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1
Wright, Lauri, and Melody Chavez. Public Health Nutrition. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190238308.003.0009.
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The importance of nutrition and the prevention of illness and disease in public health has long been recognized and encouraged in the United States. These issues are now being recognized as key opportunities for pharmacists to engage in improving individual and population health as the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education Standards 2016 report emphasizes the importance of patient-centered care, health and wellness, and population-based care. This chapter starts with an overview of nutritional needs throughout the lifespan. It then discusses specific strategies and programs pharmacists can refer to in order to support healthy lifestyles and public health prevention strategies focused on nutrition.
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Levy, Barry S., ed. Social Injustice and Public Health. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190914653.001.0001.
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The third edition of Social Injustice and Public Health provides a comprehensive, up-to-date resource on the relationship of social injustice to the broad field of public health. It includes 29 chapters and many text boxes on a wide range of relevant issues written by 78 contributors who are expert in their respective areas of work. The book includes many descriptions of social injustice and its adverse effects on health, supplemented with many tables, graphs, photographs, and case examples—and many recommendations on what needs to be done to address social injustice. Social Injustice and Public Health is divided into four parts. Part I describes the nature of social injustice and its overall impact on public health. Part II describes how the health of specific population groups is affected by social injustice. Part III describes how social injustice adversely impacts various aspects of health, such as infectious diseases, nutrition, noncommunicable diseases, mental health, and violence. Part IV broadly addresses what needs to be done, from a variety of perspectives, ranging from addressing social injustice in a human rights context, to strengthening communities, to promoting equitable and sustainable human development.
3
Detels, Roger, Martin Gulliford, Quarraisha Abdool Karim, and Chorh Chuan Tan, eds. Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199661756.001.0001.
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The Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health is the ultimate resource on the subject of public health and epidemiology. It has been thoroughly revised and updated, offering a global and comprehensive perspective on wide-ranging public health needs and priorities in modern health care. It is divided into three areas: 'The Scope of Public Health' discusses the development of the discipline, determinants of health and disease, public health policies, and law and ethics; 'The Methods of Public Health' covers the main science behind the discipline – epidemiology; 'The Practice of Public Health' examines specific public health problems and the options for prevention and control. As well as identifying these issues by system or disease, there is also an awareness of the unique needs of particular population groups. This sixth edition also includes new topics, including climate change, genetic testing and epidemiology; new methods for measuring the burden of disease; life course approaches to epidemiology, behavioural economics; and physical activity, health and wellbeing.
4
Public Health Policies on Psychoactive Substance Use: A Manual for Health Planners. Pan American Health Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37774/9789275123508.
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The use of psychoactive substances has various social and health consequences. These can be addressed from the field of health and social welfare through policies formulated by government agencies in accordance with their specific mandates. An explicit policy on health and psychoactive substance use allows the development of the necessary responses to protect and promote the right to health of the population as it relates to this complex problem. This manual is an instrumental tool based on policy analysis techniques and methods developed with the purpose of facilitating the application of public health principles to define responses to problems associated with psychoactive substance use. To this end, the manual contains examples and exercises that illustrate the various phases of the planning process and can be used in workshops and other training activities. It is intended for those responsible for formulating, implementing, and evaluating policies, plans, and programs aimed at reducing the consequences of psychoactive substance use on collective health, from government health agencies and other relevant sectors to civil society.
5
Sahay, Sundeep, T. Sundararaman, and Jørn Braa. Understanding Public Health Informatics in Context of Health in Low and Middle-Income Countries. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198758778.003.0002.
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This chapter places public health informatics within a public health context. An understanding of PHI must be built on the perspective of public health as the health of populations. In LMICs it is closely related to an understanding of the primary healthcare approach, and the role and functions of public health systems, including the measurement of health status and equity, the effective coverage of different health programmes, and the utilization of different health services. This requires an understanding of the social and environmental determinants of healthcare, which need relevant data from other sectors as well. The architecture and development of public health informatics varies across nations and is path-dependent and context-specific. Many have evolved as monitoring support to externally financed vertical programmes, some as support for comprehensive primary health programmes and some from support systems for health insurance. The current information needs of health systems, transcends their respective origins, and requires both individual-based clinical information and aggregate population-based data.
6
Mastroianni, Anna C., Jeffrey P. Kahn, and Nancy E. Kass, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Public Health Ethics. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190245191.001.0001.
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Public health is fundamentally concerned with promoting the health of populations through the prevention of disease and injury. It is, at its core, a moral endeavor, because the end it seeks is the advancement of human well-being. Vexing ethics issues are inherent in all aspects of public health practice and policy. They exist in top-of-the-news stories like infectious disease outbreaks and vaccine hesitancy, health disparities, and in more routine assessments of population health needs, data collection, program evaluation, and policy development. They may be distinctive or shared across diverse fields, such as environmental health, nutrition programs and policy, injury prevention, communicable and noncommunicable diseases, and reproductive health. This volume represents the first comprehensive examination of public health ethics in the United States and globally. The volume editors recruited top public health professionals, policy experts, and scholars in public health and ethics fields to offer varied perspectives on the diversity of the issues that define public health ethics. The volume begins with two sections examining the crosscutting conceptual foundations, ethical tensions, and ethical frameworks of and for public health and how public health does its work. It then proceeds topically, with thirteen sections analyzing the application of public health ethics considerations and approaches across the broad range of subject areas. While the fifteen sections can serve to orient the reader within a specific field, each of the more than seventy chapters is designed to serve as a stand-alone contribution. The approach makes the book, its sections, and individual chapters useful as part of course materials, as well as a seminal reference for students, scholars, and public health professionals.
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Ghebrehewet, Samuel, Alex G. Stewart, David Baxter, Paul Shears, David Conrad, and Merav Kliner, eds. Health Protection. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198745471.001.0001.
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This book is an accessible and practical core text on the three domains of health protection: Communicable Disease Control, Emergency Preparedness Resilience and Response (EPRR), and protection of the public from environmental hazards (Environmental Public Health). The editors have attempted to develop an “all hazards approach” to dealing with health protection situations. Most health protection books confine themselves to one of the three domains, whereas this book presents a practical and all hazards approach, with some account of the overarching principles of health protection on which day-to-day practice rests. The target audience is health protection practitioners, students, doctors, nurses and other non-medical professionals who may encounter health protection issues in their daily practice. From a clear introduction to the essential principles of health protection work, the book guides readers through how to manage real health protection incidents using a combination of case studies and quick reference action checklists. Each case study provides a common health protection scenario which develops in stages, in the same way as a real-life case or incident. As the story unfolds, the reader will learn about the nature and significance of the specific threat to population health, the practical steps and issues involved in an effective public health response and the health protection principles underpinning that response. Other chapters outline the general principles of health protection, providing a deeper understanding of key tools and mechanisms, as well as insights into new and emerging health protection issues. A series of individual checklists dealing with a broad range of commonly-faced diseases, hazards and incidents complete the book. These give concise and practically-focused information that can be used even by non-specialists in time-pressured situations. In particular, the variety of chapters covered throughout the book, on Communicable Diseases, Emergency Preparedness Resilience and Response, and Environmental Public Health, offer a unique perspective borne out of practical experience, not easily accessible elsewhere.
8
Macnab, Andrew J., Abdallah Daar, and Christoff Pauw, eds. Health in Transition: Translating developmental origins of health and disease science to improve future health in Africa. African Sun Media, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18820/9781928357759.
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At STIAS, the ‘Health in Transition’ theme includes a programme to address the epidemic rise in the incidence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as Type 2 diabetes, hypertension, obesity, coronary heart disease and stroke in Africa. The aim is to advance awareness, research capacity and knowledge translation of science related to the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) as a means of preventing NCDs in future generations. Application of DOHaD science is a promising avenue for prevention, as this field is identifying how health and nutrition from conception through the first 1 000 days of life can dramatically impact a developing individual’s future life course, and specifically predicate whether or not they are programmed in infancy to develop NCDs in later life. Prevention of NCDs is an essential strategy as, if unchecked, the burden of caring for a growing and ageing population with these diseases threatens to consume entire health budgets, as well as negatively impact the quality of life of millions. Africa in particular needs specific, focussed endeavors to realize the maximal preventive potential of DOHaD science, and a means of generating governmental and public awareness about the links between health in infancy and disease in adult life. This volume summarizes the expertise and experience of a leading group of international scientists led by Abdallah Daar brought together at STIAS as part of the ‘Health in Transition’ programme.
9
Popeo, Dennis. The Elderly. Edited by Hunter L. McQuistion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190610999.003.0014.
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Every day, approximately 20,000 Americans turn age 65 years. If the current prevalence of mental illness and substance abuse continues, in 2040 more than 15 million adults older than age 65 years will need services that are specifically tailored to older adults. As it is, the current population of older adults is underserved—a service gap to which public psychiatrists must respond. By presenting one representative case, this chapter addresses some of the specific needs of this cohort of patients, including complex and comorbid health issues, cognitive impairment, caregiver burden, elder abuse, and the unfortunate prevalence of homelessness among the elderly. Age-appropriate mental health treatment is discussed, with the goal of educating mental health practitioners to better serve this diverse and heterogeneous population.
10
Parks, Courtney A., Eric E. Calloway, Teresa M. Smith, and Amy L. Yaroh. Policy Efforts Supporting Healthy Diets for Adults and Children. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190626686.003.0006.
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Policy-level influences are impactful strategies to improve dietary behaviors, with the ability to strengthen food environments and with a broad population-level effect. Policies can alter the “choice architecture,” which may lead individuals to make healthier decisions by means of making the healthier option the default option. Policy levers such as taxation and regulation of businesses that influence the food environment are mechanisms through which positive change can be made. Specific legislation discussed in this chapter includes the Healthy Hunger Free Kids Act of 2010, the farm bill, and more recent proposals such as sugar-sweetened beverage taxation and labeling of genetically modified organisms. Finally, this chapter outlines ideas for how public health professionals can get involved and influence the political process.
11
Fleischman, Alan R. Ethical Issues in General Pediatric Practice. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199354474.003.0007.
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This chapter describes several ethical issues that occur in the everyday practice of pediatrics, including: parent refusal of immunizations, suspected child abuse and neglect, conscientious objection to providing specific treatments, and parental requests for tests and treatments that are not medically indicated. The role of religious preferences of parents and child are covered. What can the clinical practitioner do to convince parents that vaccinations are not harmful and that vaccinations are important to the health of the child and also to the population as a whole? Is firing the patient an option? What other options do clinicians have? The chapter addresses those questions, as well as the ethical issues that arise in the relationships of physicians to their employers, to private and public insurers, and to industry.
12
Guidance for Tuberculosis Prevention and Control in Indigenous Populations in the Region of the Americas. Pan American Health Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37774/9789275122778.
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Tuberculosis continues to represent a severe public health problem in the Region of the Americas, even more so in the case of indigenous peoples, whose TB incidence is much higher than that of the general population. To achieve tuberculosis control in these communities, it is necessary to respond to communities’ diverse needs from an intercultural perspective that allows the application of a holistic approach—from a standpoint of equality and mutual respect—and considers the value of their cultural practices. In the Region of the Americas, although there has been progress toward recognizing the need for an intercultural approach to health services, obstacles rooted in discrimination, racism, and the exclusion of indigenous peoples and other ethnic groups persist. To respond to this situation, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) prepared this guidance which––based on an intercultural approach in accordance with the priority lines of the current PAHO Policy on Ethnicity and Health and its practical development in the Region’s indigenous populations––represent a support tool for implementing the End TB Strategy. This publication integrates PAHO’s accumulated experience and best practices developed by its Member States in recent years, including discussions and experiences shared in regional meetings on the issue, and emphasizes innovation and social inclusion. This requires an urgent shift away from traditional paradigms, taking specific actions that gradually reduce TB incidence and moving toward effective multisectoral actions that have proven effective in quickly containing the epidemic. This publication integrates PAHO’s accumulated experience and best practices developed by its Member States in recent years, including discussions and experiences shared in regional meetings on the issue, and emphasizes innovation and social inclusion. This requires an urgent shift away from traditional paradigms, taking specific actions that gradually reduce TB incidence and moving toward effective multisectoral actions that have proven effective in quickly containing the epidemic.
13
Gipson, Tanjala T., and Michael V. Johnston. Overview of Autism and Intellectual Disabilities. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0049.
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Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and intellectual disabilities (ID) are prevalent causes of brain dysfunction in childhood and they have a significant public health impact on quality of life and the ability to live independently. ID is defined by the presence of an intelligence quotient less than 70 on a standardized test combined with impaired adaptive skills of daily living, whereas autism is defined by a combination of impaired language and social skills as well as the presence of stereotyped movements or behaviors. The prevalence of ID is estimated to be 1/100 population, with higher numbers in low resource countries, whereas the prevalence of autism is estimated to be 1 in 68, 1/42 boys and 1/189 girls. Approximately 70% of individuals with autism also meet the criteria for ID, but ID is not necessary for the diagnosis of autism. Genetic disorders are an important cause of autism, and 80% of identical twins will share autism if it is present in one twin, whereas the rate of concurrence in fraternal twins is 30%. This overview describes some general features of the causation and neurobiology of ID and ASD that are discussed in more detail in the chapters on specific pediatric disorders later in this section.
14
Brownsword, Roger, Eloise Scotford, and Karen Yeung, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Law, Regulation and Technology. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199680832.001.0001.
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This book brings together leading scholars from law and other disciplines to explore the relationship between law, technological innovation, and regulatory governance. It is organized into five parts. Part I provides an overview of the volume, identifies its aims, explains its organization, locates it within existing scholarship, and identifies major themes that emerge from the individual chapter contributions. Part II examines core normative values that are implicated or affected by technological developments and which recur in attempts to ground the legitimacy of emerging technologies within liberal democratic societies. Part III focuses on the challenges that technological development poses for law, legal doctrine, and legal institutions, and the constraints that these legal frameworks pose for the development of technologies. Part IV provides a critical exploration of the implications for regulatory governance of technological development, and considers both attempts to regulate new technologies (typically with the aim of managing risks associated with their emergence while seeking to promote their potential benefits) and the way in which new technologies may be utilized as instruments of regulatory governance with the aim of restraining and managing social risks. Part V explores the interface between law, regulatory governance, and emerging technologies in specific policy sectors, namely: medicine and health; population, reproduction, and the family; trade and commerce; public security; communications, media and culture; and food, water, energy, and the environment.
15
Lapsia, Vijay, Bernard Jaar, and A. Ahsan Ejaz, eds. Kidney Protection. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190611620.001.0001.
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Kidney disease is a crippling disease that affects approximately ten percent of the population worldwide, with more than 2.6 million individuals estimated to receive renal replace therapy. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is fast becoming a major public health issue even in resource poor settings, with some estimates predicting a disproportionate increase in countries such as China and India. Consequently, renal protection has become a vital and critical component of prevention. While observational data suggests that awareness remains low, the concept of renal protection is currently under-recognized in promoting recovery as well as preventing further renal loss. Kidney Protection: Strategies for Renal Preservation is a clinically applicable review of the current medical care and research that aims to address the awareness gap. The authors combine renal protection research and clinical practices with an interdisciplinary approach that is inclusive of nephrology,urology, critical care, anesthesia, emergency medicine and clinical medicine.Written by experts in the field of nephrology, the authors have also included applicable photographs and line drawings. The specific topics covered include: protection of the kidneys in hypertension, diabetes and heart disease, exposure to contrast including coronary angiogram, atherosclerosis, and more. This handbook is formatted to emphasize clinical practice points and major systemic illnesses. Additionally, it features the latest evidence-based practice guidelines for optimal renal outcomes, thus, making it a concise reference for the busy clinician interested in understanding the basics of kidney disease assessment, renal injury prevention, and renal preservation.
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Birtles, Richard. Other bacterial diseasesAnaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis and neorickettsiosis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0020.
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In 2001, taxonomic reorganization of the bacterial genera Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Cowdria and Neorickettsia resulted in the transfer of numerous species between these taxa, and the renaming of the transferred species to reflect their new taxonomic position (Dumler et al. 2001). Among the members of these genera, there are four species of established zoonotic importance, which are therefore the subject of this chapter. Two of these species were affected by the changes outlined above.Although these four species possess markedly different ecologies, they share the fundamental biological character of being obligate intracellular bacteria that reside within vacuoles of eukaryotic cells. This lifestyle underlies their fastidious nature in the laboratory and hence our limited knowledge of their biology and pathogenicity. Nonetheless, despite this shortfall, all four are associated with diseases of established or emerging importance: E. chaffeensis provokes human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME), E. ewingii causes human ewingii ehrlichiosis (HEE), A. phagocytophilum causes human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA), N. sennetsu is the agent of sennetsu neorickettsiosis.The first three pathogens are transmitted by hard (ixodid) ticks and are encountered across the temperate zones of the northern hemisphere (and maybe beyond), although the vast majority of human infections caused by them are currently reported in the USA. There, HME and HGA are second only to Lyme disease (caused by Borrelia burgdorferi) in terms of public health significance. Furthermore, given that there is evidence of increasing population sizes and changing distributions for ixodid species (Scharlemann et al. 2008), it is not unreasonable to predict that the infections they transmit will present an increased medical burden in the future. N. sennetsu remains an enigmatic pathogen; case reports remain scarce, but serological surveys suggest high levels of exposure. The widespread consumption of raw fish across east Asia presents specific infection risks to this region, and an increased awareness that sennetsu neorickettsiosis is among the infections that can be acquired from this source is required before its public health importance can be accurately assessed.