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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Public housing – South Africa

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Academic literature on the topic 'Public housing – South Africa'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 3 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Public housing – South Africa"

1

Phago, Kedibone. "INTERGOVERNMENTAL RELATIONS AND HOUSING POLICY IMPLEMENTATION IN SOUTH AFRICA." Politeia 33, no. 2 (October 20, 2016): 28–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/0256-8845/1778.

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Housing policy in South Africa requires that government departments at different spheres coordinate their activities to facilitate the provision of housing. This coordination is imperative because without such, effective housing provision remains compromised. The question that this paper raises is: whither intergovernmental relations (IGR) for housing policy implementation in South Africa? From this question it is clear that the nature of this discussion is conceptual as it seeks to engage on the institutional IGR model of public housing delivery. This question is raised in this paper because a system that ties activities of different spheres of government is necessary to realise housing policy implementation outcomes. However, in responding to this question several issues receive attention: Firstly, a broader view on a social contract as well as establishing public institutions to facilitate public service delivery.Secondly, intergovernmental relations and housing which consider the nature of IGR system in place, while arguing that this system is not viable for housing delivery. Thirdly, while the municipal accreditation system has been introduced, it remains complex and costly in addressing housing delivery challenges. In the final analysis, this paper argues for a constitutional amendment which would allow housing to become a functional competency of municipalities similar to other human settlements components such as roads constructions, electricity, sanitation and clean drinking water.

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Ssekibuule, Henry J. "Assessing the Implementation Process of Consulting Citizen Participation in Policy and Housing Delivery in South Africa." Africa’s Public Service Delivery and Performance Review 1, no. 3 (December 1, 2012): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/apsdpr.v1i3.38.

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This article aims to assess the implementation process of consulting citizen participation and conflicts involved in housing delivery against the environment of the South Africanhousing need and housing policy. In this way the study wants to clarify the relationship between housing policy and housing practice. The article is based on the legislations and policies designed to foster and promote public participation in South Africa. These include legislation at both the national and local government levels and a survey of planning departments measuring the types of public participation strategies used by local governments. The article’s findings indicate that South African Municipalities need adopt a broader range of public participation techniques related to: voluntarism and public engagement, neighbourhood and strategic planning, and e-government. In contrast, the article’s findings indicate that South African Municipalities are more likely to crumple if they do not promote public participation through mechanisms such as annual community meetings and referendums on public issues. The conclusion of the article offers recommendations for expanding the scope of public participation and developing strategies that maximize citizen input in community development activities in both the Provincial and local spheres of government. The survey was conducted to identify the scope of public participation techniques used by local governments and the Department of Housing in Tyutyu housing project located in the Buffalo city metropolitan municipality. It is an initiative which was started in the year 2000 with the aim of alleviating housing shortage in the area. Formerly, the area was made up of mud houses that were constructed by the former Ciskei government. Later on, shacks were added in the area. Originally, <br />these structures were meant to form agricultural rural village settlements. One limitation of this methodology is that it does not gauge the effectiveness of the participation techniques used by local governments and the department of housing or the intensity of public engagement. However, the results from this study provide future researchers with a mechanism for focusing future analysis. The findings can assist in identifying new directions for enhancing public participation in South Africa and globally.

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Parnell, S. "Shaping a Racially Divided Society: State Housing Policy in South Africa, 1920–50." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 7, no. 3 (September 1989): 261–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c070261.

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Public housing assistance for poor whites in South Africa was introduced to ensure social and geographical isolation for the voting minority. The policy of relative advantage of housing needs of whites over those of the rest of the working class remained unchallenged until the consummation of residential segregation was achieved under the Group Areas Act of 1950. Although endorsed as an instrument for social and residential cleavage, efforts by the state to give residential assistance to working-class whites prior to the imposition of separate group areas are shown to have been restricted by wider political and economic considerations. Efforts to upgrade and separate the housing of working-class whites from the black urban community met with limited success in the interwar years. After World War 2, fiscal restrictions and the politics that surrounded the rapid urbanisation of Africans challenged the practice, if not the policy, of housing advantage for whites.

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Mathee, Angela, Jocelyn Moyes, Thulisa Mkhencele, Jackie Kleynhans, Brigitte Language, Stuart Piketh, Elias Moroe, et al. "Housing Quality in a Rural and an Urban Settlement in South Africa." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 5 (February 24, 2021): 2240. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052240.

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During 2016 to 2018, a prospective household cohort study of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus community burden and transmission dynamics (the PHIRST study) was undertaken to examine the factors associated with influenza and other respiratory pathogen transmissions in South Africa. We collected information on housing conditions in the PHIRST study sites: Rural villages near Agincourt, Bushbuckridge Municipality, Mpumalanga Province, and urban Jouberton Township in North West Province. Survey data were collected from 159 and 167 study households in Agincourt and Jouberton, respectively. Multiple housing-related health hazards were identified in both sites, but particularly in Agincourt. In Agincourt, 75% (119/159) of households reported daily or weekly interruptions in water supply and 98% (154/159) stored drinking water in miscellaneous containers, compared to 1% (1/167) and 69% (115/167) of households in Jouberton. Fuels other than electricity (such as wood) were mainly used for cooking by 44% (70/159) and 7% (11/167) of Agincourt and Jouberton households, respectively; and 67% (106/159) of homes in Agincourt versus 47% (79/167) in Jouberton were located on unpaved roads, which is associated with the generation of dust and particulate matter. This study has highlighted housing conditions in Agincourt and Jouberton that are detrimental to health, and which may impact disease severity or transmission in South African communities.

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de Wet, Thea, Sophie Plagerson, Trudy Harpham, and Angela Mathee. "Poor housing, good health: a comparison of formal and informal housing in Johannesburg, South Africa." International Journal of Public Health 56, no. 6 (June 21, 2011): 625–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00038-011-0269-1.

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Okpechi, Ikechi G., Brian L. Rayner, and Charles R. Swanepoel. "Peritoneal Dialysis in Cape Town, South Africa." Peritoneal Dialysis International: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 32, no. 3 (May 2012): 254–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2011.00100.

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BackgroundChronic kidney disease is a major public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), which encompasses 70% of the least-developed countries in the world. Most people in SSA have no access to any form of renal replacement therapy (RRT). Given its ease of performance and patient independence, peritoneal dialysis (PD) should be an ideal form of RRT in SSA, but several complex and interdependent factors make PD a difficult option in SSA. The present review describes the practice of PD in SSA, with emphasis on Cape Town, South Africa.Methods and ResultsAfter a review of the recent PubMed literature on RRT in SSA and an appraisal of nephrology practice in South Africa, factors that make the provision of RRT (especially PD) a challenge in SSA include the low number of qualified health care workers, socio-demographic issues (poor housing, electricity, and water supplies), and the cost of PD fluids in the region. Although South Africa has the largest PD population in all of SSA, the growth of PD in South Africa is specifically impeded by the system of RRT rationing, which favors HD; the methods of funding for dialysis and for remuneration of doctors in private practice; and many other socio-economic factors. The peritonitis rate remains relatively high, and it is a significant contributor to morbidity in PD patients in Cape Town.ConclusionsIn many parts of SSA, PD could be the main dialysis modality. However, African governments must start taking responsibility for their people by providing adequate funds for renal replacement programs. Attempts to produce PD fluids locally and to train and educate health care workers will greatly improve the use of PD as a RRT option in SSA.

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Butcher, Siân. "Creating a gap that can be filled: Constructing and territorializing the affordable housing submarket in Gauteng, South Africa." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 52, no. 1 (January 9, 2020): 173–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x19885391.

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As the housing bubble burst in overheated property markets around the world, South Africa’s so-called ‘affordable housing market’ appeared to be bucking the trend. From 2010, affordable housing prices were rising and selling quickly, especially in Gauteng, Johannesburg’s city-region, chronically short of actually affordable housing and with a growing black middle class. Touted as ‘SA’s best-kept investment secret’, the affordable housing market offered a lifeline to the property industry and the potential to democratize segregated property markets. Yet, in practice, the tapping of South Africa’s lower-income housing market by capital has been a limited one, narrowly catering to particular subjects and spaces. Drawing on heterodox approaches to ‘actually existing markets’ and qualitative fieldwork conducted in Johannesburg between 2012 and 2013, this paper traces how the boundaries of the affordable housing and mortgage submarket are produced and shift through the investments of multiple communities with their own theories of housing markets and different interests in ‘making the market work’. Despite these investments and contestations, the submarket is narrowly territorialized within developer-driven housing largely in Gauteng for public-sector workers, to optimize the market within mortgage capital’s frameworks of risk, return, race and space. The South African mortgaged affordable housing submarket is not so much in need of market information or constitutive of a new frontier of global finance, as a territorial fix for domestic capital vis-à-vis development imperatives. To investigate struggles over this submarket, I draw together socio-institutional approaches to markets with critical political economy of housing markets and put them into conversation with critical development studies scholarship on markets. This combination allows us to make space for multiple projects of ‘improvement’ and profit in our analyses of market-making, as well as how these are shaped by, and shape, space and conjuncture. I seek to contribute to a growing literature on the geographies of markets from a Global South context where housing is framed as both a market good and constitutional right by examining a case of apparent ‘market failure’.

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Badenhorst, Marthinus S. "South Africa (2009) – Salient Contemporary Features in Facts and Figures." European Spatial Research and Policy 17, no. 2 (November 19, 2010): 9–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s10105-010-0007-3.

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South Africa is a demographically diverse country where many divisions (still) tend to coincide with racial boundaries, beset by a wide range of socio-economic problems typical of developing countries and otherwise stemming from its colonial past and a discriminatory past policy of apartheid. The paper describes the country's salient features in facts and figures in order to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of society in terms of demography, education, employment, public health care, poverty, housing, crime and the economy. The picture presented tends to be on the dark side, but also hopeful for the future thanks to inter alia a strong globalised economy.

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Scheba, Andreas, and Ivan Turok. "Informal rental housing in the South: dynamic but neglected." Environment and Urbanization 32, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 109–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956247819895958.

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Informal rental housing is growing rapidly in cities of the global South. Changing needs and circumstances of diverse urban populations produce new forms of rental accommodation and landlord–tenant relations. Focusing on the case of backyard renting in South Africa, this paper illustrates how informal rental is undergoing a dynamic process of expansion and upgrading that both reflects and contributes to improved socioeconomic conditions. Commercialization is transforming the material quality and social dynamics of informal rental housing. While there are signs of formalization and professionalization, the government’s neglect of this sector has contributed to the strong persistence of informality, with its associated risks. This paper argues that the informal rental sector deserves more government attention to augment the public benefits and mitigate the costs. The paper ends with suggestions of how a developmental approach by the government could help to convert the negative externalities into a positive dynamic with more equitable and sustainable outcomes.

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Miles, Malcolm. "PARTICIPATION: HOUSING AND URBAN VIABILITY." JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM 37, no. 3 (October 1, 2013): 218–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/20297955.2013.832483.

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In the global North, housing tends to be seen as a sub-sector of the construction industry. In the global South, in contrast, it might be considered more as a verb – housing as the activity of meeting basic needs for shelter. As such, this process is frequently undertaken by users themselves, in the informal settlements which surround most cities. While these settlements were once regarded as a threat to the urban order (or urbanization), today there is increasing recognition that self-build and self-managed housing meets the needs of urban development in ways which are usually more sustainable as well as lower-cost than standard housing schemes (whether in the public or the private sector). This paper begins from the question as to how far the lessons of informal settlements in the South can be applied in the North. It looks at the status of informal settlements in the new South Africa, and at two schemes in the UK: the Coin Street development in London, managed by tenants; and Ashley Vale self-build housing in Bristol, in southwest England. These are not seen as exemplary but simply two cases which can be compared and contrasted in the terrain of new approaches to building cities for the future.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Public housing – South Africa"

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Lind, Erika. "Housing the nation? : post-apartheid public housing provision in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa /." Uppsala : Dept. of Social and Economic Geography [Kulturgeografiska institutionen], Univ, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-3948.

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Bekker, Jakobus Petrus. "Improving the supply of subsidised housing in South Africa." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/19553.

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Despite South African citizen’s constitutional right to adequate housing, Government’s housing delivery has been described as a complex, multi-stakeholder, multi-phase problem, exacerbated by political interference and corruption. Housing delivery in South Africa is ideologically and politically designed and executed. However, the government subsidised housing sector remains plagued by: huge and increasing backlogs; corruption; quality concerns, and recipient and stakeholder dissatisfaction. This includes the government subsidised housing construction sector, which faces issues such as: established contractors leaving the sector; late and failed completion; substandard quality; rework; cost overruns; late progress payments; and insolvencies. Moreover, government subsidised housing officials, which forms part of this sector, must contend with abandoned projects and appointing new contractors; shoddy workmanship from sub-standard contractors; remedial work, including demolition and rebuilding; and systemic problems such as staff shortages and under qualified staff. The process of Government’s ideological and political designed and execution may therefore not have considered certain practicalities relative to construction principles and practice. It therefore appears that there may be some relationship between the compatibility of Government’s housing ideological and political designed (policy) and execution and general construction principles and practice. It is clear from the related literature that government subsidised housing construction has mostly been investigated as an exercise observing from the outside in, and not from a construction sector perspective. The main purpose of this study is thus to explore housing policy and practice compatibility as a major obstacle to housing delivery in general and assess whether the current housing policy is sufficiently responsive to the requirements of the government subsidised housing sector by specifically describing and exploring the effects of Government’s housing procurement policies relative to the ability of the construction sector to supply government subsidised housing. More specifically, the study describes and explores corruption, quality; contractors and worker competency, and government capacity as specific consequences of housing policy and practice incompatibility, as well as factors contributing to recipient dissatisfaction and the housing backlog. Finally, based on the finding, a proposed framework for improving the supply of subsidised housing in South Africa has been developed. The methodology for this study adopted a post-positivist philosophy, embracing a quantitative approach using questionnaires, which incorporated mainly five-point Likert type scale, but also multiple-choice questions, as instruments for data collection. Three surveys were conducted, starting with a pilot study and followed by a primary study, during which a total of 2 884 potential participants within the construction sector across South Africa were randomly sampled and solicited to participate, of which 284 responded. The respondents consisted of four groups: general contractors (76); government housing officials (34); built environment professionals (137), and built environment suppliers (37). An electronic questionnaire was sent by email to all potential participants and allowed four weeks to complete the survey. Furthermore, a housing recipient survey was conducted among 100 randomly selected recipients of government subsidised housing in the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan area, by means of a structured interview using a paper based questionnaire, over a period of two weeks. The primary outcome measures used for this study were the ranked mean scores for mainly descriptive analysis and the Chi-square test, the 𝑡-test, Cohan’s d test, ANOVA and Scheffé test, using Cronbach's alpha as a measure of internal consistency of scale and validity, for inferential analyses and hypotheses testing. Hypothesis testing was founded upon Government’s worldview that its policies will not influence the operations of the construction sector relative to housing construction, and therefore tested respondents’ perspectives with respect to the impact that government policies have in terms of contractor operations and contractor success, as well as its contribution towards the housing backlog, substandard housing, recipient dissatisfaction and corruption. The following results were obtained by means of the hypothesis testing:Government housing procurement policies are inappropriate for application in the government subsidised housing sector. Respondents therefore disagree with the notion that government policy and practices do not impact contractor operations and contractor success, and thus the supply of houses; The application of government housing procurement policies leads to inadequate quality. Respondents therefore disagree with the notion that government preferential procurement policies do not impact quality; Government’s housing procurement policies inappropriately target emerging contractors. Respondents therefore disagree with the notion that Government’s targeting of emerging contractors does not impact housing supply; Government has inadequate capacity to address subsidised housing construction sector requirements in terms of housing projects. Respondents therefore disagree with the notion that Government has the capacity to address subsidised housing construction sector requirements in the supply of housing, and Government subsidised houses do not meet recipients’ expectations. Respondents therefore disagree with the notion that government subsidised houses do meet recipients’ expectations. It thus became apparent that housing supply is mostly inhibited by Government’s housing procurement policy, contributing to various factors, such as quality capability, contractor capability, systemic and administrative capacity, and resulting in recipient dissatisfaction. Using Pearson’s product moment correlation, a framework model was developed to illustrate the process flow, which revealed definitive statistical and practical relationships between these factors, and indeed reflects complex relationships between factors inhibiting supply and resulting in recipient dissatisfaction. To find an appropriate framework model for the purpose of improving housing supply, various sources were consulted. Based on the research question, together with the aims and objectives for this study, as well as the realisation that the problems associated with housing supply relate to the project management of the construction phase, which requires interventions for improving supply, it was decided that a results framework would be the most appropriate for this purpose. The proposed framework is therefore a graphical depiction of how the research process may be used to identify problems in the government subsidised housing sector, questioning how these may be resolved, setting strategies to improve the situation, evolving hypotheses and testing these hypotheses to establish the critical factors to be considered in the process of resolving the problem in the housing sector, by means of implementation and feedback.

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Diko, Nomvuyo. "The role of the enhanced people's housing process in delivery of sustainable human settlements." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/3879.

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One of the principles of Reconstruction and Development Programme is that development projects should be people driven. One of the programmes through which such people driven development is meant to be realized is the Enhanced Peoples Housing Process. This research seeks to identify the limitations in the implementation of the Enhanced People’s Housing Policy, to ascertain the involvement of beneficiary communities in the process, and to assess improvement in the quality of life of beneficiaries who have acquired houses. It is argued that these limitations may be attributed to the interpretation and implementation of the Policy Guidelines for the implementation of PHP. The researcher is of the view that development programmes should be participatory and that this will promote empowerment of communities as opposed to the creation of dependency. The researcher has selected two case studies which show that the involvement of communities in planning and decision making does meet the needs and demands of the community for improvement in an efficient and effective way.

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Mthathi, Noxolo. "Management of official accommodation in the Department of Roads and Public Works in Port Elizabeth." Thesis, Nelson Mandela University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/19234.

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The study investigates management of official accommodation in the Department of Roads and Public Works. Government immovable asset plays an essential role in ser-vice delivery. The official accommodation policies were not implemented as intendant and as a result, the former government employees are illegal occupants in government properties. The implementation of legislation and departmental policy for official ac-commodation are problematic when illegal occupants occupied government immova-ble assets without lease agreement. The present of illegal occupants has a negative impact to officials who qualify to occupy government properties in terms of the depart-mental policy for service delivery purposes. The study proposed to provide literature search using books, legislation, policies, and personal interviews among others. The research methodology employed in this study was described, followed by the legislative framework employed in this study. Some of the findings on a legislative framework for official accommodation in the department of Roads and Public Works in the department of Roads and Public Works include gaps at the implementation of departmental policy on Allocation of Official Housing in rela-tion to the lease of state owned properties. Recommendations as a result of descriptive literature search are presented and how the existing problem of implementation of official accommodation policies can be changed to enhance service delivery and to provide accommodation to officials who qualify to occupy government immovable assets. The recommendations will enable the Department of Roads and Public Works as custodian of immovable assets, to fulfil its Constitutional mandate to provide official accommodation to their officials and cli-ents departments who qualify in terms of the policy for service delivery purposes.

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Nsor, Sledge Adokoh. "Social housing in South Africa: the Walmer Links example." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/8597.

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Dakhil, Ural, & Tewfik (1987) noted that majority of people particularly in the developing world live in poverty and as a result, the acquisition of proper housing is becoming a major problem. Dakhil, Ural, & Tewfik (1987) explained that, after the Second World War, many developing countries gained independence and due to political and economic reasons, population exodus in different parts of the world occurred. This coupled with the ever increase in the population growth has contributed to increasing the housing problems in these part of the world. This problem has led governments, private sector and scholars alike to devote time to searching for mechanisms and policies that would lead to the construction of proper dwellings at a cost that would be within the reach of all concerned especially the poor and needy (Malpass & Murie, 1990). Within South Africa, an example of such policies is the social housing policy. Social housing is a relatively new concept in South Africa (SA) (Du Preez & Sale, 2013). The aim for its development is first, to restructure SA societies in order to address structural, economic, social and spatial dysfunctions and secondly, to improve and contribute to the overall functioning of the housing sector in order to widen the range of housing options available to the poor (Department of Local Government and Housing, DLGH, 2005). The purpose of this study was to examine the feasibility of a Social Housing Project, the Walmer Links Development, as an affordable and quality housing option for low income earners in the Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan.

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Jacobs, Juan. "What contributions can housing co-operatives make to managing the South African housing crisis?" Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/6778.

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Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis sets out to explore housing co-operatives as an alternative housing delivery mechanism in South Africa. This is done by critically examining the housing policy post 1994, as well as the various mechanisms government implemented in an attempt to manage the service delivery within the housing sector. The thesis also explores the role that co-operatives played in South Africa’s history and draws some historical comparisons in relation to the establishment of housing co-operatives internationally and locally. In exploring the various types of housing co-operatives, insights emerge about their structure, potential and limitations. The thesis examines the themes of public service delivery and explores possible alternatives to the failing traditional model of public service delivery. The thesis focuses on the experiences and perceptions that South Africans have with regards to local government process in housing service delivery. The thesis concludes that local government should play an active role in creating more collaborative partnerships; one that focuses on training and facilitating the efforts of civil society to establish entities such as housing cooperatives. This requires a fundamental shift in the manner in which local government approaches service delivery in the housing sector.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis het ten doel behuisings kooperatiewe te verken as ’n alternatiewe behuisingsmeganisme in Suid-Afrika. Dit is gedoen deur n kritiese ondersoek van die behuisingsbeleid na 1994, sowel as die verskeie meganismes wat die regering probeer implementeer het in ’n poging om die dienslewering binne die behuisingsektor te beheer. Die tesis ondersoek die rol wat koöperatiewe gespeel het in Suid-Afrika se geskiedenis en het ’n historiese vergelyking gemaak met betrekking tot die stigting van behuisingskoöperatiewe op internasionale sowel as op plaaslike vlak. In die tesis van die verskillende tiepe behuising koöperasies het sekere ideas na vore gekom ten opsigte van hul struktuur, potensiaal en beperkinge. Die tesis ondersoek die temas van publieke dienslewering en het ook na die alternatiewe gekyk ten opsigte van publieke dienslewering. Die tesis fokus op die ervarings en persepsies van Suid- Afrikaners met betrekking tot die plaaslike regering se proses van behuisings dienslewering. Die tesis word afgesluit met voorstelle waarin plaaslike regering 'n aktiewe rol speel in die skepping van meer samewerkende vennootskappe, een wat fokus op die opleiding en die fasilitering waarin pogings van die burgerlike samelewing entiteite tot stand bring soos byvoorbeeld behuising koöperasies. Dit vereis ’n fundamentele verandering in die wyse waarop plaaslike regering dienslewering benader in die behuisingsektor.

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Sobuza, Yandisa. "“Social housing in South Africa : are public private partnerships (PPP) a solution?”." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/26048.

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South Africa faces a shortfall in its provision of housing for low income households. This study explores the potential to use public private partnerships (PPP) to address these supply problems. A review of the housing market and an examination of the opportunities and challenges presented by PPP are presented, including a review of the international experience in the provision of social housing. Interviews with key stakeholders are undertaken to evaluate the appropriateness of PPP in the South African social housing sector. PPP are believed to have the potential increase the supply of social housing, provided there is continuing support from the state. However, none of the key stakeholders were keen to use the “traditional” PPP process, suggesting a need for innovative partnership models more appropriate for the sector. Copyright
Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
unrestricted

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Hlazo, Mthethuvumile. "Housing backlogs in King Sabata Dalindyebo with specific attention to the housing problem at Bongweni Administrative Area in Mthatha." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020976.

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The study investigates problems affecting housing delivery in King Sabatha Dalindyebo Municipality Local Municipality. The housing development in this area is not up to standard. This situation is worse in rural areas where housing projects have been obstructed by lack of infrastructure and other essential services. This is a serious problem that this local municipality is facing; the most vulnerable are the poor, residing in these rural areas. The study has investigated this problem in King Sabatha Dalindyebo Municipality Local Municipality with specific attention to Bongweni Administrative Area in Mthatha. The investigation indicates that there are serious challenges facing housing.

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Ngxubaza, Vuyokazi J. "An investigation of the low cost housing process with specific reference to the Mbashe local municipality." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1659.

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Thesis (MTech (Public Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2010
When South Africa’s first democratic government was elected in 1994, the newly elected government committed itself to reduce the housing shortage in South Africa. By July 2001, approximately 1. 43 million as opposed to 3 million houses, were completed. In order to reduce the South African housing backlog, the government has established a number of Social Housing Institutions (SHI), but its social housing provision has still not lived up to its promises. While supply of social housing increased between 1994 and early 1998, it decreased between 1999 and 2004, whilst demand for social housing, continues to rise. Since existing government strategies have failed to meet the ever increasing social housing demand, there is a need to investigate the strategic elements and the efficiency of South Africa’s social housing provision. This thesis, therefore, determines strategies that the government should employ in order to close the gap between the supply and demand of social housing in South Africa. The thesis presents a comparative case study of social housing strategies and programmes in four countries namely: Brazil, Malaysia, China and England. The research identifies preconditions for successful housing programmes and strategies and concludes with policy recommendations. It proposes that public participation should be encouraged by all municipalities within South Africa. The research methodology which was used in this study is qualitative, where structured interviews were held with community members as well as with members of the municipality. The study reveals that there is no community participation in the housing process of the Mbashe local municipality. The findings of the research show that the municipality cannot be held accountable for non-participation of the community, as some community members do not want to work and learn. However, it is argued that local processes will not be effective if communities are not involved in development, in general.

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Burris, Beth A. (Beth Ann) 1954. "The role of public and private partnerships in housing delivery in South Africa." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/10141.

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Books on the topic "Public housing – South Africa"

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South Africa. Public Service Commission. Citizen satisfaction survey: Overview report 2001/2002. Pretoria: Public Service Commission, 2003.

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Moss, Vuyisani. Housing finance system in South Africa. Nairobi: United Nations Human Settlements Programme, 2008.

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Goodlad, Robina. The housing challenge in South Africa. Glasgow: Centre for Housing Research andUrban Studies, 1995.

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T. J. de V. De Vos. Regional housing requirements and affordability in South Africa. Pretoria: National Building Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, 1987.

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Kilner, David. Housing policy in South Australia since white settlement. Adelaide: digitalprintaustralia.com, 2005.

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McCallum, Taffy Gould. South Africa, land of hope? Norwood: Amagi Books, 1989.

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Hlongwane, Ali Khangela, and Sifiso Mxolisi Ndlovu. Public History and Culture in South Africa. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14749-5.

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Rankin, Sheldon. Housing strategies and the housing environment in "Coloured" group areas. Durban: University of Durban-Westville, 1986.

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Richard, Tomlinson. Urbanization in post-apartheid South Africa. London: Unwin Hyman, 1990.

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Richard, Tomlinson. Urbanization in post-apartheid South Africa. Winchester, MA: Unwin Hyman, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Public housing – South Africa"

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Tiwari, Piyush, Jyoti Rao, and Jennifer Day. "Housing in South Africa." In Development Paradigms for Urban Housing in BRICS Countries, 183–219. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-44610-7_6.

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Arimoro, Augustine Edobor. "South Africa." In Public-Private Partnerships in Emerging Economies, 160–89. 1 Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2020. | Series: Routledge research in finance & banking law: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003105701-7.

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Brewer, John D., Adrian Guelke, Ian Hume, Edward Moxon-Browne, and Rick Wilford. "South Africa." In The Police, Public Order and the State, 157–88. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-24647-2_7.

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Aigbavboa, Clinton, and Wellington Thwala. "Housing development in South Africa." In Residential Satisfaction and Housing Policy Evolution, 109–48. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351012676-9.

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Woo, Yoonseuk. "Housing Policies in South Korea." In Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance, 1–6. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31816-5_3815-1.

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Steytler, Nico, and Lukas Muntingh. "7. South Africa." In Public Security in Federal Polities, edited by Christian Leuprecht, Mario Kölling, and Tom Hataley, 146–69. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/9781487515805-008.

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Skinner, Chris, and Dalien Rene Benecke. "South Africa." In Middle Eastern and African Perspectives on the Development of Public Relations, 109–20. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137404299_9.

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Ballard, Richard, and Christian Hamann. "Income Inequality and Socio-economic Segregation in the City of Johannesburg." In The Urban Book Series, 91–109. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64569-4_5.

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AbstractThis chapter analyses income inequality and socio-economic segregation in South Africa’s most populous city, Johannesburg. The end of apartheid’s segregation in 1991 has been followed by both continuity and change of urban spatial patterns. There is a considerable literature on the transformation of inner-city areas from white to black, and of the steady diffusion of black middle-class residents into once ‘white’ suburbs. There has been less analysis on the nature and pace of socio-economic mixing. Four key findings from this chapter are as follows. First, dissimilarity indices show that bottom occupation categories and the unemployed are highly segregated from top occupation categories, but that the degree of segregation has decreased slightly between the censuses of 2001 and 2011. Second, the data quantifies the way in which Johannesburg’s large population of unemployed people are more segregated from top occupations than any of the other employment categories, although unemployed people are less segregated from bottom occupations. Third, over the same period, residents employed in bottom occupations are less likely to be represented in affluent former white suburbs. This seemingly paradoxical finding is likely to have resulted from fewer affluent households accommodating their domestic workers on their properties. Fourth, although most post-apartheid public housing projects have not disrupted patterns of socio-economic segregation, some important exceptions do show the enormous capacity of public housing to transform the spatial structure of the city.

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Gunter, Ashley, and Kenneth Manuel. "Urban Housing in South Africa: The Role of Housing in Development and Transformation." In Urban Geography in South Africa, 209–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25369-1_13.

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Massey, Ruth, and Ashley Gunter. "Housing and Shelter in South Africa." In World Regional Geography Book Series, 179–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94974-1_19.

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Conference papers on the topic "Public housing – South Africa"

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Cap, Constant. "The Importance of Participation and Inclusion in African Urbanization. A focused look at Transport and Housing Projects." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/dmcz6151.

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According to the World Bank (2015) Africa’s urbanization rate has surpassed other parts of the world. It is believed that by 2030, over 50% of Africans will reside in Urban Centres. Kenya is among the African counties that has experienced a tremendous increase in her urban population. This is most visible in the capital, the primate city of Nairobi. The growth has led to increased pressure on basic needs like housing, transport, water, education and security. Coupled with unequal economic development and social benefits, the result has been the tremendous expansion of informal sectors across fields. To respond to some of this pressure, the central government has vowed initiate large projects in housing, transport, water and others (Republic of Kenya, 2018). Newly enacted legislation also provides for the establishment of multi-sectoral urban boards to oversee the delivery of some services. Among the major projects coming up include Affordable Housing schemes and Mass Rapid Transport investments such as Bus Rapid Transit and expanded commuter rail systems. However, experience from the past both in Nairobi and other Cities has taught us the importance of inclusion, empathy and participation in such projects. Recent times have shown that public projects tend to ignore these and other key elements leading to massive failure of investment. The paper investigates case studies from similar projects in other parts of Africa, Bus Rapid Transit Projects in Lagos, Dar es Salaam and South African Cities; past Slum Upgrading and Housing Projects in Nairobi and other parts of the continent. The research methods also involve data collection on inclusion and participation from those who are affected directly by these proposed projects as well as the impacts that previous projects have had. The results from the study show that without proper communication and participation there are several misunderstandings on liveable spaces in cities. These include misinterpretations of the challenge’s citizens face, on the intentions of proposed solutions as well as the socioeconomic decision-making process of citizens. The implication of this leaves an unhealthy competition between existing informal ‘structures’ in various sectors against the new government driven proposals. The results are that those meant to benefit end up not being the primary beneficiaries. In conclusion, the role of putting people primarily as the centre objective of planning remains critical and key. For African planners, diverting from this will increase the existing inequalities and lead to further social divisions.

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Weiss, Martin, Adele Botha, Marlien Herselman, and Glaudina Loots. "Blockchain as an enabler for public mHealth solutions in South Africa." In 2017 IST-Africa Week Conference (IST-Africa). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/istafrica.2017.8102404.

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Santos, Eduardo, and Luis Felipe Costa. "Brazil and South Africa collaboration for public software." In the Fifth International Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2536146.2536196.

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Dlamini, M. W., D. G. B. Boshoff, and J. A. Yacim. "The Effects of International Economy on Housing Finance in South Africa." In The 4th Virtual Multidisciplinary Conference. Publishing Society, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18638/quaesti.2016.4.1.281.

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Aigbavboa, Clinton, and Wellington Thwala. "Homeownership and Effectiveness of the South Africa Government Housing Subsidy Scheme." In 2014 International Conference on Construction and Real Estate Management. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784413777.064.

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Marivate, Vukosi, and Nyalleng Moorosi. "Exploring data science for public good in South Africa." In dg.o '18: 19th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3209281.3209366.

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Mvelase, Promise, Zama Dlamini, David Macleod, Nomusa Dlodlo, and Happy Sithole. "A business model for a South African government public cloud platform." In 2014 IST-Africa Conference & Exhibition. IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/istafrica.2014.6880662.

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Valjarevic, Aleksandar, and H. S. Venter. "Towards a Digital Forensic Readiness Framework for Public Key Infrastructure systems." In 2011 Information Security for South Africa (ISSA). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/issa.2011.6027536.

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der Merwe, Ruben van, and Jeffrey Mahachi. "Performance of Roof Anchor Systems for Low-Income Housing in South Africa." In The 6th International Conference on Civil, Structural and Transportation Engineering. Avestia Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.11159/iccste21.119.

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Muriithi, Gerald M., and Muthoni Masinde. "Cloud SAMS: Cloud computing solution for public schools within South Africa's ‘second economy’." In 2016 IST-Africa Week Conference. IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/istafrica.2016.7530689.

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Reports on the topic "Public housing – South Africa"

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Bertrand, Marianne, Douglas Miller, and Sendhil Mullainathan. Public Policy and Extended Families: Evidence from South Africa. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w7594.

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Teague, Robert. Environmental Assessment for Public-Private Venture Housing, South Texas Region. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada401299.

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Chege, Jane, Ian Askew, Nzwakie Mosery, Mbali Ndube-Nxumalo, Busi Kunene, Mags Beksinska, Janet Dalton, Ester Snyman, Wilem Sturm, and Preshny Moodley. Feasibility of introducing a comprehensive package of antenatal care services in rural public clinics in South Africa. Population Council, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh4.1203.

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Hallman, Kelly, Nora Kenworthy, Judith Diers, Nick Swan, and Bashi Devnarain. The contracting world of girls at puberty: Violence and gender-divergent access to the public sphere among adolescents in South Africa. Population Council, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy3.1013.

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Cachalia, Firoz, and Jonathan Klaaren. A South African Public Law Perspective on Digitalisation in the Health Sector. Digital Pathways at Oxford, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-dp-wp_2021/05.

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We explored some of the questions posed by digitalisation in an accompanying working paper focused on constitutional theory: Digitalisation, the ‘Fourth Industrial Revolution’ and the Constitutional Law of Privacy in South Africa. In that paper, we asked what legal resources are available in the South African legal system to respond to the risk and benefits posed by digitalisation. We argued that this question would be best answered by developing what we have termed a 'South African public law perspective'. In our view, while any particular legal system may often lag behind, the law constitutes an adaptive resource that can and should respond to disruptive technological change by re-examining existing concepts and creating new, more adequate conceptions. Our public law perspective reframes privacy law as both a private and a public good essential to the functioning of a constitutional democracy in the era of digitalisation. In this working paper, we take the analysis one practical step further: we use our public law perspective on digitalisation in the South African health sector. We do so because this sector is significant in its own right – public health is necessary for a healthy society – and also to further explore how and to what extent the South African constitutional framework provides resources at least roughly adequate for the challenges posed by the current 'digitalisation plus' era. The theoretical perspective we have developed is certainly relevant to digitalisation’s impact in the health sector. The social, economic and political progress that took place in the 20th century was strongly correlated with technological change of the first three industrial revolutions. The technological innovations associated with what many are terming ‘the fourth industrial revolution’ are also of undoubted utility in the form of new possibilities for enhanced productivity, business formation and wealth creation, as well as the enhanced efficacy of public action to address basic needs such as education and public health.

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Cachalia, Firoz, and Jonathan Klaaren. Digitalisation, the ‘Fourth Industrial Revolution’ and the Constitutional Law of Privacy in South Africa: Towards a public law perspective on constitutional privacy in the era of digitalisation. Digital Pathways at Oxford, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-dp-wp_2021/04.

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In this working paper, our focus is on the constitutional debates and case law regarding the right to privacy, adopting a method that is largely theoretical. In an accompanying separate working paper, A South African Public Law Perspective on Digitalisation in the Health Sector, we employ the analysis developed here and focus on the specific case of digital technologies in the health sector. The topic and task of these papers lie at the confluence of many areas of contemporary society. To demonstrate and apply the argument of this paper, it would be possible and valuable to extend its analysis into any of numerous spheres of social life, from energy to education to policing to child care. In our accompanying separate paper, we focus on only one policy domain – the health sector. Our aim is to demonstrate our argument about the significance of a public law perspective on the constitutional right to privacy in the age of digitalisation, and attend to several issues raised by digitalisation’s impact in the health sector. For the most part, we focus on technologies that have health benefits and privacy costs, but we also recognise that certain technologies have health costs and privacy benefits. We also briefly outline the recent establishment (and subsequent events) in South Africa of a contact tracing database responding to the COVID-19 pandemic – the COVID-19 Tracing Database – a development at the interface of the law enforcement and health sectors. Our main point in this accompanying paper is to demonstrate the value that a constitutional right to privacy can bring to the regulation of digital technologies in a variety of legal frameworks and technological settings – from public to private, and from the law of the constitution to the ‘law’ of computer coding.

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Cilliers, Jacobus, Brahm Fleisch, Janeli Kotzé, Nompumelelo Mohohlwane, Stephen Taylor, and Tshegofatso Thulare. Can Virtual Replace In-person Coaching? Experimental Evidence on Teacher Professional Development and Student Learning in South Africa. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2020/050.

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Virtual communication holds the promise of enabling low-cost professional development at scale, but the benefits of in-person interaction might be difficult to replicate. We report on an experiment in South Africa comparing on-site with virtual coaching of public primary school teachers. After three years, on-site coaching improved students' English oral language and reading proficiency (0.31 and 0.13 SD, respectively). Virtual coaching had a smaller impact on English oral language proficiency (0.12 SD), no impact on English reading proficiency, and an unintended negative effect on home language literacy. Classroom observations show that on-site coaching improved teaching practices, and virtual coaching led to larger crowding-out of home language teaching time. Implementation and survey data suggest technology itself was not a barrier to implementation, but rather that in-person contact enabled more accountability and support.

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Rukundo, Solomon. Tax Amnesties in Africa: An Analysis of the Voluntary Disclosure Programme in Uganda. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2020.005.

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Tax amnesties have taken centre stage as a compliance tool in recent years. The OECD estimates that since 2009 tax amnesties in 40 jurisdictions have resulted in the collection of an additional €102 billion in tax revenue. A number of African countries have introduced tax amnesties in the last decade, including Nigeria, Namibia, South Africa and Tanzania. Despite their global popularity, the efficacy of tax amnesties as a tax compliance tool remains in doubt. The revenue is often below expectations, and it probably could have been raised through effective use of regular enforcement measures. It is also argued that tax amnesties might incentivise non-compliance – taxpayers may engage in non-compliance in the hope of benefiting from an amnesty. This paper examines the administration of tax amnesties in various jurisdictions around the world, including the United States, Australia, Canada, Kenya and South Africa. The paper makes a cost-benefit analysis of these and other tax amnesties – and from this analysis develops a model tax amnesty, whose features maximise the benefits of a tax amnesty while minimising the potential costs. The model tax amnesty: (1) is permanent, (2) is available only to taxpayers who make a voluntary disclosure, (3) relieves taxpayers of penalties, interest and the risk of prosecution, but treats intentional and unintentional non-compliance differently, (4) has clear reporting requirements for taxpayers, and (5) is communicated clearly to attract non-compliant taxpayers without appearing unfair to the compliant ones. The paper then focuses on the Ugandan tax amnesty introduced in July 2019 – a Voluntary Disclosure Programme (VDP). As at 7 November 2020, this initiative had raised USh16.8 billion (US$6.2 million) against a projection of USh45 billion (US$16.6 million). The paper examines the legal regime and administration of this VDP, scoring it against the model tax amnesty. It notes that, while the Ugandan VDP partially matches up to the model tax amnesty, because it is permanent, restricted to taxpayers who make voluntary disclosure and relieves penalties and interest only, it still falls short due to a number of limitations. These include: (1) communication of the administration of the VDP through a public notice, instead of a practice note that is binding on the tax authority; (2) uncertainty regarding situations where a VDP application is made while the tax authority has been doing a secret investigation into the taxpayer’s affairs; (3) the absence of differentiated treatment between taxpayers involved in intentional non-compliance, and those whose non-compliance may be unintentional; (4) lack of clarity on how the VDP protects the taxpayer when non-compliance involves the breach of other non-tax statutes, such as those governing financial regulation; (5)absence of clear timelines in the administration of the VDP, which creates uncertainty;(6)failure to cater for voluntary disclosures with minor errors; (7) lack of clarity on VDP applications that result in a refund position for the applicant; and (8) lack of clarity on how often a VDP application can be made. The paper offers recommendations on how the Ugandan VDP can be aligned to match the model tax amnesty, in order to gain the most from this compliance tool.

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Francesco, Petruccione,, Gastrow, Michael, Hadzic, Senka, Limpitlaw, Justine, Paul, Babu Sena, Wolhuter, Riaan, and Kies, Carl. Evaluation of Alternative Telecommunication Technologies for the Karoo Central Astronomy Advantage Area. Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/assaf.2021/0073.

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The National Research Foundation (NRF) requested the Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), on behalf of South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO) and the Square Kilometre Array (SKA), to undertake an independent and objective evaluation of potential alternative telecommunication technologies for the areas of the Karoo Central Astronomy Advantage Areas (KCAAA). The study encompasses regulatory, public sphere, and technical dimensions to explore options for maintaining the functionality of the telescope while, at the same time, delivering appropriate connectivity solutions for local communities.The objectives of this study are as follows: 1) Assess the technologies currently being, or planning to be, deployed through existing alternative communications programs managed by SARAO, including whether these technologies are comparable with market available technologies that could feasibly be deployed in the KCAAA; and 2) Assessment of current and future telecommunication technologies that may act as suitable replacement and/or improvement (functional and feasible) for existing detrimental technologies, utilised in the KCAAA. This report provides a critical background into the relationship between the SKA and local communities as it relates to ICTs in the area. Based on this understanding, potential technology solutions are proposed to ensure residents of the KCAAA are still afforded valuable access to information and communication technologies (ICTs) within the parameters of affordability, desirability and feasibility.

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Exploring the Prospects of Using 3D Printing Technology in the South African Human Settlements. Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/assaf.2021/0074.

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South Africa is a country with significant socio-economic development challenges, with the majority of South Africans having limited or non-existent access to basic infrastructure, services, housing and socio-economic opportunities etc. The urban housing backlog currently exceeds 2.4 million houses, with many families living in informal settlements. The Breaking New Grounds Policy, 2014 for the creation of sustainable human settlements, acknowledges the challenges facing human settlements, such as, decreasing human settlements grants allocation, increasing housing backlog, mushrooming of informal settlements and urbanisation. The White Paper on Science, Technology and Innovation (STI), 2019 notes that South Africa has not yet fully benefited from the potential of STI in addressing the socio-economic challenges and seeks to support the circular economy principles which entail a systematic change of moving to a zero or low waste resource-efficient society. Further to this, the Science and Technology Roadmap’s intention is to unlock the potential of South Africa’s human settlements for a decent standard of living through the smart uptake of science, technology and innovation. One such novel technology is the Three-Dimensional (3D) printing technology, which has produced numerous incredible structures around the world. 3D printing is a computer-controlled industrial manufacturing process which encompasses additive means of production to create 3D shapes. The effects of such a technology have a potential to change the world we live in and could subsequently pave the roadmap to improve on housing delivery and reduce the negative effects of conventional construction methods on the environment. To this end, the Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), in partnership with the Department of Science and Innovation (DSI) and the University of Johannesburg (UJ) hosted the second virtual IID seminar titled: Exploring the Prospects of Using 3D Printing Technology in the South African Human Settlements, on 01 March 2021 to explore the potential use of 3D printing technology in human settlements. The webinar presented preliminary findings from a study conducted by UJ, addressing the following topics: 1. The viability of 3D printing technology 2. Cost comparison of 3D printed house to conventional construction 3. Preliminary perceptions on 3D printing of houses Speakers included: Dr Jennifer Mirembe (NDoHS), Dr Jeffrey Mahachi, Mr Refilwe Lediga, Mr Khululekani Ntakana and Dr Luxien Ariyan, all from UJ. There was a unanimous consensus that collaborative efforts from all stakeholders are key to take advantage of this niche technology. @ASSAf_Official; @dsigovza; @go2uj; @The_DHS; #SA 3D_Printing; #3D Print_Housing; #IID

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