Journal articles: 'Public health (excl. specific population health)'

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Shah, Sandip, Joseph Black, Vidya Ramesh, Dong Shao, and Siva Narayanan. "Conceptualization of an indication-specific pricing model to assess potential savings to a U.S. health plan." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2017): e18315-e18315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.15_suppl.e18315.

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e18315 Background: Value based pricing has become a topic of increasing public attention and scrutiny. An Indication Specific Pricing (ISP) allows price setting relative to the level of benefit provided in a given indication and patient population, with the potential for price to vary based on value in the concerned indication(s). We quantified the impact of deploying an ISP scheme on 5-year Afinitor (everolimus) expenditures for a hypothetical health plan of 5M covered lives in the U.S., taking into account three indications: HER2- breast cancer, renal cell carcinoma, and pancreatic cancer. Methods: We constructed an Excel-based model to understand future expenditures on an annual basis utilizing an ISP scheme against a more traditional single contracted price. Key inputs for the model include price per pill (average selling price (ASP)), forecasted annual number of patients per indication (based on 5M covered lives), and compliance rate. Results from the Sloan Kettering “DrugAbacus” pricing project were leveraged to estimate indication-level prices based on their assessment of efficacy, tolerability, and unmet need for Afinitor in each of the indications; actual ISP prices originally used by Sloan Kettering in their model were reweighted and adjusted. Results: As the DrugAbacus price calculated for each indication was lower than the current ASP for Afinitor, use of an ISP methodology resulted in a 9.3% decrease in five year expenditures for Afinitor ($136.9M for a traditional single price vs. $124.1M for an ISP model). Conclusions: US Payers could consider assessing the value a therapeutic intervention brings to each approved indication using ISP in an effort to lower total pharmaceutical-related healthcare costs. Drug manufacturers may benefit from considering relative product value in each potential indication to assess commercial attractiveness and focus evidence generation strategies on those indications seen as most valuable, to support price negotiations.

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Sadykov, M. N., V. B. Ziatdinov, I. D. Reshetnikova, N. M. Khakimov, D. V. Lopushov, and G. Sh Isaeva. "Study of the Level and Structure of Population Immunity to SARS-CoV2 in the Population of the Republic of Tatarstan during the Second Peak of the Spread of COVID-19." Epidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention 20, no. 5 (November 5, 2021): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2021-20-5-39-51.

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Background. The COVID-19 pandemic has become a serious challenge for all of humanity due to the rapid global spread, high frequency of severe forms, increased mortality and required the development of new approaches to managing epidemiological processes. Serological studies are the most important tool for monitoring the infectious process, identifying risk groups, assessing the effect of vaccines used and epidemiological projections.Purpose. Conducting serological monitoring in relation to the modern transferred new coronavirus infection determining the level and structure of population immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in the population of the Republic of Tatarstan; maintaining the period of spread of COVID-19 from August to December 2020.Materials and methods. The study involved 41 444 residents of the Republic of Tatarstan, who filled out questionnaires that included clinical, anamnestic data and an epidemiological history in relation to COVID-19, who were tested for the presence of common antibodies (IgG, IgA and IgM) to the SARS coronavirus. CoV-2 by the method of enhanced chemiluminescence on the VITROS 3600 analyzer using the VITROS Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Total Reagent Pack test systems.Statistical processing was carried out by methods of variation statistics and correlation analysis according to the Pearson method using MS Excel and WinPepi.Results. Seropositivity to SARSCoV-2 in the population of the Republic of Tatarstan averaged 35.8 ± 0.235%. An increase in the level of seropositive persons was noted from 29.95 ± 0.674% in August to 68 ± 9.33% in December. The highest proportion of seropositive individuals was found in was found in the group of the able-bodied population aged 18–59 years. The average geometric titer of antibodies was 4.2 (4.09–4.31), among seropositive – 89.29 (88.13–90.46). In the social and professional structure of the population, the largest proportion of seropositive individuals was found in was found among production workers 40.35 ± 2.177, creative professions – 40 ± 9.798; health care 35.24 ± 0.389; 34.26 ± 1.218 unemployed and 33.06 ± 2.479 civil servants. Among the residents of the Republic of Tatarstan, seropositive to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the proportion of asymptomatic forms of infection was 82.59 ± 0.446%.Сonclusions. There is a positive dynamics of seropositivity among the population of the Republic of Tatarstan. The results of sero-epidemiological monitoring can be used to predict the epidemiological situation, plan measures for specific and non-specific prophylaxis of COVID19.

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Bobyreva, N. S., Yana A. Korneeva, and G. N. Degteva. "Analysis of parasitological situation in nenets autonomous district." Hygiene and sanitation 95, no. 2 (October 28, 2019): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2016-95-2-157-162.

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In the article there is presented an analysis of the own parasitological studies, as well as indices of the prevalence of parasitic diseases according to the official statistical reports of medical institutions, Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare in the Nenets Autonomous District (NAD) over the periodfrom 2002 to 2013. The survey on parasitoses was performed in the indigenous population - the Nenets reindeer herders and their families, as well as in the alien population residing in the territory of the NAD settlements: Varnek, Krasnoe, Karatayka, Nes, Haruta, Norey-Ver, Iskateley, village Oma, and city of Naryan-Mar. During this period, by means of the method of the native smear there were surveyed 5891 cases, method of Kato - 217,417 persons, by perianal scraping - 3054 persons, by ELISA for the presence of specific antibodies to the antigens of various parasites - 11556 cases. The statistical analysis was performed with the use of Statistical Software Package - Excel 2010. There were revealed both downward trends in the prevalence of the county's population for giardiasis, enterobiasis, diphyllobothriasis and the gain in indices of prevalence of ascariasis in the population of the District, also there were detected and found new types ofparasitoses for county - opisthorchiasis, toxocariasis in all age groups of the population of NAD.

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Taheri, Majid, Javad Nazari, Ali Arash Anoshirvani, Reza Aghabozorgi, Masoud Bahrami, and Amir Almasi Hashiani. "Incidence of Breast Cancer in Markazi, Iran, Population-based Cancer Registry Results." Open Public Health Journal 12, no. 1 (May 31, 2019): 228–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874944501912010228.

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Background: Breast Cancer (BC) is the most prevalent malignancy and a significant cause of cancer deaths in females all around the world. BC includes 16 percent of all cancers. Objective: This study aimed at examining the epidemiology of BC in Markazi. Materials and Methods: This was an epidemiological study in which data resulted from the population-based cancer registry program in Markazi, Iran was used during the years 2010-2014. Data was recorded in Excel software and coded based on ICD-O and all duplicate reports were removed according to their unique codes. All cases out of Markazi were excluded from study and cases with code C-50 (all BC) were included in this study. SPSS ver.18 was used to analyze the data. Results: In this study, 1,254 new cases of BC in Markazi were included in the analysis. The highest cancer rate was reported in 2012 (319 cases). The highest crude rate of BC was reported in 2012 (45/100,000 people) and the lowest crude rate was reported in 2010 (26.2 /100,000 people). The Age-Specific Rates (ASR) of BC were 27, 37.3, 45.7, 39.8 and 31.5 per 100.000 people in 2010 to 2014, respectively. The highest ASR of BC was reported in 2012 (45.7/100,000 people) and the lowest ASR was reported in 2010 (27/100,000 people). Conclusion: The results showed similar incidence rate of BC in Markazi as compared to other provinces in Iran. Efficient approaches should be considered for cancer registry systems especially BC.

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Tomar, Shashi Prabha. "Cross-sectional Study on Sero-Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India." Journal of Communicable Diseases 53, no. 01 (March 31, 2021): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202114.

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Introduction: In India, laboratory diagnosis of SARS - CoV-2 infection has been mostly based on real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Studies have shown that Viral titres peak within the first week of symptoms, but may decline post this time frame, thereby hampering RT-PCR based diagnostic strategies. These reasons have prompted the call for adoption of antibody testing as a potential source of data to address the gap in data and inform public health and governance policies oriented towards COVID-19. Materials and Methods: A Cross-sectional study with a sample size of 9000 was conducted for 11 days (Dec 11-21, 2020) including all the 79 wards under Jabalpur Municipal Corporation. Serum samples were tested for the presence of specific antibodies to COVID19 using ICMR-Kavach IgG ELISA kits. The data collected was compiled on Microsoft Excel and data analysis was carried out using STATA 15E statistical software. Result: Overall seroprevalence of the study population was found to be 28.70% (weighted). Wards of the city of Jabalpur were classified into three categories based on the case prevalence - High (27 wards), Medium (26 wards) and Low (26 wards). Based on the overall seroprevalence, the estimated number of total infections were calculated to be 3, 54,870 for the study population. Overall Case Infection Ratio was 31.41. Conclusion: The current seroprevalence study rightly provides information on proportion of the population exposed, however, the correlation between presence and absence of antibodies is not a marker of total or partial immunity. Hence, the golden rule of Social distancing, sanitization, personal protective equipment and public health measures have to be continued.

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Jegnie, Mihretu, and Mekbeb Afework. "Prevalence of Self-Reported Work-Related Lower Back Pain and Its Associated Factors in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2021 (September 23, 2021): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6633271.

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Introduction. Low back pain is the commonest musculoskeletal disorder affecting every socioeconomic group of the world’s population. The lifetime risk of developing low back pain is about 60%–80%. The pooled prevalence and associated factors of low back pain have not yet been determined in Ethiopia. Thus, this study was aimed at assessing the overall prevalence of low back pain and its associated factors in Ethiopia. Methods. A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Google Scholar for observational studies reporting data on the prevalence and associated factors of low back pain was conducted. Relevant data were extracted with a standardized data extraction excel form. Stata 14 was employed for the meta-analysis. Heterogeneity was assessed by Cochran’s Q test and I2 values of a forest plot. Publication bias was checked using a funnel plot and Egger’s test. A random-effects model was used in the analysis. Result. A total of thirty-two studies were included for the systematic review. Twenty-four and sixteen studies were used to pool the overall low back pain prevalence and associated factors, respectively. The overall pooled annual prevalence of low back pain in Ethiopia was estimated to be 54.05% (95% CI: 48.14–59.96). Age, sex, body mass index, work experience, working hours, lack of safety training, awkward working posture, work shift, prolonged standing, lifting heavy objects, sleeping disturbance, history of back trauma, previous medical history of musculoskeletal disorder, and lack of adequate rest interval at work were significantly associated with low back pain. Conclusion. The current systematic review and meta-analysis revealed a higher prevalence of lower back pain in Ethiopia. Most of the low back pain epidemiological studies conducted in Ethiopia focused on specific occupational settings, making pooling of data and comparison with other countries challenging. Thus, further general population studies are recommended.

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Kolomin, Vladimir V., Natalya I. Latyshevskaya, Vladimir S. Rybkin, and Irina A. Kudryasheva. "Interregional analysis of the incidence as an instrument of improvement of the system of socio-hygienic monitoring." Hygiene and sanitation 100, no. 6 (June 28, 2021): 633–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2021-100-6-633-639.

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Introduction. The purpose of the study was to scientifically substantiate the unification of methods for analyzing the morbidity of the population, and comparative analysis of the morbidity of the child population at the interregional level within the framework of social and hygienic monitoring. Objective. The scientific substantiation of the feasibility of an inter-regional comparative analysis of the incidence of the population in the constituent entities of the Russian Federatio to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of management decisions developed as part of social and hygienic monitoring. Material and methods. A comparative analysis of the incidence in the regions of the Southern Federal District, the occurrence and development of which is associated with air pollution, was carried out. Statistical data processing was performed by linear regression using the Statgraphics and Microsoft Excel software packages. The calculation of the Pearson correlation coefficient r to evaluate the severity of the existing trend in the variation of the variation series and the determination coefficient (R2), taking into account the reliability coefficient p <0.05. Assessed approaches to the analysis of the incidence of children in the framework of socio-hygienic monitoring in the subjects. Results. The study revealed the lack of a unified approach to the analysis of the morbidity of the population in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation within the framework of socio-hygienic monitoring, both according to the criteria for determining the priority pathologies for the region, and the duration of the analyzed period. The comparative analysis of the morbidity of the child population at the interregional level showed a significant difference in the dynamics and levels of morbidity from ecologically caused pathologies in adjacent regions, with similar social and climatic parameters. The formation of human health takes place under the conditions of the multicomponent influence of various factors. The etiology of most of the nosological forms, the degree of their dependence on the state of the external environment have been scientifically established. The most determined by the components of the environment, ecologically caused pathologies, the nature of the incidence of which is considered by the authors as a possible manifestation of the impact of a specific factor that has a priority value in the occurrence and development of these diseases. Conclusions. The study shows the expediency of unifying methods for analyzing the incidence of the population, as well as conducting a comparative analysis of the incidence of the child population at the interregional level within the framework of socio-hygienic monitoring.

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Sharma, Nila, Elizabeth Harris, Jane Lloyd, Sabuj Kanti Mistry, and Mark Harris. "Community health workers involvement in preventative care in primary healthcare: a systematic scoping review." BMJ Open 9, no. 12 (December 2019): e031666. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031666.

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ObjectivesTo review effective models of community health worker (CHW) involvement in preventive care for disadvantaged culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) patients in primary healthcare (PHC) that may be applicable to the Australian context.DesignSystematic scoping review.Data sourcesThe studies were gathered through searching Medline, EMBASE, EMCARE, PsycINFO, CINAHL and online portals of relevant organisations.Eligibility criteriaAll selected studies were original research studies which essentially evaluated preventive intervention undertake by CHWs in PHC. The intervened population were adults with or without diagnosed chronic health disease, culturally and linguistically diverse, or vulnerable due to geographic, economic and/or cultural characteristics that impede or compromise their access to healthcare.Data extraction and synthesisData extraction was undertaken systematically in an excel spreadsheet while the findings were synthesised in a narrative manner. The quality appraisal of the selected studies was performed using effective public health practice project quality assessment tool.ResultsA total of 1066 articles were identified during the initial search of six bibliographic databases. After screening the title, abstract and full text, 37 articles met the selection and methodological criteria and underwent data extraction. A high-quality evidence-base supporting the positive impact of CHWs supporting patients’ access to healthcare and influencing positive behaviour change was found. Positive impacts of CHW interventions included improvements in clinical disease indicators, screening rates and behavioural change. Education-focused interventions were more effective in improving patient behaviour, whereas navigation interventions were most effective in improving access to services. Implementation was enhanced by cultural and linguistic congruence and specific training of CHWs in the intervention but reduced by short duration interventions, dropouts and poor adherence of patients.ConclusionThe evidence generated from this systematic scoping review demonstrates the contribution of CHWs to improving access to preventive care for patients from CALD and disadvantaged backgrounds by providing both education and navigational interventions. More research is needed on CHW training and the incorporation of CHWs into primary health care (PHC) teams.

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Niiazalieva, M. S., O. V. Tsvirkun, V. S. Toygombaeva, I. Sh Aldjambaeva, G. S. Ishenapysova, R. A. Frolov, and G. S. Dadanova. "The Characteristic of Measles Epidemic Process in Kyrgyz Republic." Epidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention 20, no. 4 (September 4, 2021): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2021-20-4-79-88.

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Relevance. In the Kyrgyz Republic, the measles and rubella elimination program has been implemented in accordance with the strategy of the World Health Organization (WHO) for 20 years, which uses a two-fold immunization tactic against measles at the age of 12 months and 6 years, which is complemented by clean-up campaigns. Despite the high coverage of vaccinations with both the first and second doses, there are epidemic rises in infection, reaching in 2018 (15.9), 2019 (36.4) and 2020 (11.2) per one hundred thousand population. In the years of recent epidemic ups, a high incidence among young children revealed. The epidemiological situation with measles that has developed in recent years has made it necessary to study the state of specific measles immunity in different age groups, to determine the vulnerable population group and assess the quality of vaccination work.The aim of the work: to assess the epidemic process of measles at the present stage and the state of specific immunity in the population of the Kyrgyz Republic to identify groups at high risk of infection.Materials and methods. In the course of the work, descriptive-evaluative and analytical epidemiological research methods are used. The materials are statistical reporting data on the incidence of measles from 1987 to 2020 and 568 blood serum samples taken from residents of Bishkek and Jalal-Abat region in the following indicator age groups: 1-4 years old n = 122; 5-9 years old n = 108; 10-14 years old n = 114; 15-19 years old n = 77; 20-29 years old n = 103; 30 years and older n = 44. The level of anti-measles antibodies is determined by enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using the VectorMeasles-IgG test system manufactured by VEKTOR BEST, Russia. The method of retrospective analysis of the incidence of measles in the Kyrgyz Republic in long-term dynamics, by age groups, according to vaccination history is used. The method of retrospective analysis of the incidence of measles in the Kyrgyz Republic in longterm dynamics, by age groups, according to vaccination history is used. The data obtained statistically processed using the Excel program. The critical level of significance is p = 0.05. Descriptive statistics – mean and standard error of the mean (data are presented as M ± m) for quantitative variables, for qualitative variables – determination of proportion.Results and Discussions. The introduction of specific prophylaxis of measles led to decrease the incidence of measles, 15 times on average, mortality also decreased, however, despite the effectiveness of vaccination, cyclical increases in infection persisted, seasonality in intra-annual dynamics, school-age children began to get sick more often. To change the situation, including in order eliminating primary postvaccination failures, in 1986 a second dose of vaccine introduced into the vaccination schedule for children 6 years old, which led to decrease the incidence to single case and in some years to the complete absence of measles cases. However, in 2018, the importation of measles from bordering countries led to an epidemic outbreak with the number of cases of 1004. The incidence rate increased from 0.1 in 2017 to 15.9 per 100 thousand population in 2018. At the subnational level, a clean-up campaign carried out among children aged two to five years. However, due to the lack of vaccine, the target group covered less than 50% and the increase in the incidence of measles in 2019 continued to 2377 people (36.4 per 100 thousand population). A slight decrease in the incidence of measles outlined in 2020, when 733 cases were registered. The highest percentage of cases is among children under one year old, 43.3% (2019) and 52.7% (2020), who are not vaccinated by age. In second place in importance is the age group of children from one to four years old, an extensive incidence rate is 29.5% (2019) and 39.3% (2020). The data of serological studies confirmed the formation of a high-risk group for measles infection among preschool children, where the proportion of seronegatives is 36%; this is probably due to not post-vaccination failures, but rather to a high proportion of children who are not vaccinated for various reasons. This hypothesis confirmed by the high percentage of unvaccinated children of this age in the structure of the sickindividuals. All this casts doubt on the official data on the coverage of children of this age with preventive vaccinations (95.7%) and indicates the accumulation of contingents susceptible to measles. The results of our research are consistent with the data obtained by other researchers.Conclusion. The analysis showed the need for regular monitoring of the organization of the vaccination work to control the reliable accounting of the child contingent needed to immunization, based on the population census, as well as to identify the validity of medical withdrawals. To prevent the growth of refusals from vaccinations, it is advisable to expand the forms of work with the population to develop commitment to vaccination. We believe that in combination, this will increase the real coverage of measles vaccinations for children, reduce the number of sources of infection and indirectly reduce the risk of infection in children of the first year of life.

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Togni, Bianca, Thiago Dantas Soares Pinto, Lívia Marcela dos Santos, Verônica Oka Barancoski, and Rebeca Sewing de Paula. "ODP437 Assement of the behavior of the transgender population in the face of social isolation due to COVID-19." Journal of the Endocrine Society 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): A672. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvac150.1390.

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Abstract Introduction During the pandemic caused by SARS-COVID-19, the transgender population faced difficulties in accessing health care. Proposal: The objective of this study was to understand the health condition of the transgender population. Justification: From the literature review, it was noted that there are few studies about the transsexual population in general and regarding their behavior during social isolation. For this reason, it was proposed to carry out a study capable of identifying the profile of the transsexual population and its main challenges during social isolation due to the COVID-19 pandemic. By identifying the profile and its main difficulties, more effective actions with 'individualized care' can be suggested for this specific audience in order to improve the confrontation during social isolation. In addition, new studies on this population may emerge, this being a future contributor to comparisons, increasing the visibility of the transsexual public. Kind of study: Cross-sectional, exploratory, quantitative study. Study Population: The population of this study will be composed of people who consider themselves Brazilian transgender. The sample will be defined by convenience, according to the participants’ availability to be part of the research, according to the following inclusion criteria: self-declared transgender, living during the pandemic period in Brazil and voluntarily accepting to participate. Methods To characterize the behavior of this population, we conducted an online questionnaire, with the approval of the ethics committee number 36186620.1. 0000. 0062. Data analysis: The information obtained will be stored in the Microsoft Excel 2010® application software and, later, will be analyzed by the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSSR)® software for Windows, Chicago, United States, considering a significance level of 5% (p< 0). . 05) for the statistical tests. Descriptive analysis will be performed by calculating absolute and relative frequencies. Results We have 54 participants. 66% are transgender men and 30% are transgender women. The average age was between 25 and 40 years. 43% did not undergo gender surgery and do not want to. During the pandemic, 83% of those undergoing hormone treatments continued even during the isolation phase, of those who did not continue, the majority was due not having access to appointments or medication. Of those, their mood was observed to worsen during the period of social isolation. 48% had a diagnosis of altered mental health prior to the pandemic. Only 22% managed to maintain psychological monitoring in this period. 18% had suicidal ideation before and during the pandemic. Everyone who answered the questionnaire took at least 1 dose of vaccine. 18% did not keep studying or working and 57% reported a decrease in family income. Conclusion In this population sample of transgender people in Brazil, the majority maintained hormonal treatment, but not mental health monitoring. Family income declined during the pandemic period. Presentation: No date and time listed

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Yunatskaya, Tatyana A., A. Yu Tsukanov, D. V. Turchaninov, D. A. Satibaldin, V. A. Shirinskiy, and O. P. Goleva. "FEATURES OF ACTUAL NUTRITION AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SEMEN INDICES IN MEN WITH IDIOPATHIC INFERTILITY: THE POTENTIAL OF ALIMENTARY PREVENTION AND CORRECTION." Hygiene and sanitation 98, no. 7 (October 28, 2019): 788–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2019-98-7-788-792.

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Introduction. A sterile marriage is one of the key medical and demographic and social problems. In recent years, the specific weight of the male factor in infertile marriage has increased substantially. Male infertility occurs in 50% of infertile marriages and has a multifactorial genesis of disorders, including idiopathic infertility, accounting for 30 to 75% of male infertility, according to different authors. Among the risk factors for idiopathic infertility nutrition is actively studied. Material and methods. The subjects of the study were men (n = 36), with an established diagnosis of idiopathic infertility, the average age of the respondents was 34 years (95% CI 29.5 ÷ 38.49). Fertility was assessed by clinical and laboratory methods (sperm analysis). The study of the actual nutrition was conducted by methods of analyzing the frequency of food consumption and daily reproduction of nutrition. The data were evaluated using nonparametric methods, the capabilities of the Microsoft Excel and STATISTICA-6 package were used. Results. The evaluation of the actual nutrition and the analysis of the correlation of nutrient intake with the characteristics of male sperm with the established diagnosis of “idiopathic infertility” were carried out. The nutrition of this population group is irrational, the imbalance of energy consumption, basic nutrients, macro - and micronutrients, significant deviations from the recommended values of consumption is established. Discussion. Correlations between qualitative and quantitative indicators of the composition of the semen and the level of consumption of essential nutrients have been established. Potential food risk factors for male infertility have been identified (insufficient intake of folate, vitamin PP, vitamin D, vitamin A, linolenic acid, phospholipids, biotin, choline, dietary fiber). Сonclusion. Men diagnosed with idiopathic infertility have a number of food imbalances. Taking into account the revealed correlations of the level of consumption of certain groups of food products and nutrients with qualitative and quantitative indicators of ejaculate, one can speak about the prospects of further studies in this direction on more representative groups.

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Suvvari, Tarun, Venkataramana Kandi, Divya Bala A. M. R. Salibindla, Simhachalam Kutikuppala, Christos Tsagkaris, and Venkata Narayana Nithish Modala. "Acceptance of COVID-19 Vaccine A mong Residents of South India: A Cross-sectional Survey." Perspectives in Medical Research 9, no. 3 (January 6, 2022): 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.47799/pimr.0903.17.

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Abstract Background COVID-19 vaccines provide concrete hope of mitigating the spread of the virus and enabling countries worldwide to resume financial and social activities disrupted by the pandemic. Several COVID 19 vaccines have already received approval from regulatory bodies across the world, the vaccine roll out has started and many countries are implementing mass vaccination campaigns. This study aims to evaluate the acceptability of COVID-19 vaccines and its predictors, along with the attitudes towards the vaccines among the general population of South India. Materials and Methods This study was conducted as an online survey during December 2020 and January 2021. A Self-administered pre-tested questionnaire was used for the survey. Excel 2019 and SPPS 24 were used for statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics were used, and a Chi-square test was performed. Results A total of 686 people have participated in this study, with a mean age of 30.4 years. 30.9% of study participants have already been infected with COVID-19. 76.2% responded 'yes' for accepting the COVID-19 vaccine, 69% responded to prefer 'routine' administration of the vaccine, and 50.1% were likely to take the COVID-19 vaccine 'as soon as possible' once available. Conclusion Public health authorities and policymakers need to streamline systematic interventions and awareness campaigns to improve the acceptance of COVID 19 vaccines and reduce vaccine hesitancy levels. Vaccination strategy should be targeted at the specific needs and attitudes of the concerned population. Reviving the trust in the vaccination procedures and outcomes and offering transparent information regarding the vaccines' efficacy and safety seem to be particularly importance for the population of our study.

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Myl’nikova, Inna V., and Olga G. Bogdanova. "Alimentary-dependent prevalence in children of different age groups (on the example, of the industrial center of the Irkutsk region)." Hygiene and sanitation 99, no. 10 (November 30, 2020): 1139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2020-99-10-1139-1144.

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Aim of the study. Analysis of the dynamics of the alimentary-dependent prevalence in children from various age groups in the industrial center. Materials and methods. The study was conducted retrospectively according to official statistical reporting. The total and primary incidence in children and adolescents in the city of Angarsk was estimated for 6 years (2013-2018). Age-specific features of the incidence in children were analyzed over 3 years (2016-2018). Relative indices of the incidence were calculated (per 1000 population of the corresponding age), characteristics of the time series: the average annual absolute increment; the rate of average annual growth (decrease); linear regression models were built using the Excel software module. Results. An analysis of the primary morbidity of alimentary-dependent pathology in children of different ages showed that its structure is characterized by a predominance of diseases of the digestive, endocrine systems, and blood. Moreover, in young children, blood diseases are most pronounced. Assessment of the dynamics of alimentary-dependent diseases in children aged 0-14 and 15-17 years revealed multidirectional trends. In children aged 0-14 and 15-17 years, the presence of pronounced trends to a decrease in the incidence of the pathology of the digestive system was revealed. The differences are that pronounced trends in the increase in the incidence are observed in children aged 0-14 years - in the frequency of obesity, in children 15-17 years old - in the frequency of endemic goiter. Discussion. The obtained values of the regression analysis allow predicting an increase in the frequency of diseases of the thyroid gland associated with iodine deficiency in children aged 0-14 years, obesity - in 15-17 year adolescents. Differences in the frequency of these nosological forms depending on the age of the children can be presumably due to changes in eating behavior, the influence of heredity, and the adaptive capabilities of the body. The incidence rates of alimentary-dependent pathology depend on the quality of medical care and the geochemical characteristics of the territory of residence. Conclusion. The study revealed the age-related characteristics of alimentary-dependent pathology and concretized the directions for improving medical and preventive activities.

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Dhabaan, Ghulam, Abdullah Chahin, Abdulrahman Buhaish, and Mahmoud Shorman. "COVID-19 pandemic in Yemen: A questionnaire based survey, what do we know?" Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 14, no. 12 (December 31, 2020): 1374–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.13966.

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Introduction: Coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19) is currently one of the most important public health crises affecting the global human population. It continues to spread widely, as the world still lacks specific treatments and a vaccine for the virus. The scenario of COVID-19 in Yemen seems obscure due to the lack of adequate data, therefore, we developed an electronic questionnaire and distributed it online among Yemeni people. The aim of this study was to understand the COVID-19 epidemiological situation in Yemen better since there is currently limited published data and limited availability of COVID-19 testing. Methodology: A 34-question web-based survey was distributed on social media outlets targeting people in Yemen. Data aggregation, analysis, and visualization were performed using Tableau and Microsoft Excel. Results: 2,341 individuals reported symptoms concerning for COVID-19 infection, with 25.4% reporting a chronic medical condition. Diabetes, hypertension, asthma, and immune deficiency were associated with increased severity of the disease, while obesity, cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, and liver disease were not. Only 37 individuals (1.6%) had a confirmatory COVID-19 PCR test. The presence of high fever, dyspnea, chest pain, and dysphagia were symptoms that tended to be correlated to worse clinical outcomes. Conclusions: This study provides some important information about the early overspread of COVID-19 within the Yemeni community in May, June, and July of 2020. It shows that online questionnaires may help in collecting data about pandemics in resource-limited countries where testing availability is limited.

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Sapkota, Sulav, and Mona Priyadarshini. "Impact of the second wave of COVID-19 on cancer care at Birat Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Nepal." Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 13, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v13i2.42069.

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Background: The second wave of COVID-19 has plunged Nepal into a public health disaster and has also impacted cancer service to our department of Oncology. Aims and Objectives: To evaluate the impacts of COVID-19 second wave on outpatient department, inpatient department of oncology, Cancer screening, Cancer patients and Healthcare staffs of oncology department respectively. Materials and Methods: We did a prospective descriptive study from April 15, 2021 to June 14 2021 in our Oncology Department at Birat Medical College and Teaching Hospital. All the histopathologically proven cancer patients attending the oncology unit during the specific study periods were taken as study population. Proforma comprising patient details were maintained in excel sheet and the collected data were analyzed with the help of Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Results: We have 78% decrement in outpatient visits and 30% decrement in admissions during the study period. We had 89% reduction in the newly diagnosed cases and total fourteen COVID positive cases. About 50% of the COVID-positive cases expired due to desaturation caused by COVID lung while 50% survived with the medical support. Majority of the infection was due to community spread. PCR test was advised for all the COVID suspects with features of fever and separate isolation ward was implemented for such patients. All of the healthcare staffs of oncology unit were immunized with vaccines as per the government protocol and none of them contractedCOVID during the pandemic. Conclusion: Second wave of COVID-19 had a severe impact on cancer service at our Institution. With the decrement in COVID cases and ease of lockdown, slowly we are trying to gain our momentum with utmost COVID precautions.

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Upadhyay Banskota, Shristi, Andres E. Mendez-Hernandez, Hafeez Shaka, Prasanth Lingamaneni, Binav Baral, Garima Pudasaini, and Maryam Zia. "Adult Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis(HLH): Experience of an Urban, Public Hospital over Two Decades." Blood 136, Supplement 1 (November 5, 2020): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2020-141947.

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Introduction:HLH is a rare, life-threatening disorder, characterized by hyperstimulation of immune system leading to systemic inflammation and multi-organ failure. It is categorized as primary and secondary HLH. Secondary HLH usually affects adolescents and adults. It results from acquired immune dysregulation secondary to a number of etiologies, including infections, malignancy, and autoimmune diseases. Owing to less epidemiological data, adult HLH is thought to be underdiagnosed, making a true assessment difficult, however, some observational data suggest 40% of HLH cases occurs in adults. Disease presentation includes fever, cytopenias, organomegaly, liver function anomalies, elevated ferritin levels, and/or demonstration of macrophage activation in hematopoietic organs. In 2014, Fardet et al proposed the H-Score, a novel diagnostic score derived from 162 adult patients with HLH.We aim to report a retrospective review of Adult HLH in an urban safety-net hospital over the course of two decades along with predictive value of H-score in our patient population. Methods:We conducted a retrospective review of patients diagnosed with HLH at Cook County Health, Chicago between January 2000 and January 2019 after approval by the Institutional Review Board. Patients were identified from electronic records using ICD-10 codes D76.1, D76.2, and ICD-9 code 288.4. Patients under 18 years were excluded. MS excel was used for data collection and further descriptive statistics were calculated with frequencies and percentage. Results:After initial review, 12 confirmed and eligible cases were included in the study. Mean age at diagnosis of adult HLH at our center was 37, with male predominance(7 males, 4 females, and 1 female transgender). 5 were African-American, 6 were Hispanic, and 1 was Asian. Most common presentation was fever, seen in 10 out of 12 cases, along with variety of symptoms like fatigue, sore throat and jaundice.4 out of 12 patients (33%) had HIV/AIDS, with CD4 counts between 79 to 180. 3 were already receiving anti-retroviral therapy at the time of HLH diagnosis, while 1 was diagnosed with HIV/AIDS at the time of HLH diagnosis. Etiologic spectrum mainly included infectious (4 HIV and 3 EBV) and autoimmune (2 systemic lupus erythematous, 1 cold immune hemolytic anemia with immune thrombocytopenic purpura) causes. 1 patient had an underlying malignancy (diffuse large B-cell lymphoma). Etiology was not established in 1patient with no familial associations found in subsequent genetic evaluation. All patients had elevated liver enzymes. The mean ferritin level in our cohort was 19,198 ng/ml. Leucopenia was seen among most cases, 11 out of 12. The 1 patient noted to have a high white cell count was actually receiving corticosteroid therapy for cold immune hemolytic anemia. Most common bone marrow findings were hemophagocytosis (9 patients) and hypocellularity (7 patients). 2 had hypercelullar marrow and 1 had normal marrow. Genetic testing was performed in 4 patients; chromosomal abnormalities were not observed in any. Specific lab parameters in our cohort as included in HLH-2004 criteria is shown in Table 1. Calculated H scores in our cohort is shown in table 2. 11 patients fall under high probability for HLH. Conclusion:The most widely used diagnostic criteria for HLH is the HLH-2004 diagnostic criteria, derived from pediatric HLH study. It is often extrapolated for use in adults. There are several limitations to the HLH-2004 diagnostic criteria. sIL2r and NK function testing is not available in all centers, and many of the manifestations of HLH in adults are not included in the criteria. When using H score, a cutoff value of 169, corresponds to sensitivity of 93% and specificity of 86% in diagnosing HLH. In our study, 11 out of 12 patients (91.66) scored higher than 169, which is highly suggestive of HLH. The remaining 1 patient with H score of only 118, however, met the diagnosis of HLH by HLH-2004 criteria (score: 5/8). Therefore, although our study population was small, results of our study were in favor of using H-score as an appropriate diagnostic tool in adult-onset HLH, which also helps mitigate the restrictions of HLH-2004 criteria in adult population. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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González-Andrade, Fabricio, and Gabriela Aguinaga-Romero. "Essentials public health functions and public health genomics in Ecuador." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 5 (April 25, 2021): e1610514731. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i5.14731.

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Aim: This paper aims to analyze the EPHF in MG in Ecuador as a framework for integrating it into clinical practice. It also aims to contribute to the scientific and social debate on the MG role, considering it the most advanced science field today. Context: the Essentials Public Health Functions (EPHF) are actions for specific purposes necessary to achieve the central objective of Public Health (PH), which is to improve, promote, protect, and restore the population's health through collective action. Medical Genetics (MG) and Genomics are still in construction between public policies, especially in developing countries, and deserve an in-depth approach in this context. Discussion: We understand collective health as an inter-institutional and interdisciplinary social practice, which involves both the State and civil society, aims at protecting and improving people's health. It implies population or community interventions; it includes the responsibility to ensure access and health care quality. Within this practice are the EPHF, defined as actions carried out for specific purposes necessary to achieve the PH Practice's central objective. Each function's operation depends on a sufficient definition of contents, objectives, and activities and on the specific assignment of who is responsible for their execution. Conclusion: The EPHF guides public health policies in Latin America and Ecuador. From this perspective, medical genetics and genomics must be included as a priority in the country's public policy. In this review, we propose the activities to be implemented in this context. This challenge requires political and scientific leadership.

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Inglis, Nadia Jane, Neeraj Malhotra, Ellie Hothersall, and Tom Fowler. "The Public Health Specialist and Access to Public Health Advice." InnovAiT: Education and inspiration for general practice 4, no. 12 (December 2011): 719–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/innovait/inr177.

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Public health specialists can be described as leaders of the ‘upstream health workforce’, concerned with preventing unnecessary and ‘revolving door’ contact with health services. Achieving this requires working to promote good health, improve health services and protect populations from infectious disease and environmental risks. Public health work is based upon the recognition that populations are complex constructions of groups of individuals, who may or may not seek help for health problems or be able effectively to take action to improve their own health. This article will define key areas of public health practice giving specific examples of the role of the public health specialist in the UK, as well as how and why primary care professionals might access specialist advice. The examples demonstrate the great potential for improving population health through the complementary efforts of primary care and public health professionals.

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Liana Monica, Deac. "Infectious Diarrhea, a Public Health Problem in Population." Biomedical Research and Clinical Reviews 4, no. 2 (June 18, 2021): 01–04. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2692-9406/058.

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Infectious etiology in acute diarrhea, referred several gastrointestinal diseases, Most are gastroenteritis associated with clinical signs and symptoms including: nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and cramps, bloating, flatulence, fever, passage of bloody stools, tenesmus, and fecal urgency disorders. Diarrheal illness is a large worldwide public health problem, with substantial regional variation, in the prevalence of medical signs by being caused by specific pathogens. Infectious diarrheal diseases, are the second leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and can cause real public health concerns. Such diarrhea was studied as a medical disorder, in a 3 years period, 2017 to 2020, in Transylvania a large region in Romania. It was found there, 3577 number of diarrheal diseases cases, appeared almost during July to August. The case incidence for the disease arrived at 65%, in the entire summer season. The cases data were transmitted by 12 district Sanitary Polices, to the Public Health Center Cluj. Cases were almost diagnosed by the family doctors of the region, in more then 50%. Few of this have need some days of hospitalization, because of several disease disorders, in which case it was used a specific adequate fluid and electrolyte replacement as key of the treatment, for managing diarrheal illnesses. Even so, 3 children under 5 years age died, because of severe complications. It was remarked so, organic failed who was estimate to be the cause of their deaths. Clinical and epidemiological evaluations were done and even defined the severity and type of this mentioned illnesses. The detected infectious etiology for the acute diarrheas, where determined in authorized Microbiology laboratories, where were identified: Shigella spp, Salmonella spp, Campylobacter spp, Yersinia spp, Rotavirus, Giardia. Most number of cases appeared in children, being suggestive in 63%, followed by elderly or adult people in 17% each. Acute diarrheal illness had to be considered a major public health issue, against which some determined control efforts are needed. Public health surveillance of infectious acute diarrhea, includes obligatory done strategies for a correct infection control.

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Monica, Deac. "Infectious Diarrhea, a Public Health Problem in Population." Biomedical Research and Clinical Reviews 4, no. 3 (June 18, 2021): 01–04. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2.692-9406/058.

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Infectious etiology in acute diarrhea, referred several gastrointestinal diseases, Most are gastroenteritis associated with clinical signs and symptoms including: nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and cramps, bloating, flatulence, fever, passage of bloody stools, tenesmus, and fecal urgency disorders. Diarrheal illness is a large worldwide public health problem, with substantial regional variation, in the prevalence of medical signs by being caused by specific pathogens. Infectious diarrheal diseases, are the second leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and can cause real public health concerns. Such diarrhea was studied as a medical disorder, in a 3 years period, 2017 to 2020, in Transylvania a large region in Romania. It was found there, 3577 number of diarrheal diseases cases, appeared almost during July to August. The case incidence for the disease arrived at 65%, in the entire summer season. The cases data were transmitted by 12 district Sanitary Polices, to the Public Health Center Cluj. Cases were almost diagnosed by the family doctors of the region, in more then 50%. Few of this have need some days of hospitalization, because of several disease disorders, in which case it was used a specific adequate fluid and electrolyte replacement as key of the treatment, for managing diarrheal illnesses. Even so, 3 children under 5 years age died, because of severe complications. It was remarked so, organic failed who was estimate to be the cause of their deaths. Clinical and epidemiological evaluations were done and even defined the severity and type of this mentioned illnesses. The detected infectious etiology for the acute diarrheas, where determined in authorized Microbiology laboratories, where were identified: Shigella spp, Salmonella spp, Campylobacter spp, Yersinia spp, Rotavirus, Giardia. Most number of cases appeared in children, being suggestive in 63%, followed by elderly or adult people in 17% each. Acute diarrheal illness had to be considered a major public health issue, against which some determined control efforts are needed. Public health surveillance of infectious acute diarrhea, includes obligatory done strategies for a correct infection control.

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BARROS, Monica Maia de Oliveira, Karla Regina Oliveira de Moura RONCHINI, and Rosa Leonôra Salerno SOARES. "HEPATITIS B AND C IN PREGNANT WOMEN ATTENDED BY A PRENATAL PROGRAM IN AN UNIVERSITARY HOSPITAL IN RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL: RETROSPECTIVE STUDY OF SEROPREVALENCE SCREENING." Arquivos de Gastroenterologia 55, no. 3 (September 2018): 267–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-2803.201800000-68.

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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Hepatitis B and C are diseases with high morbimortality and constitute a global public health problem. In Brazil, the prevalence is not homogeneous, oscillating among different regions, but it is estimated that currently about 1% of the population present chronic disease related to the B virus and that there are 1.5 million infected with the C virus. Despite the development of hepatitis B vaccine, improvement in diagnostic methods and therapeutic advances in the field of viral hepatitis, there is still a large number of people who continues to be infected by these viruses, especially in populations at risk and also due to several factors, including vaccination and migration policies. Vertical and perinatal transmissions are of great importance in the epidemiology of viral hepatitis and the blood tests performed during prenatal care constitute a great opportunity for screening and identifying these viruses. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the seroprevalence of markers for B and C viruses in women who underwent prenatal care at the Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro (Antonio Pedro University Hospital) from 2006 to 2013 and to compare the results found with regional data and those described in the specific literature. METHODS: A descriptive, cross-sectional, quantitative study with retrospective data collected from 635 records of pregnant women attended at the Prenatal Service of the Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, Niterói, state of Rio de Janeiro, from March 2006 until December 2013. The database was built in the Microsoft Office Access program and was later exported to Microsoft Office Excel. For the processing and analysis of the data, it was used the SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science, IBM) version 22.0, for Windows. RESULTS: Twelve cases with positive HBsAg (1.9%), 189 cases with positive anti-HBs (35.9%) and seven positive anti-HCV patients (1.3%) were observed. There was no significant association between age and positivity for HBsAg, anti-HBs and anti-HCV (P =0.205, 0.872 and 0.676, respectively). There was a direct relationship between the anti-HBs positivity and the last four years of the study (P<0.0001). CONCLUSION: A high prevalence of HBsAg was observed, higher than the expected for the evaluated region; there was a prevalence of anti-HCV, consistent with the current Brazilian reality; and a likely low rate of hepatitis B immunization, with a relatively high rate of susceptibility to this infection and no case of co-infection between B and C viruses and HIV. It is emphasized not only the need to trace hepatitis B and C, without exceptions, during prenatal care, since even though the current advances in therapy may not cure, at least they may allow a better quality of life for patients with chronic disease and the mandatory completion of immunoprophylaxis in all newborns. Special attention should be given to those patients susceptible to HBV, with prompt diagnosis and referral for specific vaccination.

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Rahat, Samsor, and Khwaja Mir Islam Saeed. "Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Routine Immunization Coverage—Afghanistan, 2020." Iproceedings 8, no. 1 (February 3, 2022): e36464. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/36464.

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Background The COVID-19 pandemic has been declared the worst public health crisis in the world, with over 50 million global confirmed cases and 1,256,869 global deaths across 214 countries and territories as of November 9, 2020. Among 73 GAVI-eligible countries, 69 of them have reported COVID-19 cases; Indonesia, India, and Pakistan are the countries that comprise the highest number of cases. Afghanistan reported its first case of COVID-19 on February 24, 2020, in Herat province, which was an imported case who had a travel history from Iran. Afghanistan reported 42,092 confirmed cases and 1558 deaths as of November 9, 2020. During the COVID-19 pandemic, around 300,000 Afghans returned from Iran and Pakistan, and this overwhelmed the government’s attempts to control the outbreak. There is no specific treatment for COVID-19, and no vaccine has been introduced yet. However, the World Health Organization recommends some measures in order to decrease the spread of virus transmission, such as physical distancing, avoiding gatherings, closing schools and universities, wearing masks, and home quarantine. Despite the lockdown of cities, health service delivery remains open in Afghanistan during the COVID-19 pandemic. The reporting of confirmed cases remains low; only health facilities are reporting confirmed cases and deaths. Hospitals have begun to lose staff; health staff are not only becoming ill or dying, they are also not able to work under conditions with highly contaminated environments and health hazards. The reporting of COVID-19 data has been unreliable. At first, the government only managed 100 tests per day, and the majority of people did not have access to HFs for testing, which caused the virus to start spreading throughout the community. In a recent nationwide, population-based seroepidemiological study that the Ministry of Public Health conducted on July in 9 regions of Afghanistan, around 10 million people were affected by COVID-19. The total proportion of COVID-19–positive infections was 31.5%. The highest proportion of COVID-19–positive infections was in Kabul region (53%). The east region had the second highest proportion of COVID-19–positive infections, which was 43% (Ministry of Public Health, 2020). Routine immunization is a vital component in reducing morbidity and mortality and one of the top priorities for the Ministry of Public Health. The health facilities that provide EPI services remain open all over the country, but the outreach and mobile sessions have been mostly suspended due to the lockdown, and families have been unable to reach HFs due to restrictions. In Kenya, the EPI performance dropped by 20% in the second quarter of 2020. In addition, in Bangladesh, Penta-3 coverage was 50% lower in April 2020 compared to that in the same period in 2019. As per our review on the routine immunization coverage for Pakistan, the first case of COVID-19 in Pakistan was reported on February 26, 2020, and Pakistan reported 344,839 confirmed cases and 6977 deaths as of November 9, 2020. More than 1 million children had missed vaccine doses by July 1, 2020, in Pakistan. The immunization coverage decreased by 49% for Penta-3 during March to April 2020 when compared with that in 2019 for the same months in Pakistan. Generally, the immunization uptake dropped by more than half during the COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan (GAVI, 2020). Objective The primary objective of this study is to analyze the data on how much the EPI performance dropped during the COVID-19 pandemic and to determine its impact on routine immunization coverage. The secondary objectives of this study are (1) to analyze the data from April, May, June, and July for 2019 and 2020 and compare the coverage of different antigens in this period; (2) to learn how much the coverage of routine immunization dropped due to the COVID-19 pandemic; and (3) to trend analyze Penta-3, Measles-1, and TT2+(PW) coverage from December 2019 to August 2020. Methods This was a descriptive analysis of secondary data that existed in the EPIMIS database at the national level. The EPIMIS database is a part of the HMIS at the Ministry of Public Health. It was developed in 2015, and it is used as a data collection and extraction tool at the national and provincial levels. We extracted routine immunization data from the EPIMIS database from April to July of both 2019 and 2020 for comparison. In addition, we reviewed the trend analysis conducted from December 2019 to August 2020 that compared the four months prior to the lockdown (from December 2019 to March 2020) with the COVID-19 lockdown period (from April to July 2020). We managed and analyzed the data by using Microsoft Excel 2016 and Epi Info 7.2. Results Data for the main EPI indicators were analyzed at the national and provincial levels. As shown in our graph, the routine immunization coverage dropped by 11%, 2%, and 12% for Penta-3, Measles-1, and TT2+(PW), respectively, during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown period (April to July 2020) when compared to those in 2019 for the same period. During the lockdown, the supplementary immunization activities for polio eradication nationwide, which were scheduled for May and June, were postponed as well. However, the coverage for OPV-3 decreased by 6% during the lockdown when compared with that in the same period of last year. The table shows the dropped percentages of all antigens from April to July of 2020 compared to those in the same period in 2019. This high drop in coverage was observed for TT2+(PW) and Penta-3. Moreover, coverage at the provincial level also decreased due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The highest decrease in coverage for Penta-3 and Measles-1—45% and 43%, respectively—was observed in Paktya province during the COVID-19 pandemic (compared to those in the same period in 2019). In addition, the highest TT2+ coverage for pregnant women was observed in Kunduz province, which dropped by 67%. During the lockdown, almost 200 HFs were closed, and the provision of fixed, outreach, and mobile sessions were limited due to COVID-19. The number of fixed sessions declined by 3%, while the number of outreach sessions declined by 1% during the lockdown period. Overall, 202,408 children in fixed sessions and 24,173 children in mobile sessions were missed during the lockdown period due to COVID-19 when compared to those in the same period in 2019. This decline was observed for Penta-3, Measles-1, and TT2+(PW) coverage due to COVID-19. The trend analyses for Penta-3, Measles-1, and TT2+(PW) for December 2019 to August 2020 indicates that the coverage of routine immunization slightly declined from April to July 2020 when compared to that in the months prior to the lockdown period. Based on the trend analyses, immunization coverage started to resume in July 2020. Conclusions Compared to the regional countries in which the EPI performance dropped by a high percentage, routine immunization coverage in Afghanistan dropped by 11% for Penta-3 and by 2% for Measles-1 during the lockdown period due to COVID-19. This reveals that the Afghanistan EPI team performed better during a crisis than lower-middle–income countries. However, there is a need for proper planning to protect essential health services during emergencies. In addition, the performance of fixed and outreach sessions for EPI activities declined by 3% and 1%, respectively, during the lockdown, which had a minor impact on routine immunization activities.

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Vasthare, Ramprasad, Anil V. Ankola, Arron Lim Yan Ran, and Prateek Mansingh. "Geriatric oral health concerns, a dental public health narrative." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 6, no. 2 (January 24, 2019): 883. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20185509.

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Across the world, the segment of the elderly in populations is seen to be increasing at a rapid rate. There also exists a trend in which more teeth are retained as age increases due to effective dental public health measures like fluoridation. This inevitably places an increased need for dental healthcare among the geriatric populations. Since oral health greatly affects the systemic health of aged individuals, it is imperative for dentists and physicians to work together as a team to impart treatment to the best of one’s abilities for geriatric patients. It is therefore, necessary to first assess the oral health concerns surrounding the geriatric population from the perspective of public health dentistry. Relationship of the elderly with periodontal disease, dental caries, salivary hyposalivation and xerostomia, cognitive changes, and simultaneous usage of diverse medications was discussed. This paper reviewed the literature and then examined and discussed the various problems mentioned in depth and suggested recommendations for a plan of action. Knowledge about the specific oral health concerns and issues will help to better position us in developing strategies for providing better oral healthcare to the geriatric population in addition to the existing systemic healthcare. In the future, the elderly will make up a huge portion of the demographic visiting dentist regularly for a myriad of oral health problems. Dental health professionals therefore, must have adequate training and competency to deal with the predicament of this geriatric population. Preventive and treatment services can ensure healthy aging which will improve the quality of life.

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Olstad, Dana Lee, and Lynn McIntyre. "Reconceptualising precision public health." BMJ Open 9, no. 9 (September 2019): e030279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030279.

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As currently conceived, precision public health is at risk of becoming precision medicine at a population level. This paper outlines a framework for precision public health that, in contrast to its current operationalisation, is consistent with public health principles because it integrates factors at all levels, while illuminating social position as a fundamental determinant of health and health inequities. We review conceptual foundations of public health, outline a proposed framework for precision public health and describe its operationalisation within research and practice. Social position shapes individuals’ unequal experiences of the social determinants of health. Thus, in our formulation, precision public health investigates how multiple dimensions of social position interact to confer health risk differently for precisely defined population subgroups according to the social contexts in which they are embedded, while considering relevant biological and behavioural factors. It leverages this information to uncover the precise and intersecting social structures that pattern health outcomes, and to identify actionable interventions within the social contexts of affected groups. We contend that studies informed by this framework offer greater potential to improve health than current conceptualisations of precision public health that do not address root causes. Moreover, expanding beyond master categories of social position and operationalising these categories in more precise ways across time and place can enrich public health research through greater attention to the heterogeneity of social positions, their causes and health effects, leading to the identification of points of intervention that are specific enough to be useful in reducing health inequities. Failure to attend to this level of particularity may mask the true nature of health risk, the causal mechanisms at play and appropriate interventions. Conceptualised thus, precision public health is a research endeavour with much to offer by way of understanding and intervening on the causes of poor health and health inequities.As currently conceived, precision public health is at risk of becoming precision medicine at a population level. This paper outlines a framework for precision public health that, in contrast to its current operationalization, is consistent with public health principles because it integrates factors at all levels, while illuminating social position as a fundamental determinant of health and health inequities. We review conceptual foundations of public health, outline a proposed framework for precision public health and describe its operationalization within research and practice. Social position shapes individuals’ unequal experiences of the social determinants of health. Thus, in our formulation, precision public health investigates how multiple dimensions of social position interact to confer health risk differently for precisely defined population subgroups according to the social contexts in which they are embedded, while considering relevant biological and behavioural factors. It leverages this information to uncover the precise and intersecting social structures that pattern health outcomes, and to identify actionable interventions within the social contexts of affected groups. We contend that studies informed by this framework offer greater potential to improve health than current conceptualizations of precision public health that do not address root causes. Moreover, expanding beyond master categories of social position and operationalizing these categories in more precise ways across time and place can enrich public health research through greater attention to the heterogeneity of social positions, their causes and health effects, leading to identification of points of intervention that are specific enough to be useful in reducing health inequities. Failure to attend to this level of particularity may mask the true nature of health risk, the causal mechanisms at play and appropriate interventions. Conceptualized thus, precision public health is a research endeavour with much to offer by way of understanding and intervening on the causes of poor health and health inequities.

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Kuo, Tony, and Moira Inkelas. "3342 Developing a population health learning system." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 3, s1 (March 2019): 142–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2019.323.

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OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Population health research seeks to identify and address variation in needs, care experiences, and outcomes for a defined geography or subgroup. Solutions often require collective actions of complex interdependent health and social service systems in communities. System sciences focused on implementation and dissemination are vital for developing interventions that work at the intended scale in these “real world” environments; yet these approaches are often underutilized. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The UCLA Clinical Translational Science Institute (CTSI) co-developed a Population Health Program with the local health department to advance the practice and use of these system science methods. The vision is integrated training, methodological innovation, and real-world application in the region. One specific aim of the program is preparing investigators to apply suitable translational methods to solve population health problems in both health systems and in public health. Investigators from different parts of the university partnered with health services and public health leadership to develop and team-teach new curriculum in system sciences that integrates their disciplines (epidemiology, education, psychology, health policy and management). RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: New curriculum in population and implementation/improvement sciences offers junior investigators effective modules and training opportunities that can support their career awards. The program is also increasing the receptivity and readiness of population health delivery systems to apply system science methods to pressing problems. Program metrics include total participants, research yielded by the collaboration, and skills and system science mindset acquisition among trainees, investigators, and health personnel. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: CTSAs can partner with health and public health agencies to develop shared infrastructure, developing capacity in the university and in the partnered local agencies so that investigators and the agencies that are responsible for population health can work together to apply suitable translational methods to solve population health problems in both health systems and in public health.

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Lee, Kelley, and Nicholas Freudenberg. "Public Health Roles in Addressing Commercial Determinants of Health." Annual Review of Public Health 43, no. 1 (April 5, 2022): 375–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-052220-020447.

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The shared challenges posed by the production and distribution of health-harming products have led to growing recognition of the need for policy learning and transfer across problems, populations, and social contexts. The commercial determinants of health (CDoH) can serve as a unifying concept to describe the population health consequences arising from for-profit actors and activities, along with the social structures that sustain them. Strategies to mitigate harms from CDoH have focused on behavioral change, regulation, fiscal policies, consumer and citizen activism, and litigation. While there is evidence of effective measures for each strategy, approaches that combine strategies are generally more impactful. Filling gaps in evidence can inform ways of adapting these strategies to specific populations and social contexts. Overall, CDoH are addressed most effectively not through siloed efforts to reduce consumption of health-harming products, but instead as a set of integrated strategies to reduce exposures to health-harming commercial actors and activities.

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Gómez-Cardenas, Aura Cristina. "Elder Abandonment in Mexico: Unattended public health problem." Mexican Journal of Medical Research ICSA 7, no. 13 (January 5, 2019): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.29057/mjmr.v7i13.3798.

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Aging is occurring at a speed higher than that experienced historically by the developed countries. Older population will grow three times faster than the growth rate of the total population. The largest increases will happen in countries that do not now show the highest percentages of people over the age of 60, as in the case of Brazil, Mexico and the Dominican Republic. However, in countries like Honduras and Paraguay this population grows at higher rates with respect to other countries. Public health in Mexico and Latin America faces the challenge of reforming health systems in a way that they can face a double burden of disease, represented by the increasing prevalence of chronic diseases and their complications, in addition to the persistence of transferable infectious diseases and those associated with nutritional problems. For this reason, the perception of abandonment of the older adults, it is appropriate to define some concepts implicit in the sociodemographic characteristics that are reflected in the statistics of each Latin American country and especially in Mexico, because their population pyramid is increasing with this age-specific disease, generating that due to multiple economic and physical consequences, among others, abandonment becomes a consequence frequently neglected.

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Dwivedi, Siddharth, and Mahim Sagar. "Communication Protocols in Public Health." Journal of Health Management 19, no. 2 (May 15, 2017): 340–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972063417699719.

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This work was initiated primarily to analyze the role of communication in public health policy and hence develop protocols to design effective communication strategies. Research was motivated by the fact that the traditional approaches towards communication in health management have proved inadequate in front of the complexity of recent challenges. New and innovative ‘Integrated Communication Strategies’, which employ targeted communication tools for achieving public cooperation, have emerged as the need of the hour. This was revealed by the extensive literature review carried out by the authors. The fact that most of the researches so far have been either to empirically determine factor linkages and hierarchies on a small population sample or to analyze some specific aspect of the whole public communication architecture restricts their usability to large-scale, real-life situations. This research aims at constructing that big picture, a wholesome view of the role communication is expected to play in a public health programme and how the researches so far can be collated with insights from the case study of dengue fever in New Delhi carried out by the authors to yield protocols for designing highly effective communication programmes, which shall go long way in ensuring a successful health campaign.

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Bestmann, B., C. Loetters, W. Weidner, T. Kuechler, and V. Rohde. "PCN29 PROSTATE CANCER SPECIFIC SYMPTOMS IN A GERMAN REFERENCE POPULATION." Value in Health 7, no. 6 (November 2004): 678. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1098-3015(10)65762-2.

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Van Teijlingen, Edwin, Padam Simkhada, Ann Luce, and Vanora Hundley. "Media, Health & Health Promotion in Nepal." Journal of Manmohan Memorial Institute of Health Sciences 2 (September 26, 2016): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jmmihs.v2i0.15799.

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It has been recognised that the media can affect our perceptions, views and tastes on a wide-range of issues. The mass media in it various forms (newspapers, television & radio, the internet and Twitter) and formats, have a far reaching influence through, for example news programmes, documentaries, advertising and entertainment. At the same time the media can also be seen as a channel for agencies responsible for public health to get their messages across to the population. Public health agencies are always searching for ways to disseminate health information and messages to their intended audiences. These are, of course, global concerns, but as both public health and the media are part of the society in which they operate there will be locally specific issues and considerations. To date most of the research into the media and public health has been conducted in high-income countries, and there has been very little research in Nepal on the interaction of public health and health promotion with the media.This overview paper highlights some of the key issues that public health practitioners, media editors and journalists, health policy-makers and researchers could consider.Journal of Manmohan Memorial Institute of Health Sciences Vol. 2 2016 p.70-75

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Fujishiro, Kaori, Emily Q. Ahonen, and Megan Winkler. "Investigating Employment Quality for Population Health and Health Equity: A Perspective of Power." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 16 (August 13, 2022): 9991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19169991.

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Employment quality (EQ) has gained increasing attention as a determinant of health, but the debate among occupational health researchers over the measurement of EQ poses a challenge to advancing the literature. This is especially problematic when the concept is used across social, cultural, and national borders, as EQ is shaped by power dynamics within sociopolitical and economic contexts that are specific to each society. Investigating EQ in context could help develop a clearer understanding as to why EQ is configured in certain ways, how best EQ could be measured, how EQ impacts health, and ultimately how EQ could be improved. In this paper, we propose that attention to social context—and in particular power—may help advance the research on EQ and health. We present an allegory, or a visual description, that articulates the power balance in the employer–worker relation as well as in the sociopolitical context in which the employer–worker relation takes place. We end by proposing specific approaches for occupational health researchers to incorporate a perspective of power in EQ research that may clarify the concept and measurement of EQ. A clearer recognition of EQ as a product of power in social context aligns with the research approach of addressing work as a social structural determinant of health.

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Gulis, Gabriel, Altyn Aringazina, Zhamilya Sangilbayeva, Kalel Zhan, Evelyne de Leeuw, and John P. Allegrante. "Population Health Status of the Republic of Kazakhstan: Trends and Implications for Public Health Policy." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 22 (November 22, 2021): 12235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182212235.

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The Republic of Kazakhstan began undergoing a political, economic, and social transition after 1991. Population health was declared an important element and was backed with a substantial commitment by the central government to health policy. We examine key trends in the population health status of the Republic of Kazakhstan and seek to understand them in relation to the ongoing political, economic, and social changes in society and its aspirations in health policy. We used the Global Burden of Disease database and toolkit to extract and analyze country-specific descriptive data for the Republic of Kazakhstan to assess life expectancy, child mortality, leading causes of mortality, disability-adjusted life years, and causes and number of years lived with disability. Life expectancy declined from 1990 to 1996 but has subsequently recovered. Ischemic heart disease, stroke, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease remain among the leading causes of death; child mortality for children under 5 years has declined; and cardiovascular risk factors account for the greatest cause of disability. Considering its socioeconomic development over the last two decades, Kazakhstan continues to lag behind OECD countries on leading health indictors despite substantial investments in public health policy. We identify seven strategic priorities to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the health care system.

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Ducatman, Alan, Jianjun Zhang, and Hongmin Fan. "Prostate-Specific Antigen and Perfluoroalkyl Acids in the C8 Health Study Population." Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 57, no. 1 (January 2015): 111–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/jom.0000000000000319.

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Cunha, Carmen, Adriana Henriques, and Andreia Costa. "Community Health and Public Health Nurses: Case Study in Times of COVID-19." Sustainability 13, no. 20 (October 9, 2021): 11149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132011149.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has given more relevance to identifying the common and specific competencies of specialized nurses in community health and public health, presenting and characterizing their interventions, relations with health indicators in the population, identifying factors that facilitate their performance, and their respective regulations. A qualitative case study was undertaken with 31 nurses from a group of health centers and data collection by interviews, direct observation, and documents analysis. The flow model and an interpretive matrix, with two strategies and two techniques, was used for the analysis and discussion. The majority of participants were female, who were aware of and familiar with the specific and defined competencies, which they put into practice. They recognize their activities as important and feel happy where they are and doing what they do. They have good a knowledge of the regulations that concern them. They consider themselves well prepared and available to intervene in many dimensions, such as epidemiological surveillance, management, and group empowerment, contributing to good health indexes and health sustainability. Expected changes are related to their potential contributions to advance the nursing profession, which this pandemic has highlighted.

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Rideout, Karen, and Dianne Oickle. "Glossary of health equity in the context of environmental public health practice." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 73, no. 9 (June 6, 2019): 806–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2018-210843.

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Health equity is increasingly present as an overarching goal in public health policy frameworks across the globe. Public health actions to support health equity are challenging because solutions to the root causes of health inequities often lie outside of the health sector, and a specific role for environmental public health practitioners has not been clearly articulated. The regulatory nature of the environmental public health profession means that their role is particularly ambiguous. Still, environmental public health practitioners are well situated to identify and respond to factors that contribute to health inequities because of their role as front-line professionals who interact with a wide cross-sector of the population. This Glossary, rooted primarily in the Canadian context but drawing on lessons from elsewhere, describes environmental public health regulatory practice in relation to health equity, including approaches that practitioners can use to contribute to addressing the social determinants of health.

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Polgar, Stephen, Michael McGartland, and Tracey Hales. "Cigarette Smoking and Schizophrenia: A Public Health Issue." Australian Journal of Primary Health 2, no. 2 (1996): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py96025.

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Cigarette smoking has been causally linked with a range of detrimental health consequences. Following the introduction of population-wide anti-smoking measures there has been an overall reduction in the prevalence of smoking to about 25% of the Australian population. These results, however, do not apply across the board as one of the most disadvantaged groups in our community, people with schizophrenia, do not appear to be receiving benefit from these public health measures. Further, the quality of life and even the ability to live independently in the community for this group might be compromised by these very same public health measures. Approximately 75% of people with schizophrenia smoke and those who have a psychiatric disability on average spend about 30% of their income on this habit. Recent research suggests that at least for some of these people, smoking is not simply a vice, but a means of obtaining a medication necessary for symptomatic relief of their disorder. Public health measures are required which take into account the evidence concerning the specific needs and social situations of people with schizophrenia.

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Doekes, G., J. Douwes, I. Wouters, S. de Wind, R. Houba, and A. Hollander. "Enzyme immunoassays for total and allergen specific IgE in population studies." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 53, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem.53.1.63.

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Vikhireva, Olga. "Every unhealthy population is unhealthy in its own way; population risk assessment: common and specific challenges." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 66, no. 10 (April 29, 2012): 857–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2012-201231.

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Gruzieva, Tetiana S., Nataliia V. Hrechyshkina, Mykhаilo D. Diachuk, and Vasyl A. Dufynets. "REDUCING HEALTH INEQUALITIES AS A COMPONENT OF THE HEALTH TRAINING PROGRAMS." Wiadomości Lekarskie 73, no. 5 (2020): 937–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek202005118.

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The aim: identifying the characteristics and trends of inequalities in the health of the population to substantiate the educational content of the curriculum for the training of Master in Public Health. Materials and methods: Bibliographic, sociological, medical-statistical and information-analytical methods were used in the study. Ukraine’s healthcare institutions were the scientific base of the study. The data on the average life expectancy, morbidity, mortality, satisfaction of medical needs of different groups of the population for revealing the social gradient are analyzed. Documents on strategies to reduce health inequalities have been examined. Results: Health inequalities between WHO countries have been identified, including a difference in the average life expectancy at birth of 17.1 years in premature mortality due to differences in the levels of economic development of countries. The inequality in the prevalence of diseases and the difference in the satisfaction of specific medical needs among the first and tenth decile population of Ukraine were determined. The prevalence of diseases of the genitourinary system in the population older than 60 years with low rates by 27.3% was higher than the figure among financially insured persons. The incidence of ocular pathology among adults with different income levels varied 1.8 times. The provisions of the WHO strategic documents on reducing health inequalities and its protection and on developing the public health system are analyzed. We justify the necessity of expanding the coverage of the problems of reducing disparities in health and health care in the course of training of the Master in Public Health. A modern curriculum “Social Medicine, Public Health” has been developed with the inclusion of inequalities in public health and appropriate educational and methodological support. Conclusion: The strategic goal of reducing inequalities in public health and its care requires integrating these issues into a modern master’s in public health program. The curriculum developed covers various aspects of health inequalities and health care, including the identification and assessment of disparities, the clarification of causes, the identification of counter-measures. Created educational and methodological support allows acquiring theoretical knowledge and practical skills that form the necessary competencies of professionals in the context of overcoming inequalities in health.

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Cooke, P. J., Mary Rose Day, and Helen Mulcahy. "Dementia and elder abuse: Understanding public health nurses’ experiences." Journal of Nursing Education and Practice 9, no. 7 (March 26, 2019): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jnep.v9n7p56.

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Elder abuse (EA) within the population of community dwelling older people living with dementia is significantly more prevalent when compared with the population of older adults without cognitive impairment. Public Health Nurses (PHNs) in Ireland are a key professional service provider group in safeguarding vulnerable populations. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) was utilized to explore the experiences of PHNs in identifying and addressing abuse, among community dwelling older adults living with dementia that was perpetrated by informal caregivers. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with PHNs (n = 5) in Ireland that had in the previous 12 months dealt with a case of elder abuse involving an older adult living with dementia. Analysis of the data revealed three super-ordinate themes; identifying hidden abusive relationships; Complexity – ‘where do I start’; and Isolation. This study provides unique insights from PHNs relevant to safeguarding this particularly vulnerable group. Specific implications for practice and recommendations are presented.

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Steenkamer, Betty, Hanneke Drewes, Kim Putters, Hans van Oers, and Caroline Baan. "Reorganizing and integrating public health, health care, social care and wider public services: a theory-based framework for collaborative adaptive health networks to achieve the triple aim." Journal of Health Services Research & Policy 25, no. 3 (March 16, 2020): 187–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1355819620907359.

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Objective Population health management (PHM) refers to large-scale transformation efforts by collaborative adaptive health networks that reorganize and integrate services across public health, health care, social care and wider public services in order to improve population health and quality of care while at the same time reducing cost growth. However, a theory-based framework that can guide place-based approaches towards a comprehensive understanding of how and why strategies contribute to the development of PHM is lacking, and this review aims to contribute to closing this gap by identifying the key components considered to be key to successful PHM development. Methods We carried out a scoping realist review to identify configurations of strategies (S), their outcomes (O), and the contextual factors (C) and mechanisms (M) that explain how and why these outcomes were achieved. We extracted theories put forward in included studies and that underpinned the formulated strategy-context-mechanism-outcome (SCMO) configurations. Iterative axial coding of the SCMOs and the theories that underpin these configurations revealed PHM themes. Results Forty-one studies were included. Eight components were identified: social forces, resources, finance, relations, regulations, market, leadership, and accountability. Each component consists of three or more subcomponents, providing insight into (1) the (sub)component-specific strategies that accelerate PHM development, (2) the necessary contextual factors and mechanisms for these strategies to be successful and (3) the extracted theories that underlie the (sub)component-specific SCMO configurations. These theories originate from a wide variety of scientific disciplines. We bring these (sub)components together into what we call the Collabroative Adaptive Health Network (CAHN) framework. Conclusions This review presents the strategies that are required for the successful development of PHM. Future research should study the applicability of the CAHN framework in practice to refine and enrich identified relationships and identify PHM guiding principles.

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Noji, Eric K. "The Public Health Consequences of Disasters." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 15, no. 4 (December 2000): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00025255.

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AbstractAlthough disasters have exacted a heavy toll of death and suffering, the future seems more frightening. Good disaster management must link data collection and analysis to the decision-making process. The overall objectives of disaster management from the viewpoint of public health are: 1) needs assessments; 2) matching available resources with defined needs; 3) prevention of further adverse health effects; 4) implementation of disease-control strategies; 5) evaluation of the effectiveness of the application of these strategies; and 6) improvement in contingency planning for future disasters.The effects of sudden-onset, natural disasters on humans are quantifiable. Knowledge of the epidemiology of deaths, injuries, and illnesses is essential to determine effective responses; provide public education; establish priorities, planning, and training. In addition, the temporal patterns for the medical care required must be established so that the needs in future disasters can be anticipated.This article discusses: 1) the nature of disasters due to sudden-onset, natural events; 2) the medical and health needs associated with such events and disasters; 3) practical issues of disaster responses; and 4) the advance organization and management of disasters. The discussion also includes: 1) discussions of past problems in disaster management including non-congruence between available supplies and the actual needs of the affected population; 2) information management; 3) needs assessments; 4) public health surveillance; and 5) linking information with decision-making. This discussion is followed by an analysis of what currently is known about the health-care needs during some specific types of sudden-onset, natural disasters: 1) floods; 2) tropical cyclones; 3) tornadoes; 4) volcanic eruptions; and 5) earthquakes. The article concludes with descriptions of some specific public-health problems associated with disasters including epidemics and disposition of corpses.All natural disasters are unique in that the regions affected have different social, economic, and health backgrounds. But, many similarities exist, and knowledge about these can ensure that the health and emergency medical relief and limited resources are well-managed.

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Arriaga, Miguel, Rita Francisco, Paulo Nogueira, Jorge Oliveira, Carlota Silva, Gisele Câmara, Kristine Sørensen, Christina Dietscher, and Andreia Costa. "Health Literacy in Portugal: Results of the Health Literacy Population Survey Project 2019–2021." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 7 (April 1, 2022): 4225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074225.

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Health literacy entails the knowledge, motivation, and competencies to access, understand, appraise, and apply health information in order to make judgments and decisions in everyday life concerning health care, disease prevention, and health promotion to maintain or improve quality of life throughout the life course. It has become an essential concept in public health. It is considered a modifiable determinant of health decisions, health behaviors, health, and healthcare outcomes. Prior studies suggest highly variable levels of health literacy across European countries. Assessing and monitoring health literacy is critical to support interventions and policies to improve health literacy. This study aimed to describe the process of adaptation to Portugal of the short-form version of the Health Literacy Survey (HLS19-Q12) from the Health Literacy Population Survey Project 2019–2021, also establishing the health literacy levels in the Portuguese population. The sample comprised 1247 valid cases. The survey consisted of a brief questionnaire on the determinants of health literacy, plus the HLS19-Q12 questionnaire and the specific health literacies packages on digital health literacy, navigational health literacy, and vaccination health literacy. The results suggest that 7 out of 10 people in Portugal (mainland) have high health literacy levels and support the results of other studies concerning the main socioeconomic determinants of general health literacy. Furthermore, the results suggest that “navigation in the health system” tasks are the most challenging tasks regarding specific health literacies. The overall data suggest the HLS19-Q12 as a feasible measure to assess health literacy in the Portuguese population. Thus, it can be used in Portugal to assess the population’s needs and monitor and evaluate policies and initiatives to promote health literacy by addressing its societal, environmental, personal, and situational modifiable determinant factors.

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Merrill, Ray M., Arielle Sloan, and Lelinneth B. Novilla. "Understanding Population-Based Site-Specific Cancer Incidence Rates in the USA." Journal of Cancer Education 27, no. 2 (August 28, 2011): 263–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13187-011-0266-3.

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Nagakura, Yukinori, Hideaki Kato, Satoshi Asano, Yasuhiro Jinno, and Shigeharu Tanei. "The Significant Association between Health Examination Results and Population Health: A Cross-Sectional Ecological Study Using a Nation-Wide Health Checkup Database in Japan." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2 (January 19, 2021): 836. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020836.

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In Japan, population health with life expectancy (LE) and healthy life expectancy (HALE) as indicators varies across the 47 prefectures (administrative regions). This study investigates how health examination results, including attitude toward improving life habits, are associated with population health. The association between health checkup variables and summary population health outcomes (i.e., life expectancy and healthy life expectancy) was investigated using a cross-sectional ecological design with prefectures as the unit of analysis. The medical records, aggregated by prefecture, gender, and age in the National Database of Health Insurance Claims and Specific Health Checkups of Japan (NDB) Open Data Japan, were used as health checkup variables. Body weight, blood pressure, liver enzymes, drinking habits, smoking habits, diabetes, serum lipids, and answers to questions regarding attitude toward improving health habits were significantly correlated to population health outcomes. Multiple regression analysis also revealed significant influence of these variables on population health. This study highlights that health examination results, including attitude toward improving health habits, are positively associated with population health. Consequently, implementing measures to improve health habits in response to the examination results could help the population maintain a healthy life.

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McLernon, David J., Peter T. Donnan, Mike Gray, David Weller, and Frank Sullivan. "Receiver operating characteristics of the prostate specific antigen test in an unselected population." Journal of Medical Screening 13, no. 2 (June 2006): 102–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/096914106777589614.

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Helmkamp, James C., Mary E. Aitken, James Graham, and Corey R. Campbell. "State-Specific ATV-Related Fatality Rates: An Update in the New Millennium." Public Health Reports 127, no. 4 (July 2012): 364–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003335491212700404.

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Objectives. We compared state-specific all-terrain vehicle (ATV) fatality rates from 2000–2007 with 1990–1999 data, grouping states according to helmet, training, and licensure requirements. Methods. We used the CDC WONDER online database to identify ATV cases from 2000–2007 and calculate rates per 100,000 population by state, gender, and age. Results. ATV deaths ( n=7,231) occurred at a rate of 0.32 per 100,000 population. Males accounted for 86% of ATV-related deaths at a rate that was six times that for females (0.55 vs. 0.09 per 100,000 population, respectively); 60% of the male deaths occurred in the 15- to 44-year age group. With the exception of the two oldest age categories, rates were consistently higher in the no-helmet-law group. Both the number and rate of ATV-related deaths increased more than threefold between 1990–1999 and 2000–2007. West Virginia and Alaska continue to have the highest ATV fatality rates (1.63 and 2.67 ATV deaths per 100,000 population, respectively). Conclusions. Helmet-use requirements seem to slightly mitigate ATV-related death, but training requirements do not. For policy to be effective, it must be enforced.

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Sverre, Jan Marcus, and Petter Laake. "Trends in diagnosis-specific mortality for the aging population in Norway, 1966–1986." Scandinavian Journal of Social Medicine 24, no. 3 (September 1996): 199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/140349489602400312.

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Meemon, Natthani, Seung Chun Paek, Penchan Pradubmook Sherer, Wilasinee Keetawattananon, and Thammarat Marohabutr. "Transnational Mobility and Utilization of Health Services in Northern Thailand: Implications and Challenges for Border Public Health Facilities." Journal of Primary Care & Community Health 12 (January 2021): 215013272110537. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21501327211053740.

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Introduction/Objective: Transnational populations from the Association of Southeast Asian Nations are crossing borders regardless of whether their status is legal or undocumented, to receive health services in the border regions of Thailand. The implications and challenges of transnational mobility and the utilization of public health facilities in Thailand’s border regions are therefore investigated in this study. Methods: Four public health facilities were selected, located in 2 economically-active border areas in Northern Thailand: Mae Sai–Tachileik at the Thailand–Myanmar border and Chiang Saen–Ton Phueng at the Thailand–Lao PDR border. Qualitative data were obtained from in-depth interviews with 8 medical and non-medical hospital staff responsible for implementing facility-level policies and providing health services for the transnational population. Results: Five themes were identified through analysis of the implications and challenges for transnational mobility and the utilization of public health facilities under study: contextual determinants of illness in specific border areas; uncompensated care as opposed to financial management in serving the transnational population; health service opportunities for the transnational population; cross-border collaboration on public health; and the remaining challenges of transnational mobility in border regions. Conclusion: Conventional content analysis with interpretative induction of in-depth interview data offers recommendations for improving the capacity of border health facilities to reduce the burden placed upon them to provide services to the transnational population.

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Aickin, M., C. N. Dunn, and T. J. Flood. "Estimation of population denominators for public health studies at the tract, gender, and age-specific level." American Journal of Public Health 81, no. 7 (July 1991): 918–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.81.7.918.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Public health (excl. specific population health)'

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