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Onoge, Elohor Stephanie. "Monitoring and Evaluating the Impact (Post-Legislative Scrutiny) of Emergency Regulation in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic." IALS Student Law Review 8, no. 1 (March 3, 2021): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.14296/islr.v8i1.5269.
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The threat posed by passing emergency laws and policies in response to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic can be said to be a critical precursor of human rights abuses. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Nigerian President issued the COVID-19 REGULATION 2020 exercising his powers under the Federal Quarantine Act, CAP Q2 Laws of the Federation of Nigeria 2004. Based on this, the Nigerian Federal Government has undertaken stringent measures, enforced restrictions and cessation of movement, social and economic activities in Nigeria to curtail the pandemic. Nigeria has employed human control to stop the disease's spread, including travel bans, quarantine orders, social distancing, and lockdowns. The measures applied to curtail the spread of COVID-19 have an undoubted impact on human rights.The Nigerian government implemented these restrictive measures which impinge on human rights and democratic processes with authoritarian provisions. This study analyses the emergency measures implemented by the Nigerian government and human rights' infractions and considers Post-Legislative Scrutiny to mitigate the government's legislative actions as a safeguard for human rights and democracy in Nigeria.To ensure true democracy, Nigerian regulations, laws, and policy response to COVID-19 must align with international human rights commitments. And the temporarily imposed restrictions on rights are reviewed by the Legislature and do not become permanent. Questions to be addressed in this paper are: (1) Is the breadth of powers currently enjoyed by executive bodies, such as Public Health authorities and security forces under scrutiny and review of the Legislature? (2) Are there safeguards put in place by the Legislature, as an oversight to ensure democratic rule and respect for human rights in Nigeria?The paper uses the qualitative research method. It relies on content analysis of COVID-19 regulatory and legislative provisions, academic literature, articles, journals, and newspaper publications.
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Olaide, Gbadamosi, Gbadamosi Olaide, and Titilayo O. Aderibigbe. "Justification of Women’s Right of Access to Safe and Legal Abortion in Nigeria." African Journal of Legal Studies 7, no. 2 (July 30, 2014): 177–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17087384-12342025.
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Abortion remains one of the most controversial, emotional and burning political issues of our time. Unsafe abortion is a serious public health problem and human rights issue. The pervasive criminalization of abortion in Nigeria is a serious obstacle to improving access to safe and legal abortion. Women’s lack of access to safe legal abortion is a major cause of high rates of maternal mortality. The Nigerian government’s failure to fulfill its human rights obligations under national, regional and international law is largely responsible for this situation. Overcoming these considerable barriers requires governments to sustain a firm commitment to women’s human rights and to ensure access to safe and legal abortion services. Women’s restrictive legal access to safe abortion services violates their human rights and is perhaps one of the pervasive manifestations of unjustified discrimination against women. This article attempts a justification of women’s right of access to safe and legal abortions within national, regional and international laws to which Nigeria is a signatory. Criminalization of abortion leads women to obtain unsafe abortions which threaten their lives and health. The denial of free access to abortion service is a denial of their fundamental human right. Using an analysis of legislations and case laws, we posit that advancing access to safe abortion by the Nigerian government is a necessary requirement to save women’s lives, protect their rights to health, equality and human dignity as specified under the Constitution.
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OFEKEZE, Darlynton Okiemute. "The Healthcare Delivery System in Nigeria: Legal Framework, Obstacles and Challenges to Providing a Public Insurance System." KAS African Law Study Library - Librairie Africaine d’Etudes Juridiques 7, no. 4 (2020): 569–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2020-4-569.
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This work seeks to examine the Nigerian Healthcare system through the lens of its public health insurance laws to access its successes and challenges and also make recommedations towards an effective healthcare delivery system.
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Enamhe, Dorn Cklaimz, E. E. Tangban, Mary U. Ojong-Ejoh, Beauty U. Kenneth, Rose U. Agba, and Ojong Tabe Ejoh. "Systematic and Statistical Analysis of Public Knowledge of Marijuana Addiction and Psychosis Mental Health Outcome Youths in Calabar." SAINSMAT: Journal of Applied Sciences, Mathematics, and Its Education 11, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.35877/sainsmat711.
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Nigeria ranks among the highest consumers of marijuana global and the youths are among the highest demographic of consumers. But there is dearth of evidence that people know about the dangers inherent in being addicted to marijuana. This study examined public knowledge of marijuana addiction and risk of psychosis mental health outcome among youths in Calabar. The survey method through the distribution of self-administered semi structured was used to elicit data from a sample of 384, selected from Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria using the stratified, purposive and random sampling technique. Data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics using such as frequency distribution, percentages, figures and inferential statistics in the form of independent T-test. Results revealed that there is public knowledge of the marijuana addiction and psychotic. there is need for the government and its Drug enforcement agency to formulate drastic laws and put in place punitive measures that will curb the distribution, sale and consumption of marijuana
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Obi, Nkem, Alero Akuirene, Phillip Bwititi, Josiah Adjene, and Ezekiel Nwose. "Impact of gas flaring on communities in Delta region of Nigeria, narrative review part 1: environmental health perspective." International Journal of Scientific Reports 7, no. 3 (February 20, 2021): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-2156.intjscirep20210548.
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<p class="abstract">Gas flaring is the combustion of associated gas from crude-oil exploitation and exploration operations and occurs in refineries, oil wells, oil rigs by fiery of the gas. Nigeria is one of the main producers of gas in the world and oil exploration activities have occasioned high rate of gas flaring because of poor enforcement of anti-gas flaring laws by the regulatory authorities. Gas flaring comes with serious environmental concern because it is a major source of air pollution with adverse public health consequences particularly in the gas flaring communities. The objective of this narrative review is to identify the risks associated with gas flaring in relation to the environment. Literatures from diverse databases including peer reviewed journals as well as governmental and organizational papers were searched to develop the narrative. Over the years, several laws have been enacted in Nigeria with stipulated dates to end gas flaring, but the targets have not been met. The Federal government of Nigeria updated the legal framework titled flare gas (prevention of waste and pollution) regulations, 2018 to facilitate financial profits through utilization and commercialization of associated gas, with a view to reduce or exterminate flaring. This effort appears ineffective due to weak enforcement and poor monitoring mechanism. The statutory government institution entrusted to enforce anti-gas law may benefit from some sort of motivation to ensure oil operators comply to combat environmental health risks from gas flaring.</p>
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Aidonojie, Paul Atagamen, Nosakhare Okuonghae, and Kingsley Eghonghon Ukhurebor. "The Legal Rights and Challenges of COVID-19 Patients Accessing Private Healthcare in Nigeria." BESTUUR 10, no. 2 (December 20, 2022): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/bestuur.v10i2.68118.
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<p>The COVID-19 pandemic has overwhelmed healthcare providers all over the world. Nigeria has also had its fair share of the health crisis caused by COVID-19. Despite the apparent shortcomings of public healthcare in combating the COVID-19 pandemic, the participation of private healthcare providers in caring for COVID-19 patients in Nigeria has been limited by legal and regulatory constraints. This study employs a hybrid research method. The study found insufficient medical facilities and care for COVID-19 patients in government-owned isolation centers. It was concluded and recommended that there is a need to whittle down the laws and regulations limiting private health providers from caring for COVID-19 patients. Furthermore, there is a need to set some ethics and guidelines for private healthcare providers who intend to care for COVID-19 patients.</p>
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Nwagwu, Ejikeme Jombo, Kingsley Chigozie Udegbunam, and Onyinyeomachukwu Gift Uwaechia. "Federal road safety corps and administration of traffic laws in South-east Nigeria: an appraisal." International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion 27, no. 4 (September 16, 2020): 510–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17457300.2020.1815794.
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Abdullahi, Haruna Ishola, and Oluwafunmilayo Adedoyin Oyinlola. "Flood disaster and national security: A criminologist`s exploration of Lagos metropolis, Nigeria." African Social Science and Humanities Journal 1, no. 1 (November 28, 2020): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.57040/asshj.v1i1.21.
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The global disaster trends are worrisome to all stakeholders. The ugly consequences of flood disasters include loss of lives and property, disruption of economic activities, creating insecurity like theft, robbery, and many more. The consequence also puts pressure on the government to spend limited resources on rehabilitation and compensation of flood victims. Hence, this paper addresses flood-disaster preparedness and flood control in Nigeria through the criminological exploration of Lagos metropolis. The study applied exploratory and descriptive methods and relied on data generated through content analysis of books, journals, and online materials. This paper adopted the social control theory by Hirsch and broken window theory by George Kelly. The finding showed that people lack preparedness for the disaster events; they break urban master plans and structures to obstruct to flood. The anti-social attitude like indiscriminate dumping of solid wastes into drainages and carnal and weak enforcement of environmental laws. Also, undue cutting down of trees, lack of environmental policy and lack of political will to implement the existing ones, poor attitude to social and environmental policies are among the factors that are responsible for poor preparedness for flood disaster in Lagos Metropolis. The paper recommends effective public enlightenment, public advocacy on environmental safety and health security, rigorous enforcement of environmental laws, and an urban renewal scheme. This paper will benefit the ministries of environment and physical planning, the state, and the federal emergency agencies, non-governmental agencies, and researchers in the security and emergency studies.
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Mohammed, Isa, Ovenaone Jennifer Uniga, Simon Fillah Bodi, and Okonkwo Ifeoma Mary-Marvella. "Informal Economic Sector: An Investigation of the Effects of Street Hawking on the Girl-Child Education in Nigeria." Scholars Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences 10, no. 10 (October 29, 2022): 504–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.36347/sjahss.2022.v10i10.009.
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Street hawking is one of the most booming informal sectors of the Nigerian economy that provides jobs for the teeming unemployed youths. The lucrative business of selling goods on the streets is done by poor hawkers who cannot afford to rent a shop or the capital to start a business. This study investigates the effects of street hawking on children in Nigeria in the context of deprivation of access to and acquisition of quality education. The methodology used in the study is the survey method design, where a structured set of 120 questionnaires were distributed to collect primary data. The theoretical framework used is political economy of the informal sector model. The findings of the study reveal that the informal sector, despite not being regulated, provides jobs to millions of young people in Nigeria. The study identifies some of the causes of street hawking are poverty, illiteracy, and broken families. It is argued in the paper that the effects of street hawking are alarming and include educational deprivation, physical and public health problems, and child abuse. As a result, the study recommends that governments provide free education to the children, build markets, disburse loans for business start-ups, provide employment opportunities, and make laws to prohibit street hawking.
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Onyemelukwe, Cheluchi. "Discrimination on the basis of HIV status." International Journal of Discrimination and the Law 17, no. 3 (August 21, 2017): 160–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1358229117727415.
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HIV/AIDS remains a significant public health challenge in Nigeria, with over three million persons living with the condition. Throughout the history of HIV/AIDS in Nigeria, persons living with the condition have faced stigma and discrimination in various areas including access to health services, access to education, access to employment, among others. In the past, because of lacunae in Nigerian law and jurisprudence, it has been the subject of debate whether Nigerians living with HIV/AIDS are adequately protected by law. Recent developments in legislation such as the federal HIV/AIDS Anti-Discrimination Act, 2014 and judicial decisions in 2012 and 2016 on discrimination on the basis of HIV status suggest a positive shift of the law to full protection of the rights of persons living with HIV/AIDS in Nigeria, particularly in the area of employment. This article provides an analysis of these recent developments in the law and argues that the time has come to amend the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria to include health status as a ground upon which one cannot be unduly discriminated against.
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Arije, Olujide, Temitope Ojo, Rachel Titus, Oluwatoyin Alaba, Abiodun Adegbenro, Fatou Jah, Scott Connolly, and Adedeji Onayade. "Young people’s perceptions about abortion in Southwest Nigeria: Findings from formative audience research." AAS Open Research 3 (March 10, 2020): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/aasopenres.13047.1.
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Background: Community dialogue around abortion in Nigeria often revolves around legality and morality. Termination of pregnancy is a criminal offense except in instances where the mother’s health is in jeopardy. Young people bear a huge burden of adverse outcomes from induced abortions in Nigeria therefore viable interventions are needed. This study explored adolescents and young people’s perceptions about abortion in three selected states in southwest Nigeria. Methods: This study is part of larger formative audience research (FAR) to gather information about the lives of married and unmarried adolescents and young persons in the study area to support the development of understandable, high-quality, and culturally appropriate radio serial dramas in the local language (Yoruba). We conducted 16 focus group discussion sessions that included questions on abortion among eligible male and female participants aged 15 – 25 years. This section of the discussion guide on abortion consisted of a set of open‐ended questions posed concerning the vignette of a young girl who was seeking to terminate a pregnancy. All discussions where transcribed verbatim and analyzed by thematic content analysis using ATLAS.ti 8 software. Results: Young people indicated that the general public looks unfavorably on abortion. However, personal opinions were likely to be based on whether the person was directly involved, as female participants were more open to the issue than males. Some female participants also indicated that compared with adults, young people had greater negative experiences when procuring abortion ranging from higher cost to stigmatization. Conclusions: In a background of restrictive abortion laws, negative societal perceptions about abortion and adverse outcomes associated with illegal abortion, young people are the most at risk of the harmful outcomes of procuring abortion in Nigeria. More innovative approaches are required to promote healthy sexual and reproductive health (SRH) among young people in Nigeria.
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Aguora, Sunday O. "Assessment of Knowledge of Essential Supply Chain Functions among HIV/AIDS Supply Chain Workforce in Nigeria." TEXILA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ACADEMIC RESEARCH 7, no. 2 (October 28, 2020): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21522/tijar.2014.07.02.art012.
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Effective and efficient biomedical wastes management is vital in the health care delivery system, safe environment and public health could possibly be achieved through the standard practices of the biomedical waste procedures with safety measures in place. The study was aimed to evaluate the practices and the level of awareness of health workers towards biomedical waste management in selected hospitals in Abuja. Data were collected by structured questionnaire and on- the-spot observation. Three private and three public hospitals that provided health care services in Abuja were surveyed. Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis were used in the analysis of the data. Chi-square (χ2) test was used to determine the level of significance set at p<0.05. The male health workers were 220 (55.00%) and the female were 180 (45.00%) in the survey. The nurses were the highest number of respondents in the study with frequency percentage of 117(28.75%) followed by the laboratory scientists 96 (24.00%), Pharmacists 71 (17.75%, Doctors 64(16.00%) and other health care workers 54 (13.50%). The practices of handling biomedical waste among health workers was a significant factor of biomedical waste management (p<0.05). The awareness on safety measures among health workers was a significant factor of biomedical waste management (p<0.05). Improvement in the aspects of training retraining of health workers will go a long way to fill the lapses in the biomedical waste’s management practices. Government should establish policies and laws to enforce strict compliance in accordance with WHO stipulations.
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Nnaji, Charles Chidozie. "Status of municipal solid waste generation and disposal in Nigeria." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 26, no. 1 (January 12, 2015): 53–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/meq-08-2013-0092.
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Purpose – This paper examined the current status of municipal solid waste management across Nigeria. The core aspects covered are generation, characterization, collection, scavenging, open dumping, disposal and environmental implications of poor solid waste management. The purpose of this paper is to present a comprehensive overview of the current state of municipal solid waste management in Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach – This study was executed by a combination of an extensive literature search and field study. Solid waste generation rates for 31 Nigerian cities were obtained from literature. In addition, characteristics of municipal solid waste from 26 Nigerian cities were also obtained from literature. Other aspects such as characterization of solid waste obtained from final dumpsite and heavy metals accumulation in solid waste dumpsites were undertaken first hand. Findings – Solid waste generation rate was found to vary from 0.13 kg/capita/day in Ogbomosho to 0.71 kg/capita/day in Ado-Ekiti. Factors affecting solid waste generation rates were identified. Typically, food waste was found to constitute close to 50 percent of overall municipal solid waste in Nigerian cities. This study shows that the rate of generation of plastics, water proof materials and diapers has assumed an upward trend. Due to the dysfunctional state of many municipal waste management authorities, many cities have been overrun by open dumps. For instance, more than 50 percent of residents of Maiduguri in northern Nigeria and Ughelli in southern Nigeria dispose of their waste in open dumps. Indiscriminate disposal of waste has also resulted in the preponderance of toxic heavy metals in agricultural soils and consequent bioaccumulation in plants as well as groundwater contamination. Research limitations/implications – The main limitation of this research is municipal waste management authorities do not have relevant data. Hence, there was heavy reliance on published materials. The status of waste management in Nigeria is very deplorable and therefore poses serious threats to public and environmental health. There is urgent need for both government and individuals to adopt holistic and sustainable waste management strategies in order to safeguard public/environmental health. Practical implications – Findings from this paper can form a veritable resource for the formulation and implementation of sustainable municipal solid waste management framework and strategies in Nigeria. Originality/value – While most studies on municipal solid waste management in Nigeria are focussed on selected cities of interest, this particular study cuts across most cities of Nigeria in order to present a broader and holistic view of municipal solid waste management in Nigeria. The paper has also unraveled core municipal solid waste management challenges facing Nigerian cities.
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C.O., Okwelum. "Monetary Compensation in Pollution Litigation in Nigeria: How Adequate?" Journal of Advanced Research and Multidisciplinary Studies 1, no. 3 (January 23, 2023): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/jarms-rzpc8ihj.
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Since the discovery of oil in the Niger Delta of Nigeria, there has been a steady increase in conflict between the communities hosting the multinational oil companies and the host communities. The conflicts have found expression in court disputes over the years. The dominant claims in these disputes are usually monetary compensation. The question has continued to arise as to whether there are consistent legal frameworks to guide the disputants in the process of getting compensated for oil spillages and other collateral damages that result from the exploratory activities of these multinational oil companies. Looking at the procedural laws, who and which is more favoured: the company or the victim? This paper which adopts the doctrinal method surveys the problem of monetary compensation in litigation involving victims of oil company operations and the companies. It was found that although there are skeletal procedural principles currently in force in the area, a well-developed statutory procedure governing the space has not been enacted leaving the victims largely short-changed and the companies given leeway to escape from the direct consequences of their actions on the socio-ecological structure of the Niger-Delta. A ‘new’ law in the area is therefore advocated.
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Nwaerema P, Fred-Nwagwu WF, Jiya SN, Liman HM, Dangana K, Adama, CK, and Olubadewo-Joshua O. "Characterization of vehicular noise pollution and established health standards in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Rivers State, Nigeria." Open Access Research Journal of Life Sciences 4, no. 1 (September 30, 2022): 072–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.53022/oarjls.2022.4.1.0067.
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This study investigated the characterization of vehicular noise pollution and established health standards in Port Harcourt metropolis, Rivers State, Nigeria. There were four types of data collected for this study: vehicular noise data were collected across the junctions and roundabouts using the Noise Level Meter (NLM); vehicular traffic data were generated by observation and counting vehicles that passed each junction and roundabout; vehicular traffic map was developed using the Global Positioning System (GPS) device analyzed in the Geographic Information System (GIS) environment and vehicular noise levels were matched with national and international standards respectively. The result indicated that Port Harcourt metropolis has exceeded both the national and international vehicular traffic noise standard of 70dB which has triggered physiological and psychological health challenges to residential areas and the general road users as well as the public. This study recommended that there should be improved road network across the city, especially the southern and western segments in order to ameliorate vehicular noise pollution. Effective road-safety management framework should be developed and implemented. Finally, state and national laws on noise pollution offenders should be implemented in order to reduce vehicular noise pollution and provide a safe as well as livable environment for Port Harcourt city dwellers.
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Aidonojie, Paul Atagamen, and Esther Chetachukwu Francis. "Legal Issues Concerning Food Poisoning in Nigeria: The need for Judicial and Statutory Response." Jurnal Media Hukum 29, no. 1 (August 31, 2022): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.18196/jmh.v29i1.12595.
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Food is essential to man's existence, giving the popular saying that a healthy feeding often determines a healthy living of an individual. However, it has been observed that given the high rate of food insecurity in Nigeria, it has resulted to a high influx of numerous food producers producing substandard products or food that could cause food poisoning. Given this, the study made use of a doctrinal and non-doctrinal method of research method in examining the causes and dangers of food poisoning in Nigeria, how effective statutory laws are, and judicial attitude towards cases of food poisoning. The study adopted an online survey questionnaire distributed to 347 respondents (randomly selected) living in various states in Nigeria. Analytical and descriptive statistics were used to analyze data generated from the online questionnaire. The study, therefore, found that most Nigerians have suffered from food poisoning arising from poor processing, storage, and preservation of harmful substances. It was therefore concluded and recommended that, there is a need for statutory response and judicial activism in curtailing the sale of food that could cause food poisoning. Furthermore, food inspector agencies should often conduct routine inspections of public and private food processing factories or vendors
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Poštuvan, V., P. M. Constantinescu, V. Jilek, A. Digil, and D. Radusinovic. "Human rights in mental health: Changing attitudes through raising awareness." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 565. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72272-6.
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IntroductionIndividuals with mental health problems, especially those hospitalized in mental health institutions, are particularly vulnerable to violations of their Human Rights. There are a number of special laws and regulations in different European countries and on the international level regarding the rights of people with mental health problems, however there are many instances in which their rights continue to be violated. In order to respect their Human Rights, it is necessary to study and to address the negative attitudes that the general (or even professional) public may hold toward the people with such problems.AimsThis research aims to reveal and compare the attitudes toward mentally ill people in different countries (Romania, Czech Republic, Nigeria and Serbia). Also, within the project we will develop a workshop to address these attitudes.MethodsThe Opinion about Mental Illness Scale (OMI) for measuring attitudes was used. We used the pre-post study design to evaluate changes of attitudes because of the involvement in the intervention workshop. Students in the area of psychology, medicine or similar or general public took place in 90-minutes workshop, which was developed from the stories of people suffering from mental illnesses (e.g. schizophrenia), and their family perceptions and attitudes.Results and conclusionsThe pilot study showed a great acceptance of this kind of interventions among students. Besides, the structure of the workshop, the response of the audience, participation rate and first results of the evaluation will be presented.
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Wajim, John. "Impacts Of Deforestation On Socio-Economic Development And Environment In Nigeria." International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention 7, no. 03 (March 20, 2020): 5852–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsshi/v7i03.04.
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Deforestation enables the earth soil to run off into sources of water supply due to the absence of tree roots to absorb water thereby causing water pollution. Absence of tree roots further deprives the soil of important nutrients necessary for the growth of new vegetation. Through deforestation, more carbon is released into the atmosphere, climatic changes take place and soil is exposed to rainfalls thus promoting erosions. These are not without serious health implications. The trade of wood products is an obvious source of substantial income for national and local governments as well as traditional rulers and individuals. This often comes in the form of export earnings, taxes, royalties and personal income for those engaged either directly or indirectly in the exploitation of these forest products. Qualitative secondary sources of data collection were used for this paper. Amongst other recommendations, it is recommended that Corrupt government officials in charge of forestry laws and policies should be prosecuted together with illegal loggers, environmental education should be accorded to the general public on the dire consequences of deforestation on people and the society at large, skills acquisition program should be organized for rural women dwellers and the uneducated youths in order to curtail the rate of deforestation.
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Aborisade, Richard A., and Oluwajuwon G. Ariyo. "Policing the coronavirus pandemic: Nigeria police senior officers’ views on preparedness, response, legitimacy and post-COVID policing." International Journal of Police Science & Management 24, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14613557211064048.
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In the wake of pandemic policing occasioned by COVID-19, Nigeria police have been facing challenges of a lack of legitimacy, together with what is termed the militarization of police operations. This has impacted considerably on police–community relations. Meanwhile, early reports on the police response to the pandemic indicated high levels of lockdown violation, despite adoption of a militarized option in the enforcement of restriction orders. In reviewing one of the first police interventions on a public health crisis in Nigeria, a qualitative study was conducted among top-ranking police officers who supervised the enforcement of lockdown and other COVID-19 measures. Sixteen interviews were conducted and a thematic analysis of the narratives was carried out. Police unpreparedness for public health interventions, and public resistance to the use of repressive, force-led styles of policing were identified as major impediments to positive pandemic policing. Therefore, police officers are advised to ensure the application of procedurally just practices in their interactions with the public.
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Ekoro, Beatrice Okoi, Olajumoke Esther Olanrewaju, Ugbe Maurice-Joel Ugbe, Favour Achi Inyang-Ogim, and Faith Ubi Okoi. "Market traders’ knowledge, attitude, and practices of solid waste disposal in Calabar Municipality, Nigeria: New implications for global health education." International Journal of Population Studies 7, no. 2 (October 25, 2022): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.36922/ijps.v7i2.307.
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Poor environmental sanitation practices in markets are a serious public health concern, as solid waste poses municipal level and global health risks. Solid wastes also add to the growing issue of global climate change. This study sought to determine the sociodemographic correlates of solid waste disposal knowledge, attitude, and practices among market traders in Calabar Municipality, Nigeria. This was a cross-sectional study of 480 traders across six markets in Calabar Municipality. Data were collected using semi-structured questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Overall, 54% of respondents had good knowledge, 45% had an acceptable attitude, and a significantly low number of respondents (16%) practiced good solid waste disposal. Sociodemographic characteristics that were statistically significant in the bivariate analyses were modeled for the outcomes. The multivariable analyses found that age, primary education, being married, being separated/divorced, being Muslim, and being a traditionalist were statistically significantly associated with knowledge, attitude, and practices of solid waste disposal among market traders. Solid waste disposal practices were poor. Market sensitizations on environmental sanitation need to be carried out. There is also a need to enforce laws stating disciplinary measures for offenders who dump wastes indiscriminately.
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Karkana, M. Z., and Adamu Muktar. "Assessment of Faecal Sludge Management in Nguru Town, Yobe State, Northeastern Nigeria." UMYU Journal of Microbiology Research (UJMR) 6, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 182–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.47430/ujmr.2161.024.
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The aim of the study is to assess faecal sludge management (FSM) in Nguru town, Nguru Local Government area of Yobe State. Random sampling method was used in the selection of respondents in six political wards of the study area. A total of 399 questionnaires were administered to respondents in the study area with the view to identify the types and current practices of faecal sludge management in the study area. The result of the study indicates that majority of the respondents 68% used pit latrine, 24% used water closet while 8% used other type of toilet facilities. However, on the excreta defecation, the finding indicated that 84% had access to household toilets, 8.0% used public toilets, and 6.0% practiced open defecation with the remaining 2% practicing defecation in polythene bags after which they discard it into the bush or on a refuse dump. The study further revealed that majority (54%) of the respondents disposed their toilet sludge by land fill, 31% participants were using any available land for faecal sludge final disposal while 10 % and 5% disposed their toilet by nearby river and composting respectively. The finding indicated that, the faecal sludge management of the study area is unsatisfactory and may pose a risk of environmental and adverse human health. The current practices of faecal sludge management were found below international standard requirement set by WHO. It is therefore recommend that Government should come up with proper orientation and environmental laws should be put in place for the general public and also to provide necessary facilities and arrange for better methods of faecal sludge management. Keywords: FSM, Nguru town, Toilet facilities and open defecation
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Christiana Cudjoe, Dapuliga, Gadafi Iddrisu Balali, Okareh Oladapo Titus, Richard Osafo, and Mohammed Taufiq. "Food Safety in Sub-Sahara Africa, An insight into Ghana and Nigeria." Environmental Health Insights 16 (January 2022): 117863022211424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/11786302221142484.
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Food safety is a global concern in today’s world, and harnessing food safety in Sub-Saharan Africa, especially Nigeria and Ghana are momentous. This review presents an insight into the situation of food safety in Nigeria and Ghana. Using a desktop review technique, research papers were evaluated to find major sources of food safety concerns. It was revealed that many studies reported on food contamination at the consumption level whereas few reported on the healthiness of the production chain. Improper handling of food at the local markets, vending sites hygiene practices of food vendors, and bad transportation and packing systems have all been implicated. Inadequate education is a major cause of food contamination, especially at the consumption level. Again, etiologic agents responsible for food-borne illness in Ghana and Nigeria range from viruses, fungi, parasites, and protozoans to bacteria. They include rotavirus, hepatitis A virus, Lassa fever (LHF), human noroviruses (HNoV), Aspergillus parasiticus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Taenia solium, Ascaris spp., Toxoplasma gondii, Cryptosporidium spp. Enterobacter spp., Pseudomonas spp., Campylobacter spp., Escherichia coli. Staphylococcus spp., Salmonella spp., Vibrio cholerae and Listeria monocytogenes. Their toxins are responsible for numerous food contaminants. Some foods are contaminated with chemicals including pesticide residues, lead, mercury, etc. Laws of food safety are not well enforced leading to complications in the food production chain. Rigorous monitoring and evaluation coupled with surveillance and education to harness the situation and detect issues that compromise the right process is a necessity. Finally, intentional enforcement of regulations by regulatory agencies will go a long way to curb food contamination and food-borne illnesses within the region.
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Uzomah, V. C., and M. Scholz. "Water-Availability Assessment and Corresponding Public-Health Implications for a Rural Area in Nigeria." Water and Environment Journal 16, no. 4 (November 2002): 296–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.2002.tb00420.x.
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ORJI, Anthony, Jonathan E. OGBUABOR, Dominic U. NWANOSIKE, and Onyinye I. ANTHONY-ORJI. "DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES AND ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE IN NIGERIA: AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION." Theoretical and Practical Research in the Economic Fields 10, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505/tpref.v10.1(19).02.
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Demographic changes in Nigeria are associated with divers’ outcomes. This ranges from unemployment with figures ranging from 14 percent per annum for the entire population to 30 percent for the youth, coupled with stagnating economic performance. Ordinarily the growth of population could be to the advantage of a country in terms of the sheer size of its domestic market, better division of labour, and increased productivity through improvement in the ratio of labour force to population etc but the story may not always be the same for every economy. This study therefore investigated the extent to which demographic changes in Nigeria impact on economic performance in the country, as well as the direction of interaction between population changes and economic performance in Nigeria from 1970-2016. To achieve this, the study adopted Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Autoregressive Model (VAR) and found that fertility levels remain moderately high while the death rate drops especially infant mortality, leading to a larger population in Nigeria. Following the research findings, this study recommends that government should enact strict laws prohibiting early sex and marriage among youths. This early engagement on sex and marriage, the paper argued, will increase the mortality rate in Nigeria as a result of sexual infection, unwanted pregnancy as well as reduction in economic performance of the country. Also, serious public enlightenment campaigns should be mounted by government agencies, the mass media, radio, television, chiefs, churches, schools, mosques, home videos, etc. to send across the message that emphasizes the need and importance of family planning, healthy and improved living conditions for the people through population control.
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Nnachi, Oluomachi Charity, Chinedu Obasi Akpa, Favour Ogonna Nwani, and Oghenevwogaga Obukohwo Edenya. "Pentazocine Misuse among Sickle Cell Disease Patients and The Role of Lack of Enforcement of Opioid Dispensing Regulations by Community Pharmacies: A Descriptive Observational Study." Advances in Public Health 2022 (January 30, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3877882.
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Introduction. Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a chronic disease characterized by debilitating bone pains which commonly necessitate the use of analgesic drugs including opioids and psychotropic substances such as pentazocine which are controlled medicines in Nigeria. Opioid misuse including dependence and addiction is an increasing trend among SCD patients, and it has serious adverse implications on their social, economic, and physical well-being. The role of lack of implementation of existent regulation on the dispensing of opioids by pharmacies has not been adequately investigated. Objective. The primary objective of this study is to define the sociodemographic and clinical implications of pentazocine misuse among patients with SCD and to describe the contributions of lack of enforcement of opioid dispensing regulations to this menace. Materials and Methods. The study was a descriptive observational study. A 29-item pretested and prevalidated questionnaire was administered to 21 SCD patients with an established history of pentazocine misuse and addiction to establish their demographics, details of opioid use, and their clinical effects. Nine community pharmacies were interviewed to ascertain their knowledge of controlled medicines and their compliance to existent regulations on the dispensation of opioids. Results. The median (interquartile range) age of the SCD subjects was 24 years. The majority of subjects (14, 66.7%) had tertiary education. Fifteen (71.4%) of them had a history of pentazocine misuse for over two years. All subjects source pentazocine injection from local pharmacies and patent medicine shops without prescription, while 19.0% get home deliveries. Seventeen (80.9%) of the SCD subjects desired to discontinue the habit; however, inadequate medical support was reported to contribute to their inability to overcome this practice in 14 (54.3%) patients. Most of the local pharmacies/drug shop proprietors are aware of drug laws guiding controlled medicines in Nigeria. However, about 77.9% of pharmacies interviewed retail pentazocine without prescription. A lack of enforcement by the state and federal taskforce was reported to contribute to this practice. Conclusion. Pentazocine misuse is a serious problem in patients with SCD. Inadequate medical support and lack of enforcement of regulations on dispensing opioids by community pharmacies are contributors to this menace.
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Archibong, Esther P., Sylverster Akomaye, Egbe Tangban, Mary Ojong-Ejoh, and Thelma A. Abang. "Using Descriptive analysis to Assess the Psychosis Mental Health Effect of Intimate partner Violence in Obudu, Cross River State, Nigeria." ARRUS Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 1, no. 1 (August 15, 2021): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.35877/soshum476.
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The present study is aimed at using descriptive analysis to examine the mental health effect of Intimate Partner Violence on women in Obudu Local Government Area of Cross River State. Data was collected from a population of women aged 18 and above in Obudu Local Government Area, using structured questionnaire. the sample size for the study was 473, which was arrived at using the Survey Monkey Sample Size Determinant Technique. The sample for the study was arrived at using the cluster and purposive sampling technique. Descriptive analysis was used to analyze the data collected from the field. Result revealed that A significant percentage (36.41%) women suffer abuse very often with majority (41.75%) suffering both physical and emotional abuse. In the last 12 months, 22.09 percent of the women have suffered abuse from an intimate partner and 16.50 percent of the victims needed medical attention after abused. On the mental health effect of abuse on the victim only 9.47 percent of women reported not suffering from any mental health illness after being abused by an intimate partner. 34.47 percent of women suffered from depression as as result of abuse, 23.79 percent suffered from anxiety disorder, 20.63 percent suffered from mood disorder. 2.43 percent suffered from suicidal ideation, 1.70 percent suffered from post-traumatic stress disorder and 7.53 percent suffering from other mental health issues. The study conclude that intimate partner violence significantly causes mental health issues. Hence there is need for increase public awareness on the dangers of intimate partner violence by government and appropriate laws that target rural communities should be put in place to combat the problem.
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Archibong, Esther P., Sylverster Akomaye, Egbe Tangban, Mary U. Ojong-Ejoh, and Adeolu Ayodele. "Using Descriptive analysis to Assess the Psychosis Mental Health Effect of Intimate partner Violence in Obudu, Cross River State, Nigeria." Daengku: Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Innovation 2, no. 2 (April 9, 2022): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.35877/454ri.daengku441.
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The present study is aimed at using descriptive analysis to examine the mental health effect of Intimate Partner Violence on women in Obudu Local Government Area of Cross River State. Data was collected from a population of women aged 18 and above in Obudu Local Government Area, using structured questionnaire. the sample size for the study was 473, which was arrived at using the Survey Monkey Sample Size Determinant Technique. The sample for the study was arrived at using the cluster and purposive sampling technique. Descriptive analysis was used to analyze the data collected from the field. Result revealed that A significant percentage (36.41%) women suffer abuse very often with majority (41.75%) suffering both physical and emotional abuse. In the last 12 months, 22.09 percent of the women have suffered abuse from an intimate partner and 16.50 percent of the victims needed medical attention after abused. On the mental health effect of abuse on the victim only 9.47 percent of women reported not suffering from any mental health illness after being abused by an intimate partner. 34.47 percent of women suffered from depression as as result of abuse, 23.79 percent suffered from anxiety disorder, 20.63 percent suffered from mood disorder. 2.43 percent suffered from suicidal ideation, 1.70 percent suffered from post-traumatic stress disorder and 7.53 percent suffering from other mental health issues. The study conclude that intimate partner violence significantly causes mental health issues. Hence there is need for increase public awareness on the dangers of intimate partner violence by government and appropriate laws that target rural communities should be put in place to combat the problem.
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E.J., Edim, Inyang B.I., and Ann O.O. "Enhancing Public Awareness of Lassa Fever Virus Through Publicity in Cross River State, Nigeria." International Journal of Public Health and Pharmacology 2, no. 1 (August 9, 2022): 49–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/ijphp-lviflmlw.
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This study centered on enhancing public awareness of Lassa Fever Virus through publicity in Cross River State. It was aimed at determining the influences of press releases, factsheet and social media on public awareness of Lassa Fever Virus. As a cross-sectional study, primary data were obtained from 208 residents of Calabar Metropolis through a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were adopted for data analysis and interpretation, while hypothesis testing was done using simple linear regression. Consequently, the findings of the study revealed that press releases, factsheet and social media were publicity tools that significantly enhanced public awareness of Lassa Fever Virus in Cross River State. Therefore, we have recommended that: The Nigerian government (at Federal, State and Local levels), and public health organizations should intensify the use of press releases, factsheets and social media as effective publicity tools for providing factual and credible information about public health challenges to improve public awareness and mobilize members of the public in an effort to combat them in a way that sustainably preserves the public’s health. Practical implications and a future research agenda were also presented.
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Odewole, Philip Olawale, Mary Kehinde Salawu, and Rafiu Oyesola Salawu. "Evaluation of Financial Sustainability of the Federal Health Institutions in Nigeria." European Journal of Sustainable Development 10, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2021.v10n1p267.
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The study investigated the financial sustainability of the federal health institutions in Nigeria. The population of the study comprised twenty-five (25) federal health institutions from four (4) geo-political zones and Abuja. Secondary data were sourced from Annual General Warrant from the Office of the Accountant General of the Federation and Audited Financial Statements of the Public Sector Entities. Data obtained were analyzed using Balanced Score Card techniques. The results showed that none of the sampled federal health institutions in Nigeria attained a basic standard of sustainability test, whereby the ratios of their Internally Generated Revenue to recurrent expenditure is between (40 – 60)% or 0.04 and 0.6.This indicates the inability of the institutions to generate sufficient revenue independently to cover even the operational expenses in the short-run. Also, the results equally showed the highest positive operating surplus ratios of 1%-5% of operational sustainability indicating that the health institutions heavily depended on central authority’s funding for their survival. The results further revealed that none of the federal health institutions attained both intermediate and advance standards of sustainability tests. In conclusion, federal health institutions in Nigeria are heavily dependent on central authority for sustenance. Therefore, the central authorities should roll out blueprints that will make the institutions widen their internally generated revenue capacity and reduce the reliance on central authority’s funding for survival.
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Saka, Habeeb Kayode, Silvia García-Soto, Nasir Tukur Dabo, Vicente Lopez-Chavarrias, Bashir Muhammad, Maria Ugarte-Ruiz, and Julio Alvarez. "Molecular detection of extended spectrum β-lactamase genes in Escherichia coli clinical isolates from diarrhoeic children in Kano, Nigeria." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 3, 2020): e0243130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243130.
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The increase in antimicrobial resistance in developed and developing countries is a global public health challenge. In this context β-lactamase production is a major contributing factor to resistance globally. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of phenotypic and genotypic extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) in 296 E. coli isolates recovered from diarrhoeic children younger than five years in Kano whose susceptibility profile against 7 antimicrobials had been determined. The E. coli isolates were subjected to double disc synergy test for phenotypic ESBLs detection and ESBL associated genes (blaCTX-M, blaTEM and blaSHV) were detected using conventional PCR. Phenotypically, 12.8% (38/296) E. coli isolates presented a ESBLs phenotype, with a significantly higher proportion in isolates from females compared with males (P-value = 0.024). blaCTX-M 73.3% and blaTEM 73.3% were the predominant resistance genes in the ESBLs positive E. coli (each detected in 22/30 isolates, of which 14 harboured both). In addition, 1/30 harboured blaCTX-M + blaTEM + blaSHV genes simultaneously. This study demonstrates the presence of ESBLs E. coli isolates in clinically affected children in Kano, and demonstrates the circulation of blaCTX-M and blaTEM associated with those phenotypes. Enactment of laws on prudent antibiotic use is urgently needed in Kano.
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Johnbosco Emeka Umunnakwe, ThankGod Kelechi Ezirim, and Chris Onyeka Ekweozor. "Influence of meteorological variables on air characteristics of Onitsha, Nigeria." Open Access Research Journal of Engineering and Technology 2, no. 1 (January 30, 2022): 001–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.53022/oarjet.2022.2.1.0021.
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This study evaluated the influence of prevailing meteorological characteristics on the concentration of air parameters in Onitsha metropolis, Anambra State, Nigeria in 2019. The information is required in meteorological forecasts, wind climatology, weather characteristics for planning control measures which might improve or worsen air quality, essential to evaluating air pollution control in the study area. A total of forty sampling points and one control point were selected and used for the study across Onitsha metropolis. The sampling points were selected in accordance with WHO guidelines for sampling point selection. Air quality and meteorological data were collected in-situ from primary sources in the field via portable air quality instrument and Kestrel 4500NV weather tracker. The results showed that wind direction was predominantly North-east in the dry season and South-west in the wet season. Temperature levels in the area were found to be higher in the dry season than in the wet season. Conversely, relative humidity levels were higher in the wet season than in the dry seasons. It also showed that some parameters such as SO2, NO2, H2S, VOC2, CO, PM2.5 and PM10 had higher concentrations in the dry season than in the wet season. On the other hand, TSP, PM10 and PM7 showed higher concentrations in the wet season than during dry season. High levels of measured air quality parameters were recorded around major junctions and market places within Onitsha, which are harmful to public health. Air movements influenced the fate of air pollutants; If the air was calm and pollutants couldn’t disperse, then the concentration of these pollutants would build up. On the other hand, when strong, turbulent winds blew, pollutants dispersed quickly, resulting in lower pollutant concentrations. The study further showed that transportation activities and trading activities at the market places were the main sources of high concentration levels of air parameters in the study area. Health impact assessment should be conducted in Onitsha metropolis for residents. State government should enforce compliance laws and regulate the activities of industries in the areas. The findings showed that meteorological data could help identify the source of pollutants, predict air pollution events, simulate and predict air quality using computer models. Identifying the sources means planning to reduce the impacts on air quality by anthropogenic activities.
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Oluwakemi Adeniyi,, Olayinka. "The Human Rights Impact of COVID-19 on African Women: Focus on Nigeria and South Africa." African Journal of Gender, Society and Development (formerly Journal of Gender, Information and Development in Africa) 10, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 13–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31920/2634-3622/2021/v10n3a1.
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The impact of the coronavirus epidemic will inevitably remain with people and societies, particularly vulnerable sectors, like women and children who have always been worst hit by negative occurrences like global health crises. Government response to salvage such situations is usually expressed through regulations. Most times, the response has a reverberating effect that would reflect on the rights of citizens. In the case of the Covid-19 pandemic, the regulation put in place was the lockdown which affected some human rights. Apart from the direct impact of the lockdown on the rights of citizens, one major effect of the lockdown was the forced use of technology by everybody, including the government. This too was not without its impact on the human rights of citizens. This paper seeks to analyse the impact of Covid-19 on some specific rights of women in Africa and the intersection with technology. It discusses the challenges of the state of technology in Africa and the gender divide as a development problem that needs to be prioritised through gender mainstreaming. With a focus on South Africa and Nigeria, it compares with government attempts in developed countries to mitigate the impact of the covid on its women. The paper presents from a desktop methodology of literature review of papers, analysis of reports, laws, and policies. It contributes to the increasing existing literature on the topic of Covid-19. The paper will be useful for policymaking and public enlightenment.
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Nelson, Ediomo-Ubong Ekpo. "The Socio-Spatial Contexts of HIV Risk for People Who Inject Drugs in Public Spaces in Nigeria." Contemporary Drug Problems 47, no. 2 (April 28, 2020): 103–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0091450920921233.
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This article explores the socio-spatial factors shaping HIV risk for people who inject in public settings in Nigeria. It draws on thematic coding and analysis of qualitative interview accounts of people who inject drugs (PWID) in public spaces ( n = 29) recruited via snowball sampling. Drug injecting took place in diverse spaces (“bunks,” uncompleted buildings, motor parks, and night life environments) that enabled PWID to conceal illicit drug use in public settings. Public injecting resulted from intersecting socio-structural factors, including housing instability, resource constraints, and marginalized forms of drug use. Conversely, the practice was preferred as a beneficial and socially meaningful experience. Although PWID recognized the risks associated with public injecting and enacted risk reduction practices (e.g., using sterile syringes, rinsing syringes), risk reduction was undermined by socio-spatial factors including social discrimination, lack of essential amenities to enable safe injecting, poor access to sterile injecting equipment, and fear of disclosure and police arrests. These factors reproduced an environment of pervasive risk that compromised risk reduction and fostered risky practices such as rushing injection and sharing injecting equipment. There exists a need to create enabling environments for health by enabling access to secure accommodation, implementing safe injecting environment interventions, and exercising discretion in policing to enable access to essential harm reduction services for PWID.
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Ezeamaka, Cyril Kanayochukwu, Sadiq Queen, Daful Mwanret, Ogbole Moses, and Anjide Theresa Wado. "Assessment of the Current Pollution Status of Jabi Lake in the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria." Indonesian Journal of Geography 51, no. 3 (December 31, 2019): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijg.40328.
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This paper was aimed at providing the pollution status of Jabi Lake, FCT Abuja. 13 parameters were tested from raw water collected four sampling points. The physicochemical parameters were measured using Hanna multiparametric meter, while transparency was measured using Secchi disc. Dissolved oxygen, Biological and Chemical oxygen demand were measured titrimetrically using standard method. The concentrations of the metals were determined in triplicates. Flame atomic absorption spectrometer was used in the analysis as well as descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation) and standard error. The Nigerian Industrial Standard and WHO guidelines for domestic water were used to compare the results of the water from the lake. The study reveals that the mean turbidity ranged between 21.6 – 24.2cm and is above the recommended limits of both WHO and NIS. The range of pH was between 6.3 and 8.8. pH is within a neutral range. The study reveals that the mean value of TDS and electrical conductivity is below the recommended limit of both WHO and NIS guidelines. The study shows that there is high concentration of some heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Ni, Mn, Zn, and Fe) in Jabi Lake. Cd, Zn, Fe and Ni are above the permissible limits of the NIS and WHO guidelines, which is an indication of pollution. The study, therefore, recommends that proactive measures be taken on environmental laws in FCT and that environmental/health worker and non-governmental bodies be active in enlightenment campaigns that will alert members of the public to the harm being caused to this important ecosystem.
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Giwa, Solomon O., Collins N. Nwaokocha, and Hezekiah O. Adeyemi. "Noise and emission characterization of off-grid diesel-powered generators in Nigeria." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 30, no. 4 (June 10, 2019): 783–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/meq-07-2018-0120.
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Purpose Nigeria, a prominent country in Sub-Sahara Africa, is plagued with a protracted, erratic and low power supply. The purpose of this paper is to present an experimental investigation of the noise levels and pollutants’ (CO, CO2 and particulate matter (PM2.5)) concentrations associated with the prevalent use of diesel-powered generators in the country. It is aimed to provide information on the level of gaseous, particulate and noise pollutants that are related to diesel-powered generators that could assist in policy formulation and create public awareness on the possible health risks. Design/methodology/approach Diesel-fueled generators (105) with age and installed capacity ranging from 0.5 to 14 years and 10 to 500 kVA, respectively, were engaged in this work at Sango area of Ogun State, Nigeria. Standard measuring instruments were placed at 1 m from the diesel-powered generators to determine the noise levels and concentrations of CO, CO2 and PM2.5. Findings Ranges of 72.6–115.6 dB, 19–198 ppm, 501–5,805 ppm and 221–492 µg/m3 for the noise level, CO, CO2 and PM2.5 concentrations, respectively, were obtained. Both the averages and ranges of the noise levels and pollutants’ concentrations were considerably higher than the recommended maximum limits. Thus, this study substantiated the pollution of ambient noise and air because of the operation of diesel-fueled generators. Furthermore, the health risks connected to the exposure to CO and PM2.5 as implied via the evaluation of the air quality index revealed very unhealthy and hazardous conditions, respectively. Research limitations/implications The measurement of the pollutants’ concentrations at the tips of the exhaust pipes of the diesel-powered generators was desirable but could not be achieved using manually logged devices. Nonetheless, adequate pollutants’ concentration data that satisfactorily represent the level of air pollution associated with diesel-fueled generators’ operations were obtained at around 1 m from the exhaust pipes. Practical implications The study provided additional knowledge on the levels of noise and pollutants, and the public health risks connected to the operations of diesel-powered generators that will be beneficial to the public and policymakers. Originality/value The results revealed a considerably high level of noise and air pollution, and the inherent environmental and public health problems connected to diesel-powered generators’ usage in Nigeria. This could serve as a viable tool for formulating environmental policy and providing the necessary societal awareness in this regard.
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Chris Onyeka Ekweozor, Johnbosco Emeka Umunnakwe, Leo O Osuji, and Vincent C Weli. "Noise Pollution in Onitsha Metropolis: Challenges and Solution." Open Access Research Journal of Engineering and Technology 1, no. 2 (November 30, 2021): 032–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.53022/oarjet.2021.1.2.0110.
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This study evaluated noise pollution in Onitsha metropolis, Anambra State, Nigeria in 2019. Noise levels were measured at forty sampling stations in the morning, afternoon and night within the study area for dry and wet seasons using modern noise level instruments. A control point was established at ldeani/Nnobi Junction with coordinates N 06o 05’.282’’ E 006o 55’.891’’ which was used as a reference point and for comparison with the sound levels recorded in designated locations. The results showed that the maximum noise level in the study area exceeded the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) limit by 7.8% in the dry season and by 13.11% in the wet season. Noise LAeq exceeded the NESREA LAeq limit by 29.89% in the dry season and by 33.44% in the wet season. The study indicated that the mean noise levels in the dry and wet seasons were within FMEnv limit of 90dB .It also showed that high noise levels were recorded around major junctions and market places within Onitsha, which are harmful to public health. The study further showed that transportation activities and trading activities at the market places are the main sources of high noise levels in the study area. Health impact assessment should be conducted in Onitsha metropolis for residents. State government should enforce compliance laws and regulate the activities of industries in the areas.
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Etim, Mmemek-Abasi, Sunday Academe, PraiseGod Emenike, and David Omole. "Application of Multi-Criteria Decision Approach in the Assessment of Medical Waste Management Systems in Nigeria." Sustainability 13, no. 19 (September 30, 2021): 10914. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131910914.
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Globally, the pandemic of COVID-19 has penetrated all spheres of human endeavors, and noteworthy is the tremendous increase in the volume of healthcare wastes generated in Nigeria. There has been an increase in medical waste materials produced as a result of the extensive use of both disposable personal protective equipment (PPE), such as face shields and nose and face masks, and highly infectious waste materials, such as contaminated syringes, needles, and soiled bandages from diagnosed positive cases. Despite the huge volume in waste generation, a standardized evaluation framework is currently lacking in the management of medical wastes in Nigeria. This study has developed a novel assessment framework for managing medical wastes, which is curated from the technical guidelines of the World Health Organization (WHO). The applicability of the framework was examined on seven designated public and private-owned hospitals in Ota. The fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (FAHP) and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) approaches of multi-criteria decision analysis were utilized in modelling an evaluation framework for the objective of medical waste management. Carefully designed interview questionnaires, observations, and site visits were carried out to obtain data from healthcare professionals in Ota. Results show that waste segregation was practiced more decisively in private hospitals than public hospitals. Waste segregation is established as a key determinant in implementing an effective waste management system in any healthcare facility. The success of waste segregation in healthcare institutions is highly dependent on good hospital management, organizational policies, efficient budget planning for waste management, and the operational running cost. Disposal methods investigated were mostly open burning and incessant dumping for most public health care centers. Deficient waste management practices were observed in waste disposal, waste transportation, storage, and organizational policies. While the awareness and capacity building on occupational safety practices and environmental public health is widely known by health workers and waste handlers, compliance and enforcement are critical challenges. The validation of results using fuzzy TOPSIS and a sensitivity analysis shows a high degree of the consistency, stability, and robustness of the model. Findings from the present study can aid decision making, as this will benefit policy makers and key stakeholders in developing more comprehensive and effective medical waste management guidelines in Nigeria. In addition, future decision-making studies could augment the results from the current research by assessing the impact of the pandemic preparedness and response on medical waste management.
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Osemeobo, Gbadebo Jonathan. "Animal Wildlife Conservation under Multiple Land-use Systems in Nigeria." Environmental Conservation 15, no. 3 (1988): 239–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900029386.
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To conserve a resource without having adequate data and finance is difficult and frustrating. The situation of wildlife in Nigeria is nevertheless different. Except in the Yankari, Upper Ogun, and Kwiabaha, Game Reserves, and the Kainji Lake National Park, little efforts have been made to protect the Nigerian animal wildlife resources from human pressure and widespread extinction. To many, what remains of the wild animals are best seen in the few state-owned zoological gardens in Nigeria. However, because most indigenous large animal species—including Elephant, Buffalo, Chimpanzee, Gorilla, Rhinoceros, Leopard, and Ostrich—have not been able to reproduce in the various zoological gardens so far, the hope to conserve these animals is brittle. The questions are, what factors are working against wildlife conservation? Indeed, what hopes exist for Nigerian animal wildlife?Animal wildlife is a declining resource in Nigeria because of unplanned land-use practices. For example, landuses in game reserves are often conflicting and contradictory. Four land-uses: timber extraction, hunting, food-crop production, and settlement, are simultaneously going on in game reserves, with little or no control measures and with no management plans. The excessive demands for land for these conflicting uses have greatly disturbed the ecosystems involved, thus making the survival of the wild animals uncertain. Specifically, the problems of wildlife conservation in Nigeria are: (a) poaching; (b) indiscriminate burning of the vegetation; (c) uncontrolled grazing activities in the reserves; (d) intensive logging for domestic and industrial uses; (e) user rights on the reserves enjoyed by the traditional owners of the land before reservation; (f) lack of adequate funds to manage the reserves; (g) ineffective legislation; (h) lack of trained manpower; (i) urban sprawl; and (j) infrastructural development of roads, electric and telegraph lines, and irrigation schemes, all within the game reserves.The future for Nigerian animal wildlife depends on the nation's ability to conserve what is left either in their natural habitat or, at least, in zoological gardens. The task is not simple under conditions of economic depression, with inadequate manpower and without effective management of game reserves. In these circumstances, the game reserves should be reduced to manageable numbers, while state governments should win public sympathy through adequate conservation publicity and the provision of sufficient vehicles and personnel to manage the game reserves.The policy of land-use in game reserves should be reviewed, while researches should be conducted on (a) the levels of land-use that could be consistent with maintaining wild animals in the reserves, (b) the number and species of animals hunted per year, (c) the population of animal species in the game reserves and their habitat suitability, (d) the endangered and extinct animal species and specific reasons for the decline in their populations, and (e) human problems peculiar to each reserve and ways of minimizing them.
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Bolarinwa, Obasanjo Afolabi, Zemenu Tadesse Tessema, James Boadu Frimpong, Abdul-Aziz Seidu, and Bright Opoku Ahinkorah. "Multi-Level Analysis and Spatial Interpolation of Distributions and Predictors of Childhood Diarrhea in Nigeria." Environmental Health Insights 15 (January 2021): 117863022110452. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/11786302211045286.
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Background: Diarrhea is one of the health problems contributing to Nigeria’s under-5 mortality rate, ranked as the eighth highest globally. As our search is concerned, there is limited evidence on the spatial distribution of childhood diarrhea in Nigeria. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the spatial distribution and predictors of diarrhea among under-5 children in Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Using data from the child’s recode file of the 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey, a sample of 28 583 children of women of reproductive age was considered as the sample size for this study. The outcome variable used in this study was childhood diarrhea. We employed both multilevel and spatial analyses to ascertain the factors associated with childhood diarrhea as well as its spatial clustering. Results: The regional distribution of the prevalence of diarrhea among children in Nigeria ranged from 0% to 62%. The hotspots for childhood diarrhea were in Yobe, Bauchi, Gombe, Kano, Sokoto, Imo, and Taraba. The likelihood of a child having diarrhea in Nigeria was higher among women whose partners have secondary education and above [aOR = 1.18; 95%CI = 1.05-1.33], women currently working [aOR = 1.24; 95%CI = 1.13-1.35], women practicing Islam [aOR = 1.24; 95%CI = 1.04-1.46], and women who were exposed to mass media [aOR = 1.29; 95%CI = 1.18-1.42], compared to women whose partners had no formal education, women not currently working, women practicing Christianity, and those who were not exposed to mass media. Children born to mothers who reside in North East [aOR = 2.55; 95%CI = 2.10-3.10], and communities with medium socioeconomic status [aOR = 1.44; 95%CI = 1.09-1.91] were more likely to experience diarrhea compared to those born to mothers residing in the North Central and in communities with low socioeconomic status. Conclusion: High proportions of childhood diarrhea among under-5 children in Nigeria were located in Yobe, Bauchi, Gombe, Kano, Sokoto, Imo, and Taraba. Policies and interventions that seek to reduce or eliminate diarrhea diseases among under-5 children in Nigeria should take a keen interest in the factors identified as predictors of childhood diarrhea in this study as this will help in achieving the aims of WASH, ORT corners, and SDG 3 by the year 2030.
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Oyewo, Esther. "Socio-cultural and Gender Impacts on Resilience Access to and Utilization of Contraceptives Service during Covid-19 Pandemic by Women of Reproductive Age in Oyo State, Nigeria." Texila International Journal of Nursing 8, no. 2 (November 30, 2022): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21522/tijnr.2015.08.02.art003.
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Cultural and gender factors are a major obstacles to informed discussions about sexual and reproductive health issues, particularly regarding contraception. This paper presents the findings of a cross-sectional quantitative study exploring socio-cultural and gender impacts on resilience access to and utilization of contraceptives service during the Covid-19 Pandemic by women of reproductive age in Oyo state, Nigeria. A purposive sampling technique was used to select 471 users of Maternal New-borne and Child Health (MNCH) services such as postnatal and family planning that responded to 43 structured questionnaires that included socio-demographical characteristics, access, and utilization, socio-cultural and gender factors amidst Covid-19 pandemics. Of the 471 respondents, the mean age of respondents was 29.63± 3.29years, with (34.2%) within the 26-30 years age group. The findings show that of the total respondents, 59.4% required permission/consent to use contraceptive services, of which 96.1% mentioned spouses must give consent/approval for them to visit health facilities for contraceptive use. On the way that their spouses do influence, 43.5% mentioned cost, choice of methods 41.6%, and timing by 14.4%. On the respondents’ concerns/issues as a result of poor access to contraceptive information/services; 10.8% expressed unplanned pregnancy, fighting with spouses (11.3%), and poor mutual sexual relationships by 12.3% and experienced side effects by just 1.1%, while the rest 64.5% expressed no concerns/issues. Other societal influences mentioned included friends/relations, in-laws, clergy, and social class/group. The socio-cultural and gender effect included strict caution/disapproval by spouses (7.0%), carefree attitudes in society (4.0%), and fear of Covid-19 infection by 19.7%. Chi-square analysis for gender and socio-cultural revealed p=0.008 and p=0.002 on access and utilization of contraceptive services. The study therefore provides insight to the socio-cultural and gender impacts on women’s s health decision-making. This is important for public health programme designs, even in the face of any pandemic like Covid-19, towards resilience access and service utilization of contraceptive services. Keywords: Access and utilization, Contraceptives, Covid-19, Gender, Socio-cultural.
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Chigor, Vincent N., Veronica J. Umoh, Charles A. Okuofu, Joseph B. Ameh, Etinosa O. Igbinosa, and Anthony I. Okoh. "Water quality assessment: surface water sources used for drinking and irrigation in Zaria, Nigeria are a public health hazard." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 184, no. 5 (October 21, 2011): 3389–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-011-2396-9.
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Akujor, Chidi E., Emmanuel E. Uzowuru, Sambo S. Abubakar, and Chijioke M. Amakom. "Decarbonisation of the Transport Sector in Nigeria." Environmental Health Insights 16 (January 2022): 117863022211250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/11786302221125039.
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We reviewed the various sub-sectors of the Nigerian transport sector with their corresponding energy consumption rates. Results show that all the sub-sectors are solely dependent on fossil fuels to meet their energy demands and requirements, thus making the transport sector the highest consumer of fossil fuels, and consequently, the highest contributor to carbon footprint. This necessitates the need for gradual decarbonisation of the sector, but not at the expense of the nation’s economy, since the transport sector contributes about 3% of the nation’s GDP. We have therefore outlined measures to decarbonise the sector. These include revitalisation of the rail and water transport; encouragement of mass transit; improving the state of security on Nigerian roads; employment of low-carbon fuels (biodiesels); and use of electric vehicles.
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Dada, James Temitope, and Folorunsho M. Ajide. "The moderating role of institutional quality in shadow economy–pollution nexus in Nigeria." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 32, no. 3 (March 29, 2021): 506–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/meq-10-2020-0238.
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PurposeThis study examines the moderating role institutional quality plays in shadow economy–environmental pollution nexus in Nigeria between 1984 and 2018. Further, the study also determines the threshold level of institutional quality that lessens shadow economy and abates environmental pollution.Design/methodology/approachShadow economy is measured as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP) using the currency demand approach while environmental pollution is proxy by carbon dioxide (CO2) per capita. Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) is used as the estimation technique.FindingsResults from the study show that shadow economy has a positive and significant effect on environmental pollution both in the short and long run, while institutional quality has a negative effect on environmental pollution. This reveals that shadow economy worsens environmental quality while institutional quality abates environmental pollution. The interactive term of shadow economy with institutional quality has a negative but insignificant effect on environmental pollution in the long run. It implies that institutional quality is weak to bring about significant reduction in shadow economy and environmental pollution. Further, the threshold level of institutional quality required to lessen the effect of shadow economy and abate environmental pollution is found to be 5.69 on an ordinal scale of 0–10.Practical implicationsInstitutional quality in Nigeria is weak and needs to be strengthened up to the threshold level in order to effectively moderate the impact of shadow economy on environmental pollution.Originality/valueThe study addresses the perceived gap in the empirical literature on the emerging role of strong institution in abating environmental pollution in Nigeria. It also develops a threshold level of institutional quality capable of mediating the negative impact of shadow economy on environmental pollution. This empirical contribution is largely missing in the context of Nigeria.
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Taiwo, Amos Oluwole, and Oluwafemi Samson Fajoye. "Traders' perceptions of environmental quality as tools in improving public space: a study of markets in Ile-Ife, Nigeria." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 33, no. 2 (November 30, 2021): 435–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/meq-03-2020-0042.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide insights into traders' perceptions of and responses to environmental quality in markets of Ile-Ife, Nigeria.Design/methodology/approachPrimary data were collected from 445 traders in five different markets (Odo-Ogbe, Olorunsogo Oja-Ife, Bonfo and Urban day) in Ile-Ife through questionnaire administration. Physical observations were also carried out for holistic and detailed assessment of the environment.FindingsResults showed that most of the traders were married (64.6%), females (74.5%), who were young adults within the age bracket of 31–45 years (39.8%) while over half of them had secondary school education (55.2%) and spent between 8 and 9 h in the market on a daily basis. Using what is termed “Facility Condition Index” (FCI), it was shown that public toilet (FCI = 2.11), health centre (FCI = 1.76) and electricity supply (FCI = 1.43) were the three most deplorable facilities in the markets. Findings further showed that flooding, pollution and blocked drain, each with 22.1%, were the most common environmental problems.Originality/valueThe study extends the existing literature by examining traders' perceptions of environmental quality of open spaces (markets), which could be used as tools in proffering solution to the varying environmental problems of the markets by policymakers.
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P.K., Ikiyei, Donkemezuo I., Precious M., and Seribofa T.I. "Out-of-School Children in Nigeria: A Creation by Society and its Implications for Nation Building." British Journal of Contemporary Education 2, no. 2 (November 9, 2022): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/bjce-tenr2eia.
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Education is a major key to the development of any nation. The realization that education is an engine room to the advancement of both industrial and technological growth of nations has propelled the leadership and citizens of many nations to consider the training of their younger generations with seriousness. The school is a formal institution vested with the responsibility to ensure that children are properly trained in the methods, ways and means for the future progress of the society. In Nigeria, there are educational policies put in place in line with other international institutions to ensure that all children at least acquire the basic level of education. Presently, there are millions of children that lack access to basic education. These children are referred to as out-of-school children. The real statistical figure of these children appears obviously shady. With the rapid explosion of the number of out-of-school children, Nigeria has been described globally as the country with the largest population of such children. It is on record that one out of every child that is excluded from formal education in Africa is a Nigerian child. There are many reasons that evidently might be responsible for lots of these children being out-of-school. Among them are poverty, ignorance, insecurity, corruption, the devaluation of education and knowledge in the social system, materialism and many more. No one can expect to reap what he/she did not give or sow, subsequently the aftermath of leaving out these children without completing their education had multiple negative consequences to the child, the society and the country at large. For one, such children might become ready crop of adults later in life to serve in menial positions of responsibilities with low salary grades; experience marital instabilities due to their economic status and therefore become ready tools that could be ignorantly manipulated by the political elite in the society. They may also raise families without birth control, thereby extending a vicious cycle of people living in poverty and low self-esteem. Beyond being easily exploited, most of them become known for anti-social vices, such as cultism, criminals with tendencies as armed robbery, drug addicts, rapists, kidnapers, hoodlums, and sex workers (prostitutes). The implications of all these to nation building is stagnation and general insecurity to life and property. The article then proffered some likely suggestions that can assist the society to overcome some of these psychosocial challenges once taken into consideration.
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Oki, Abisola A., Bamidele Sunday Fakinle, and Jacob Ademola Sonibare. "Criteria air pollutants from cement production in Nigeria." Environmental Quality Management 28, no. 1 (September 2018): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tqem.21582.
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Morgan O., Morgan, Winifred Emu, Christian Amadi, Emmanuel E. Okon, and Paul Njama. "The mediating effect of job satisfaction on health and safety policy management and employee productivity in manufacturing firms." Problems and Perspectives in Management 19, no. 2 (May 17, 2021): 104–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.19(2).2021.09.
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The study investigated the mediating effect of job satisfaction on health and safety policy management and employee productivity in manufacturing firms in Nigeria. For the study, a quantitative analytical method was adopted, including a descriptive survey. To obtain data for the study, a questionnaire instrument was constructed and distributed among 950 sampled respondents in selected manufacturing firms in Nigeria. The descriptive statistics was deployed in the data analysis, while the multiple regression analysis was used to test the study hypotheses at the 0.05 level of significance. The mediating effect of job satisfaction on health and safety policy management and employee productivity relationship was confirmed using the Sobel test with the aid of MedGraph. The results showed that hazard prevention and control policy have a significant positive effect on employee productivity. Risk assessment policy have a significant positive effect on employee productivity. Also, job satisfaction has a significant positive mediating effect on the health and safety policy management and employee productivity relationship. Therefore, manufacturing firms should take appropriate measures to prevent and control hazards and provide effective risk assessments to improve health and safety policy management. AcknowledgmentsThe authors express gratitude to anonymous reviewers, the journal editor and all the authors whose work were used in this study. The authors are grateful to the management of manufacturing firms included in the study for having given approval for the administration of the questionnaire instrument, and the survey respondents for providing their views on the issues raised in the questionnaire instrument on health and safety policy management (hazard prevention and control policy and risk assessment policy), employee productivity and job satisfaction.
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Heap, Simon. "“Those that are Cooking the Gins”: The Business of Ogogoro in Nigeria during the 1930s." Contemporary Drug Problems 35, no. 4 (December 2008): 573–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009145090803500406.
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Southern Nigerians developed a habit for drinking potent distilled liquor during the 19th century. Such alcoholic beverages were manufactured in Europe and exported to the British colony of Nigeria. Nigerians did not know how to distil alcohol themselves. In the 1930s, however, the technology of alcohol distillation swept the colony, as Nigerians made drinks comparable to imported spirits: ogogoro. Ogogoro made serious headway against the long-standing imported liquor trade. The article reconstructs the extensive small-scale indigenous business of distilling. A sugar index measures the scale of the industry. Distillers succeeded in supplying the local market thirsty for strong drink with a potent, cheap product. For the colonialists, such import substitution proved problematic, as an untaxed, unlicensed product displaced a revenue-earning, highly regulated, legal trade. Condemning the locally distilled liquor as illicit gin, they battled distillers with instruments of the colonial state: by propaganda, through the courts and with police raids.
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Oluwadiya, K. S., I. K. Kolawole, O. O. Adegbehingbe, A. A. Olasinde, Olaide Agodirin, and S. C. Uwaezuoke. "Motorcycle crash characteristics in Nigeria: Implication for control." Accident Analysis & Prevention 41, no. 2 (March 2009): 294–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2008.12.002.
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Adesina, Evaristus, Boluwatife Ajayi, Emmanuel O. Amoo, Babatunde Adeyeye, Mofoluwake P. Ajayi, Tomike Olawande, Adebanke Olawole-Isaac, and Mercy E. Udume. "Consumers’ Knowledge and Use of Nutritional Labelling Information in Lagos, Nigeria." Sustainability 14, no. 1 (January 5, 2022): 578. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14010578.
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Nutrition labelling is a topical issue, being a vital aid that shapes consumers’ food choices and could be an efficient tool for the prevention of consumer vulnerability to diet-related diseases such as cancer, high blood pressure, hypertension, and obesity. However, data on the public use of nutritional labels as an information source on nutritional properties of foods and health claims, especially as it relates to Nigeria, are not popular in the literature. This study seeks to examine consumers’ use of labelling information: knowledge; attitude, and practice. A cross-sectional study with the aid of a survey elicited information from 374 randomly selected shoppers in five shopping malls in Lagos State. Data were analysed using the T-test method. Findings show that while the majority of the respondents (70.6%) read the nutritional information, only 64.9% understand the information presented on food labels. The study also reveals that the majority of the respondents (57.5%) do not know that information on food labels should be presented in the English language before any other language as recommended by the National Agency Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC). While 57.9% of consumers have a positive attitude towards using food labels, 58% of the respondents’ buying decisions are influenced by food labels. The study concludes that consequent upon the importance of nutritional knowledge and wellbeing, consumers of Fast Moving Goods in Nigeria are beginning to consciously pay attention to nutritional labels. The study recommends that producers of Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) products in Nigeria should adopt the total disclosure of ingredients and nutritional content of their products. Also, regulatory bodies in charge of pre-packaged food products in Nigeria (NAFDAC) should go the whole way and make nutritional labelling mandatory.