Academic literature on the topic 'Public health – Ethiopia – Addis Ababa'

Background: Polluted rivers and hospital wastewater become a greater concern because of their public health and environmental hazards with high tendency to result in epidemics. Methods and Materials: The current study investigated 84 samples of Urban rivers and 30 samples of hospitals wastewaters in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia between February and April, 2017. The simultaneous detection of male-specific and somatic Coliphages from the samples was carried out using Escherichia coli CB390 as the host according to the single agar layer plaque assay at public health microbiology laboratory of Ethiopian Public Health Institute. Results: Of the total 114 samples tested, coliphages were detected in 44 (52.4%) and 3 (10%) samples of urban rivers and hospital waste waters, respect ively. Total coliphages enumerations ranged from <1pfu/100ml to 5.2×103pfu/100ml for urban rivers and <1pfu/100ml to 4.92×103pfu/100ml for hospitals wastewaters. Conclusion: The detection of total coliphages in our study settings warrants the possibility that the pollution of urban rivers and hospital wastewaters may be a source for pathogenic viral infections. Unless coliphages, viral and fecal indicators are also examined in the waters by public health agencies, waterborne infections cause a major risk to public health.

SummaryEvidence on infant weaning processes provided by field research in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and among a refugee population of Eritreans in the Sudan is presented. The study in Addis Ababa, where households were economically disadvantaged but the situation was nutritionally stable, allowed the identification of factors constraining weaning, which includes both the introduction of supplementary foods and the termination of breastfeeding. While the timing of each aspect of weaning was the outcome of the interaction between mother and infant factors, ‘infant-centred’ factors were more important in the commencement and ‘mother-centred’ factors in the completion of weaning. The refugee population had in normal times a similar weaning regime, but under the unstable conditions of flight and life in a refugee camp the process had been significantly altered. Investigation of the factors which have led to altered weaning processes elaborates and confirms the model derived from the Addis Ababa study.

Objective. The study objective was to estimate the burden of human rabies in Ethiopia from 2015–2019. Study Design. A descriptive study design was applied to measure the size of the problem. Method. Retrospective data were used from the Ethiopian Public Health Institute rabies case record book that was registered between 2015 to 2019. Result. Eighty-seven (87) cases of human rabies were diagnosed clinically in the Ethiopian Public Health Institute over the period of five years (2015–2019) with 100% case fatality. Of these, 83 (95.4%) cases were attributed to dog bites, whereas 1 (1.1%) to a cat and 3 (3.4%) to wild animals. The fatalities were from Oromia (n = 51 (58.6%), 13 (14.9%) were from Amhara, 15 (17.2%) were from Addis Ababa, and 8 (9.2%) from the Southern region. All referred cases had no record of immunization against rabies except eight. Ineffective postexposure treatment was the reason for 5 (5.7%) deaths. Out of 1,652 brain samples of different animals, mainly dogs, submitted for examination, 1,122 (68%) were found to be positive for rabies by the FAT. Dog bites were more common among males than females. The number of dog bite victims who had visited the EPHI counseling office and recommended to take postexposure prophylaxis against rabies both from Addis Ababa and the surrounding areas were 9,592 and 4,192, respectively. Out of these, 5,708 were males and 3,884 females for the capital Addis Ababa. Similarly, 2,439 males and 1,753 females account for areas surrounding Addis Ababa. Among those exposed from Addis Ababa, 1,079 (11.2%) were in the age group less than five, 1696 (17.7%) were in the age group 6–13, and 6,817 (71.1%) in the age group 14 and greater. Victims from outside of the capital Addis Ababa account for 644 (15.4%) for the age group less than 5 years, 964 (23%) for the age group 6–13 and, 2,584 (61.6%) for the age group 14 and greater. Conclusion. Mechanisms must be sought to reduce the cost of PEP and means of obtaining funds so as to initiate timely treatment for rabies exposed individuals of low socioeconomic status. Besides prevention, strategies should focus on public education and strict dog population control.

Purpose Noncommunicable diseases, prominently cancer, have become the second leading cause of death in the adult population of Ethiopia. A population-based cancer registry has been used in Addis Ababa (the capital city) since 2011. Availability of up-to-date estimates on cancer incidence is important in guiding the national cancer control program in Ethiopia. Methods We obtained primary data on 8,539 patients from the Addis Ababa population-based cancer registry and supplemented by data on 1,648 cancer cases collected from six Ethiopian regions. We estimated the number of the commonest forms of cancer diagnosed among males and females in Ethiopia and computed crude and age-standardized incidence rates. Results For 2015 in Ethiopia, we estimated that 21,563 (95% CI, 17,416 to 25,660) and 42,722 (95% CI, 37,412 to 48,040) incident cancer cases were diagnosed in males and females, respectively. The most common adult cancers were: cancers of the breast and cervix, colorectal cancer, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, leukemia, and cancers of the prostate, thyroid, lung, stomach, and liver. Leukemia was the leading cancer diagnosis in the pediatric age group (age 0 to 14 years). Breast cancer was by far the commonest cancer, constituting 33% of the cancers in women and 23% of all cancers identified from the Addis Ababa cancer registry. It was also the commonest cancer in four of the six Ethiopian regions included in the analysis. Colorectal cancer and non-Hodgkin lymphoma were the commonest malignancies in men. Conclusion Cancer, and more prominently breast cancer, poses a substantial public health threat in Ethiopia. The fight against cancer calls for expansion of population-based registry sites to improve quantifying the cancer burden in Ethiopia and requires both increased investment and application of existing cancer control knowledge across all segments of the Ethiopian population.

Background. The social and economic changes taking place in developing countries are influencing the pace at which hypertension and its risk factors are expanding. As opposed to the already established inverse association in developed nations, the association between socioeconomic status and hypertension in developing countries is poor and inconsistent. This study aims to determine the association between socioeconomic status and hypertension among teachers and bankers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.Methods. This study is based on a cross-sectional study conducted to assess the prevalence of NCDs in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The study was undertaken among workers of the Commercial Bank of Ethiopia and teachers of public schools in 2010.Results. Majority of participants were teachers (70.3%). Most of the respondents (54.1%) earn an annual income between 15,000 ETB and 48,000 ETB, and 51.9% of them have educational status of first degree and above. Among the socioeconomic factors income was strongly associated with the odds of having hypertension (AOR: 2.17 with 95% CI: 1.58–2.98).Conclusions. Higher burden of hypertension is observed among teachers and bankers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Promotion of healthy behaviors and interventions that target higher income groups needs to be put in place.

Purpose and rationale: In 2012, an estimated 9,500 infants in Ethiopia were born with HIV. Mortality for these infants is high, and preventing infection offers the best hope for reducing the childhood death rates. Effective measures exist which can reduce the likelihood of a child acquiring HIV from its mother to less than 2%, and the necessary anti-retroviral medications are free and accessible to Ethiopian women. However, Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT) efforts in the country have not kept pace with the global reduction in infant infections over the last decade, and the Ethiopian MTCT rate was still 20% in 2012. Although a large number of women are getting tested for HIV during pregnancy, only 41% of eligible women in the country complete PMTCT therapy. The purpose of this exploratory study was to elicit the perspectives of HIV+ mothers on the unique socio-contextual factors which affect them during pregnancy, both positively and negatively, including the beliefs, attitudes, cultural norms and individuals who have influence over their reproductive health decisions. Methods: The mixed-methods study was done at a community level in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. With the assistance of several large networks of people living with HIV (PLHIV), PLHIV mothers who have a child at least one year of age were recruited by mixed purposeful sampling; various socio-economic demographics were represented. In-depth interviews, focus groups and surveys were then completed in Amharic with a research assistant translating to English. Results: 98 women in total took part in the study: 23 completed interviews, 28 participated in focus groups, and 49 completed additional surveys. The greatest barriers to PMTCT completion identified were: feelings of hopelessness and carelessness, a general lack of understanding of the efficacy of ARVs, negative religious influences, stigma and poverty. The strongest facilitators to PMTCT use expressed by the women were: PLHIV peer support, faith, and gaining hope. It was recommended that PLHIV mothers be utilized in all PMTCT planning and interventions in the future. Implications: Program managers and health officials can build on these findings to modify existing PMTCT programs and to develop innovative and effective new PMTCT interventions. This will ultimately result in increased PMTCT uptake and adherence amongst HIV + pregnant women and a reduction in infant HIV transmission.

Surface water is globally becoming more and more a scarce resource, and in Addis Ababa the capital of Ethiopia, river water quality has been degraded due to anthropological forcing for many years. Therefore, the study objective was to investigate causes and impact of surface water pollution in Kebena and Great Akaki rivers. The technical aspect of the study focused on analysing the parameters E. coli, phosphate, nitrate and total ammonia nitrogen in 34 different sampling sites in the western part of the Great Akaki catchment. The other aspect was to evaluate authorities’ and companies’ perspective on the water quality, usage and future plans to mitigate further pollution of rivers. Another perspective was to interview households and farmers regarding their view on usage, water quality and health risks. The main finding was a high surface water contamination in both Kebena and Akaki river, throughout the city, mostly from domestic, municipality and industrial wastewater and solid waste. E. coli concentrations exceeded thresholds given by WHO. Concentrations of phosphate and total ammonia nitrogen strongly indicated eutrophication. Nitrate values were lower than expected with no perceived healthrisk. The interview study with authorities, households and farmers indicated irrigation as the main usage. Little to moderate health risks perceived by farm users and high health risks perceived by authorities for farmers were found. Therefore, addressing a stronger collaboration between authorities and the local community is important. In addition, the implementation of mitigation strategies should be strengthened and the stakeholders need to be accountable for their actions. A continued monitoring of pollutants as well as a multi-sectoral approach to solidwaste and wastewater management will help improve the river water quality.<br>Ytvatten blir globalt allt mer en knapp resurs och i Addis Abeba, huvudstaden i Etiopien, har flodernas vattenkvalitet under många år försämrats på grund av antropogen påverkan. Denna studie syftar till att undersöka orsaker och påverkan på ytvattenföroreningar i floderna Kebena och Akaki. Den tekniska aspekten av studien inkluderar vattenanalyser av parametrarna E.coli, fosfat, nitrat och totalt ammonium kväve som utfördes på 34 olika provtagningsplatser i västra delen av Great Akakis avrinningsområde. Den andra aspekten var att utvärdera myndigheters och företags perspektiv på vattenkvalité, flodvattnets användningsområden och framtida planer för förbättring av föroreningsgraden i floderna. Ett annat perspektiv var att intervjua hushåll och lantbrukare angående deras bild av ytvattenanvändning, om vattenkvaliteten och hälsorisker. Studiens huvudsakliga upptäckt är en genomgående hög föroreningsgrad i stadens flodvatten. Föroreningen består till största del av avlopp och avfall från hushåll, kommuner och industrier. Koncentrationerna av E.coli överskred WHO:s gränsvärden. Halterna av fosfat och totalt ammoniumkväve indikerade övergödning. Nitratvärdena visade lägre halter än förväntat och därmed ingen påvisad hälsorisk. Intervjustudien med myndigheter, hushåll och lantbrukare påvisade att ytvattnet mest används för bevattning av åkermark. Lantbrukarna uppfattade en liten till medelhög hälsorisk med denna användning, medan myndigheter ansåg att lantbrukarna utsattes för en hög risk. Därför är ett starkare samarbete mellan myndigheter och samhället viktigt. Dessutom behöver implementationen av förbättringsåtgärder förbättras och alla aktörer måste göras ansvariga för sina handlingar. En fortsatt övervakning av föroreningar och ett multi-disciplinärt arbetssätt vid avfall- och avloppshantering kommer att vara till hjälp vid förbättring av vattenkvaliteten i floden.

Magister Public Health - MPH<br>Introduction The Human Resource Strategic Plan of the Ethiopian Ministry of Health lists current health workforce problems as a high attrition rate among public service physicians, poor human resource management, non-conducive working conditions and high workloads. In Addis Ababa's public hospitals, the turnover of physicians is high and - as repeatedly and informally reported by hospital managers - the presence of the contributory factors listed above are also anecdotally thought to be present. These factors present a serious challenge to the delivery of high quality health care services and their presence indicates that the job satisfaction of physicians is likely to be low. However, factors responsible for job dissatisfaction among physicians and their implications for staff turnover have not been studied or documented in the context of Ethiopia's health system. It was this scenario that motivated the researcher to conduct this study in order to assist policy makers in taking appropriate actions, if and as required. Aim: The aim of the study was to assess the level of job satisfaction, the factors influencing job satisfaction and the consequences of job satisfaction among physicians in public hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Objectives: • To describe the job satisfaction levels of physicians in public hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia • To identify factors affecting the job satisfaction levels of physicians • To assess possible consequences linked to physicians' job satisfaction levels. A self-administered questionnaire was used to measure job satisfaction, composed of 65 individual variables grouped within 13 dimensions and adapted to the Ethiopian context from the Job Descriptive Index and the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire. An additional questionnaire was used to assess socio-demographic variables and the possible consequences of low job satisfaction. Analysis: A composite job satisfaction score was obtained by summing the individual answers for each of the variables to assess overall job satisfaction. Bivariate analysis was undertaken, using 2X2 tables (with 95% confidence intervals) to calculate the prevalence ratio for each of the potential causes and consequences of low job satisfaction, using the composite score cut-off levels of job satisfaction. Multivariate analysis was undertaken to obtain the adjusted prevalence odds ratios for both the potential causes and consequences of low job satisfaction, using multiple logistic regression analysis.

Background One central task within nursing is health promotion, which can be done at different levels. Primary prevention aims to promote health and protect against illness by preventing problems before they occur. HIV is still a worldwide issue, yet Ethiopia is one country where efforts at preventing the spread of the virus have had positive results. Aim This study aimed to describe how nurses in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, work with primary prevention to minimise the spread of HIV. Method The study was conducted as a qualitative field study at a hospital in Addis Ababa. Semi-structured interviews were held with seven nurses at four different units. Content analysis was used to analyse the data. Result The nurses mentioned various efforts of preventing HIV, where the main findings describe the different hands-on methods at their unit as well as the nurses’ frequent work with health education and information. An additional finding outlines the setting in which the nurses carry out their preventive work. Conclusion In conclusion, the nurses worked in a variety of ways to prevent the spread of the virus to themselves and to their patients. Screening was an important effort to minimise the exposure to other non-infected individuals. Health education and information were quoted by the majority of the nurses, but it was impacted by the awareness that the patients already exhibited. The findings show the multitude of efforts attempted at all units, which highlight the significant presence and value of health promotion within nursing.

Rural-urban differentials in fertility behaviour are neither new nor surprising, but a difference of over four children per woman as observed between rural Ethiopia and the country's national capital, Addis Ababa, in 1990 is rare, possibly unique. Reported fertility in Addis Ababa in 1990 was about 2.6 children per woman. By the mid-1990s, it declined further to 1.8 children per woman. This study investigates the dimensions, components and causes of this remarkable reproductive change. ¶ The study specifically asks and seeks to answer the following questions. Is the decline real, or is it merely an illusion created by faulty reporting? If it is real, how has it come about? Did it result from a change in the onset of reproduction or a decline in the proportion of women reaching high parities or both? And in what context has such a fundamental, even revolutionary, change taken place in a country and a continent that are mostly yet to join the global transition to a small family-size norm. ¶ Data for the study were drawn from two national population censuses, undertaken in 1984 and 1994, two fertility surveys, conducted in 1990 and 1995, and a number of supplementary sources, including a qualitative study conducted by the investigator. Results from the study confirm that the trend of declining fertility and the recent fall to below-replacement-level are indeed real. As the analysis shows the decline was largely driven by changes in the marriage pattern, and supplemented by the increased propensity of fertility control observed across all birth orders and age groups. All socio-economic groups in the city have had a decline in cohort fertility and this was brought about both by shifts in population composition (a composition effect) and increased intensity of fertility control within each group (a rate effect). The institutional and cultural factors that are believed to have prompted these changes are discussed in the thesis in some detail.

Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA(DVS)<br>Clarifying the nexus between leadership and organisational effectiveness across the world remains a significant challenge that has raised robust scholarly debate. A wide range of conceptual models have been provided on effective leadership. But, at the global level few empirical studies have been done to examine transformational leadership in the context of Non-Government Organisations (NGOs). In line with the leadership theory and conceptual framework, this study sought to analyse members' perception of their leaders, using a case study NGO in Addis Ababa. The researcher employed both quantitative and qualitative research methods. Quantitative methodology used questionnaire surveys based on the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire to assess the dominant leadership style within ANOPA+. Qualitative methodology was applied through semi-structured interviews, in order to deepen the understanding of the existing leadership style based on the members' perception of the organisation. The results of the study indicated that transformational leadership motivated followers to attain more than they thought possible, by appealing to followers self-esteem and inspiring them to go beyond self-centered interests. In addition, the research process identified five important gaps that impede the successful implementation of ANOPA+'s programme. First, this study revealed that ANOPA+ leaders failed to use, or lacked a proper understanding of, transformational leadership skills. Second, this empirical research, discovered that the dominant leadership style within ANOPA+ was transactional leadership. Third, this research confirmed that there was no statistically significant difference between the perception of staff and volunteers regarding the leadership style within ANOPA+. Fourth, the field data assessment showed that HIV/AIDS status is the crucial criterion for appointment as a leader in ANOPA+. However, ANOPA+ members believed that effective leaders should have a combination of the knowledge, skills and competencies that followers can use to perform their day-to-day work. Fifth, the study identified that the appointment of women in leadership positions within ANOPA+ is very low. Within the context of the above mentioned analysis, the study finally brings into focus general observations gained from the investigation and provides recommendations to policy makers and other stakeholders.

Syfte: Att identifiera behovet för arbetsterapi i Nehemiah Autism Center genom att utföra en behovsanalys. Metod: Mixad-metod användas för att utveckla en passande behovsanalys för att identifiera behovet för arbetsterapi. Resultat: Alla områden där en arbetsterapeut kan bidrag till valdes. Kommunikation och sociala färdigheter rapporterades mest frekvent och beteende förvaltning rankades som viktigast bland vårdnadshavare. Bland anställda, fritid och lek rapporterades mest frekvent och stresshantering rankades som viktigast. Utbildningsmöjligheter, kommunikation mellan anställda och medarbetare relation identifierades som stödjande faktorer för att uppnå målet på Nehemiah Autism Center. Stigma, religion och kulturell mångfald rapporterades som icke-stödjande faktorer för att uppnå målet på Nehemiah Autism Center. Slutsats: Det finns ett behov för arbetsterapi för att möta behovet hos barn med autism på Nehemiah Autism Center i Addis Ababa, Etiopien.<br>Aim: To identify the occupational therapy needs at the Nehemiah Autism Center by completing a needs assessment. Method: A mixed-methods design was adopted to construct a comprehensive needs assessment to identify the occupational therapy needs. Result: All areas of what an occupational therapist could assist with were selected as an area of need. Communication and social skills were most frequently reported and behavior management was ranked as most important among caregivers. Among staff members, leisure and play was reported most frequently and stress management was ranked as most important. Training opportunities, communication among staff members, and co-worker relationship were identified to be supporting factors in achieving the goal at Nehemiah Autism Center. Stigma, religion, and cultural diversity were reported to be unsupportive factors in achieving the goal at Nehemiah Autism Center. Conclusion: There is a great need for occupational therapy services to attend to children with autism spectrum disorder at Nehemiah Autism Center in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

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</meta> </meta> </meta> </meta> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt<br>line-height: 115%<br>font-family: &quot<br>Times New Roman&quot<br>,&quot<br>serif&quot<br>">This study has reveled the levels of knowledge and compliance towards Universal Precautions and examined the factors that are influential in having a positive and negative effect on their adoption by healthcare practitioners in practice. Despite acceptable knowledge regarding the potential for infection and mechanisms to prevent these infections, this study has found out that health care workers are not as compliant with universal precautions as they need to be. The findings that compliance correlated directly with knowledge, with in-service training and with availability of protective equipment, provide important indications for future interventions. Therefore a regular on job refreshing training program on Universal Precautions, a written guideline and reminder poster on Universal Precautions and personal protective equipment need to be made available for all health care providers in every department of the hospital for better compliance. <span style="">&nbsp<br></span><span style="">&nbsp<br></span><span style="">&nbsp<br></span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p>&nbsp<br></p>

Introduction: Viral hepatitis is a global public health problem affecting millions of people every year, causing disability and death. Hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV) viruses spread horizontally, mainly through sexual contact and contaminated needles, and vertically. Both cause considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide. Maternal infection is a risk factor for vertical transmission. Objective: To determine the seroprevalence of HBsAg and anti-HCV antibody among non-pregnant, apparently healthy mothers and to identify potential risk factors associated with HBV or HCV infection. Methods: A community based cross sectional study was conducted on 454 apparently healthy women, in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from May 2016 to June 2017. A systematic random sampling method was used to recruit participants. Result: A total of 454 mothers were enrolled. Seroprevalence of HBsAg and HCV was found to be 3.7% and 2.0%, respectively. HBc antibody was detected in 36.3% of the mothers. None of the participants was co-infected with both viruses. Previous history of liver disease, history of jaundice, HIV infection, and family history of liver disease were significantly associated with HBV infection. Marital status, caring for hepatitis patients, and a history of liver disease were factors significantly associated with HCV infection. Conclusion: Apparently, healthy mothers in Addis Ababa had intermediate level of endemicity for hepatitis B and C infections Routine screening and vaccination of high-risk reproductive mothers against HBV is advisable. Emphasis should be given to health education and promotion of infection control practices. Population based studies are strongly recommended to help monitor disease transmission patterns and to design evidence-based interventions against the spread of hepatitis infections in Ethiopia.

In order to achieve the objective of the study, both primary and secondary data were generated by employing qualitative (using group discussion, in depth interview, and observation) and quantitative (mainly using survey and visitor survey questionnaires) methods. Purposive and simple random sampling techniques were used to select both private and public tourism sectors and 80 samples, respectively. The quantitative data was analyzed using frequency, percentage, and mean when appropriate while qualitative data was used to triangulate and substantiate the study. The finding result shows the visitor experience on the area of transportation and accommodation is the area where Addis Ababa falls far behind. There are several areas of poor performance (supported by both visitor questionnaires during the preparation of this study). Overall, the analysis identified that the industry (the role of public and private sector for sustainable tourism development in Ethiopia) is underperforming relative to the tremendous potential value to fasten for a tourism industry in the country.

Approximately 2 billion people worldwide are infected with HBV and more than 240 million are chronic carriers. The World Health Organization officially launched the introduction of the hepatitis B vaccine for children in 1980. Since then, different countries have determined the level of response to the vaccine. Since the introduction of the vaccine in Ethiopia in 2007, there have been few studies evaluating the antibody response to the HBV vaccine. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the HBV antibody response after hepatitis B vaccination and to evaluate the HBV seroprevalence of children in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted using a multistage probability sampling technique. Four hundred and fifty children between the ages of five and eight living in Addis Ababa were enrolled. Socio-demographic characteristics were obtained through a structured questionnaire and three to four ml of blood was collected from each child. ELISA was performed to determine antibody levels against HBV. The average age is seven + one (SD) years. Anti-HBs were detected in 54.3% (208/450) of children, and girls 98 (54.7%) had a slightly higher level of protection than boys 110 did (53.9%). The overall coverage rate of the vaccine in this study was 85.1%. The proportion of children with protective levels (&gt; 10 mIU / ml of anti-HBs antibodies) decreased with increasing age of the children: 5, 6, 7 and 8 years were 52.6%, 60%, 43.5% and 37.1%, respectively. The seroprevalence rate for HBsAg is 0.4% and the seroprevalence rate for anti-HBc is 5.6%. Age and antibody response level were negatively correlated (p = 0.001), while gender and history of HBV infection were not significantly correlated. Age was also significantly correlated with anti-HBc seropositivity (p = 0.003). HBV vaccine coverage for children is high, but the antibody response to the vaccine appears to be low. The seropositivity rate for the virus is also very low. Low levels of response to the vaccine should be a problem. For unresponsive children, revaccination or booster doses should be considered. More research needs to be done.

Ethiopia has succeeded in rapidly expanding access to primary education over the past two decades. However, learning outcomes remain low among primary school children and particularly among girls and children from disadvantaged backgrounds. Starting with a systematic review of quantitative studies on the determinants of learning outcomes among primary school children in Ethiopia, this study then examined key determinants of students’ numeracy achievement over the 2018-19 school year. The study focused on Grade 4 children (N=3,353) who are part of an on-going longitudinal study. The two questions that guided this study are: what are the key determinants of numeracy achievement at Grade 4 in primary schools in Ethiopia, and how does our current empirical study contribute to understanding achievement differences in numeracy among primary school children in Ethiopia? We employed descriptive and inferential statistics to examine factors that determine differences in numeracy scores at the start and end of the school year, as well as determinants of numeracy scores at the end of the school year conditional on achievement at the start of the school year. We examined differences across gender, region, and rural-urban localities. We also used ordinary least squares and school ‘fixed effects’ approaches to estimate the key child, household and school characteristics that determine numeracy scores in Grade 4. The findings revealed that boys significantly outperformed girls in numeracy both at the start and end of the 2018/19 school year, but the progress in numeracy scores over the school year by boys was similar to that of girls. Besides, students in urban localities made a slightly higher progress in numeracy over the school year compared to their rural counterparts. Students from some regions (e.g., Oromia) demonstrated higher progress in numeracy over the school year relative to students in other regions (e.g., Addis Ababa). Key child (e.g., age, health, hours spent per day studying at home) and school- and teacher-related characteristics (e.g., provision of one textbook per subject for each student, urban-rural school location, and teachers’ mathematics content knowledge) were found to be significantly associated with student progress in numeracy test scores over the school year. These findings are discussed based on the reviewed evidence from the quantitative studies in Ethiopia.