Relevant bibliographies by topics / Public health laws – Nigeria

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
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Academic literature on the topic 'Public health laws – Nigeria'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Public health laws – Nigeria"

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Onoge, Elohor Stephanie. "Monitoring and Evaluating the Impact (Post-Legislative Scrutiny) of Emergency Regulation in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic." IALS Student Law Review 8, no. 1 (March 3, 2021): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.14296/islr.v8i1.5269.

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The threat posed by passing emergency laws and policies in response to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic can be said to be a critical precursor of human rights abuses. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Nigerian President issued the COVID-19 REGULATION 2020 exercising his powers under the Federal Quarantine Act, CAP Q2 Laws of the Federation of Nigeria 2004. Based on this, the Nigerian Federal Government has undertaken stringent measures, enforced restrictions and cessation of movement, social and economic activities in Nigeria to curtail the pandemic. Nigeria has employed human control to stop the disease's spread, including travel bans, quarantine orders, social distancing, and lockdowns. The measures applied to curtail the spread of COVID-19 have an undoubted impact on human rights.The Nigerian government implemented these restrictive measures which impinge on human rights and democratic processes with authoritarian provisions. This study analyses the emergency measures implemented by the Nigerian government and human rights' infractions and considers Post-Legislative Scrutiny to mitigate the government's legislative actions as a safeguard for human rights and democracy in Nigeria.To ensure true democracy, Nigerian regulations, laws, and policy response to COVID-19 must align with international human rights commitments. And the temporarily imposed restrictions on rights are reviewed by the Legislature and do not become permanent. Questions to be addressed in this paper are: (1) Is the breadth of powers currently enjoyed by executive bodies, such as Public Health authorities and security forces under scrutiny and review of the Legislature? (2) Are there safeguards put in place by the Legislature, as an oversight to ensure democratic rule and respect for human rights in Nigeria?The paper uses the qualitative research method. It relies on content analysis of COVID-19 regulatory and legislative provisions, academic literature, articles, journals, and newspaper publications.
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Olaide, Gbadamosi, Gbadamosi Olaide, and Titilayo O. Aderibigbe. "Justification of Women’s Right of Access to Safe and Legal Abortion in Nigeria." African Journal of Legal Studies 7, no. 2 (July 30, 2014): 177–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17087384-12342025.

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Abortion remains one of the most controversial, emotional and burning political issues of our time. Unsafe abortion is a serious public health problem and human rights issue. The pervasive criminalization of abortion in Nigeria is a serious obstacle to improving access to safe and legal abortion. Women’s lack of access to safe legal abortion is a major cause of high rates of maternal mortality. The Nigerian government’s failure to fulfill its human rights obligations under national, regional and international law is largely responsible for this situation. Overcoming these considerable barriers requires governments to sustain a firm commitment to women’s human rights and to ensure access to safe and legal abortion services. Women’s restrictive legal access to safe abortion services violates their human rights and is perhaps one of the pervasive manifestations of unjustified discrimination against women. This article attempts a justification of women’s right of access to safe and legal abortions within national, regional and international laws to which Nigeria is a signatory. Criminalization of abortion leads women to obtain unsafe abortions which threaten their lives and health. The denial of free access to abortion service is a denial of their fundamental human right. Using an analysis of legislations and case laws, we posit that advancing access to safe abortion by the Nigerian government is a necessary requirement to save women’s lives, protect their rights to health, equality and human dignity as specified under the Constitution.
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OFEKEZE, Darlynton Okiemute. "The Healthcare Delivery System in Nigeria: Legal Framework, Obstacles and Challenges to Providing a Public Insurance System." KAS African Law Study Library - Librairie Africaine d’Etudes Juridiques 7, no. 4 (2020): 569–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2020-4-569.

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This work seeks to examine the Nigerian Healthcare system through the lens of its public health insurance laws to access its successes and challenges and also make recommedations towards an effective healthcare delivery system.
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Enamhe, Dorn Cklaimz, E. E. Tangban, Mary U. Ojong-Ejoh, Beauty U. Kenneth, Rose U. Agba, and Ojong Tabe Ejoh. "Systematic and Statistical Analysis of Public Knowledge of Marijuana Addiction and Psychosis Mental Health Outcome Youths in Calabar." SAINSMAT: Journal of Applied Sciences, Mathematics, and Its Education 11, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.35877/sainsmat711.

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Nigeria ranks among the highest consumers of marijuana global and the youths are among the highest demographic of consumers. But there is dearth of evidence that people know about the dangers inherent in being addicted to marijuana. This study examined public knowledge of marijuana addiction and risk of psychosis mental health outcome among youths in Calabar. The survey method through the distribution of self-administered semi structured was used to elicit data from a sample of 384, selected from Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria using the stratified, purposive and random sampling technique. Data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics using such as frequency distribution, percentages, figures and inferential statistics in the form of independent T-test. Results revealed that there is public knowledge of the marijuana addiction and psychotic. there is need for the government and its Drug enforcement agency to formulate drastic laws and put in place punitive measures that will curb the distribution, sale and consumption of marijuana
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Obi, Nkem, Alero Akuirene, Phillip Bwititi, Josiah Adjene, and Ezekiel Nwose. "Impact of gas flaring on communities in Delta region of Nigeria, narrative review part 1: environmental health perspective." International Journal of Scientific Reports 7, no. 3 (February 20, 2021): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-2156.intjscirep20210548.

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<p class="abstract">Gas flaring is the combustion of associated gas from crude-oil exploitation and exploration operations and occurs in refineries, oil wells, oil rigs by fiery of the gas. Nigeria is one of the main producers of gas in the world and oil exploration activities have occasioned high rate of gas flaring because of poor enforcement of anti-gas flaring laws by the regulatory authorities. Gas flaring comes with serious environmental concern because it is a major source of air pollution with adverse public health consequences particularly in the gas flaring communities. The objective of this narrative review is to identify the risks associated with gas flaring in relation to the environment. Literatures from diverse databases including peer reviewed journals as well as governmental and organizational papers were searched to develop the narrative. Over the years, several laws have been enacted in Nigeria with stipulated dates to end gas flaring, but the targets have not been met. The Federal government of Nigeria updated the legal framework titled flare gas (prevention of waste and pollution) regulations, 2018 to facilitate financial profits through utilization and commercialization of associated gas, with a view to reduce or exterminate flaring. This effort appears ineffective due to weak enforcement and poor monitoring mechanism. The statutory government institution entrusted to enforce anti-gas law may benefit from some sort of motivation to ensure oil operators comply to combat environmental health risks from gas flaring.</p>
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Aidonojie, Paul Atagamen, Nosakhare Okuonghae, and Kingsley Eghonghon Ukhurebor. "The Legal Rights and Challenges of COVID-19 Patients Accessing Private Healthcare in Nigeria." BESTUUR 10, no. 2 (December 20, 2022): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/bestuur.v10i2.68118.

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<p>The COVID-19 pandemic has overwhelmed healthcare providers all over the world. Nigeria has also had its fair share of the health crisis caused by COVID-19. Despite the apparent shortcomings of public healthcare in combating the COVID-19 pandemic, the participation of private healthcare providers in caring for COVID-19 patients in Nigeria has been limited by legal and regulatory constraints. This study employs a hybrid research method. The study found insufficient medical facilities and care for COVID-19 patients in government-owned isolation centers. It was concluded and recommended that there is a need to whittle down the laws and regulations limiting private health providers from caring for COVID-19 patients. Furthermore, there is a need to set some ethics and guidelines for private healthcare providers who intend to care for COVID-19 patients.</p>
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Nwagwu, Ejikeme Jombo, Kingsley Chigozie Udegbunam, and Onyinyeomachukwu Gift Uwaechia. "Federal road safety corps and administration of traffic laws in South-east Nigeria: an appraisal." International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion 27, no. 4 (September 16, 2020): 510–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17457300.2020.1815794.

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Abdullahi, Haruna Ishola, and Oluwafunmilayo Adedoyin Oyinlola. "Flood disaster and national security: A criminologist`s exploration of Lagos metropolis, Nigeria." African Social Science and Humanities Journal 1, no. 1 (November 28, 2020): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.57040/asshj.v1i1.21.

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The global disaster trends are worrisome to all stakeholders. The ugly consequences of flood disasters include loss of lives and property, disruption of economic activities, creating insecurity like theft, robbery, and many more. The consequence also puts pressure on the government to spend limited resources on rehabilitation and compensation of flood victims. Hence, this paper addresses flood-disaster preparedness and flood control in Nigeria through the criminological exploration of Lagos metropolis. The study applied exploratory and descriptive methods and relied on data generated through content analysis of books, journals, and online materials. This paper adopted the social control theory by Hirsch and broken window theory by George Kelly. The finding showed that people lack preparedness for the disaster events; they break urban master plans and structures to obstruct to flood. The anti-social attitude like indiscriminate dumping of solid wastes into drainages and carnal and weak enforcement of environmental laws. Also, undue cutting down of trees, lack of environmental policy and lack of political will to implement the existing ones, poor attitude to social and environmental policies are among the factors that are responsible for poor preparedness for flood disaster in Lagos Metropolis. The paper recommends effective public enlightenment, public advocacy on environmental safety and health security, rigorous enforcement of environmental laws, and an urban renewal scheme. This paper will benefit the ministries of environment and physical planning, the state, and the federal emergency agencies, non-governmental agencies, and researchers in the security and emergency studies.
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Mohammed, Isa, Ovenaone Jennifer Uniga, Simon Fillah Bodi, and Okonkwo Ifeoma Mary-Marvella. "Informal Economic Sector: An Investigation of the Effects of Street Hawking on the Girl-Child Education in Nigeria." Scholars Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences 10, no. 10 (October 29, 2022): 504–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.36347/sjahss.2022.v10i10.009.

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Street hawking is one of the most booming informal sectors of the Nigerian economy that provides jobs for the teeming unemployed youths. The lucrative business of selling goods on the streets is done by poor hawkers who cannot afford to rent a shop or the capital to start a business. This study investigates the effects of street hawking on children in Nigeria in the context of deprivation of access to and acquisition of quality education. The methodology used in the study is the survey method design, where a structured set of 120 questionnaires were distributed to collect primary data. The theoretical framework used is political economy of the informal sector model. The findings of the study reveal that the informal sector, despite not being regulated, provides jobs to millions of young people in Nigeria. The study identifies some of the causes of street hawking are poverty, illiteracy, and broken families. It is argued in the paper that the effects of street hawking are alarming and include educational deprivation, physical and public health problems, and child abuse. As a result, the study recommends that governments provide free education to the children, build markets, disburse loans for business start-ups, provide employment opportunities, and make laws to prohibit street hawking.
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Onyemelukwe, Cheluchi. "Discrimination on the basis of HIV status." International Journal of Discrimination and the Law 17, no. 3 (August 21, 2017): 160–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1358229117727415.

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HIV/AIDS remains a significant public health challenge in Nigeria, with over three million persons living with the condition. Throughout the history of HIV/AIDS in Nigeria, persons living with the condition have faced stigma and discrimination in various areas including access to health services, access to education, access to employment, among others. In the past, because of lacunae in Nigerian law and jurisprudence, it has been the subject of debate whether Nigerians living with HIV/AIDS are adequately protected by law. Recent developments in legislation such as the federal HIV/AIDS Anti-Discrimination Act, 2014 and judicial decisions in 2012 and 2016 on discrimination on the basis of HIV status suggest a positive shift of the law to full protection of the rights of persons living with HIV/AIDS in Nigeria, particularly in the area of employment. This article provides an analysis of these recent developments in the law and argues that the time has come to amend the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria to include health status as a ground upon which one cannot be unduly discriminated against.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Public health laws – Nigeria"

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Emeordi, C. Isreal. "Nigerian law in pandemic times." Thesis, National aviation university, 2021. https://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/48763.

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Consequences of the well-known world’s pandemic under which we still live had their impact on every country. The global community has got one more reason for its internal differently directed changes to give a rather quick reaction for its further existence and development in conditions of the fight against COVID-2019. Due to this fact, Nigerian law is on the way of its transformation to be effective for the further development and prosperity of the state and welfare of the people.
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Sako, Esther Bridget. "Public Health Implications of Oil Pollution in Koluama: Nigeria." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/3259.

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As the global demand for oil increases, human health implications related to its discovery and transport remain a serious concern. The Niger Delta has been the site of severe environmental degradation since the oil boom of the 1970s. While some researchers have examined the environmental effects of oil procurement, few have explored human health implications in this region. This phenomenological study investigated the human physical and mental health consequences of oil-related environmental degradation through the perceptions and lived experiences of villagers in Koluama, Nigeria. The conceptual framework for the study was based on research conducted by Morello-Frosch, Zuk, Jerrett, Shamasunder and Kyle (2011) on the public health consequences of environmental pollution to which marginalized populations are vulnerable. Participants included a random sample of 33 residents of Koluama. Data were collected via individual semistructured interviews and 3 focus groups and analyzed using: interpretative phenomenological analysis. Themes that emerged from analysis included children's health issues, including asthma and other breathing problems; and death rates among the elderly in the area. The villagers, aware of the increase in mortality and illness in the area, also suffered from anxiety and depression. The research findings demonstrated the perception of the participants that the oil companies appeared not to be concerned about the lack of health care in the area; although illness increased in the area of the oil fields. This study might be beneficial in eliciting positive social change at the individual and organizational levels by illuminating oil-related health problems and may lead to better health care access for the population.
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Adanri, Olubunmi A. "Maternal Health Literacy, Antenatal Care, and Pregnancy Outcomes in Lagos, Nigeria." Thesis, Walden University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10282020.

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Maternal mortality, an example of poor maternal health outcomes, is widely accepted as an indicator of the overall health of a population. One of the Millennium Development Goals was reduction in maternal mortality by 3 quarters by 2015. These goals were not met in Nigeria and it is important to look at some of the reasons why. Education has been shown to have positive impact on pregnancy outcomes; however, the characteristics of pregnant women, their health literacy level, their usage of antenatal care services and how these impact pregnancy outcomes are yet to be analyzed in Lagos, Nigeria. Guided by the social cognitive theory and health belief model, the purpose of this cross-sectional quantitative study was to determine if there is a relationship between maternal health literacy, antenatal care visits, development of medical conditions during pregnancy, and pregnancy outcomes (measured by healthy or unhealthy baby) in Lagos, Nigeria. The research question for this study tested if there was a relationship between these variables. Lisa Chew’s health literacy assessment tool was used in a sample of 130 women in Shomolu local government in Nigeria who met the inclusion criteria. Using binary logistic correlations, only problems developed during pregnancy is statistically significant with pregnancy outcomes (p < .05). The results suggested an increase in problems developed during pregnancy most likely will increase the chance of having negative pregnancy outcomes. Results from this study could promote positive social change by helping health professionals identify the characteristics of at-risk women during antenatal education sessions. The results could also help health professionals in the development of targeted antenatal care interventions.

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Salako, Smith Grace. "Compliance of Caregivers with Polio Vaccine Dosages and Timelines in Lagos State, Nigeria." Thesis, Walden University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10285466.

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Caregivers’ compliance with polio vaccine regimens and timely receipt of the recommended 4 doses of polio vaccine are pivotal to eliminating polio. This cross sectional study, conducted in Lagos State, Nigeria, examined polio vaccine compliance and demographic attributes of caregivers’ for statistically significant associations. Using an adapted health belief model theoretical framework, 1,200 participants were recruited from well-baby clinics in 8 local government areas in Lagos State. Participants completed a brief demographic survey providing data on caregivers’ age, gender, residence (rural or urban), and their level of education as well as records from their children’s immunization cards. Data obtained were tested for associations between caregiver’s demographic information and their children’s receipt of polio doses within specified timelines using chi-square and logistic regression analysis. Fisher’s exact analysis were conducted for variables with frequencies less than 5. The only significant association recorded was between the receipt of Polio Dose A and location of caregivers’ residence: Rural dwelling caregivers were less likely to receive the first dose of polio. Results showed Polio Dose D to be the dose most likely received in an untimely manner as well as most likely missed of the 4 doses. Logistic regression analysis did not show any variable to be of greater odds in predicting completion of the 4 doses or compliance with timelines of their receipt. Study’s results may inspire polio program planners to develop interventions that broaden the immunization coverage for rural dwellers to include nontraditional maternity locations. Positive social change will ensue by the improvement caregivers’ compliance with full polio dose receipts with timelines, maximizing immunity.

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Maduakor-Ugo, Augustina Chinyelu. "Effect of Education on Stigma of Epilepsy in South Eastern Nigeria." ScholarWorks, 2011. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1130.

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There is a need for epilepsy-based health education programs to enlighten Nigerian communities and reduce the stigma associated with epilepsy. Epilepsy in Nigeria is viewed by some as a contagious and an infectious disease or a condition imposed from the gods, possessed by demons, as the work of witchcraft, or punishment from ancestral spirits, which are all related to a lack of knowledge about epilepsy leading to stigmatization of persons with epilepsy. Guided by the stigma theory, the purpose of this community-based, cross sectional study was to quantitatively examine the effect of an educational program on interpersonal, internalized, and institutional stigma of epilepsy in terms of knowledge, attitude, and treatment gained. Two hundred and fifty participants completed a general domain instrument which had been used in different countries, including South Eastern Nigeria, and revised for greater validity via a pilot study. Chi-square tests were used to examine any significant differences in participants' responses between pre- and post-test surveys regarding knowledge, attitude, and treatment gained of all 3 identified stigma levels. According to study results, the educational program reduced all 3 stigma levels in terms of attitude, knowledge, and treatment gained of epilepsy (p< 0.001). This study contributed to positive social change by providing information to public health workers on how to increase the knowledge and awareness of the South Eastern Nigerian community that epilepsy is not contagious or infectious and there is no need to isolate persons with epilepsy from their societies.
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Maduakor-Ugo, Augustina Chinyelu. "Effect of Education on Stigma of Epilepsy in South Eastern Nigeria." Thesis, Walden University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3619197.

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There is a need for epilepsy-based health education programs to enlighten Nigerian communities and reduce the stigma associated with epilepsy. Epilepsy in Nigeria is viewed by some as a contagious and an infectious disease or a condition imposed from the gods, possessed by demons, as the work of witchcraft, or punishment from ancestral spirits, which are all related to a lack of knowledge about epilepsy leading to stigmatization of persons with epilepsy. Guided by the stigma theory, the purpose of this community-based, cross sectional study was to quantitatively examine the effect of an educational program on interpersonal, internalized, and institutional stigma of epilepsy in terms of knowledge, attitude, and treatment gained. Two hundred and fifty participants completed a general domain instrument which had been used in different countries, including South Eastern Nigeria, and revised for greater validity via a pilot study. Chi-square tests were used to examine any significant differences in participants' responses between pre- and post-test surveys regarding knowledge, attitude, and treatment gained of all 3 identified stigma levels. According to study results, the educational program reduced all 3 stigma levels in terms of attitude, knowledge, and treatment gained of epilepsy (p< 0.001). This study contributed to positive social change by providing information to public health workers on how to increase the knowledge and awareness of the South Eastern Nigerian community that epilepsy is not contagious or infectious and there is no need to isolate persons with epilepsy from their societies.

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Kelvin, Osuala. "Predictors of Full Childhood Immunization Status in Owerri, Nigeria." Thesis, Walden University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3684980.

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Full (complete) childhood immunization against tuberculosis, poliomyelitis, diphtheria, tetanus, hepatitis B, yellow fever, measles, and the maternal retention of immunization documentation are the most cost-effective interventions against vaccine-preventable childhood diseases. The full childhood immunization rate in Nigeria has not reached the expected target level of compliance at 90%. Using the social ecological model, this study investigated the influence of maternal satisfaction with postnatal services and paternal support on full childhood immunization status; it also examined the association between maternal factors and the maternal retention of immunization documentation in Owerri, Nigeria. The hypotheses were that maternal satisfaction with postnatal services and paternal support were associated with full childhood immunization status. This study was a quantitative, cross-sectional survey design that included validated modified WHO/EPI-30 cluster immunization survey information from the cluster sample of 560 mothers of children between the ages of 12 and 23 months old. The multivariate logistic regression analysis (at the .05 level) indicated that the odds of full childhood immunization status were lower for participants who indicated no maternal satisfaction with postnatal services compared with those who indicated satisfaction with postnatal services. Public health workers and policymakers should invest more resources in maternal and child health care resources to increase maternal satisfaction with postnatal services. The study outcomes may help to evolve a system that may increase childhood immunization status and reduce vaccine-preventable diseases in Owerri, and serve as a model for other countries.

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Henshaw, Atim. "Breaking the Silence| Postpartum Depression Among Reproductive-aged Women in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria." Thesis, Walden University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10623837.

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Postpartum depression (PPD) is internationally recognized as one of the most prevalent and severe but neglected maternal mental health complications of childbirth. Previous studies have indicated that there is a high burden of disease associated with PPD in both developed and developing countries. However, there remain gaps in the current literature regarding the recognition and management of PPD in remote parts of the developing world. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to understand the perceptions, attitudes, and beliefs of health professionals towards PPD and examine the factors that either facilitated or hindered its recognition and management in a remote setting in Nigeria. The pen-3 cultural model was the conceptual framework used in this study. The study focused specifically on professionals with regard to the recognition and management of PPD in a rural hospital in Nigeria. Ten semi structured qualitative interviews were conducted with doctors and nurses from a rural hospital in Nigeria. Data were analyzed via phenomenological interpretative analysis. Results from the study revealed that health professionals in a remote setting in Nigeria have a working knowledge of PPD and perceived the condition as a serious public health concern, but were faced with numerous barriers from the institutional, organizational, and community level that hindered their ability to recognize and manage PPD in a timely manner. These results make an important contribution to the existing literature and can enhance social change initiatives through the enhancement of awareness of PPD, and the need for improvement of policies on comprehensive maternal mental health in remote parts of Nigeria.

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Chimezie, Raymond Ogu. "A Case Study of Primary Healthcare Services in Isu, Nigeria." Thesis, Walden University, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3558764.

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Access to primary medical care and prevention services in Nigeria is limited, especially in rural areas, despite national and international efforts to improve health service delivery. Using a conceptual framework developed by Penchansky and Thomas, this case study explored the perceptions of community residents and healthcare providers regarding residents' access to primary healthcare services in the rural area of Isu. Using a community-based research approach, semistructured interviews and focus groups were conducted with 27 participants, including government healthcare administrators, nurses and midwives, traditional healers, and residents. Data were analyzed using Colaizzi's 7-step method for qualitative data analysis. Key findings included that (a) healthcare is focused on children and pregnant women; (b) healthcare is largely ineffective because of insufficient funding, misguided leadership, poor system infrastructure, and facility neglect; (c) residents lack knowledge of and confidence in available primary healthcare services; (d) residents regularly use traditional healers even though these healers are not recognized by local government administrators; and (e) residents can be valuable participants in community-based research. The potential for positive social change includes improved communication between local government, residents, and traditional healers, and improved access to healthcare for residents.

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Asonye, Priscilla N. "Experiences and Perceptions of Pregnant Unmarried Adolescent Girls in Nigeria." Thesis, Walden University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3667804.

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Sexual activity among unmarried adolescents is a major public health problem in Nigeria, because unmarried pregnant girls are more likely to have multiple sex partners and are less likely to use contraceptives, putting them at greater risk for sexually transmitted diseases (STD), unplanned pregnancy, abortion, social isolation, and poverty. Teen pregnancy and STD rates are on the rise in Nigeria, yet few data exist on the experience of the adolescents themselves. This phenomenological study was designed to explore the in-depth experiences of 10 pregnant, unmarried adolescent girls aged 16-19, including the factors contributing to their sexual activity. An ecological model served as the conceptual framework to permit individual experiences to be understood in their social and ecological context. Semistructured interviews and Hycner's method of analysis were used to collect and analyze the data. Results showed that the decision to initiate sexual activity among these girls was influenced by many factors, including: the need for financial support and a socially condoned system of "sugar daddies" who support girls in return for sex; peer pressure to have a sex partner; a romantic knowledge of sexual behavior based primarily on the mass media; and inadequate sex education. As a result of their pregnancy, the girls experienced negative reactions from their families and community, and serious psychological and financial concerns about their prospects for future marriage and their child's identity. A comprehensive community-based reproductive health program is called for, with reliable sex education, cooperation from the mass media, and support from family and community members. The social change implication of this study is to potentially lead to a decrease in unplanned pregnancy, STDs, social isolation, and poverty among adolescent girls in Nigeria.

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Books on the topic "Public health laws – Nigeria"

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Nwabuoku, C. U. Nigeria in world affairs. Agbor, Delta State: Krisbec Publications, 2003.

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Alabama. Public health laws of Alabama. 2nd ed. [St. Paul, Minn.]: Thomson/West, 2006.

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Ishola, Ajakaiye David Olusanya, ed. Health seeking behaviour in Nigeria. Ibadan, Nigeria: Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research (NISER), 2002.

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Environment of health care services in Nigeria. Lagos: Harrington Pub., 2000.

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M, Dickens Bernard. Public health law: Supplementary materials. 2nd ed. Toronto]: nFaculty of Law, University of Toronto, 2009.

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Dickens, Bernard M. Public health law: Supplementary materials. 2nd ed. Toronto]: nFaculty of Law, University of Toronto, 2010.

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author, Annas George J., ed. Public health law. New Providence, NJ: LexisNexis, 2014.

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1946-, Wing Kenneth R., ed. Public health law. Newark, NJ: LexisNexis Matthew Bender, 2007.

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Commission, Nigeria National Population. Nigeria: 2003 demographic and health survey : key findings. Calverton, Maryland: National Population Commission and ORC Macro, 2003.

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Virginia. The health laws of Virginia. [Richmond]: Dept. of Health, 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Public health laws – Nigeria"

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Odumosu, Taiwo, and Samuel Adesina Okueso. "The role of sustainability law in public health in Nigeria." In The Role of Law in Governing Sustainability, 103–17. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2021.: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003158837-10.

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Ransom, Montrece, Emely Sanchez, and Molly Berkery. "Public Health Law." In Laws of Medicine, 71–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08162-0_5.

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Wright, James D. "Public Health in Nigeria." In The Global Enterprise, 106–10. New York, NY: Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351294881-16.

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Wallace, Deborah, and Rodrick Wallace. "RTW Laws and Public Health." In Right-to-Work Laws and the Crumbling of American Public Health, 131–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72784-4_12.

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Lopez, Russell. "Housing Laws, Zoning, and Building Codes." In Building American Public Health, 47–66. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137002440_4.

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Kemm, John. "Control of Availability: Licensing Laws." In Alcohol and the Public Health, 79–94. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21280-4_6.

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Alao, Abiodun. "Religion, Human Security and Public Health." In Religion, Public Health and Human Security in Nigeria, 13–36. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003332480-2.

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Alao, Abiodun. "Religion, Human Security and Epidemics in Nigeria." In Religion, Public Health and Human Security in Nigeria, 37–75. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003332480-3.

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Alao, Abiodun. "Human Security and “Miracle Healing” in Nigeria." In Religion, Public Health and Human Security in Nigeria, 139–59. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003332480-7.

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Vale-Nieves, Abel. "Puerto Rico’s Karst Protection—Beyond the Laws and Regulations." In Karst Groundwater Contamination and Public Health, 51–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51070-5_6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Public health laws – Nigeria"

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Alade, Idowu Mojeed. "In Quest for Sanctity and Inviolability of Human Life: Capital Punishment in Herodotus Book 1." In 27th iSTEAMS-ACity-IEEE International Conference. Society for Multidisciplinary and Advanced Research Techniques - Creative Research Publishers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22624/aims/isteams-2021/v27p33.

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It is a common knowledge that workers both in the public and private sector spends their wages on critical needs such as rent, school fees, food, transportation, recharge cards and healthcare (moller,2004). They are also predominantly expose to economic risk, natural risk, health risk, life cycle risks, policy based and institutional risks, social and political risk (Geneva, ILO-STEP). Various government including Nigeria, historically have been able to introduce some forms of ad-hoc interventions programmes such as mortgage rent reduction, reduction in taxes, cancellation or postponement of loan payment and other form of direct subsidies (Townsend, 1994). Majority of these measures are privileges and not “right” in most developing countries including Nigeria (Sigma, 2005; UNDP 2003). Practiced in almost all ancient and traditional societies, with debates for and against, among lawgivers and philosophers, Capital punishment, also known as death penalty, was a part of the Athenian Greek law code as early as the time of Draco during the 7th Century BC. The debates and controversies continue until date. Is it just, unjust or a false justice? As at the year 2018, according to Amnesty International,1 55 countries of modern civilized world retain death penalty while a certain number have completely abolished it. Herodotus, the ancient Greek historian, in his Histories, record many instances of state sanctioned capital punishments. This paper, an attempt to accentuate the unjust nature of capital punishment and support its complete universal abolition, identifies three references to death penalty in Herodotus Book 1: combing, impaling and stoning. Book I of Herodotus was context analysed and interpreted with evidence from other relevant literary and historical sources. Arguments for death penalty include serving as deterrent to potential offenders and some sort of justice for the victims and family, especially in the case of murder; and the state, in the case of treason and other capital offences. Findings, however, revealed that capital punishment seldom curb potential criminals and might embittered and encouraged grievous crimes while discoveries of errors in judgment, among other reasons, could make death sentences unjust. The paper concluded by recommending prevention of such crimes necessitating capital punishments and proffered making greater efforts towards total abolition. Keywords: Capital punishment, Herodotus, Herodotus Histories, Justice, Death penalty.
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Makun, CY, EO Odugboye, and S. Ahmed. "OUTDOOR AIR TEMPERATURE, THERMAL COMFORT, HEALTH AND PERFORMANCE AT A BUILDING CONSTRUCTION SITE IN ABUJA, NIGERIA." In International conference on public health. The International Institute of Knowledge Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.17501/24246735.2022.7114.

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Okorafor, AK, NL Ouedrago, IN Bahago, and MR Yalma. "PREVALENCE, MALE-FEMALE DIFFERENTIALS, AND FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH OBESITY AMONG ADOLESCENTS IN ABUJA MUNICIPAL AREA COUNCIL (AMAC), NORTH-CENTRAL NIGERIA." In International conference on public health. The International Institute of Knowledge Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.17501/24246735.2022.7113.

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"FACTORS AFFECTING COVID-19 VACCINE UPTAKE IN LOW INCOME SETTINGS: A CASE STUDY OF MORO LGA, KWARA STATE, NIGERIA." In International Conference on Public Health and Humanitarian Action. International Federation of Medical Students' Associations - Jordan, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56950/fypb7183.

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Background: Since the emergence of COVID-19 in December 2019, the virus has spread to several countries making it a global threat. The long term solution of COVID-19 is the implementation of COVID-19 vaccination programme as it is the cost effective way of fighting COVID-19 pandemic. In low middle income cuntries, rumours, lack of information and misinformation has led to hesitancy taking the COVID-19 vaccine. Objective: To evaluate predictors of COVID-19 vaccine uptake among adult residents of selected communities in Moro Local Government Area (LGA) of Kwara State, Nigeria. Method: A descriptive cross sectional study was carried out among 500 adult residents of Moro LGA. Data was collected with the aid of a pretested, validated, structured, interviewer administered questionnaire. Data was analyzed with Epi-info statistical software package vesion 3. 5.1. Chi-square (x2) test was used to determine any association between the dependent and independent variables. Confidence level was held at 95% and a pvalue of less than 0.05 (p<0.05) was considered as statistically significant. Results: Almost half 227 (45.4%) of the respondents have good knowledge of COVID-19 and COVID-19 vaccines while less one fifth 79 (15.8%) of the respondents have poor knowledge on COVID-19 and COVID-19 vaccine. Conclusion: Almost half of the respondents 45.4% had good knowledge of COVID-19 and COVID-19 vaccine. This was made possible due to the government aggressive approach to contain the spread of the virus through sensitization campaign using different media. Respondents unwilling to take the vaccine gave their reasons while some did not. Keywords: COVID-19, COVID-19 vaccine, predictors, vaccine uptake, hesitancy, vaccination.
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"A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY OF KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES AND PRACTICE ABOUT HEPATITIS IN A SUB-URBAN COMMUNITY IN SOUTH-WESTERN NIGERIA." In International Conference on Public Health and Humanitarian Action. International Federation of Medical Students' Associations - Jordan, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56950/jhhi8301.

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Background: The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a common infection that causes viral hepatitis B, which accounts for the world's most common cause of acute and chronic liver disorders. The WHO estimates 257 million people, or 3.5% of the world's population, had chronic HBV infection in 2015. July 28 every year, the world comes together under "World Hepatitis Day" (WHD) to raise awareness of the burden of viral hepatitis around the world. Objective: This study was conducted on WHD 2021 to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practice toward hepatitis in an urban community in south-western Nigeria. Materials and Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted among residents in the Tejuosho market in Yaba, Lagos State, on WHD 2021. A self-administered structured questionnaire was filled by conveniently sampled participants in a strategic location in the market. Inferential statistics utilized the Pearson's Chi-Square test and multiple linear regression with P< 0.05 of statistical significance Results: One hundred and thirty-four (134) participated in the study. Most participants were between 18-29 years 45(33.6%). 72(53.7%) had good knowledge of hepatitis B. 47(53.4%) of the respondents had a low awareness of Hepatitis B. Majority 62(46.3%) of the respondents had a positive attitude toward Hepatitis B. There was no statistically significant relationship between Awareness and Knowledge of hepatitis and hepatitis B vaccine, p>0.05. Conclusion: Most participants had high knowledge about hepatitis but poor awareness of the disease. In addition, more than half of the participants had positive perceptions of hepatitis. Key Word: Knowledge, Attitude, Practice, hepatitis B vaccine, hepatitis B virus
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Ogodo, A. D., Q. O. Idehen, U. G. Egere, and I. H. Akpofure. "Environmental Pollution, Its Health Implications and Diseases Associated with Waste and Their Mode of Transmission." In 27th iSTEAMS-ACity-IEEE International Conference. Society for Multidisciplinary and Advanced Research Techniques - Creative Research Publishers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22624/aims/isteams-2021/v27p17.

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Environmental pollution has become topical worldwide so much so that no day passes without the issue being discussed somewhere in the world especially the state of Human health in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. This research work shows that man is largely responsible for pollution of the air, the sea and the land and this pollution posed the greatest danger to the atmosphere. This research shows the criminal nature of pollution of the environment. The research x-rays some of the causes of Environmental degradation; its health implications and diseases associated with wastes and their mode of Transmission. The research emphasizes on some waste management practical facts and regulations that need Constitutional Reforms, Historical Progression of Environmental Laws in Nigeria, Environmental Courts, Ineffective Enforcement of Environmental Laws, Health Impact Assessment Studies, Pollution and Its Health Implications, Prevention and Control/Management of Wastes. Finally, the research work concluded with some recommendations as we strive to live in a healthy environment to avoid all forms of environmental pollution and diseases. The research work concluded that Environmental Pollution is all about GLOOM, NO GLEE. Keywords: Environmental Pollution (ALL GLOOM, NO GLEE), Health Implications, Human Diseases and Mode of Transmission, Environmental Courts (Legal Enforcement of Environmental Laws), Health Impact Assessment Studies.
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Ugolo, Jerry Obaro. "Impact of Public Health on Oil Production Operation Expenditure – Case Study: Covid-19 Era Expenses in Nigeria Oil & Gas Industry." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208229-ms.

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Abstract Oil price is primarily determined by global supply and demand forces as well as governments policies and action or inaction of institutions like OPEC. However, in recent times, it has become evident that public health is a vital factor influencing demand and in turn oil price. In US, oil price reached a negative value for the first time in history by April 2020. Personnel and public health have been shown to have profound effect on operational expenditure (OPEX) of organizations, this in turn affecting the profitability of such organizations. Extra measures involving cost, had to be taken by organizations all over the world to ensure health and safety of their personnel in their sites. In Nigeria, effect of covid-19 measures for companies were, shut in of production, declaration of force majeure on ongoing contracts, slashing of costs, suspension on evaluation of future projects, profile assets for sale, remote/tele working, etc. Huge costs were also incurred as a part of corporate social responsibility for host communities/states where they operate. The consequential outcome is that there are reports of lower than planned profitability and liquidity positions. This paper examines action taken during this covid crisis and their impact on the financial status of their organizations. Using a quantitative and descriptive research design, an online survey has been used to gather information from respondents from different oil and gas companies of cost incurred by them. Secondary data was also obtained from quarterly reports of some companies of the oil majors to show their profitability comparing Q1-Q4 of 2019 and 2020. The paper also appraises action and inaction by corporate/government bodies to stimulate economic growth and help its personnel/citizenry. An attempt is also made to glean experience and lessons from organization that lived through the periods being examined.
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"PREVALENCE OF BACTERIAL AND PARASITIC URINARY TRACT INFECTION AMONG ASYMPTOMATIC FEMALES IN RURAL COMMUNITIES OF OGBOMOSO." In International Conference on Public Health and Humanitarian Action. International Federation of Medical Students' Associations - Jordan, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56950/eklu3082.

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Urinary tract infection is one of the most important infection causing serious diseases in tropical and sub- tropical countries of Africa. Several factors have been associated with the high prevalence of urinary tract infections in Nigeria. This study was carried out to determine the urinary tract infection status among two hundred and forty (240) asymptomatic females over a period of six weeks (March to April 2022) among 240 females between the 20-50 years of age at Iluju and Saamo village, Ogbomoso, Oyo state, Nigeria. Two hundred and forty urine samples were collected from the females. The mid- stream urine samples collected were examined microscopically for the presence of parasites, after which they were cultured, biochemical findings and antimicrobial susceptibility tests were also carried out. Out of the 240 samples, only 1(0.4%) was found positive for parasitic infection. 34(14.2%) were found to harbour Escherichia coli, 18(7.5%) were positive for Proteus mirabilis, 8(3.3%) were infected by Klebsiella pneumonia, 45(18.8%) had Staphylococcus aureus. Prevalence was found to be higher in women of reproductive age 21-25years (78%) than women above 40years (10.5%). The antimicrobial suspectibility profile indicates that the fluoroquinlonones were the most active antibacterial agents followed by the aminoglycosides. Trimethorim, oxacillim, amoxicillin showed very poor activity. This may be due to long term use of these drugs. The socio- economic status as well as the hygiene practice of the women influence the prevalence of urinary tract infections. Most of the women 134(55.8%) were aware about Urinary tract infection and 106 (44.2%) were unaware. Thus, the high infection rate among asymptomatic females in these villages were due to poor hygiene, lack of good toilet facilities and poor socio- economic status. Keywords: Bacterial, Parasitic, Rural, Ogbomoso, Females, hygiene
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Olafenwa, BR. "COVID-19 AS A PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM IN NIGERIA: A SOCIOPRAGMATIC READING OF HEALTH ISSUES IN JENIFA ON LOCKDOWN." In International Conference on Arts and Humanities. The International Institute of Knowledge Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.17501/23572744.2021.7102.

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Ayenigbara, George Omoniyi. "Session 8: Accessible World | Enhancing Nutrition, Food Security And Public Health In Nigeria Through Insects Consumption." In World Congress on Special Needs Education. Infonomics Society, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.20533/wcsne.2015.0036.

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Reports on the topic "Public health laws – Nigeria"

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Dave, Dhaval, Yang Liang, Michael Pesko, Serena Phillips, and Joseph Sabia. Have Recreational Marijuana Laws Undermined Public Health Progress on Adult Tobacco Use? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w29706.

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van Walbeek, Corné, Adedeji Adeniran, and Iraoya Augustine. More on the Positive Fiscal and Health Effects of Increasing Tobacco Taxes in Nigeria. Institute of Development Studies, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2021.010.

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Nigeria is faced with substantial economic and health burdens caused by tobacco smoking. The economic burden of smoking accounts for approximately 1.3 per cent of Nigeria's GDP. In terms of its health impact, 4.9 per cent of all deaths in 2019 were attributed to smokingrelated diseases. The thousands of Nigerians that die annually from tobacco-induced diseases are no longer able to contribute productively to the economy. Tobacco taxation is one very effective mechanism for reducing the burden of smoking. This paper measures and benchmarks the economic gains and the number of lives that could be saved through increased tobacco taxation in Nigeria. Should the government of Nigeria increase the excise tax to 240 Naira per pack (together with an ad valorem tax of 50 per cent of the CIF/ex-works price), our model predicts that, over 30 years, nearly 150,000 premature deaths could be avoided. This is in addition to the more than 150 per cent increase in government revenue that would also result. The model indicates that the larger the increase in the excise tax, the greater would be its fiscal and public health impact.
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Bailey, Moriah, Stephanie Bernard, Amanda Brown, and Bruce Donald. Emergency Medical Services (EMS) Home Rule State Law Fact Sheet. National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (U.S.), December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc:122714.

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This Emergency Medical Services (EMS) Home Rule State Law Fact Sheet discusses the collection of laws related to local government autonomy to establish and fund local EMS for five US states: Alabama, California, Georgia, Massachusetts, and Ohio. This fact sheet walks through the types of state laws analyzed by public health attorneys between January 2021 and January 2022.
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Blackham, Alysia. Addressing Age Discrimination in Employment: a report on the findings of Australian Research Council Project DE170100228. University of Melbourne, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46580/124368.

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This project aimed to research the effectiveness of Australian age discrimination laws. While demographic ageing necessitates extending working lives, few question the effectiveness of Australian age discrimination laws in supporting this ambition. This project drew on mixed methods and comparative UK experiences to offer empirical and theoretical insights into Australian age discrimination law. It sought to create a normative model for legal reform in Australia, to inform public policy and debate and improve responses to demographic ageing, providing economic, health and social benefits.
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Washbum, Brian E. Hawks and Owls. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, December 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7208741.ws.

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Hawks and owls can negatively impact a variety of human interests, including important natural resources, livestock and game bird production, human health and safety, and companion animals. Conflicts between raptors and people generally are localized and often site-specific. However, the economic and social impacts to the individuals involved can be severe. Despite the problems they may cause, hawks and owls provide important benefits and environmental services. Raptors are popular with birdwatchers and much of the general public. They also hunt and kill large numbers of rodents, reducing crop damage and other problems. Hawks and owls are classified into four main groups, namely accipiters, buteos, falcons, and owls. All hawks and owls in the United States are federally pro-tected under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (16 USC, 703−711). Hawks and owls typically are protected under state wildlife laws or local ordinances, as well. These laws strictly prohibit the capture, killing, or possession of hawks or owls (or their parts) without a special permit (e.g., Feder-al Depredation Permit), issued by the USFWS. State-issued wildlife damage or depredation permits also may be required.
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SUN, JUNJIANG, GUOPING QIAN, Shuqi Yue, and Anna szumilewicz. Factors influencing physical activity in pregnant women from the perspective of a socio-ecological model: A systematic review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.11.0073.

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Review question / Objective: The main aim of this review is to analyse the impact factors of material physical activity in an ecological model and to analyse differences in influencing factors between pregnant women's PA and moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) , provide a reference for the research, intervention, and policy designation of maternal physical activity. Rationale: In combination with McLeroy et al. (1988)behavior is viewed as being determined by the following: (1) Personal level: the internal factors of the individual characteristics,(sociodemographic and biological, behavior, psychological ); (2) interpersonal level: interpersonal processes and primary groups-formal and informal social network and social support systems,(eg: family、public, etc.); (3)organization level: social institutions with organizational characteristics, such as health services, gyms and may also include influences from health care providers and Physical activity consultant, etc.; (4) community level: relationships among organizations, institutions, and informal networks within defined boundaries，（eg： appropriate facilities、living environment, etc.); and finally (5) public policy level: local, state, and national laws and policies.
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Bain, Luchuo Engelbert, and Darja Dobermann. Malaria, HIV and TB in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Epidemiology, Disease Control Challenges and Interventions. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.034.

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Malaria, human immune deficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis (TB) are leading causes of death and public health threat to millions in Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The DRC is the second most malaria affected sub-Saharan African country after Nigeria, with malaria being the leading cause of death in children under 5 years (Lechthaler et al., 2019). The HIV prevalence in the country in the adult population stands at 1%, with extensive variations by region (UNAIDS, 2021c). The DRC is considered a high burden country for TB and HIV infection (Linguissi et al., 2017). This rapid review emphasizes significant elements of the epidemiology of malaria, HIV, and TB in DRC, as well as limitations in prevention, detection, and treatment, and examines a few interventions that aim to address these limitations. Evidence utilised is a mixture of the most recent grey literature NGO (programme reports and related documents) literature supplemented by peer reviewed academic literature from the past five years and national survey data when available. Although the clinical disease aspects of malaria, HIV and TB are well-researched there is less research available on socio-demographic variation, disease control challenges and interventions targeting these in the DRC. This is part of a series of reports looking into Epidemiology of Malaria, human immune deficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis (TB) across a set of African Nations.
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Usai, Jannet, Zita Ekeocha, Stephen Robert Byrn, and Kari L. Clase. Herbal Medicines Registration Process for Zimbabwe Overview of the Process. Purdue University, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317434.

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Unregistered traditional medicines pose a huge public health threat as the safety and efficacy of these products is unknown. The issue this study addresses is the inadequate regulatory measures for herbal medicines in Zimbabwe. This project was done to describe the current registration process of traditional medicines in Zimbabwe, and to identify the gaps and opportunities they present to improve the regulatory landscape. Regulations and laws governing the registration of herbal medicines in the country and published research on legislation of herbal medicines were reviewed. Two parallel regulatory bodies both registering and controlling the sale of herbal medicines were identified. The Medicines Control Authority of Zimbabwe (MCAZ) and the Traditional Medical Practitioners Association (TMPA) both derive their authority to regulate from the ministry of health and were established through the act of parliament which gives these authorities power to regulate the quality and sale of traditional medicines without giving a prescriptive way of doing it. The registration process, and product evaluations for the two authorities are different. While the MCAZ has a clearly defined registration process, the TMPA does not. However, MCAZ has not been very successful in registering local products with the majority of the registered herbal products being imports and only 2% of total registered products being local herbs. As a recommendation, there is need for collaboration between the regulatory bodies for consistence in quality of herbal products on the market and to improve registration of local herbal products. Developing monographs for local herbs commonly used in the country will also assist local manufacturer to fulfill the quality requirements and successful compilation of dossiers for product registration.
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Hanbali, Layth, Elliot Hannon, Susanna Lehtimaki, Christine McNab, and Nina Schwalbe. Independent Monitoring Mechanism for the Pandemic Accord: Accountability for a safer world. United Nations University International Institute of Global Health, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37941/rr/2022/1.

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To address the challenges in pandemic preparedness and response (PPR), the World Health Assembly (WHA), at a special session in November 2021, established an Intergovernmental Negotiating Body (the INB) and tasked it with drafting a new legal instrument for PPR. During its second meeting in July 2022, the INB decided to develop the accord under Article 19 of the WHO Constitution, which grants the WHO the authority to negotiate a legally-binding Convention or Agreement and requires ratification by countries according to their local laws to enter into force. The aim is to complete negotiations and adopt a new pandemic instrument at the WHA in May 2024. The new legally binding agreement aims to address many of the failures exposed by the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the adoption of such an agreement is not the end of the process but the beginning. The negotiations on the instrument must establish a mechanism to monitor countries' compliance with the accord, particularly on the legally-binding elements. In this paper, we recommend creating such a mechanism as part of the accord: an independent committee of experts that monitors state parties' compliance with the pandemic accord and the timeliness, completeness, and robustness of states’ reports on their obligations. Its primary purpose would be to verify state self-reports by triangulating them with a range of publicly available information, making direct inquiries, and accepting confidential submissions. It would report its findings to a body consisting of or that is directly accountable to heads of state, with a particular focus on elevating instances of non-compliance or inadequate reporting. Its reports would also be available to the public. The proposed design builds on the analysis of strengths and weaknesses of existing monitoring approaches to 11 international treaties and mechanisms within and outside of health, a review of the literature, and interviews and input from more than 40 experts from around the world.
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Examining and strengthening the role of patent and proprietary medicine vendors in the provision of injectable contraception in Nigeria. Population Council, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/sbsr2018.1011.

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Results from an implementation research study in Nigeria found that with training, Patent and Proprietary Medicine Vendors (PPMVs), regardless of their previous health care experience, could competently administer injectable contraceptives and that clients reported receiving quality services from trained PPMVs. From 2015 to 2018, the Evidence Project conducted a study to better understand the role of PPMVs in offering voluntary injectable services (e.g., selling, counseling, referring to health centers, and administering). The study was conducted in response to Nigeria's family planning context and the role of PPMVs in the informal health sector. | In Nigeria, the bulk of contraceptive services are provided by private sources, including hospitals, clinics, pharmacies, and PPMVs. Of the contraceptives used, injectable contraception is the most popular, accounting for approximately 40 percent of modern contraceptive use in the country. Among both public and private sources for family planning, PPMVs are the most popular for voluntary contraceptive services. According to Nigeria's 2013 National Demographic Health Survey, 38 percent of all contraceptive users and 13 percent of injectable users received their method from a PPMV. | The knowledge generated from this study helps inform the potential scale-up of PPMV delivery of voluntary injectable contraceptive services. The evidence provides insights on how to support and mentor PPMVs to provide quality FP counseling and provision of injectable contraceptives.
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