médicas. Apesar de terem sido poucas aquelas que debateram publicamente questões relativas à moral ligada ao sexo, na católica Bahia, Francisca envolveu-se nas discussões científicas e políticas sobre o tema da saúde da mulher e da moral sexual. Envolvida numa discussão mais ampla acerca da construção da ordem burguesa, entendia que os temas da higiene, da saúde da mulher e da moral sexual deveriam fazer parte do quadro de regeneração social da época. Poucas foram aquelas que debateram publicamente questões relativas à moral ligada ao sexo, na católica Bahia.

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Bellido Nina, José Luis. "La República católica y la República constitucional." Allpanchis 47, no. 85 (June 25, 2020): 67–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.36901/allpanchis.v47i85.291.

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Simón Bolívar y José Sebastián de Goyeneche fueron dos personalidades que idearon y defendieron distintos modelos de Estado desde el pensamiento ilustrado y el pensamiento católico, respectivamente. Nociones como nación, religión y libertad configuraron los ideales y las fidelidades; la autoridad y la obediencia; el orden social, político y eclesiástico. Este trabajo intenta aproximarse a la República constitucional bolivariana y a la República católica del obispo arequipeño reflejadas en sus discursos y epistolarios, en medio de un espacio público en tensión por subordinar y defender los deberes y derechos de la Iglesia y de la religión ante la estatalidad y el proceso de secularización. Abstract Simón Bolívar and José Sebastián de Goyeneche were two personalities who devised and defended State models from an enlightened thought and a catholic thought, respectively. Notions such as nation, religion and liberty, shaped ideals and fidelities, authority and obedience, social, political and ecclesiastical orders. This paper tries to approach the constitutional Republic in the bolivarian ideology and the catholic Republic in the doctrine of the bishop from Arequipa reflected in their speeches and epistolary amid a tense public space for subordinating and defending the obligations and rights of the Church and religion before the statehood and the secularization process.

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Lynch, David. "The Impropriety of Plea Agreements: A Tale of Two Counties." Law & Social Inquiry 19, no. 01 (1994): 115–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.1994.tb00392.x.

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In this article, the author, a former prosecutor and a former assistant public defender, draws on his five and a half years of experience as a “professional plea bargainer” to explore the many subtleties of a practice that he suggests leads to work avoidance, misplaced loyalties, coercion, and other negative characteristics on the part of courthouse regulars, and to injustice for those criminal defendants who do not wish to plead guilty. He suggests that criminal courts have become overly dependent on plea bargaining, which is used much more extensively than is either necessary or appropriate.

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