Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Public sector banks'

German banking is distinguished from neighboring European banking systems by the influence of its public sector banks. Nearly 50 percent of German banking is carried out by government owned state banks (ländesbanken) and regional savings banks (sparkassen) whose roots date from the 18 th century. German banks play a particularly important role in the economy and exert more control over firms and corporations than do their American counterparts. German banks tend to be less profitable than foreign counterparts. German public banks were originally founded to foster local and regional business. However, the operations of German public sector banks now extend into all forms of international investment. German public banks are currently seeking new business models to increase profits as they are being forced to compete in the global financial market under liberal market practices dictated by the European Union. Turbulence in the global financial market precipitated by the U.S. sub‐prime mortgage meltdown has severely impacted German public sector banks, precipitating a banking crisis that leaves German taxpayers exposed to staggering losses. These global financial pressures dictate the restructuring of the German financial system. This restructuring has forced a breaking point in the traditional German corporatist banking model and is associated with significant risks to the stability of the German banking system.

The banking industry in India has undergone many phases in its history; evolving from a regulated, decentralised system in the early 1800’s, to a regulated, centralised system during British rule, to a nationalised system following India’s independence, and finally a combination of a nationalised and private system adopting global standards as it currently stands. This study has two main aims. Firstly, it will assess the relationship between the firm-specific determinants of capital structure, based on the prevailing literature, and the capital structure of public and private sector banks in India. Secondly, it will determine whether there is a difference in the firm-specific factors that contribute to the determination of the capital structure of public sector banks and private sector banks. This study adopts quantitative methods, similar to previous studies on the relationship between capital structure and its firm-specific determinants. The dependent variable, being total leverage, is regressed against multiple independent variables, being profitability, growth, firm size and credit risk (hereinafter referred to as “risk” unless otherwise indicated) in a multivariate linear regression model. This study adds to the current literature by applying the same firm-specific independent variables to the case of private and public sector banks and then to evaluate and compare the similarities and differences between the regression outputs. The results show that for private sector banks, all independent variables are statistically significant in explaining total leverage, where all the independent variables conform to the current literature on capital structure – profitability (-), firm size (-), growth (+) and credit risk (-). Conversely, for public sector banks, all independent variables were considered to be statistically significant, except for credit risk – profitability (-), firm size (+) and growth (+). These results imply that credit risk is not an important determination in a nationalised banks’ capital structure; thus, providing evidence for the moral hazard theory of public sector banks.

This paper examines the performance of Indian banks by studying the effects of recent reforms and macroeconomic events. Indian banks went through a period of reforms in the past twenty years. The impact of these reforms and major macroeconomic events has been examined using time-series analysis. Event studies offer additional perspective on the short-run effect of the events on different types of Indian banks. Although, the event dates are not all statistically significant in the time-series regressions, the demonetization of 2016 is significant in the event study analysis. Thus, while reforms and events have immediate impact on the performance of Indian banks, the effects did not always persist over the larger time-period.

Aims: The main aims of this research are to provide more empirical evidences for theory of property rights and public choice theory and to test these theories in a new environment i.e. banking sector of Pakistan. This research compares performance of public and private banks in Pakistan on the basis of four performance measures, profitability, liquidity, solvency and efficiency. It also studies the effect of politics on public banks. Method: Mainly quantitative approach is utilized in this thesis to compare performance of public and private banks in Pakistan in terms of profitability, liquidity, solvency and efficiency. Ratio analysis is used for this purpose. Qualitative analysis is based on qualitative study of empirical findings of quantitative analysis with respect to elections and observing lending behavior of public and private banks along with study of net interest margin during election years. Major Findings: The theory of property rights and public choice literature support private ownership for superior performance as compared to public ownership. From empirical findings, very weak support is found for both theories. Out of twelve ratios used in ratio analysis, ten ratios support public ownership for superior performance as compared to private ownership and only two ratios quote that private ownership is superior in performance than public ownership. From empirical findings it can be concluded that performance of public banks is superior to private banks in Pakistan in terms of profitability, liquidity, solvency and efficiency. Similarly, out of twelve ratios, only six ratios provided evidence of effect of elections on performance of public ownership which is a weak support for public choice theory. Moreover, lending behavior of public and private banks along with study of net interest margin has totally ruled out the presence of political influence on public banks. It can be concluded from these empirical findings that either political influence on public banks is minimized or political influence is affecting both sectors of banks in Pakistan. As banking sector in Pakistan is highly competitive now due to introduction of financial reforms in Pakistan, it can be concluded that theory of property rights and public choice theory do not work well in competitive markets especially Pakistan. It can also be concluded from empirical findings that privatization is not the only solution to poor performance of public ownership. The introduction of competition can substantially improve performance of public ownership.
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The present study is part of the Kaupapa Kereru Programme. The main aim of the programme is to increase the numbers and range of kereru (Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae) on Banks Peninsula. Home ranges, movements, diet and habitat use of 15 kereru captured in Hinewai Reserve, Banks Peninsula, were investigated from February 2005 to February 2006. Hinewai Reserve is the largest tract of regenerating native forest in a highly modified urban-rural landscape. Phenology of 11 plant species predicted to be key kereru foods, was studied to determine the pattern of food availability in Hinewai Reserve. Twelve radio-tagged kereru resided in the Hinewai Reserve study site (Otanerito Valley and Sleepy Bay) and three resided in Akaroa. Ripe fruit was available from January to August; the height of the fruiting season was in autumn. The bulk of new leaf growth occurred in spring and early summer although new leaves were available on broom and tree lucerne year round. Peak flowering occurred in spring. Kereru in Akaroa ate a total of 21 plant species; six of these species were native and 15 introduced. Kereru in the Hinewai Reserve study site ate a total of 26 plant species; 20 of these species were native and six introduced. Fruit was preferred when readily available. Native fruit appeared to be preferred over fruit of introduced species in Akaroa, where both types were available. New foliage of introduced legumes and deciduous species appeared to be preferred over new foliage of native species at both sites during winter and spring. These species were important food sources prior to the breeding season and may be selected specifically for their nitrogen and protein content. Food is currently not a limiting factor for kereru survival or reproductive success. Considerable variation in the use and preference of vegetation types of individual kereru made it difficult to identify trends in habitat selection. Use and preference for many vegetation types was seasonal; this was certainly because of the availability of food species included in or close to these vegetation types. Overall, native vegetation communities were used more than communities dominated by introduced species and forest communities were used more than non-forest communities. Kanuka (Kunzea ericoides) was used most often for non-feeding activities and 67% of observed nests were built in kanuka. Annual home ranges and core areas in the Hinewai Reserve study site (mean of 15.9 and 2 ha respectively) were significantly larger than those found in Lyttelton Harbour, Banks Peninsula in previous research (mean of 8 and 0.08 ha respectively). Home ranges were larger when fruit was eaten, than when no fruit was eaten indicating that kereru are more sedentary when feeding on foliage. Kereru from the Hinewai Reserve study site made no excursions >5 km and no daily movements >2 km. Kereru from Akaroa and Sleepy Bay travelled into Otanerito Valley to feed on horopito in autumn, indicating that there may have been a lack of fruit in their local areas during autumn. No kereru in Otanerito Valley travelled outside of the valley. The distribution of high quality food sources is likely to have caused the observed differences in home range and core area size between localities. Kereru in Lyttelton Harbour may have been restricted to small patches of high quality resources in a study area consisting largely of unsuitable habitat. In Hinewai Reserve, high quality resources were spread over larger areas and were more uniformly distributed. The density of kereru was unknown at both study sites, and this confounded assessment of habitat quality. However, it is likely that the Hinewai Reserve study site would support a higher number of kereru. The main factor limiting population growth in the present study was failure of nests at the egg and chick stage. The fledge rate was 17%. Two of fifteen adult kereru died. Control of predators should be the first aspect of management that is focused on, and will almost certainly increase reproductive success of kereru and loss of breeding adults. As the population of kereru on Banks Peninsula increases due to predator control in existing kereru habitat, food may become a limiting factor. Habitat can be improved for kereru by planting a diverse range of plant species that provide food year-round. Native fruiting species are greatly recommended for habitat enhancement and should be selected so that fruit is available for as much of the year as possible. Native and introduced legumes should also be made available as foods for winter and spring. As most land on Banks Peninsula is privately owned, co-operation and enthusiasm of the community is critical for successful management. Information and support needs to be given to landowners wishing to enhance their properties for kereru.

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Em 2008, o mundo se deparou com uma crise econÃmica que abalou as pilastras e confiabilidade no setor bancÃrio mundial. Os bancos se estruturam em um processo defensivo de proteÃÃo de seus ativos. No Brasil, O Governo Federal estimulou os bancos pÃblicos a prover crÃdito no mercado, buscado suavizar os efeitos de fuga de investimento e repatriaÃÃo de cash na recomposiÃÃo dos ativos. A pergunta chave desse artigo Ã: houve alteraÃÃo na Competitividade de Bancos PÃblicos e Privados em Mercados Locais Brasileiros apÃs o ano 2000? Mais de uma dÃcada se passou e refizemos essa verificaÃÃo para dados de 2010, seguindo Bresnahan e Reiss (1991a), e comparamos com o trabalho de Coelho, Pinho e Rezende (2011). Dada a alta concentraÃÃo no setor bancÃrio, como se comportaria uma simulaÃÃo de fusÃo entre os dois maiores bancos pÃblicos brasileiros? Esse trabalho se divide em 03 (trÃs) artigos. No artigo n 1, verificamos se houve mudanÃa na competitividade em bancos pÃblicos e privados para a dÃcada de 2010. Constatamos mudanÃas significativas, com alteraÃÃo da qualificaÃÃo do custo e do processo de estruturaÃÃo da margem preÃo-custo que nos faz inferir numa mudanÃa na composiÃÃo e de estratÃgias dos bancos pÃblicos e privados em uma nova visÃo competitiva do setor. Os bancos pÃblicos nÃo afetam o comportamento dos bancos privados em mercados locais, mas a exigÃncia de tamanho de mercado para a inserÃÃo de um novo concorrente foi reduzida pela alteraÃÃo da estrutura dos custos e influÃncias de efeitos regionais. E se considerÃssemos o mercado com apenas um banco pÃblico? No artigo n 2, refizemos a anÃlise, considerando a CAIXA como o Ãnico banco pÃblico, e encontramos resultados semelhantes a nossa anÃlise revisional de 2010, a notar mais Ãnfase nos efeitos regionais, tanto na reduÃÃo dos custos pra a regiÃo Norte como na alteraÃÃo negativa nos deslocadores de demanda para as regiÃes Sudeste, Sul e Centro-Oeste, bem como influÃncia praticamente nula do Ãnico banco pÃblico â CAIXA na reduÃÃo dos lucros dos bancos privados. No artigo n 3, apresentamos uma anÃlise de simulaÃÃo de fusÃo no setor bancÃrio brasileiro. O objetivo central foi capturar os efeitos da fusÃo entre o Banco do Brasil e a CAIXA em 12 (doze) segmentos/portifÃlios mais significativos do mercado. Os resultados do equilÃbrio pÃs-fusÃo foram obtidos pelo modelo PCAIDS (Proportionality-Calibrated Almost Ideal Demand System), proposto por Epstein e Rubinfeld (2002), que simula a fusÃo de 02 (duas) empresas em um mercado oligopolizado. Os Resultados do exercÃcio de simulaÃÃo confirmaram os aumentos esperados nos âpreÃosâ dos segmentos. Este resultado à condizente com a expectativa de que as fusÃes implicam em aumentos de preÃos de mercado e, sem ganhos de eficiÃncia econÃmica, podem impor perdas para os consumidores.
In 2008, the world faced an economic crisis that shook the pillars and reliability in the global banking sector. Banks are structured in a defensive process of its asset protection. In Brazil, the federal government encouraged public banks to provide credit in the market, sought to soften the investment leakage effects and cash repatriation in the restructuring of assets. The key question that is: was no change in Competitiveness Public and Private Banks in Local Brazilian markets after 2000? More than a decade has passed and redid this check to 2010 data, following Bresnahan and Reiss (1991a), and compared with Coelho's work, Pinho and Rezende (2011). Given the high concentration in the banking sector, would behave as a simulation of a merger between the two largest Brazilian public banks? This work is divided into 03 (three) articles. In Article 1, we check to see if there was a change in competitiveness in public and private banks for the decade to 2010. We found significant changes, by changing the qualification of the cost and price-cost margin of the structuring process that makes us infer a change in the composition and strategies of public and private banks in a new competitive view of the sector. Public banks will affect the behavior of private banks in local markets, but the market size requirement for the inclusion of a new competitor was reduced by changing the cost structure and influences of regional effects. And if we consider the market with only a public bank? In Article 2, redid the analysis, considering CAIXA as the only state-owned bank, and found similar results to our revisional analysis 2010, noted more emphasis on regional effects, both in reducing costs to the North as in the negative change in demand shifters for the Southeast, South and Midwest, and virtually no influence of the only public bank - CAIXA in reducing the profits of private banks. In Article 3, we present a fusion of simulation analysis in the Brazilian banking sector. The main objective was to capture the effects of the merger between Banco do Brazil and CAIXA in 12 (twelve) segments most significant portfolio in the market. The results of the post-merger balance were obtained by PCAIDS model (Proportionality-Calibrated Almost Ideal Demand System), proposed by Epstein and Rubinfeld (2002), which simulates the merger of 02 (two) companies in an oligopoly market. The results of the simulation exercise confirmed the expected increases in "price" of the segments. This result is consistent with the expectation that mergers entail market price increases and without economic efficiency gains, impose losses to consumers.

The brand equity concept is one of the most significant concepts for branding and marketing and its model and measurement have interested many academics and practitioners. Most of the research on brand equity has focused on physical goods, with a dearth of studies on the service sector in general and particularly in the banking sector. The dearth of research in this area appears paradox as branding could be argued to play a distinctive role particularly in the service sector. This is because strong brands increase consumers' trust of the imperceptible purchase and reduce their perceived monetary, social, or safety risk in buying services, which are difficult to evaluate prior to purchase and for which it sometimes takes a long time after purchase to confirm the brand promise. Consequently, many scholars have called for an investigation of brand equity in the service sector. In addition, most of the research on brand equity has focused on developed countries which would suggest a regional focus on developing countries. To sum up, despite the importance of brand equity in the service sector, there is lack of empirical evidence in the service sector in general and specifically in the banking sector, particularly for developing economies. Furthermore, there is lack of studies that examined and compared service brand equity across bank type (local public, local private and foreign banks) to provide a benchmark especially for foreign banks. Contributing to scholarly attempts to fill the gaps in the brand equity literature. this thesis examines consumer-based brand equity (CBBE) in the Egyptian banking sector in general and based on each bank type: public, private and foreign. In addition, the study aims to find out the similarities and differences on brand equity based on bank type. The regional context of the study is Egypt As the largest Arab country and the entry point for the Middle East and Africa Egypt appeared to be of high practical relevance and be a suitable regional research context. Unlike previous researches, a mixed method approach was employed to achieve the research aims. Qualitative data was used to triangulate the quantitative data and gaining a richer understanding of the quantitative findings. Four hundred and sixty-eight self-administered questionnaires were collected by offline and online modes, and 14 semi-structured face-to-face interviews provided details about how consumers perceived consumer-based brand equity in Egyptian banking. Data was analysed using SPSS19. Different types of statistical applications were used, such as descriptive analysis, factor analysis and multiple regressions. Content analysis using NVivo10 software was used to analyse the interview data. The main findings reveal that CBBE is applicable in the Egyptian banking sector. The results show that brand awareness, reliable staff, brand association and brand loyalty are the most effective variables on overall value of brand equity in the Egyptian banking sector, while within public banks, reliable staff, brand association and brand loyalty have the most influence on the overall value of brand equity. However, private and foreign banks share the same variables which affect the overall value of brand equity; these variables are brand awareness, brand loyalty and brand personality. The findings reveal that there is a significant difference between public banks and private and foreign banks; however, there is no significant difference between private and foreign banks. The qualitative findings support and add meaning to the quantitative results. The current research contributes to knowledge in the field of service brand equity research and extend our understanding in developing economics and adding to the debate on the area of brand equity. Furthermore, it contributes methodologically by using mixed methods and mixed modes (offline and online). In addition, the study overcomes the limitations of previous studies in three ways. Firstly, different types of brand association were incorporated and real consumers were approached rather than relying on students’ samples. Secondly, perceived quality was measured using the SERVPERF scale, providing a more comprehensive quality measure than many studies. Thirdly, the data were collected from Egypt, which as a developing country establishes an underresearched regional context. Therefore, as is the case in many developing countries, there were many challenges involved in the data collection process. Based on the results, the study provides a number of pratical contributions: It offers a manageable scale ‘‘tool kit'' for managers in the banking sector, regardless of type of bank, to create, maintain and improve their brand equity. It also provides guidelines that public, private and foreign banks could use to compare their performance with competitors. The study emphasizes the importance of building and developing brand awearness for private and foreign banks. As the service encounter is the “moment of truth” and is one of the most important determinants of brand equity, public banks should place more emphasis on their internal branding as well as on external consumers. Top management should invest in cultivating their brand values to their employees, particularly front-line employees, as they will deliver them to consumers through the service encounter. Another interesting finding with practical relevance was that although the majority of banks in Egypt has online banking services, most of the study respondents did not use them, therefore they might be well advised to collaborate with the Central Bank of Egypt (CBE) to organise a campaign to cultivate trust in the country’s online banking infrastructure and promote the advantages of using it. Online banking could be one of the solutions to overcrowding and long queues in public banks and improve the quality of the service provided which will lead to consumers’ satisfaction and increase the level of brand equity. Most consumers of public banks perceived their banks as the only secure banks guaranteed by the Egyptian government. Similarly to promoting the use of online banking, there is a need to develop a better public awareness of the role of the CBE in supervising all banks in Egypt regardless of their type. This will ensure fair and equal opportunities for all banks, which will foster real competition and hence is argued to affect the quality of the service provided. Despite the research achieved its planned objectives, as any social research, it has certain constraints and limitations. These limitations could offer opportunities for future research to address. Firstly, due the lack of detailed information about the study population, this research used a convenience sample of induvadul commercial bank consumers in the Greater Cairo. Future research could employ probability sampling if possible. Moreover, future studies could cover more cities in Egypt, not only the Greater Cairo area (even though the focus on this area has been discussed and justified in the thesis). Secondly, although the importance of CBBE has been analysed mainly from a consumer perspective it might be useful to examine service brand equity from the points of view of employees (managers and front-line) in banks in order to gain a better and comprehensive understanding from both perspectives. Thirdly, while this study examined and compared CBBE in diffrent bank types (public, private and foreign) in Egypt. It is suggested that a comparison could be made based on the top bank in each types, as this could give more specific recommendations for these banks. Fourthly, due to limitations of time and funds, future reseach could examine and compare CBBE in different services sectors and in different countries. Fifthly, this study focused on commercial banks in Egypt in general without distinguish between Islamic and conventional banks. Therefore, future research could carefully distinguish between Islamic and conventional banks and compare CBBE across them to gain a better understanding of the differences and similarities. Sixthly, it could be worth comparing the CBBE of foreign banks when they operate overseas (e.g., Barclays Bank and HSBC).

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
O setor bancário brasileiro sempre possuiu características muito específicas em relação aos bancos instalados em outros países. Na segunda metade da década de 1990, com a entrada dos bancos estrangeiros no país, iniciou-se um processo de reestruturação bancária, que acarretou em importantes mudanças na estrutura e nos padrões de concorrência do setor. Esta dissertação tem como objetivo verificar a evolução e forma de atuação dos maiores bancos após esse processo de reestruturação, considerando o tipo de controle, se público, privado nacional ou privado estrangeiro.
The Brazilian banking sector always had very specific characteristics compared to banks located in other countries. In the second half of the 1990s, the entry of foreign banks in the country started a bank restructuring process, which resulted in important structural and pattern changes to competition in the sector. This dissertation aims to verify the progress and way of action of the major banks after this restructuring process, considering the type of control, whether public, domestic private or foreign private.

Orientador: Eduardo Strachman
Banca: Enéas Gonçalves de Carvalho
Banca: Carlos Eduardo Ferreira de Carvalho
Resumo: O setor bancário brasileiro sempre possuiu características muito específicas em relação aos bancos instalados em outros países. Na segunda metade da década de 1990, com a entrada dos bancos estrangeiros no país, iniciou-se um processo de reestruturação bancária, que acarretou em importantes mudanças na estrutura e nos padrões de concorrência do setor. Esta dissertação tem como objetivo verificar a evolução e forma de atuação dos maiores bancos após esse processo de reestruturação, considerando o tipo de controle, se público, privado nacional ou privado estrangeiro.
Abstract: The Brazilian banking sector always had very specific characteristics compared to banks located in other countries. In the second half of the 1990s, the entry of foreign banks in the country started a bank restructuring process, which resulted in important structural and pattern changes to competition in the sector. This dissertation aims to verify the progress and way of action of the major banks after this restructuring process, considering the type of control, whether public, domestic private or foreign private.
Mestre

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between the perception of organizational justice and job stress on employees of public and private banking sector in Santa Maria. Therefore, the theoretical background focused on organizational justice and stress, with emphasis on work. A survey was conducted on 339 bank employees - 224 from public sector and 115 from private. A questionnaire was structure with sociodemographic questions and the instruments used were the Perception of Organizational Justice Scale (MENDONÇA et al., 2003), the Job Stress Scale (KARASEK, 1985; THEORELL, 1988; ALVES et al., 2004) and the reduced version of Effort-Reward Imbalance Scale (SIEGRIST et al., 1996, 2009; CHOR et al., 2008). Data were described using descriptive statistics, Cronbach alpha indicator, normality tests, Mann-Whitney test, Kruskal-Wallis test, chi-square test, and Correspondence Analysis. Regarding the population, the profile of the respondents is the majority is married, receives monthly compensation above 10 minimum wages, is graduate, has never received a stress diagnosis, or medications used for this purpose. Concerning organizational justice, it was found that employees of private banks perceive higher justice than employees of public banks and justice scored higher in the interactional dimension in both sectors. Analysis of the Demand-Control Model of Job Stress Scale in the data of respondents from public sector revealed that 24.55% of respondents are in the "low distress" (ideal condition) and 37.40% fit in this situation in private banks. Social support was considered low for 66.52% of the respondents from public banks, indicating the effects of stress at work, and it was assessed as high for 60% of employees in private banks, what can mitigate the damage of stress. Regarding the Model Scale Effort-Reward Imbalance, 77.23% of respondents from public banks and 57.39% from private sector showed imbalance between high effort spent at work and the reward received. However, in the public sector, the consequences of stress might be reduced, because the excess of commitment was considered low for 54.91% of the respondents, whilst in the private sector, the variable was perceived as high for 51.30 % what can maximize the damage caused by stress. Regarding the scales of Demand-Control and Effort-Reward Imbalance, individuals from the public banks were more exposed to work stress and consequently showed higher risk of mental illness. According to the results, in public sector, perceptions of distributive, procedural and interactional justice showed significant relationships with the dimensions control and social support. Moreover, in private banks, the perceptions of distributive, procedural and interactional justice were associated with the dimensions of psychological demands and social support. Furthermore, in both sectors, all three dimensions of justice were related to the size reward. High perceptions of justice (distributive, procedural and interactional), "low distress" and "low DER" showed significant associations among them. Relationships among low perceptions of organizational justice (distributive, procedural and interactional) and "high distress" and "high DER" were also identified. Solely in public sector, low perceptions of distributive, procedural and interactional justice showed relationship with "passive job". Furthermore, the results of this research reveal that the perceived justice of employees contributes to the way of dealing with work situations and the factors that lead to stress, such as psychological demands and control, effort spent and the reward received.
O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi analisar a relação entre a percepção de justiça organizacional e o estresse no trabalho em colaboradores do setor bancário público e privado de Santa Maria. Desse modo, o referencial teórico abordou os temas justiça organizacional e o estresse, com enfoque no estresse no trabalho. Realizou-se uma pesquisa descritiva, com estratégia do tipo survey. A população pesquisada foi 339 colaboradores bancários, sendo 224 do setor público e 115 do privado. Aplicou-se um questionário estruturado, contendo dados sociodemográficos. Os instrumentos utilizados foram a Escala de Percepção de Justiça Organizacional (MENDONÇA et al., 2003), a Escala de Estresse no Trabalho ou Job Stress Scale (KARASEK, 1985; THEÖRELL, 1988; ALVES et al., 2004) e a versão reduzida da Escala Desequilíbrio Esforço-Recompensa (SIEGRIST et al., 1996, 2009; CHOR et al., 2008). Os dados foram descritos por meio de estatística descritiva, indicador alfa de Cronbach, testes de normalidade, teste Mann-Whitney, teste Kruskal-Wallis, teste Qui-Quadrado e Análise de Correspondência. Pode-se verificar, em relação ao perfil dos colaboradores, que a maioria é casado, recebe remuneração mensal acima de 10 salários mínimos, possui ensino superior, não obteve diagnóstico de estresse, nem utilizou medicamentos para esse fim. Quanto à justiça organizacional, verificou-se que os colaboradores de bancos privados percebem maior justiça do que os de bancos públicos e que em ambos os setores foi identificada maior justiça na dimensão interacional. A análise do modelo Demanda-Controle da Escala de Estresse no Trabalho em bancos públicos constatou que 24,55% dos pesquisados encontram-se no baixo desgaste (estado ideal) e 37,40% enquadraram-se nessa situação em bancos privados. O apoio social foi considerado baixo para 66,52% dos pesquisados de bancos públicos, o que pode estar destacando os efeitos do estresse no trabalho, e avaliado como alto para 60% dos colaboradores de bancos privados, podendo amenizar os danos do estresse. Em relação ao modelo da Escala Desequilíbrio Esforço-Recompensa, 77,23% dos respondentes de bancos públicos e 57,39% de privados apresentaram alto desequilíbrio entre o esforço gasto no trabalho e a recompensa recebida. Contudo, no setor bancário público, as decorrências do estresse podem estar sendo reduzidas, pois o excesso de comprometimento foi considerado baixo para 54,91% dos respondentes, enquanto que, no setor bancário privado, essa variável foi percebida como alta para 51,30%, podendo maximizar os danos causados pelo estresse. Dessa forma, os indivíduos pertencentes aos bancos públicos apresentaram maior exposição ao estresse no trabalho e consequentemente maior risco de adoecimento psíquico, quando considerados os modelos Demanda-Controle e Desequilíbrio Esforço-Recompensa. De acordo com os resultados, em bancos públicos, as percepções de justiça distributiva, processual e interacional apresentaram relações significativas com as dimensões controle e apoio social. Por outro lado, em bancos privados, as percepções de justiça distributiva, processual e interacional se associaram com as dimensões demanda psicológica e apoio social. Além disso, nos dois setores pesquisados, as três dimensões de justiça se relacionaram com a dimensão recompensa. Pode-se perceber ainda que as altas percepções de justiça (distributiva, processual e interacional), o baixo desgaste e o baixo DER apresentaram significativas associações entre si. Foram identificadas também relações entre as baixas percepções de justiça organizacional (distributiva, processual e interacional) e o alto desgaste e o alto DER . Em bancos públicos as baixas percepções de justiça distributiva, processual e interacional apresentaram relações com o trabalho passivo dos colaboradores. Com isso, os resultados dessa pesquisa evidenciam que a percepção de justiça dos colaboradores contribui para a maneira de lidar com as situações de trabalho e, assim, com os fatores que levam ao estresse, como a demanda psicológica e o controle, o esforço gasto e a recompensa recebida pelo trabalho desempenhado.

The aim of this thesis is to see in a descriptive manner, whether there is a difference in the ethical disposition of public and private banking sector managers in Tü
rkiye, according to two ethical theories: consequentialism (based on the consequences of the action) and deontologism (based on principles). The study analyzes the preferences of the managers both in the way of thinking and acting to see whether people act consistently with their way of thinking. The degree of validity of consequentialism/deontologism dichotomy and the daptability of these western theories to the Turkish context are also analyzed. Two hypotheses have been formed: private sector managers, young and male managers tend to be more consequentialist whereas public sector managers, elderly and female managers have a tendency toward deontologism. These hypotheses were tested on 58 managers working in the headquarters in Ankara (34 in the public, 24 in the private sector) through vignettes and interviews as data collection methods. As a result of the ANOVA analysis and content analysis performed on the data, private sector managers and male managers seem to be more consequentialist and they are consistent in their way of thinking and acting, but public sector managers, elderly and female managers do not have a tendency toward deontologism. The semistructured interviews showed that the level of awareness of the term ethics was low. Due to radical changes in social values in the last two decades in Tü
rkiye, contradictory values co-exist. The suitability of the consequentialist/deontological dichotomy may be questioned for Tü
rkiye.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo verificar se existe convergÃncia no mercado de crÃdito bancÃrio brasileiro nas modalidades cheque especial e crÃdito pessoal entre os bancos pertencentes ao setor pÃblico e os bancos pertencentes ao setor privado. Para se chegar aos resultados utilizaram-se as taxas de juros coletadas no sÃtio do Banco Central, na internet, no perÃodo de fevereiro de 2009 a dezembro de 2010. Utilizaram-se, tambÃm, cÃlculos estatÃsticos e economÃtricos atravÃs da observaÃÃo e verificaÃÃo da existÃncia de raiz unitÃria pelos testes ADF e KPSS nas sÃries formadas pela razÃo das taxas de juros dos bancos pÃblicos X bancos privados para testar a convergÃncia entre as taxas dos dois setores. Espera-se colaborar com uma visÃo que dà sustentaÃÃo, ou nÃo, à tese de que o governo federal possa utilizar-se dos bancos pÃblicos para influenciar as taxas de juros praticadas no mercado de crÃdito bancÃrio brasileiro. Encontramos, nos resultados, indicativos de convergÃncia de parte dos bancos do setor privado e de divergÃncia de outra parte. Ressalte-se que os resultados foram diferenciados para as duas modalidades estudadas.
This study aims to verify whether there is convergence in the Brazilian banking credit market between the arrangements for overdraft and personal loans from banks in the public sector and those banks belonging to the private sector. To reach these results interest rates were collected from the Central Bank website on the Internet from February 2009 to December 2010. Statistical and econometric calculations were used through the observation and verification of ADF and KPSS Unit Root Tests for the series formed by the ratio of the interest rates of banks in the public and private sectors. It is hoped to collaborate with a view which does or does not support the thesis that the federal government can use public banks to regulate interest rates in the Brazilian banking credit market. The results indicate a convergence on the part of the private banks and a divergence by the public ones. It was noteworthy that the results were differentiated in the two modalities studied.

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The object of this study is the perceptions and meanings attributed to the public bank employment by employees of a federal bank. The 1990s were a decade of dramatic changes, marked by fusions, acquisitions and privatizations of public banks, intensification of work through expressive extinctions of formal jobs, precariousness of work relations, outsourcing and wage patterns deterioration and, at the same time, profits recovering at the end of the period. Thus, this study aimed to investigate and analyze how the employees of the target bank perceive bank work after the changes produced by the 1990s restructuring process. The first step was to analyze the productive restructuring process on the sector and its implications on work and workers. The second step was to try to characterize the major facts and changes occurred in the bank during the 1990s and early 2000s, via analysis of documents available at Centro de Documentação do Sindicato dos Bancários de São Paulo (documentation department of to the bank workers union in São Paulo). Finally, semistructured interviews were carried out with two groups of workers; group one consisted of ten clerks, staff hired up to 1989, who went through the sector restructuring; group two consisted of ten bank technicians, representing the new generation of bank workers, hired after the 1998 recruitment process. We started from the hypothesis that the mode how the public bank work is perceived by bank workers was negatively affected by changes occurred in the sector in the 1990s, which impacted on the employees mode of being and acting. As a second hypothesis, we believe that such re-signification can only be understood in the light of a process of significant ideological and institutional changes inherent to the flexible capitalism. We found that, for the new generation of bank workers, the perception originated from a synchronic comparison, where the job appears as an alternative to temporary, unstable or flexible work experiences, seems to shape the perception originated from a diachronic analysis, which evinces the historical losses of bank work. Increasing individualism, bradescalização of relations, creation of castes, hierarchical seduction in a context of limited possibilities of career ascension and basic rate of pay deterioration, and reduction of trade union involvement were elements explored by the analysis, which revealed that, considering what remained and what has changed, the stability issue seems to be the central element in the perception and meaning attributed do work, for both groups of workers. Thus, a process involving disruptions and continuities characterizes the re-signification of public bank employment. The disruptions, insofar as the meaning of work is no longer supported by the combination stability-status-wage and through the attenuation of the sense of belonging to a professional category. The continuities, insofar as the stability associated to employment keeps and increases its importance against the current configuration of the world of work, as well by the return and intensification of a trend already present in the pre-restructuring, represented by the idea of temporariness of bank employment.
O presente estudo tem como objeto as percepções e significados atribuídos ao emprego bancário público por trabalhadores de um banco federal. Tendo a década de 1990 sido um período de intensas transformações, marcado por fusões, aquisições e privatizações de bancos públicos; intensificação do trabalho por meio da expressiva extinção de postos formais, precarização das relações de trabalho, terceirizações e deterioração do padrão de assalariamento; e ao mesmo tempo de recuperação dos lucros ao final do período, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo investigar e analisar como os trabalhadores do banco estudado percebem o trabalho bancário após as mudanças decorrentes do processo de reestruturação da década de 1990. O primeiro movimento da investigação foi analisar o impacto desse processo para o setor e para os trabalhadores. Num segundo momento, via análise de documentos disponíveis no Centro de Documentação do Sindicato dos Bancários de São Paulo, buscamos caracterizar os principais fatos e mudanças ocorridos no banco pesquisado durante a década de 1990 e início dos anos 2000. Por fim, realizamos entrevistas semiestruturadas com dois grupos de trabalhadores: o primeiro formado por dez Escriturários, empregados contratados até 1989 que vivenciaram a reestruturação do setor; e o segundo por dez Técnicos Bancários, representantes da nova geração de bancários, cuja contratação se deu após o concurso de 1998. Partimos da hipótese de que as transformações ocorridas no setor na década de 1990 afetaram negativamente o modo como o emprego bancário público é percebido pelos bancários, impactando nos modos de ser e agir do trabalhador. Como segunda hipótese, acreditamos que tal re-significação só pode ser compreendida à luz de um processo de significativas mudanças ideológico-institucionais inerentes ao capitalismo flexível. Assim, constatamos que para a nova geração de bancários a percepção oriunda de uma comparação sincrônica, na qual o emprego aparece como uma alternativa diante de experiências de trabalho temporário, instável ou flexível, parece amoldar a percepção advinda de uma análise diacrônica, que evidencia as perdas históricas do emprego bancário. O crescimento do individualismo, a bradescalização das relações, a criação de castas , a sedução hierárquica em um contexto de limitadas possibilidades de ascensão profissional e de deterioração da remuneração salarial de base, e a diminuição do envolvimento sindical foram elementos explorados pela análise, a qual revelou que, frente ao que permaneceu e ao que se alterou, a questão da estabilidade figura para ambos os grupos de trabalhadores como elemento central na percepção e significado atribuído ao trabalho. A re-significação do emprego bancário público se caracteriza, assim, como um processo que envolve rupturas e continuidades. As rupturas se revelam na medida em que o significado do trabalho já não mais se sustenta no tripé estabilidade-status-salário e pela atenuação do sentido de pertencimento a uma categoria. As continuidades se expressam na medida em que a estabilidade associada ao emprego mantém e amplia sua importância frente à atual configuração do mundo do trabalho, bem como pela reedição e intensificação de uma tendência já presente no pré-reestruturação representada pela ideia de provisoriedade do emprego bancário.

Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The research on this topic was motivated by the concern about the state of disarray in the public hospitals infrastructure and that due to budget constrain across the globe, the governments can no longer afford to provide public health services alone without the assistance of the private sector. South African public healthcare system continues to function in a state of disarray. Public hospitals serve the vast majority of the South African population, but are underfunded and in most cases these hospitals have ailing infrastructure. The study will look at the mechanism to fund public hospitals. This study examines the role that the Industrial Development Corporation and the Development Bank of Southern Africa can play in addressing the gap that exists in funding public hospitals. It will attempt to answer the following questions of concern, how is public healthcare financed in South Africa, what are the major challenges in financing public hospitals, what is the current role played by the Industrial Development Corporation and the Development Bank of Southern Africa in funding the public hospitals and what are the other possible solutions to address these challenges. The findings indicate that, despite the government funding the public hospitals there is a shortfall of funds for hospitals to complete the project that they are engage in. Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital and other five cases of hospitals in KwaZulu Natal were looked at and confirmed that there is definitely a gap in funding public hospitals

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The objective of this work is to examine the level of bank credit in Brazil in the period after the Real Plan. To this, the work uses the Barajas and Steiner (2002) methodology but with a larger country sample (Brazil among nine Latin American countries and other forty outside Latin America). The results suggest that bank credit has not grown as expected and is still as volatile as the Latin America average. The size of the Brazilian banking system is not small as expected, but is less prone to lending to the private sector. Credit to the public sector still occupies a very important share of the Brazilian banking system balance sheet. About this matter the work shows that an increase in securitization could increase significantly the credit to the private sector.
O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar o nível de crédito bancário no Brasil no período pós implantação do Plano Real. Para isso, o trabalho utiliza a metodologia de Barajas e Steiner (2002) mas utilizando uma amostra maior de países (além da economia brasileira, nove países da América Latina e quarenta não América Latina). Os resultados encontrados mostram que o crédito bancário historicamente não cresceu como o esperado e ainda é tão volátil quanto a média América latina. O sistema bancário não mostrou-se menor do que o esperado para a economia brasileira, mas é menos propenso ao crédito ao setor privado. O crédito ao setor público ainda ocupa uma fatia muito relevante no balanço do agregado bancário e sobre esse respeito o trabalho mostra que um aumento na securitização e cessão de crédito aumenta significativamente o crédito ao setor privado.

The subject of this thesis is to depict the financial provision of a public project during its implementation that includes the draft of its financial provision and the appraisal of the financial feasibility of the investment project. The theoretical part is focused on clarifying the basic concepts that explain the issues of public projects, the public sector and public procurement. The end of the theoretical part describes the various ways to finance public projects. The second part of the thesis is practical. In this part I focused on the creation of the ways to finance the project “Realization of energy savings” that are possible, including the reconstruction of the roof of the building of the Police of the Czech Republic in Brno, at street Cejl No. 474 and No. 159 and the proposal of the optimal financing options.

In the master's thesis there is described financial assurance of public investment project. The teoretical part part focuses on clarifying the basic concepts of public project . There are described ways in which it is possible to finance public projects. The practical part deals with finding appropriate ways of project financing of road reconstruction II/422 delay the village Svatobořice – Mistřín and their comparison.

Thesis (MDF (Development Finance))--Stellenbosch University, 2008.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Infrastructure has been hailed as a fundamental link between markets and other development sectors of the economy. For over a long time the delivery of infrastructure in Africa has been the domain of the public sector. However, because of the continued budgetary constraints, most governments are seeking the support of the private sector in the delivery of infrastructure. Recent studies have, however, revealed that private participation in infrastructure delivery is very low in Africa. The research noted that certain obstacles at macro level of the economy are responsible for the low private participation in infrastructure delivery. It is, therefore, important that we assess the methodologies that have been used to attract private sector participation in infrastructure delivery in Africa. One method that is gaining popularity in the developing world is the use of project finance. The research study sought to achieve two objectives. The first was to discover whether governance played a significant role in attracting foreign lenders to use project finance in the delivery of infrastructure in Africa. The second objective was to find out, given that governance does matter, which of the governance indicators were important and what their relationship was with loan syndication. The study adopted a quantitative approach using six governance indicators as independent variables. The governance indicators are compiled by a team at the World Bank and these governance indicators are available on the World Bank database. Loan tranches were used as observations for the dependent variable with the data for the tranches originating from loans that were advanced under project finance across Africa covering the period between 1996 and 2006. The multiple regression model also incorporated certain control variables the data for which were collected from various sources. Findings from the research study revealed that governance does matter and is positively related to loan syndication in project finance structures. It was revealed that all six governance indicators exerted a positive influence on loan syndication. The results also revealed that political instability and violence, and control of corruption were statistically insignificant. In addition it was found that rule of law exerted the most positive influence on the composition of loan syndication in project finance structures.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Infrastruktuur is al aangeprys as ‘n fundamentele skakel tussen markte en ander ontwikkelingsektore in die ekonomie. Die voorsiening van infrastruktuur in Afrika figureer lank reeds in die openbare sektor, maar as gevolg van die volgehoue begrotingsbeperkinge soek die meeste owerhede die steun van die privaatsektor wat betref die voorsiening van infrastruktuur. Onlangse studies het egter bevind dat private deelname in die aflewering van infrastuktuur in Afrika baie laag is. Die navorsing het aan die lig gebring dat daar sekere struikelblokke op die makrovlak van die ekonomie is wat verantwoordelik is vir die geringe privaat deelname in die voorsiening van infrastruktuur. Derhalwe is dit belangrik om die metodologieë wat gebruik is om privaatsektordeelname ten opsigte van infrastruktuurvoorsiening in Afrika te beoordeel. Een metode wat gewild raak in die Derde Wêreld, is die gebruik van projekfinansiering. Hierdie navorsingstudie probeer om twee doelwitte te bereik. Die eerste doelwit is om uit te vind of staatsbestuur ‘n betekenisvolle rol speel om buitelandse kredietverskaffers te lok om projekfinansiering vir infrastruktuuraflewering in Afrika te gebruik. Die tweede doelwit is om, gegewe staatsbestuur se belangrikheid, te bepaal watter van die staatsbestuuraanwysers belangrik is en wat hul verband met leningsindikasie is. Die studie het ‘n kwantitatiewe benadering gevolg en het ses staatsbestuuraanwysers gebruik as onafhanklike veranderlikes. Die staatsbestuuraanwyser is deur ‘n span van die Wêreldbank opgestel en die staatsbestuuraanwyswers is beskikbaar op die Wêreldbank se databasis. Leningdeel is gebruik as waarnemings vir die afhanklike veranderlike, en die data vir die leningdeel is afkomstig van lenings wat toegestaan is onder projekfinansiering dwarsoor Afrika vir die periode 1996 tot 2006. Die meervoudigeregressiemodel het ook sekere kontroleveranderlikes behels, en die data daarvoor is vanuit verskeie bronne ingewin. Die navorsingstudiebevindinge het aan die lig gebring dat staatsbestuur ter sake is en positief aansluit by die leningsindikasie in projekfinansieringstrukture. Dit het aan die lig gekom dat al ses staatsregeringsaanwysers ‘n positiewe invloed op leningsindikasie uitoefen. Die bevindinge het ook daarop gedui dat politieke onstabiliteit en geweld, en korrupsiebeheer statisties onbeduidend is. Daar is ook bevind dat die oppergesag van die reg die mees positiewe invloed op die samestelling van leningsindikasie in projekfinansieringstruksture uitoefen.

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This study examines the corporate social responsibility (CSR) theme in Central Bank of Brazil (Bacen). The CSR movement is growing worldwide and it is related to values such as sustainability, ethics and transparency to the stakeholders. The study was performed in two parts. The first part consists of a bibliography research on the origins, the concept and the practice relating to CSR in the contemporary organizational environment. In the second part - field research - the Central Bank's Board of Directors and representatives of Ibase and Ethos Institute were interviewed and the content analysis method - a qualitative research method - was used in the interpretation of information obtained. The analysis of the interviews shows that the Board is receptive to the CSR development and that they consider the accomplishment of Central Bank's institutional mission fundamental in this process. The participation of the Bank's personnel and the incorporation of the CSR principles into the day-to-day practice are also considered necessary. Finally, one hundred indicators - based on the Ethos CSR Indicators - are proposed to evaluate the stage of development of social responsibility in Bacen on the following subjects: Values, Transparency and Governance; Internal Public; Natural Environment, Suppliers and Society. In summary, this study aims to contribute to the improvement of the knowledge of corporate social responsibility and the best practices in the public sector, particularly in Central Bank of Brazil.
Este estudo examina o tema responsabilidade social (RS) no Banco Central do Brasil (Bacen). O movimento de responsabilidade social organizacional está crescendo mundialmente e relaciona-se a valores como sustentabilidade, ética e transparência com as partes interessadas. O estudo foi realizado em duas partes. A primeira parte consiste em uma pesquisa bibliográfica sobre as origens, o conceito e a prática relativos à RS no ambiente organizacional contemporâneo. Na segunda parte - pesquisa de campo - a Diretoria do Banco Central e representantes do Ibase e do Instituto Ethos foram entrevistados e utilizou-se o método de análise de conteúdo - método de pesquisa qualitativa - na interpretação das informações obtidas. A análise das entrevistas mostra que os diretores estão receptivos ao desenvolvimento da RS e que consideram o cumprimento da missão institucional do Banco Central fundamental nesse processo. A participação do corpo funcional e a incorporação dos princípios de RS às práticas quotidianas são também consideradas necessárias. Por fim, são propostos cem indicadores - baseados nos Indicadores Ethos de RSC - para avaliar o estágio de desenvolvimento da responsabilidade social no Banco Central do Brasil sobre os seguintes temas: Valores, Transparência e Governança; Público Interno; Meio Ambiente, Fornecedores e Sociedade. Em resumo, este trabalho visa a contribuir para o aprimoramento do conhecimento sobre responsabilidade social e das melhores práticas no setor público, particularmente no Banco Central do Brasil.

This diploma thesis deals with the evaluation of economic efficiency and the financial feasibility of the project realised by the municipality. The thesis consists of theoretical and practical part. In the theoretical background chapter, the author introduces the topic of the public sector and the public investment project. Furthermore, this thesis discusses methods which are used for evaluation of economic efficiency of the public projects and also their financing. The second part deals with the case study of the parking house project in Litomyšl. The author uses knowledge from the theoretical part to evaluate the effectiveness of the project and possible sources of financing.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Fundação Getúlio Vargas, Escola Brasileira de Administração pública e de Empresas, Rio de Janeiro, 2015.
Bibliografia: p. 106-116.
As concessões e as Parcerias Público-Privadas (PPP) são mecanismos cada vez mais utilizados pelo setor público para alavancar os investimentos em infraestrutura no país. Para que haja viabilidade econômica das mesmas, as suas taxas internas de retorno (TIR) apresentam- se como variáveis que precisam refletir os riscos e a realidade do negócio. O presente estudo busca analisar as taxas de retorno utilizadas para a modelagem das tarifas - teto do setor de rodovias federais frente às especificidades do seu mercado. Para tal, são seguidas três frentes: a primeira é analisar a metodologia da taxa de retorno utilizada para a modelagem das concessões mais recentes de rodovias; a segunda é estimar uma taxa de retorno a partir de pesquisa bibliográfica; e a terceira é, por meio de dados de rentabilidade de balanços de concessionárias do setor, observar se as taxas de retorno das primeiras concessões foram devidamente calculadas na época. Na dissertação, concluímos que a atual metodologia da taxa de retorno do Tesouro Nacional pode ser aprimorada, principalmente em relação aos parâmetros de grau de alavancagem e capital de terceiros, e observamos que a taxa de retorno tem se aproximado do custo de oportunidade do setor ao longo das últimas etapas de concessão. O estudo visa contribuir para o debate sobre a rentabilidade dos projetos de infraestrutura rodoviária, em meio a um período de intensos investimentos no setor.
Concessions and Public-Private Partner ships (PPP) are mechanisms increasingly used by the public sector to enhance the investments in infrastructure in Brazil. To achieve economic viability in these projects, their internal rates of return (IRR) are variables which must reflect the risks and reality of the business. The present study seeks to analyse the IRRs used for modeling the price-caps of the federal highways' sector, under the specificities of such market. For this purpose, three approaches are pursued: the first one analyses the methodology of IRR calculation applied for modelling the most recent highway concessions; the second estimates an IRR based on bibliographic research; and the third makes use of data acquired from the balance sheets from the sector's concessionaries, to observe if the IRR for the first concessions of federal highways were propelly calculated at the time. In this dissertation, we concluded that the current National Treasury's methodology of the rate of return can be improved, especially in relation to parameters like leverage and debt, and we observed that the rate of return has come closer to the opportunity cost for the sector throughout the last concession rounds. This study aims to contribute to the debate on the profitability of road infrastructure projects, a midst a period of intense investments in the sector.

It is known that cloud computing acceptability in most sectors brings more benefits, due to cost savings, scalability, elasticity of cloud deployments and speed and ease of use. However, the regulated sectors, such as banking and healthcare, need to address the risks associated with cloud computing deployments, in particular those related to regulation and reputation. This research has the general perception of IT staff involved in the decision to identify cloud computing related to environmental factors, such as regulatory burdens, competition conditions, reputational risk, and the seller's support, uncovered. While datarelated incidents in private cloud deployments are relatively rare, care should be taken by these industries so that they do not affect customer data, which can cause significant reputational changes, and penalties imposed by the regulators.

Yes
A large literature exists on the relationship between financial development and economic growth. The role of government and public banks in building this relationship has however, remained contentious. In this study in a sub-national level of analysis in the context of large emerging economy, India we raise the question what is the relative impact of public banks in economic growth in the lagging regions vis-à-vis leading regions? Do they matter more than the private and foreign banks? To address these problems, we apply dynamic GMM panel estimator on an unbalanced panel dataset drawn from 25 Indian states covering period 1996/97 to 2008/09. Although our study is in the Indian context, it is relevant for developing countries for mainly two reasons: government ownership of banks has been widely prevalent in developing countries and in many large countries in a federation set-up inter-state differences may exist with multiple ownership of the financial sector.
The full-text of this article will be released for public view at the end of the publisher embargo on 26 Mar 2020.

The project on comparative study on the performance of Public and Private Sector Banks has been a good experience. Efficiency and profitability of the banking sector in India has assumed primal importance due to intense competition, greater customer demands and changing banking reforms. Since competition cannot be observed directly, various indirect measures in the form of simple indicators on complex models have been devised and used both in theory and in practice. The study attempts to measure the relative performance of Indian Banks. For this study, I have used public sector banks (SBI, PNB, BOB) and private sector banks (ICICI, HDFC, AXIS). Segmentation of the banking sector in India was done on bank assets size. Overall, the analysis supports the conclusion that new banks are more efficient than old one. The public sector banks are not as profitable as other sectors are. It means that efficiency and profitability are interrelated. The key to increase performance depends upon ROA, ROE and NPM. The project starts with the objective of the study and methodology. Most of the researcher found that degree of efficiency of the bank largely determines the success or failure of overall operations of any bank. The project is a sincere effort to study and analyze the performance of the selected banks. The project focused on making the financial overview of the banks by conducting performance analysis for the year 2014 to 2019 and ratios and various components of efficiency analysis of banks. Analysis of the data is presented in the chapter four. It contains descriptive and comparative analysis of different years and correlation between the profitability and performance ratios. Finally findings and conclusion chapters includes a summary of the result found in the analysis portion.

At present, the biggest problem before Indian public sector banks is to improve their asset quality and control their mounting non- performing loans. RBI reports (2011-15) repeatedly impressed these banks to tighten their credit assessments and monitoring mechanisms especially for loans to business and industry. Thus, this study evaluates the credit risk management practices of Indian public sector banks (PSBs) in the grant of commercial loans to find the grey areas which need review and restructuring to improve banks’ asset quality. The research objectives are to identify and examine the characteristics and causes of credit risk, compare credit risk management practices of large and small public sector banks, analyse the extent to which these banks have implemented the Basel norms on credit risk management and evaluate their credit risk rating framework. The study also aims to design a credit risk assessment model for banks based on a comparison of existing and theoretical credit-scoring or rating models. The study is limited to commercial loans to SMEs and mid-corporates. A conceptual framework of credit risk management (CRM) systems has been developed to delineate the strengths, problems and obstacles in public sector banks’ CRM practices through a structured questionnaire. Survey based perception studies have been undertaken on a sample of 337 credit and risk managers working in 12 sample public sector banks. The study also uses secondary data to define the characteristics of credit risk in public sector banks and to design a credit risk assessment model for these banks. vi The study concludes that size of the bank is a critical credit risk variable as small public sector banks have higher credit risk in terms of stressed assets ratio (gross non performing and restructured loans/Total Advances). Credit managers or analysts of large banks are found to be more satisfied with their credit risk management practices. Credit analysts in all public sector banks (PSBs) have found that liquidity and solvency risk factors of the corporate borrower are the most potent causes of default on bank loans followed by his management, business and industry risk factors. Presently the credit and risk managers in these banks are finding the industry risk of their corporate borrowers, the most challenging risk to manage. The study has observed high subjectivity in credit risk assessments in these banks because of a large number of qualitative or experiential risk factors in their credit risk rating framework and because of statistically significant disagreement between different categories of credit and risk managers on these risk factors. The study also develops a three group multivariate discriminant model (MDA) to predict credit risk in new loan proposals, based on 40 performing and seven non performing or restructured loans of a sample public sector bank, under High Safety, Moderate Safety, and Inadequate Safety categories. The study found that the combination of quantitative and qualitative risk factors under multi-discriminant analysis improved credit risk assessment. This research has thus, provided deep insight into the credit risk management practices of the Indian public sector banks. It will serve as a standard research on the subject, and its limitations will provide scope for further research on the subject.

Since the late eighties, BPR has established itself as one of the attractive radical change management option for coping and adapting to the new competitive market environment and become popular both in the public and private organisations throughout the world . Cognizant of this fact, all Ethiopian public (government owned) institutions including the public financial institutions have embarked on large-scale change projects since 2004 in which Business process re-engineering(BPR) is a central element . This research examined whether implementation of Business Process Reengineering (BPR) projects have improved operational performance of the selected case public commercial banks in Ethiopia by collecting and analyzing both quantitative and qualitative comprehensive data set, using mixed research approach through questionnaires, interviews, observations and review of secondary sources of information. The operational performance measures utilized in this study are cost reduction, speed of service delivery, service quality, customer satisfaction as well as innovation. A total of 837 (84% response rate) questionnaires were returned from respondents of the selected branches and head offices. In addition, in-depth interviews were conducted with eight senior managers of the respective banks, who were also members of their respective banks reform team and were involved in the design and implementation of BPR. The third method that was used to collect qualitative data was personal observation of the selected bank branches in order to measure the speed of service delivery and convenience of the waiting places. The researcher measured the service delivery time of selected busy bank branches for five consecutive days, for half an hour spent in each branch. This study found that the introduction of BPR in the case banks was met with mixed reactions from employees and some managers. The main achievements of BPR were: service delivery time reduced dramatically as a result of the new process redesign and introduction of information and communication technology services(introduction of e-banking); introducing a single customer contact point through employee empowerment to make all the necessary decisions at that point of contact which resulted in improving the satisfaction of employees and customers. The challenge was that resistance from employees and some managers (labelled the initiative as “Blood pressure raiser” due to their assumptions it will result in employee lay off or the change brings increased workloads for some remaining employees without compatible rewards following the new process redesign. The study also revealed that telecom infrastructure and power interruption considered as main problem areas in providing banking services efficiently and effectively through branch net workings. The researcher recommends that for a better BPR design and implementation as well as sustainability of improvement gains in the banking sector, a forum should be established to discuss and share good practices and technology in the banking sector ; establish strong change management offices to continuously assist and monitor results; and continuously involve and communicate key stakeholders in the design and implementation of change initiatives.
Business Management
D.B.L.

The success of an organisation in what is now a dynamic and increasingly competitive business environment relies on an engaged workforce, achieved through internal communication. Engaged employees are generally more productive, resulting in better-performing organisations. This indicates that engaged employees do not only provide organisations with substantial benefits but can also be valuable assets to their organisations. Additionally, internal communication, which influences employee engagement behaviours, has been shown to provide numerous benefits to organisations, namely advocacy, ambassadorship, commitment, competitive advantage, decreased turnover, innovation, satisfaction, and trust. Therefore, it can be argued that a crucial link exists between internal communication and employee engagement. The purpose of this study was to develop an internal communication conceptual framework that contributes to employee engagement. This conceptual framework was customised for the South African banking sector. Qualitative data was collected through a review of available literature in the internal communication and employee engagement fields, and face-to-face interviews with four senior internal communications managers. Quantitative data was collected through a web-based self-administered survey questionnaire hosted on SurveyMonkey. Therefore, a mixed-methods research approach was used for this study. The findings of the study confirmed the link between internal communication and employee engagement. Thus, internal communication is an important determinant of employee engagement. It was also found that South Africa’s “big four” banks use traditional and innovative internal communication channels to effectively communicate with their targeted audience. Lastly, the internal communication elements that make up the conceptual framework of employee engagement were developed, namely Collaboration/ Cross-Functional Planning, Partner with Human Resources Function, Communication Channels, Two-Way Communication with Leaders, Counsel, and Measure Internal Communication Effectiveness. It is argued that the proposed v conceptual framework adequately addresses the role of internal communication and its key function within an organisation. The study is particularly significant because it extends current literature on internal communication and employee engagement in the South African banking sector and confirms that internal communication is indeed important for employee engagement. Academically, the study added to the current body of knowledge in the field of communication. The findings of this study can be used by South African banks and other businesses as a guide to conduct their internal communication to achieve employee engagement.
Communication Science
D. Lit. Phil. ( Communication)

碩士
靜宜大學
管理碩士在職專班
97
Performance measurement system has been transfered from the traditional focus on financial performance dimensions into a closely integrated with the strategy of multiple dimensions of performance measurement system, and must contain at least more than two types of performance. From the management accounting system point of view, many studies have pointed out that with the establishment of integrated enterprise strategic performance measurement system, organizations can enhance performance. This study explores how strategic performance measurement system exerts impact on the performance of the banking sector. Besides goal consistence, the procedural justice and distributive justice effects of intermediate variables are joined as well when exploring the correlation between each other. The subjects of the study are the staff in the public banks charging the debt possesion sector, exploring their “Performance measurement system influence of job perfermance”. The respondents to the questionnaire are processed through the Internet or the paper, with a total of 108 questionnaires from the colleagues or other associations. Excluding invalid questionnaires, 101 valid questionnaires for the study found the following evidence: (1) a positive impact on the relationship between strategic performance measurement system and procedural justice. (2) a positive impact on the relationship between strategic performance measurement system and inter-goal consistence . (3) a positive impact on the relationship between goal consistence and procedural justice. (4) a positive impact on the relationship between goal consistence and distributive justice. (5) a postive impact on the relationship between procedural justice and job performance. (6) a positve impact on the relationship between goal consistence and job performance.

碩士
僑光科技大學
企業管理研究所
103
This paper discusses the performance of non-performing loans and management elations,stepwise regression analysis to domestic banks in Taiwan as samples during the study period of 2004 to 2013 a total of 10 years of banking data research。The empirical results found that there are significant adverse impact on the debt variablereturn on assets, the ratio of overdue loans, the interest rate and Uncollected loan ratio should be observed for return on assets has a significant positive relationship, allowance for bad debt coverage ratio of return on assets there was a significant negative relationship。The NPL variables have significant impact on the capital adequacy ratio,non-performing loans, however investigate individual variables on the capital adequacy ratio shows the relationship, in addition to allowance for bad debt coverage ratio and capital adequacy ratio has significant negative external relations, the ratio of overdue loans , uncollected interest rate and loan rate should be observed on the capital adequacy ratio had significant positive significant relationship now.

Po kilku latach gwałtownego kryzysu subprime, podczas którego wiele instytucji finansowych wpadło w głębokie tarapaty, niektóre z nich upadły, a wiele państw przeznaczyło olbrzymie kwoty środków publicznych na rozwiązanie ich problemów płynnościowych, ponownie odżyła idea wdrożenia szczególnego podatku obciążającego sektor finansowy. Głównym celem takiego podatku miałoby być zwiększenie dochodów publicznych i zmuszenie instytucji finansowych do wniesienia godziwego i znaczącego wkładu w finansowanie wydatków budżetowych, nie tylko w celu zwrotu kosztów poniesionych przez poszczególne państwa na interwencje, ale także w celu zgromadzenia funduszy na wypadek kolejnych kryzysów finansowych. Po drugie podatek mógłby przyczynić się do ograniczenia zmienności na rynku walutowym oraz rynku papierów wartościowych oraz zmniejszenia ryzyka związanego z działalnością sektora finansowego. Poza tym podatek mógłby wspierać regulacje oraz nadzór makroostrożnościowy. Niniejsza rozprawa doktorska Prawny model szczególnego podatku od transakcji finansowych stanowi podsumowanie dotychczasowych badań, dorobku i osiągnięć dotyczących idei specjalnego podatku obciążającego sektor finansowy gospodarki. Rozprawa dotyczy również zagadnienia obecnego reżimu opodatkowania instytucji finansowych w Polsce z punktu widzenia najważniejszych konstrukcji podatkowych i innych danin charakterystycznych dla tego sektora, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem banków, zakładów ubezpieczeń oraz innych podmiotów dokonujących transakcji finansowych. Wreszcie, na końcu rozprawy, autor przedstawia swój własny postulowany model opodatkowania instytucji finansowych, który mógłby zostać implementowany w Polsce w miejsce obecnie obowiązującego podatku od niektórych instytucji finansowych (PNIF). Obecny polski PNIF powinien zostać zastąpiony zupełnie nową konstrukcją, głównie z uwagi na liczne wady, w tym także te o charakterze nieusuwalnym, wynikające z samej koncepcji podatku opartego o model opłaty bankowej. Tego typu podatek jest pobierany w oparciu o pozycje bilansowe podatnika, przede wszystkim o zobowiązania (kapitały własne z reguły nie są opodatkowywane). Jednakże polski podatek obciąża aktywa podatników, co jest rozwiązaniem niewłaściwym, rzadko spotykanym w innych państwach, mającym jeszcze więcej wad niż typowy podatek tego typu. Biorąc pod uwagę powyższe, zdaniem autora, brak jest uzasadnienia do nowelizacji obecnej ustawy o PNIF – nawet usunięcie przez ustawodawcę wszelkich luk i usterek nie naprawi dzisiejszego systemu opodatkowania sektora finansowego gospodarki. Jedynym właściwym rozwiązaniem jest uchylenie obecnie obowiązującego podatku i zastąpienie go właściwą konstrukcją, która będzie realizowała założone cele. Niniejsza rozprawa wskazuje na główne wady i zalety poszczególnych modeli szczególnego podatku obciążającego sektor finansowy i uzasadnia niewłaściwość przyjętego w Polsce rozwiązania. Dlatego zdaniem autora najlepszym rozwiązaniem dla Polski jest zastąpienie obecnego PNIF zupełnie nową konstrukcją, opartą o model podatku od działalności finansowej (FAT) jednakże z pewnymi istotnymi modyfikacjami wymaganymi m.in. przez specyfikę polskiej gospodarki. Dlatego też autor postuluje nie tylko wdrożenie zasugerowanego modelu podatku, ale również wskazuje na poszczególne przepisy podatku dochodowego od osób prawnych oraz inne przepisy prawa, które również powinny zostać zmienione. Głównym celem podatku jest uzyskanie dodatkowych dochodów budżetowych, utraconych w wyniku stosowania zwolnienia przedmiotowego w VAT od świadczenia usług finansowych, jak również stosowania niektórych innych przywilejów podatkowych, z których korzystają instytucje finansowe, scharakteryzowanych w niniejszej rozprawie, jednakże w sposób najmniej uciążliwy dla struktury rynków finansowych oraz regulacji i nadzoru makroostrożnościowego. Rozprawa uwzględnia również aspekt związany z wymogami prawa UE oraz próbą przyjęcia unijnego podatku od transakcji finansowych.
After few years of a rampant subprime crisis during which numerous financial institutions ran into deep troubles, some of them filed for bankruptcy and many countries spent large amounts of public money to solve their liquidity problems, the idea of a selective tax imposed on financial sector revived. The main aim of such a tax is to raise public incomes and force financial institutions to make a fair and substantial contribution to public budgets not only to meet the costs incurred by them on governmental interventions but also to accumulate funds in case of any future crisis. Secondly, the tax could curb the volatility on the currency and securities markets and reduce risk associated with the activities of the financial sector. Last but not least, such a tax could support macro-prudential regulations and supervision. This doctoral dissertation The legal model of a special tax on financial transactions, exemplifies an attempt to summarize the hitherto achievements, attainments and output concerning the idea of a special tax concerning financial sector of economy. It also approaches the question of the current taxation of financial institutions in Poland from the point of view of the most important tax structures and other public tributes specific to this sector, with particular emphasis on banks, insurance companies and other entities involved in financial transactions. Finally, at the end of the dissertation, the author presents his own postulated model of taxation of financial institutions, which may be implemented in Poland instead of the currently prevailing tax on certain financial institutions. The current Polish tax on certain financial institutions should be replaced due to numerous flaws, some of them having an indelible character, arising from the sole concept of this tax, based on financial stability contribution model. Such type of tax is charged basing on the taxpayers’ balance sheet items, mainly on liabilities (equity is rather not taxable). However, Polish tax burdens taxpayers’ assets which is inappropriate solution, rather unparalleled in other countries, having even more drawbacks that the typical tax based on financial stability contribution model. Taking this into account, in the author’s opinion, there are no grounds and reasons to amend the current tax – even removal of all legislative defects will not improve the current taxation regime for Polish financial sector. The only appropriate solution is to abolish the current tax and replace it with the proper one which will pursue the required objectives. The dissertation indicates main benefits and drawbacks of particular models of a special tax on financial institutions and justifies the incorrectness of the solution adopted in Poland. Therefore in the author’s opinion, the best solution for Poland is to replace the current tax on certain financial insitutions with a new tax, that is based on the concept of a financial activities tax but with some important modifications required by Polish economic specifity and hitherto prevailing tax regulations. Hence the author postulates not only to adopt his model of a tax but also indicates particular regulations of CIT and other applicable laws to be amended at the same time. The basic purpose of a tax is to obtain additional budget incomes, lost as a result of VAT exeption on financial services, as well as some other tax privileges enjoyed by financial institutions, characterized in the dissertation, but in the least intrusive way to the financial market structure and macro-prudential regulations and supervision. The dissertation takes into consideration also the aspect of requirements of EU law and EU’s attempt to adopt financial transaction tax.