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1
Lie, Celia, and n/a. "Punishment and human signal detection." University of Otago. Department of Psychology, 2007. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20071004.134135.
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Detection and choice research have largely focused on the effects of relative reinforcer frequencies or magnitudes. The effects of punishment have received much less attention. This thesis investigated the effects of punishment on human signal-detection performance using a number of different procedures. These included punisher frequency and magnitude variations, different types of punishers (point loss & time-outs), variations in stimulus disparity, and different detection tasks (judgments of stimulus arrays containing either more blue or red objects, or judgments of statements that were either true or false). It examined whether punishers have similar, but opposite, effects to reinforcers on detection performance, and whether the effects of punishment were successfully captured by existing models of punishment and choice.
Experiment 1 varied the relative frequency or magnitude of time-out punishers for errors using the blue/red task. Participants were systematically biased away from the response alternative associated with the higher rate or magnitude of time-out punishers in two of three procedures. Experiment 2 varied the relative frequency of point-loss punishers using the blue/red task and the true/false task. Participants were systematically biased away from the alternative associated with the higher rate of point-loss punishers for the true/false task.
Experiment 3 examined the effects of punishment on response bias from a psychophysical perspective. Previous detection research which varied stimulus discriminability while holding reinforcers ratios constant and unequal (Johnstone & Alsop, 2000; McCarthy & Davison, 1984) found that a criterion location measure (e.g., c, Green & Swets, 1966) was a better descriptor of isobias functions compared to a likelihood ratio measure (e.g., log β[G], Green & Swets, 1966). Experiment 3 varied stimulus discriminability while holding punisher ratios constant and unequal. Like previous research, isobias functions were consistent with a criterion location measure.
Experiments 4, 5, 6, and 7 examined contemporary models of choice and punishment. Experiments 4, 5, and 6 varied the relative reinforcer ratio in detection tasks, both with and without the inclusion of an equal rate of punishment. Experiment 7 held the reinforcer ratio constant and unequal, and varied the durations of time-out punishers. Increases in preference (for the richer alternative) from reinforcer-only conditions to reinforcer + punisher conditions would support a subtractive model of punishment, while decreases in preference would support an additive model of punishment.
Experiment 4 was a between-groups study using time-out punishers. It supported the predictions of an additive model. Experiment 5 used three different procedures in a preliminary within-subjects design, evaluating which procedure was best suited for a larger within-subjects experiment (Experiment 6). In Experiment 6, participants sat four reinforcer-only and four reinforcer + punisher conditions where reinforcers were point-gains and punishers were point-losses. The results from Experiment 6 were mixed - some participants showed increased preference while others showed little change or a slight decrease. This appeared related to the order in which participants received the reinforcer-only and reinforcer + punisher conditions. Experiment 7 also found no consistent change in preference with increases in time-out durations. Instead, there was a slow increase in bias on the richer alternative across the eight sessions.
Overall, punishers had similar, but opposite, effects to reinforcers in detection procedures (Experiments 1, 2, & 3). These effects were successfully captured by Davison and Tustin�s (1978) model of detection. The later experiments did not provide support for a subtractive model punishment model of choice, which had provided the best descriptor in corresponding concurrent-schedule research. Instead, Experiment 4 supported an additive model, and Experiments 5, 6, and 7 provided no evidence for either model - limitations and implications of these studies are discussed. However, the present thesis illustrates that the signal detection procedure is promising for studying the combined effects of reinforcement and punishment, and may offer a worthwhile complement to standard concurrent-schedule choice procedures.
2
Humble, Daniel K. "Perceptions of Corporal Punishment in Missouri Public Schools." Thesis, Lindenwood University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3605500.
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The use of corporal punishment as a form of student discipline has long been a controversial form of student discipline used in schools throughout the world. Research gathered showed that the use of corporal punishment has supporters and opponents. The supporters usually reference the Bible or corporal punishment as a traditional form of punishment. Opponents fear that physical punishment is a thing of the past and a form of physical abuse. Qualitative data were gathered from 12 superintendents in Missouri, one communications director from a Missouri professional teacher organization, and two attorneys who specialize in school law and policy to gain their perceptions of corporal punishment. The perceptions of superintendents regarding corporal punishment ranged from strongly disagreeing with the use to strongly believing it is an effective form of discipline. A few superintendents were hesitant to explain its practical use. The comments from the attorneys who were interviewed centered on legal and policy issues, while the communications director from the teacher organization expressed support of the teacher based on the school district's policy of allowing or not allowing corporal punishment. Results and conclusions from this study may assist local school boards in deciding if corporal punishment should be used within their school districts.
3
Jakob, Jana Mariella. "Terror’s Motor : How Shame and Humiliation Turn the Spiral of Violence." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-308443.
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This thesis examines the role of shame and humiliation as root causes of violence. The author focuses on violent far-right and Islamist extremism, but in order to gain a deeper understanding of the phenomenon, even gang violence and criminality are investigated. Through an ethnographic approach with thick description, the thesis attempts to capture insights, experiences and knowledge in the form of personal narratives of a variety of people – police officers, youths, researchers, psychologists, ex-cons and social workers. The investigation explores shame and humiliation as pivotal factors for violent behaviour. The concept of retributive justice, prevalent in many prisons around the world and in popular understandings of morality, is shown to be counter-productive. This has far-reaching implications for both the penal system and approaches to preventing radicalisation. As an alternative, the author argues for an approach of fostering human dignity as the most effective strategy for the prevention of violence and radicalisation. Inspired by Immanuel Kant’s essay ”Perpetual Peace”, this is called the perpetual dignity approach.
4
Shin, Hwayeon Helene, and helene shin@abs gov au. "Institutional safe space and shame management in workplace bullying." The Australian National University. Research School of Social Sciences, 2006. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20061114.142503.
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This study addresses the question of how an individuals perception of the
safety of his or her institutional space impacts on shame management
skills. Shame has been widely recognised as a core emotion that can readily
take the form of anger and violence in interpersonal relationships if it is
unresolved. When shame is not acknowledged properly, feelings of shame
build up and lead to shame-rage spirals that break down social bonds
between people. Some might consider the total avoidance of shame
experiences as a way to cut the link between shame and violence. However,
there is a reason why we cannot just discard the experience of shame. Shame
is a self-regulatory emotion (Braithwaite, 1989, 2002; Ahmed et al., 2001).
If one feels shame over wrongdoing, one is less likely to re-offend in the
future. That is to say, shame is a destructive emotion on the one hand in
the way it can destroy our social bonds, but on the other hand, it is a
moral emotion that reflects capacity to regulate each other and ourselves.
This paradoxical nature of shame gives rise to the necessity of managing
shame in a socially adaptive way. A group of scholars in the field of shame
has argued that institutions can be designed in such a way that they create
safe space that allows people to feel shame and manage shame without its
adverse consequences (Ahmed et al., 2001). This means that people would
feel safe to acknowledge shame and accept the consequences of their actions
without fear of stigmatisation or the disruption of social bonds. Without
fear, there would be less likelihood of displacing shame, that is, blaming
others and expressing shame as anger towards others. The context adopted
for empirically examining shame management in this study is workplace
bullying. Bullying has become a dangerous phenomenon in our workplace that
imposes significant costs on employers, employees, their families and
industries as a whole (Einarsen et al., 2003a). Teachers belong to a
professional group that is reputed to be seriously affected by bullying at
work. Teachers from Australia and Korea completed self-report
questionnaires anonymously. Three shame management styles were identified:
shame acknowledgement, shame displacement and (shame) withdrawal. The
likely strengths of these shame management styles were investigated in
terms of three factors postulated as contributions to institutional safe
space: that is, 1) cultural value orientations, 2) the salience of
workgroup identity, and 3) problem resolution practices at work. The
present thesis suggests that further consideration should be given to
institutional interventions that support and maintain institutional safe
space and that encourage shame acknowledgement, while dampening the adverse
effect of defensive shame management. The evidence presented in this thesis
is a first step in demonstrating that institutional safe space and shame
management skills are empirically measurable, are relevant in other
cultural contexts and address issues that are at the heart of the human
condition everywhere........ [For the full Abstract, see the PDF files
below]
5
Shin, Hwayeon Helene. "Institutional safe space and shame management in workplace bullying /." View thesis entry in Australian Digital Thesis Program, 2005. http://thesis.anu.edu.au/public/adt-ANU20061114.142503/index.html.
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Pieslinger, Johan. "Social punishment : Evidence from experimental scenarios." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för biovetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-15464.
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Punishment is the act of penalizing an individual as a response to a transgression. This thesis will deal with punishment in experimental game scenarios and in experimental criminal punishment scenarios, along with their different adaptations. The aim will be to provide an overview of both psychological and neurological underpinnings of punishment by reviewing existing literature. While punishment ought to deter transgressions and promote cooperative behavior, internal neural reward-related systems seem to be a driving factor of the desire to punish wrongdoings. Decisions on whether a transgressor is guilty and deserves punishment is mediated by the medial prefrontal cortex with an emphasis on the ventromedial parts. External influences affect the behavioral output and its underlying neural signatures of punishment. Social context such as peer pressure and in-group bias emphasize the importance of theory of mind related areas when conducting punishment.
7
Broqvist, Moa. "Den moderna skamstocken? : En diskursiv jämförelse mellan skamstraff och namngivningar kopplade till #metoo." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för kulturantropologi och etnologi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-374756.
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In the #metoo movement some men were named in accusations of sexual harassment or sexual abuse. Some people compared the naming to a mob society and that was the inspiration behind this essay. The aim of this essay is to compare the namings linked to #metoo with shame punishment when it was used as a punishment method by the Swedish judicial system. The theoretical perspectives used in this study are Chantal Mouffe and Ernesto Laclau’s discourse theory and Michel Foucault’s theories about punishment and discipline. The methods used to collect the empirical material are netnography, where some discussion threads have been studied, archive studies and a survey. The intention was that there should have been more material from archives used, but since it turned out to be difficult within this time frame, the information was instead mostly found in previous studies and other literature. The material showed that there are some similarities between the naming and shame punishment, but there are also aspects that make them differ. The similarities are that they both can be seen as punishment, the shame punishment was also much about sexual offenses, shame is an aim and they have both received critic by those who think it is a cruel thing to do to someone. The differences are that the body is not a part of the namings, the shame punishments were practiced by the juridical system and that it was easier to get out of a shame punishment if a person was rich. In addition men who broke the law against any sexual intercourse outside of marriage had it easier to avoid getting caught since they were not the ones getting pregnant. In #metoo money or gender was/is not a guarantee to escape being named and/or identified as a sex-offender.
8
Nixon, Sharon. "Inmates' perceptions of punishment severity : an overlooked element." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23235.
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This study draws on a psychophysical scaling technique to assess prisoners' perceptions of the severity of various penal measures. The data used in this study was gathered from face-to-face interviews with 159 male prisoners randomly selected from three separate Canadian federal correctional facilities between August 1993 and May 1994. A punishment severity scale was developed based on respondents' perceptions of various legal sanctions. Subgroups of the overall sample were examined and differences in severity ratings were observed based on a number of socio-demographic variables and variations in one's relationship and experience with the criminal justice system. This research also provides a comparison to studies which examined sentence severity among various court officials, the public and students. Possible explanations for variations among respondents are considered as well as the implications of the findings.
9
Timoll, Quentina. "An Analysis of Corporal Punishment Practices in the Louisiana Public Schools." Thesis, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3714268.
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Corporal punishment is a controversial method of student discipline used in schools world-wide. There are opposing viewpoints to this practice; corporal punishment is considered as a viable means of discipline, while on the other hand, non-advocates associate corporal punishment with abuse. Currently, corporal punishment is permitted in 19 states, while 31 states have abolished corporal punishment in the school setting. The practice is most predominant in the south, which includes Louisiana. Louisiana is one of 19 states where corporal punishment is deemed legal in a school setting.
The purpose of this study was two-fold. The primary purpose was to examine and describe Louisiana corporal punishment data retrieved from the Louisiana Department of Education. Secondly, potential relationships between corporal punishment data and three demographic variables (at-risk student counts, district locale, and district performance scores) were explored. There are 54 districts that authorize such practices, but only 42 have reported data to the state for the three reporting cycles. The essential questions dictating this research are: 1) What were corporal punishment practices (student numbers and events) in Louisiana public schools for school years 2011-12, 2012-13, and 2013-14? 2) What distributional characteristics exist for students corporally punished and corporal punishment events in Louisiana during the school years 2011-12, 2012-13, and 2013-14? 3) What percentage of Louisiana school districts experienced changes in corporal punishment practices between school years 2011-12, 2012-13, or 2013-14? 4) What is the relationship between at-risk student count, district locale type, and district performance scores with corporal punishment (student numbers) from an analysis of school districts for school year 2013-2014?
The federal government has outlawed physical punishment in prisons, jails, and medical facilities, yet students sitting in a classroom are targets for getting hit. It has been 150 years since the first state banned this practice in schools. Since then, an additional 31 states have done the same, but it is still occurring every day in this nation and in Louisiana.
Results and conclusions from this study may assist local school boards in deciding if corporal punishment should be used within their school districts.
10
Simes, Jessica Tayloe. "Essays on Place and Punishment in America." Thesis, Harvard University, 2016. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33493589.
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This dissertation consists of three essays on the spatial and neighborhood dynamics of incarceration in the United States.
In the first essay, I apply theories of social control and urban inequality to study prison admission rates at the census tract level for the state of Massachusetts. Regression analysis yields three findings. First, incarceration is highly spatially concentrated. Census tracts covering 15 percent of the state's population account for half of all prison admissions. Second, across urban and non-urban areas, incarceration is strongly related to poverty, high school dropout, and minority population, even after controlling for crime. Third, an outlier analysis shows admission rates in small cities and suburbs are among the highest in the sample and far exceed model predictions. The main theoretical implication is that mass incarceration emerged not just to manage distinctively urban social problems but was characteristic of a broader mode of governance evident in communities often far-removed from deep inner-city poverty.
The second essay examines the pre-prison neighborhood environment of racial and ethnic subgroups within the Massachusetts prison population. From an analysis of over 13,000 prison admissions in Massachusetts, findings indicate that some of the most disadvantaged pre-prison neighborhoods come from places outside of Boston. Whites and Hispanics who enter prison from smaller city centers in Massachusetts lived in significantly more concentrated disadvantage than their counterparts in Boston. However, black men and women coming from Boston lived in the greatest concentrated disadvantage among the black admission population. Taken together, the prison population is drawn from a diverse set of communities, and the highest levels of concentrated disadvantage in the state are composed of small cities and towns.
In the third essay, I investigate neighborhood attainment after a period of incarceration. Combining census data and prison records with a longitudinal survey of people leaving prison and returning to the Greater Boston area, this paper examines mechanisms explaining the disparities in neighborhood attainment upon release from prison. In the context of Greater Boston, black and Hispanic men and women leaving prison move into significantly more disadvantaged areas than their white counterparts, even after controlling for levels of pre-prison neighborhood disadvantage. Household dynamics are an important neighborhood sorting mechanism: living in concentrated disadvantage was more likely for those living in non-traditional households or group quarters. While 40 percent of respondents initially moved to only one of two neighborhoods in Boston, nearly 25 percent of respondents left prison and entered formal institutional settings, returned to prison, or lived in extreme social marginality throughout various locations in Greater Boston. Racial and ethnic differences in neighborhood sorting by household type--and the conditions of extreme marginality--are key mechanisms of neighborhood attainment during the precarious of period reentry.Sociology
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Flanagan, Eugene Patrick. "Capital punishment discourses and the U.K public sphere : a critical realist analysis." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.558086.
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Rozmovits, Linda. "Private revenge, public punishment : the Merchant of Venice in England, 1870-1929." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.283108.
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Karkauskas, Amber. "Juvenile crime and punishment : a closer look at habitual offenders." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2009. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/1276.
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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf.edu/Systems/DigitalInitiatives/DigitalCollections/InternetDistributionConsentAgreementForm.pdf You may also contact the project coordinator, Kerri Bottorff, at kerri.bottorff@ucf.edu for more information.Bachelors
Health and Public Affairs
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Hall, Patrick Thomas More. "Be Still My Heart: Determinants of Support for Capital Punishment Attitudes." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2004. http://louisdl.louislibraries.org/u?/NOD,155.
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Thesis (M.A.)--University of New Orleans, 2004.Title from electronic submission form. "A thesis ... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Political Science."--Thesis t.p. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Ferreira, Eduardo Ferraz Castelo Branco. "Socially optimal crime and punishment." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/24018.
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The first essay of this thesis, co-authored by Rodrigo Soares, develops a dynamic life-cycle equilibrium model of crime with heterogeneous agents and human capital accumulation. Public security policies are defined as pairs of a size of the police force and an average length of sentences. We propose an original micro-founded public security technology linking the level of police expenditures to the probability of arrest. This essay also contributes to the literature by proposing a dynamic equilibrium framework to evaluate public security policies. Equilibrium effects can be potentially relevant because of dynamic interactions between the classical incapacitation and deterrence effects. The model allows us to explore the optimality of policies in a way that would not be possible with reduced form empirical estimates or with the traditional, partial equilibrium, static, theoretical models of crime. We conduct an exploratory quantitative exercise calibrating the model to US property crime data from the 2000s. The calibrated model points to overspending in police protection and over incarceration in that period, when compared to the optimal public security policy. The second essay of this thesis develops a dynamic equilibrium model of crime with heterogeneous agents and several types of wrongs---actions that generate inefficiencies. Criminal codes define which wrongs are punishable by the state and penal codes define the length of the sentence if an agent is apprehended by the police committing a crime. %Agents decide at each point in time whether to commit crimes by comparing potential gains from crime to the expected loss due to the probability of apprehension and the associated cost (freedom deprivation). Criminal justice systems are defined as triplets of a criminal code, a penal code and a size of the police force. The dynamic framework with a multi-crime/multi-punishment setting, allows exploring substitution across different types of crime and might generate counter-intuitive results, mostly unexplored in the literature. The model developed in this essay also allows the endogenous definition of the set of actions that constitute crimes, as part of the welfare maximizing design of the criminal justice system. The third essay, co-authored by Braz Camardo, develops a 3-period model in which agents have time-inconsistent preferences and have access to an illiquid financial asset. The model developed in this essay studies the relationship between risk aversion and the demand for a commitment device, as represented by the illiquid asset. The main result is that, in an environment with uncertainty, a higher risk aversion implies a higher demand for the illiquid asset, due to a commitment motive. This counter-intuitive theoretical result is able to reconcile seemingly contradictory evidence found in the recent empirical literature.
No primeiro ensaio da tese, em coautoria com Rodrigo Soares, é desenvolvido um modelo dinâmico com equilíbrio e ciclo da vida com agentes heterogêneos e acúmulo de capital humano. Políticas de segurança pública são definidas como um par de gastos em força policial e tempo de pena. Neste ensaio, propomos uma tecnologia de segurança pública original e micro-fundamentada que permite que se expresse o nível de gastos com policiamento com a probabilidade de prisão. Este ensaio também contribui com a literatura ao usar um modelo dinâmico de equilíbrio capaz de avaliar políticas de segurança pública. Efeitos de equilíbrio podem ser potencialmente relevantes devido às interações dinâmicas entre os efeitos de dissuasão e incapacitação. O modelo permite a obtenção de políticas de segurança pública ótimas que seriam impossíveis de serem obtidas a partir de estimações que considerem apenas reduzidas, ou, ainda, a partir de tradicionais modelos estruturais de crime que levem em conta equilíbrio parcial ou que sejam estáticos. Por fim, este ensaio conduz exercícios quantitativos de calibração usando dados dos EUA da década de 2000. O segundo ensaio dessa tese desenvolve um modelo de equilíbrio dinâmico com agentes heterogêneos e vários tipos de ações que gerem externalidades negativas. Códigos criminais definem quais ações são consideradas como crime e, portanto, são puníveis pelo Estado e códigos penais definem o tempo de pena médio para cada crime. Sistemas de justiça criminal são definidos como a tripla de códigos criminais, códigos penais e gastos em policiamento. O ambiente dinâmico com muitos tipos de crimes e punições permite que se explore efeitos de substituição entre diferentes tipos de crime, o que pode levar a resultados contra-intuitivos que ainda não foram explorados pela literatura. Por fim, os componentes deste modelo permitem uma definição endógena do conjunto de ações que deveriam ser consideradas como crime, já que a definição do código criminal pode ser escolhida de forma a maximizar o bem-estar social. O terceiro ensaio, em coautoria com Braz Camargo, considera um modelo com três períodos em que agentes são temporalmente inconsistentes e possuem acesso a ativos ilíquidos. Este modelo estuda a relação entre aversão ao risco e demanda por mecanismos de comprometimento, representada por um ativo ilíquido. O principal resultado é que, em um ambiente com incerteza, uma maior aversão ao risco maior implica uma demanda maior por ativos ilíquidos. Este resultado teórico contra-intuitivo é capaz de conciliar resultados aparentemente contraditórios da literatura empírica.
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Risinger, Charlotte L. "Texas Public School Principals and Corporal Punishment: the Relationship Between Their Legal Awareness Of It and Their Attitude Toward Its Use." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1989. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc331485/.
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This study is an analysis of the relationship between the attitude of Texas school principals toward corporal punishment and their knowledge of the law pertaining to corporal punishment as it relates to the principals' school and personal characteristics.
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Goodson, Christopher B. "A Descriptive Law and Policy Analysis of Corporal Punishment in Florida Public School Districts." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2012. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc177202/.
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Corporal punishment is banned by state statute in 31 of the 50 U.S states. The 19 states that still allow the practice are largely located in the South and the Rocky Mountain West. However, data indicate that the practice of corporal punishment is still largely a Southern phenomenon. In the 19 states that allow the practice to continue in schools, many have seen the use of the disciplinary technique decline. Existing research documents the negative effects and very little research supports any positive benefits of corporal punishment. This study analyzes school board policies from the 67 public school districts in the state of Florida to determine if trends in policies and incidents of corporal punishment are similar Texas and North Carolina. Research on Texas and North Carolina indicate corporal punishment is used more frequently in districts with smaller enrollments, and in more rural areas. Data from this study suggests that the decrease in the number of incidents of corporal punishment as well as the concentration of the practice among school districts in Florida school follows the same trends of declining use that exist in Texas and North Carolina public schools. Findings illustrate a need for continued research of corporal punishment on a district-by-district and potentially a school-by-school basis.
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Marinakou-Matsa, Evgenia. "L'occupation italo-allemande et le parcours de l'identité féminine dans "Η μητέρα του σκύλου" de Pavlos Matessis." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON30069/document.
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Cette étude, intitulée « Représentations de l’Occupation et le parcours de l’identité féminine dans Η μητέρα του σκύλου de Pavlos Matessis », examine la collaboration sexuelle de la femme avec l’ennemi au cours de l’Occupation italo-allemande, son châtiment à la Libération et sa protestation envers la punition infligée. L’analyse des techniques narratives combinée à celle du contexte historique permettent d’approfondir les représentations de l’Occupation élaborées par ce roman et cernent la question centrale qui concerne la position tenue par ce dernier face à un événement que l’Histoire officielle a considéré comme secondaire après l’avoir frappé d’une condamnation allant de soi. Il s’ensuit de l’analyse que cette fiction au caractère éminemment dramatique combine de façon unique l’histoire à ses modes d’énonciation narrative. Sa particularité est aussi qu’elle s’éloigne sensiblement de la version officielle des événements et articule un discours différent sur un sujet tabou, celui de la collaboration sexuelle des femmes avec l’ennemi qui a été reliée à la prostitution et à la trahison de la patrie. Il fait de cette collaboration l’occasion de l’éveil de la conscience sociale du sujet et de la composition d’une identité sur la base de la libre disposition de soi et de l’auto-détermination, et considère le châtiment public comme un mécanisme de déstructuration du sujet auquel répond le silence comme forme de protestation. Il s’agit d’une œuvre « à l’écoute » de la révolte contre l’injustice de l’Histoire, qui répond dans le présent à la demande insatisfaite de la réhabilitation du sujet et défend des idéaux humanistes qu’elle place au dessus des idéaux nationauxThe title of the present doctoral research is “Representations of the Occupation and the evolution of female identity in Η μητέρα του σκύλου [The Mother of the dog] by Pavlos Matesis”. This novel revolves around the “erotic” collaboration of a woman with the enemy during the years of the Italian-German Occupation, the public disgrace that she suffered at the wake of Liberation and her protest for the punishment that was inflicted on her. Through a methodology consisting of a narrative analysis in combination with the historical context, I examine the representations of the Occupation that the novel offers in a period that was crucial for Greek history and society, and also the historical fact of the sexual collaboration, which was judged to be of “secondary” significance by official History which filed it as self-evidently condemnable. The conclusion stemming from this research is that the novel, through a fictional narrative with strong dramatic characteristics, combines the story with its narrative ways of expression in a unique way. Its peculiarity, however, lies in its distinctive differentiation from the given facts of the dominant version and in its articulation of a discourse on a taboo subject, for literature as for Historiography, this of the erotic collaboration of women with the enemy, the official evaluation of which connects them with prostitution and national treason. Through this collaboration, which stands as a pretext for the awakening of the subject’s social conscience and the constitution of an identity on the basis of self-determination and self-designation, it sees punishment as a deconstruction mechanism of the subject but also silence as a reaction to the former. Η Μητέρα του σκύλου is a book that “listens” to the protest for the historical injustice, brings forward to the present the unfulfilled request for the subject’s moral restoration and supports the humanistic ideals, putting them above the national ones
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Coverdale, Helen. "Punishing with care : treating offenders as equal persons in criminal punishment." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2013. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1080/.
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Most punishment theories acknowledge neither the full extent of the harms which punishment risks, nor the caring practices which punishment entails. Consequently, I shall argue, punishment in most of its current conceptualizations is inconsistent with treating offenders as equals qua persons. The nature of criminal punishment, and of our interactions with offenders in punishment decision-making and delivery, risks causing harm to offenders. Harm is normalized when central to definitions of punishment, desensitizing us to unintended harms and obscuring caring practices. Offenders may be partially silenced and excluded by mainstream criminal justice practices which limit interaction between offenders and practitioners. When we ignore significant harms, or silence and exclude, we treat others as passive nonsubjects. This partially objectifies offenders, and is inconsistent with treatment as equals. Penal theories employing harm-centred and harm-normalizing definitions of punishment can provide few resources to help practitioners either avoid, or recognize and respond to, harms. Care ethics, by contrast, motivates the avoidance of harm, ongoing inclusive engagement, and respectful interaction with others. I argue that defining punishment without presupposing harm facilitates the identification of morally problematic harms, and recognition of caring practices. I offer a principled argument, and political and pragmatic supplementary arguments, for responding to offenders without intentional harm and with care. Principles drawn from care ethics can help to strengthen mainstream criminal practices by structuring decision-making and action. Bottom-up alternative criminal justice practices share some values with these proposed guiding principles, allowing a partial test of the principles. I consider examples of restorative justice practices, therapeutic jurisprudence, community justice and other problem-solving court practices, in addition to considering how well mainstream punishment practices measure up to these principles. My analysis illuminates the strengths and weaknesses of the principles, and how they might contribute to securing treatment as equals for offenders in mainstream practices.
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Pipini, Magdalini. "Public attitudes towards crime and punishment in Greece and the factors underlying their construction." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/1581.
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Public opinion regarding crime-related issues is a challenging matter for researchers and politicians alike. An ill-informed public with regards to crime, punishment and other aspects of the criminal justice system leads to discontent and demands for harsher policies to strengthen public safety. Politicians harness public opinion to secure votes, and this can result in punitive policies that are founded on erroneous beliefs. The objective of this study is to look more deeply into people’s attitudes towards crime and punishment, and to consider why Greek people hold the views that they do and how these views are constructed. A multi-method approach was adopted for the implementation of this study. Quantitative methods were used to map the scope of attitudes towards crime and punishment in Greece. Qualitative methods were then appropriate to analyse and explore how attitudes are constructed and investigate specific factors in more depth. Greek culture was found to be one of the core issues, and in this context the Greek Orthodox faith and the traditional tight Greek family unit indicate that the stronger are the Greek people’s adherence to their traditional religious and family values, the less punitive are their attitudes towards crime and punishment. However, factors such as the media, attitudes towards immigrants and the contemporary political scene were found to cause distorted perceptions, leading to lack of confidence in the Greek criminal justice system.
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Evans, Jonathan Wynne. "Welfare versus punishment? : the careers of young offenders with a background in public care." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2006. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/54336/.
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Young people with a background in public care are over-represented in the criminal justice system. The subject of the thesis concerns the relationship between these two systems. The main focus of this qualitative piece of research is an analysis of the cases of thirty young people who have had experience of both systems. Conducted on the site of a Welsh Social Services Youth Justice Team that—during the course of the fieldwork—was reconfigured as a Youth Offending Team, the research was guided by three related questions. Firstly, what was the nature of the relationship between the public care system and the criminal justice system Secondly, how did such discourses as 'welfare' and 'punishment' influence what happened to young people with care backgrounds in the youth justice system Thirdly, how did the youth justice reforms of the 1997-2001 Labour government impact on practice at ground level These questions were addressed by a combination of methods: semi-structured interviews with young people, parents and practitioners focus groups with professional staff observation and analysis of case files and other agency documents. The analysis identified a number of social and institutional processes that criminalised children in public care and accelerated their 'progress' through the criminal justice system.
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Kiernan, Susan M. "Principals' Beliefs Regarding the Use of Corporal Punishment in Tennessee's First District Public Schools." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 1994. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2931.
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There were two major purposes of this study. The first purpose was to obtain information from all principals in Tennessee's First District concerning their beliefs about the use of corporal punishment in public schools in Tennessee. Generalizations could be made in areas of similar geographic and cultural makeup. The second purpose of this study was to generate reflective thought in Tennessee's First District to clarify administrators' beliefs as to the use of corporal punishment as a deterrent. Demographic findings of the study revealed a predominately male population of principals. The majority of the population surveyed was male Caucasian. There was a normal distribution among education levels for principals in the First District, ranging from Bachelor degrees to Doctoral degrees. Subgroups that were tested using the Mann-Whitney U test for significance were: principals with 0-10 years experience and those with more than 10 years experience, principals who used corporal punishment in their schools and those who did not, and principals who experienced corporal punishment as children and those who did not. The review of literature in regard to corporal punishment revealed four constructs that proponents used when explaining why it was used: religious beliefs, legal perspectives, cultural beliefs, and effectual beliefs as a disciplinary measure. Principals in the First District of Tennessee had similar religious beliefs regarding the use of corporal punishment. In comparison, principals who used corporal punishment had significantly different belief scores relative to legal perspectives, culture, and effectiveness than those who did not use corporal punishment. Principals who experienced corporal punishment as children scored significantly higher in beliefs of its effectiveness than those who had never experienced it.
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Duxbury, Scott W. "Angry and Afraid: Race, Public Opinion, and the Politics of Punishment in the States." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1586110727735148.
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Segalo, L. "Exploring sarcasm as a replacement for corporal punishment in public schools in South Africa." Interim : Interdisciplinary Journal, Vol 13, Issue 4: Central University of Technology Free State Bloemfontein, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/320.
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Published ArticlesThe dawn of a democratic South Africa in 1994 established a society entrenched in Human Rights milieu. As such, public schools are meant to align their policies with the rule of the law. Particularly, section 10 (1) of South African Schools Act, 84 1996 (hereafter SASA) respectfully prohibits the administration of corporal punishment directed at a learner in public schools. The subsequent section 10 (2) of SASA admonishes that any person contravening section 10 (1) of SASA is liable on conviction to a sentence which could be imposed for assault. These mentioned provisions of the school legislation are consistent with section 10 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (RSA) which affords every person the inherent right to dignity of the person. Against the afore-mentioned legislative provisions, teachers have resorted to the use of sarcasm as a tool to inflict punishment in the manner that it could be equated with corporal punishment. Sarcasm is a form of language that is used to cause emotional and psychological harm, belittle, ridicule and humiliate the person it directed at. Judged against the provisions of the legislation governing schools in South African public schools, sarcasm could be said to be a direct violation of fundamental rights of learners to dignity of the person. In order to explore the intonation of sarcasm as supplement for corporal punishment the research paper employed a qualitative critical emancipatory research (CER) approach. Data gathered through a purposive sample of ten secondary teachers was analysed by the use of textual oriented discourse analyses.
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Hoxsie, Christian Conor. "Obligation vs. Economy: The Morality and Economic Complications of Capital Punishment." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1034.
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If we accept the existence evil and evil people in the world, should we punish them? If so, to what extend? Are we obligated to take an evil person's life and if so, how far does our obligation go? Our inquiry begins with a look into the justifications of capital punishment through three philosophical theories: Locke's Deterrence Theory, Kant's Retributivist Theory, and Matthew Kramer's Purgative Rationale Theory. Next we will look at the economic weight of the U.S. capital punishment system. Lastly, should we accept an obligation to the death penalty, we will discuss whether or not the economic burden is worth our commitment. Our discussion will lead to a synergy of the two, one that reduces the economic burden while providing a richer purpose to capital punishment than merely killing criminals.
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Buelna, Alexander J. "Veterans' Perceptions of Military Stigma and the Shame Associated with Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress." Thesis, Walden University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10118094.
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Military stigma is a heavy burden of social stigma internalized by veterans who are diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) during post-deployment psychological screening. PTSD is classified as a mental disorder associated with widespread reluctance to seek medical assistance. Among military veterans who suffer from combat-related posttraumatic stress (PTS), military stigma is considered a widespread problem. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore veterans’ perceptions of various aspects of military stigma, including post-deployment psychological screening, the diagnosis of PTSD, and factors associated with reluctance to seek medical assistance for PTS. In-depth interviews were conducted with a convenience sample of 10 veterans of 2 recent operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. A modified form of labeling theory was applied to address the role of cultural stereotypes in stigma (societal and self-internalized), and the discriminatory factors associated with them. Multiple themes emerged, including a commonly held view that post-deployment health screenings are superficial, inconsistent, and ineffective procedures in which veterans feel the need to lie about their experience for fear of being stigmatized with a mental disorder. The findings confirm that the stigma associated with a diagnosis of PTSD perpetuates veterans’ reluctance to seek help for PTS, which results in multiple personal and professional problems. Remedies recommended by these veterans included improved post-deployment medical screening procedures, reclassification of PTSD as a war injury instead of a mental disorder, and PTS-related stigma awareness training.
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Webb, Tony. "Towards a mature shame culture theoretical and practical tools for personal and social growth /." View thesis, 2003. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20040330.103805/index.html.
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Treaster, Morgan K., Trever Dangel, Jessica McKinney, Jon R. Webb, and Jameson K. Hirsch. "Shame, Guilt, and Suicide Risk Among Veterans: Self-compassion as a Moderator." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/621.
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Among the 19.3 million veterans residing in the U.S., suicide is a primary mental health concern, with risk for suicide among veterans being 21% higher than for the general population. Increased suicide risk for veterans may be linked to strong negative emotions associated with the requirements of being in the military. For instance, many veterans describe feelings of guilt, defined as remorse or responsibility for one's actions, such as for experiences during combat exposure (e.g., having to kill someone). Shame, or the belief that there is something inherently wrong or defective with the self, often occurs following a violation of personal values or morals (e.g. participation in violence, missing important family events during deployment), and frequently coexists with feelings of guilt. As well, many members of the military experience sexual trauma, which may induce shame. For some veterans, suicide may become a viable alternative to these overwhelming negative feelings. However, not all veterans are at risk for suicide, perhaps due to individual-level protective factors. One such factor is self-compassion, which is composed of self-kindness, community, and mindfulness. Positive emotions (i.e. selfcompassion) may buffer against negative feelings about the self or one's actions (i.e. guilt and shame), thereby decreasing suicide risk. Our study aimed to test these associations in the context of moderation analyses. At the bivariate level, we hypothesized that guilt and shame would be negatively related to self-compassion and positively related to suicide risk. Also, we hypothesized that self-compassion would be negatively related to suicide risk. At the multivariate level, we hypothesized that self-compassion would moderate the relations between guilt and suicide risk, and between shame and suicide risk, weakening both associations. Our sample of veterans (N=422) was primarily white (n=366) and male (n=291). Participants completed self-report measures including the Differential Emotions Scale-IV, Self-Compassion Scale Short-Form, and Suicide Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised. Bivariate correlations and multivariate analyses, per Hayes (2013), were conducted covarying age, sex, and ethnicity. In bivariate correlations, guilt and shame were positively related to suicide risk (p
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Thomas, Paul I. Mr. "Punitive Warfare: Measuring The Effects of a Punitive Disposition On Public Support For War." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2012. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/political_science_theses/48.
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Recent research has posited that retributiveness is an individual level disposition that can help us understand foreign policy preferences (e.g. Liberman 2006, Liberman 2007, Liberman in press, Stein n.d.). However, previous research is limited in two related respects. First, previous research relies on correlational data, blunting our ability to make clear causal inferences. Also, retributiveness is not made theoretically distinct from general hawkishness. In this paper, I present results from two experiments to refine our understanding of how retributiveness can affect support for use of the military. In the first experiment, I examine how retributiveness affects support for greater military commitment across a number of potential missions. In the second experiment, I examine how retributiveness interacts with different rhetorical justifications for military endeavors (e.g. punishing transgressors versus eliminating a foreign policy threat).
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Rogers, Darrin L. "Structural analysis of treatment and punishment attitudes toward offenders." Connect to resource, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1121749945.
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Schlaupitz, Sheila M. "Race, Religion, And Attitudes Toward Capital Punishment: A Test Of Attribution Theory." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2003. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0000228.
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van, Marle Fenna Catherine Maartje. "Public punitiveness : an empirical test of the ontological insecurity thesis." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609691.
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Embrescia, Emily E. "Everyday Sadism and Antisocial Punishment in the Public Goods Game: Is There Evidence of Gender Differences?" Marietta College / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=marietta1525250548314061.
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Miles, Cerys L. "Exploring the function that denial serves for sexual offenders : considering the role of shame and guilt." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2012. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3865/.
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This thesis explores the function of denial for sexual offenders, examining the role of shame and guilt. Chapter One provides an overview of the literature on the assessment and treatment of sexual offenders, drawing links to findings relating to shame/guilt and denial. Chapter Two reports the first systematic review to specifically examine existing research on shame/guilt and denial in sexual offenders. It highlights the lack of strong research exploring this relationship, although provides tentative evidence that shame is positively correlated with denial, while guilt is negatively correlated with denial in sexual offenders. In Chapter Three the correlation between shame/guilt and denial in sexual offenders is directly assessed. The findings are mixed, with some limited support for the positive relationship between shame and denial, and the negative relationship between guilt and denial in this population being generated. Possible reasons for the seemingly conflicting results are discussed, along with applications of the findings to theory, research and practice. Chapter Four is a critique of one of the psychometrics used in Chapter Three, including the background to its development, evidence for (and against) its reliability and validity and potential applications in research and applied settings. The thesis concludes in Chapter Five with a discussion of the findings of all chapters in relation to the aims set at the outset. While limitations are acknowledged, the unique contribution that the thesis makes to our understanding of the function of denial in sexual offenders, specifically in relation to shame and guilt, is highlighted.
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Hayes, David John. "The penal impact of community punishment in England and Wales : a conceptual and empirical study." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2015. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/28294/.
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This thesis examines two research questions: firstly, how does community punishment impact upon the lives of those subjected to it; and secondly, to what extent is that impact affected by the relationship between the offender and her Probation Service supervisor? It considers these questions in both conceptual and empirical terms by outlining, and then deploying, the analytical framework of penal impact, an approach to penal severity that uses pain as a metric by which to judge the suitability of punitive interventions. By evaluating sentence severity in terms of penal impact, one can examine both the types of pain that follow from a particular sentence, as well as their relative magnitude, building up a qualitative comparison of different impositions of community punishment. However, because pain is an inherently subjective concept, the evaluation of penal impact requires empirical data. This study therefore explores the findings of interviews with nine offenders and 11 supervision officers within a single Probation Trust. The data drawn from these interviews indicate a broad range of pains that vary considerably in their intensity and incidence from offender to offender. The study explores the question of the extent to which these pains can be associated with the formal process of punishment, the extent to which they can be considered punitive in a retributive sense, and the means by which such pains can be compared between subjective experiences. It concludes that the penal impact of community punishment in England and Wales is considerable, and goes substantially beyond the relatively ‘soft’ image suggested by a narrow, liberty-based conception of sentence severity. The process of supervision has a substantial effect upon the pains felt – and therefore, upon the sentence’s overall impact. The implications of these conclusions for sentencing policy in England and Wales are discussed, and avenues of further research are identified.
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Shin, Kunio. "Humiliating modernism : literature, shame, and the public in the novels of May Sinclair, Wyndham Lewis, and Virginia Woolf." Thesis, University of York, 2006. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/9896/.
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Doran, Sarah F. "From Private Moments to Public Calls for Justice: The Effects of Private Memory on the Redress Movement of Japanese Americans." Miami University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=muhonors1303504859.
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McKinney, Jessica, Fuschia M. Sirois, and Jameson K. Hirsch. "Posttraumatic Growth and Shame/Guilt in Veterans: Does Time (Perspective) Really Heal All Wounds?" Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/620.
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Prevalence of PTSD is higher in veterans compared to the general population, with between 12 and 31% of veterans, across combat eras, developing PTSD during their lifetime, compared to 7-8% of civilians, perhaps as a result of military-related experiences (e.g., combat, sexual trauma). Such experiences contribute to the detrimental cognitive-emotional processes, including shame and guilt, which precipitate and maintain post-traumatic stress disorder. Yet, some persons experiencing trauma also experience post-traumatic growth as a result, exhibiting resiliency and, in some cases, even thriving. The mechanism of action for post-traumatic growth (PTG), which is conceptualized as a positive change following trauma (i.e., finding purpose and meaning in life), is unknown, but may involve adaptive schema restructuring (e.g., temporal shifts). Specifically, PTG may involve changes to time-perspective, or the tendency for a person to consider their life as a function of, or in the context of, the past (e.g., past trauma, nostalgia), present (e.g., positive/negative) or future (e.g., goals). The ability, for instance, to temporally transcend the past or present and focus on a more-adaptive future, may contribute to a reduction in the ruminative processes so often involved in shame and guilt, whereas maladaptive temporal views (e.g., negative past and present) may exacerbate guilt and shame. However, this premise has not been tested. We hypothesized that time perspective would mediate the association between PTG and shame/guilt, such that higher levels of PTG would be associated with higher levels of adaptive temporality/lower levels of maladaptive temporality and, in turn, to lower /higher levels of shame and guilt. Participants (N=545; 70.1% male (n=382); 86.4% Caucasian (n=469), Mean Age=49.86, SD=16.78) were community-dwelling veterans who self-identified as having experienced a trauma, and completed the PTG Inventory, Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, and Differential Emotions Scale-IV. Bivariate correlations and simple mediation analyses were conducted covarying age, sex, ethnicity, VHA usage, and service era. Supporting hypotheses, in simple mediation analyses (10000 bootstrapped samples), the direct effect of PTG on shame (DE=-.0134, SE=.0098, p=.1720, IE 95% CI=-.0327 to .0059) and guilt (DE=-.0085, SE=.0100, p=.3919, IE 95% CI=-.0281 to .0110) was reduced, and fell out of significance, when future time perspective was added as a mediator, indicating full mediation. The direct effects of PTG on shame and guilt were reduced, but remained significant, when present hedonistic, present fatalistic, past negative, and past positive were added as mediators, indicating partial mediation. Our results suggest that the relation between posttraumatic growth and shame/guilt may be due, in part, to changes in cognitive-emotional processing related to temporality. The PTG process may involve adaptive shifts in time perspective that, in turn, beneficially impact negative emotions associated with trauma exposure. Our findings may have clinical implications. Promotion of acceptance and meaning (e.g., via Acceptance and Commitment Therapy) to foster posttraumatic growth, and encouraging temporal holism (e.g., Cognitive Processing Therapy, Time Perspective Therapy), may reduce shame and guilt associated with trauma in the veteran population.
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Pfattheicher, Stefan [Verfasser]. "Understanding sanctions in social dilemmas: a biopsychological perspective on costly punishment in public goods situations / Stefan Pfattheicher." Ulm : Universität Ulm. Fakultät für Ingenieurwissenschaften und Informatik, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1054401357/34.
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Yeung, Karen. "Bargaining and punishment in regulatory enforcement : a normative analysis of the public enforcement of Australian competition law." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365511.
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Lee, Gavin. "DEATH PENALTY KNOWLEDGE, OPINION, AND REVENGE: A TEST OF THE MARSHALL HYPOTHESES IN A TIME OF FLUX." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2007. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/2781.
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This thesis tests the three hypotheses derived from the written opinion of Justice Thurgood Marshall in Furman v Georgia in 1972. Subjects completed questionnaires at the beginning and the end of the fall 2006 semester. Experimental group subjects were enrolled in a death penalty class, while control group subjects were enrolled in another criminal justice class. The death penalty class was the experimental stimulus. Findings provided strong support for the first and third hypotheses, i.e., subjects were generally lacking in death penalty knowledge before the experimental stimulus, and death penalty proponents who scored "high" on a retribution index did not change their death penalty opinions despite exposure to death penalty knowledge. Marshall's second hypothesis--that death penalty knowledge and death penalty support were inversely related--was not supported by the data. Two serendipitous findings were that death penalty proponents who scored "low" on a retribution index also did not change their death penalty opinions after becoming more informed about the subject, and that death penalty knowledge did not alter subjects' initial retributive positions. Suggestions for future research are provided.M.S.
Department of Criminal Justice and Legal Studies
Health and Public Affairs
Criminal Justice MS
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Godcharles, Brian. "Effect of Empathy on Death Penalty Support in Relation to the Racial Divide and Gender Gap." Scholar Commons, 2015. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5953.
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This study aimed to examine previous empirical literature indicating that death penalty support contains a divide among Blacks and Whites and a gap among males and females. Previous literature has indicated that there has been a persistent racial divide and gender gap in death penalty support that has spanned over 60 years of research. Attempts to attenuate these divides have failed to fully explain why Whites are more likely than Blacks to support the death penalty and men are more likely than women to support the death penalty. This study proposes the use of empathy to control for these divides because research has indicated that those who are more empathic tend to be less punitive.
Using data collected from a survey conducted on Amazon’s Mechanical Turk, a paid task website, this study attempted to attenuate the racial divide and gender gap by controlling for empathy. The sample consisted of 403 usable surveys that contained questions that measured sociodemographic characteristics, three measurements of empathy (cognitive, affective and ethnocultural), death penalty support, and attribution styles.
The results indicated that there was not a racial divide or gender gap in death penalty support despite over 60 years of research indicating otherwise. Furthermore, this study failed to find a significant relationship between cognitive and affective empathy with death penalty support. This study did find a relationship between attribution styles and death penalty support as well as ethnocultural empathy with death penalty support. Individuals who scored higher on the situational attribution style were less likely to support the death penalty. Those who scored higher on the ethnocultural empathy scale were also less likely to support the death penalty.
Future research should refrain from testing with Amazon’s Mechanical Turk as was not generalizable to the United States population. Research should be continued on different samples that have been shown to be more reliable than online surveys. Finally, research should be continued beyond empathy to examine what effects other controls have on the racial divide and gender gap in death penalty support.
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Robertson, Richard Callum, and n/a. "Masculinities, friendship and support in gay and straight men's close relationships with other men." Swinburne University of Technology, 2006. http://adt.lib.swin.edu.au./public/adt-VSWT20070626.125734.
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In this qualitative study, gay and straight men's experiences in male friendships were examined in order to explore differences and similarities between the participants' construction of masculinities. A social constructionist approach to understanding human experience was utilised, through an examination of in-depth interviews with 21 men (10 straight, 11 gay). The data was interpreted following a hermeneutic phenomenological approach, utilising the lens of Gestalt therapy theory, resulting in a series of essence statements, which expressed the underlying structures of the participants' experiences of masculinity. These findings revealed constructions of masculinities which were explored in relation to the participants' close male friendships and support seeking processes. A major finding was the importance of shame as a regulating variable in the gay and straight participants' construction of their masculinity. Shame or avoidance of shame appeared to be linked to the influence of a dominant heterosexual masculine ideology. It was revealed that whilst dominant masculine ideologies were experienced as powerful 'background' beliefs, the participants were able to construct contemporaneous masculinities that were contextual and field sensitive. Thus the concept of masculinities appears inherently fluid, and changeable. Furthermore, the results indicated different definitions of friendship which appeared to be related to different constructions of masculinity. The gay participants' friendships were described in interpersonal terms compared with the straight participants' friendships which appeared more focussed on external activities. The experience of shame, or fear of the potential for shame emerged as important variables that influenced intimacy, closeness and distance in gay and straight participants' friendships and their ability to seek and receive emotional social support. The finding that men appear to seek help from male friends in ways that are consistent with their constructions of masculinity has important implications for fostering supportive interactions between men. Furthermore, an understanding of men's experiences regarding what constitutes a supportive interaction and defines intimacy appears important as these views will most likely guide their decision making processes about from whom and how they might seek support. Finally, the possibilities for constructing new masculinities are explored as men's friendships and support behaviour are both influenced by, and in turn influence, the construction of masculinities.
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Roca, Gina-Maria. "Through the Lens of Objectification Theory: Social Media Use and Women's Behavioral Health." Scholar Commons, 2018. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7707.
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Background: Objectification theory considers how gender and culture intersect to position women at a greater risk of developing eating disorders, depression, and sexual dysfunction. Self-objectification is defined as the internalization of a third person perspective to view one’s own body, which then leads to mental health consequences of anxiety, body shame, insensitivity to internal drives, and decreased peak motivational states. Body surveillance, the habitual and constant monitoring of the body, denotes the behavioral manifestation of self-objectification. Altogether, the accumulation of objectifying experiences and mental health consequences heighten women’s risks of developing the aforementioned mental disorders.
Rationale: Extant experimental and correlational research supports objectification theory, in particular regarding eating disorders and depression. Research into the effects of social media on mental health is a relatively new frontier, thus gaps exist in the current body of literature. This study endeavored to contribute to the existing research base by employing qualitative methods to impart women’s personal descriptions of the experience of self-objectification and its proposed consequences in relation to social media use.
Purpose of the Study: The purpose of the study was to explore how women’s social media consumption contributes to self-objectification, body surveillance, appearance comparison, body shame, and appearance-based self-worth. Also, the study sought to understand if women perceived themselves differently when they were not using social media platforms.
Methods: Fifteen women completed the Social Media Use and Activities Questionnaire and the in-depth, semi-structured interview. The questionnaire assessed women’s active social media accounts, frequency of social media use, and social media behaviors. The interview protocol contained questions designed to extract explanations of constructs from objectification theory such as self-objectification, body surveillance, and body shame. A multilevel thematic data analysis was performed.
Results: All of the individuals interviewed were heavy social media users based on the frequency of use (66.7% visit platforms several times daily), as well as the number of accounts operated (minimum of 4). Indicative of self-objectification and body surveillance, women emphasized the importance of how their physical appearance and body attributes are portrayed on social media sites. Also consistent with the definition of self-objectification, women expressed concerns about perceptions, reactions, and disapproval from others on social media regarding their physical appearance. Three additional modalities of body surveillance surfaced including: (1) using filters to enhance or modify the appearance of skin in pictures; (2) posing to accentuate facial features, hairstyles, and body attributes; and (3) women’s personal criteria regarding uploading and “tagging” of appearance-based pictures shared on social media.
Findings strongly suggest women compare their physical appearances, features, and bodies to other women. Beauty ideals are determined by evaluating the number of individuals associated with other women’s social media accounts, as well as the distribution of ‘likes’ and positive comments written by people on their appearance-focused content. Five women recollected comparing their appearances and bodies to others, engaging in body surveillance, and feeling as if their own body and appearance failed to comply with beauty ideals, which then led to the experience of feeling body shame.
Low self-esteem, depression, disordered eating, compulsive exercise, or bulimia nervosa were cited as reasons for deletion, temporary deactivation, or taking breaks from social media. Refraining from using social media was associated with feeling less pressured, engaging in less comparisons overall, being more mindful of the present moment, and relaxing standards for personal appearances.
Conclusions: This study generated contextually rich, in-depth descriptions which illustrated women’s experiences with self-objectification, body surveillance, appearance comparisons, body shame, and appearance-based self-worth in the virtual world of social media. Based on results from this study, objectification theory is clearly applicable to women’s social media use and there is definitive need for future research to address the effects of social media consumption on mental health, particularly among younger generations.
Meanwhile, primary prevention initiatives should educate people about the process of self-objectification and its associated consequences, as well as teach resistance strategies. Learning how to deconstruct media content, critically analyze others' online portrayals, and build self-esteem and self-worth may impede self-objectification and its negative mental health effects. Furthermore, public health campaigns should build upon the momentum of the body positivity movement. Known to young women as “BoPo,” this movement encourages women to see themselves as more than their bodies, inspires self-acceptance, and empowers them to be unapologetic and celebrate their body in its current form without adhering to societal beauty norms. These messages are instrumental to dismantling beauty ideals, exhibiting inclusivity of all body types, and mitigating the effects of sexual objectification of the female body.
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Savon, Alexander Able. "The Effect Of Knowledge Gain On Capital Punishment: A Partial Test Of The Marshall Hypothesis." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0001181.
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Prejean, Kerri D. "An Analysis of Corporal Punishment Practices in Texas Public Schools| Race, School District Size, Academic Performance, and Policy Influences." Thesis, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3712834.
Full textAbstract:
Corporal punishment in the public schools is legally authorized in 19 US states. Research suggests that inflicting corporal punishment to control student behavior does not produce the intended results. Research demonstrates that this form of punishment is associated with aggressive behavior, lack of confidence and self-worth, lower student achievement scores, and limited cognitive functioning, and also may result in a future of violent and criminal behaviors. Research suggests that using alternative forms of discipline and control, such as Positive Behavior Support (PBS), may produce the exact opposite effect – higher test scores, higher self-esteem, and a more positive outlook and proactive problem solving.
The research adopted in this analysis of corporal punishment in Texas public schools includes a multiple methods approach with the use of online literature, print literature, school board polices, and research database sites. The findings from this research identify patterns in corporal punishment policies and practice, including analyses of district type, race, academic performance, and socioeconomic status. Research methods used in this analysis of corporal punishment in Texas include document, descriptive, and statistical analyses.
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White, Matthew Trevor. "Ordering the mob : London's public punishments, c. 1783-1868." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/4253.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis explores the crowds that attended London's executions, pillories and public whippings during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It aims to reappraise a literature describing the carnivalesque and voyeuristic nature of popular behaviour, and to trace a continuum in the public's active engagement with the criminal justice system between 1783 and 1868. By employing a range of little used sources to examine the biographical, geographical and social texture of punishment audiences, it details the lives and motivations of the men, women and children who assembled to watch these often brutal events. In the process, this thesis significantly revises our received understanding of the troublesome punishment 'mob', the unruliness and low character of which has been frequently assumed on the basis of uncritical reading of contemporary sources inveighing against plebeian behaviour. It reveals a more stable picture of public participation, and argues that this experience was characterized by the remarkable social diversity and relative good order of the crowd. This study in consequence problematizes teleological narratives of social 'improvement' and a putative 'civilizing process', which have traditionally described the fall of public punishments as a product of changing urban sensitivities. In analysing the crowd's structure and responses to public punishments over time, the thesis demonstrates how popular expectations surrounding older forms of public justice remained essentially unchanged, and continued to speak forcefully to the metropolitan conscience. To explain the undoubted changes in punishment policy in the period, in the absence of a clear teleological narrative of attitudes towards public punishment, the thesis in turn argues that the decline of the pillory, whippings and public executions in London was driven by elite fears regarding mass behaviour, particularly in the wake of the Gordon Riots of 1780, and suggests that public punishments disappeared not because of their dwindling moral relevance or failing penal utility, but as a result of the middle class's increasingly nervous perceptions of urban mass phenomena. The thesis argues that the decline of public punishment did not result from 'squeamishness' about judicial murder and corporal punishment, but from anxiety about the authority and power of the crowd.
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Ruffieux, Gaëlle. "Les sanctions des obligations familiales." Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GREND015.
Full textAbstract:
Le droit de la famille contemporain connaît ces dernières années une profonde modification de son arsenal sanctionnateur. En première approche, ces évolutions donnent une impression de désordre : déclin des sanctions des manquements aux devoirs du mariage, renouvellement des sanctions des violences conjugales, résurrection de la suppression des allocations familiales, discussion sur la responsabilité pénale des parents du fait de leurs enfants, etc. La sanction, entendue ici comme toute conséquence juridique attachée à la violation d'une obligation familiale, n'échappe pas à l'inflation législative générale. Au cours des dernières décennies, le droit des sanctions a néanmoins subi des mutations spécifiques dans le domaine familial. Composé d'une vaste panoplie de mécanismes, relevant aussi bien du droit civil que du droit pénal ou du droit de l'aide et de l'action sociales, le droit familial des sanctions cherche tantôt à punir, tantôt à réparer, parfois à contraindre et, de plus en plus, à dissuader et inciter. La thèse offre une lecture des obligations et de l'ordre public familial à travers le prisme des sanctions. Il s'agit de s'attacher à la pertinence des sanctions, définie comme l'adéquation aux objectifs assignés par la politique familiale et la faisabilité des sanctions du point de vue de la technique juridique. Est-il possible d'élaborer une théorie générale des sanctions dans le domaine familial ? Peut-on dégager des principes directeurs qui éclairent les évolutions des sanctions en droit de la famille ? Plus précisément, dans un contexte où les individus contestent de plus en plus l'intrusion de l'État au sein de la sphère privée et où tout doit être consenti pour acquérir une légitimité, y a-t-il encore une place pour la sanction ? Quels sont notamment les devoirs compatibles avec l'individualisme ambiant et ceux qui ne le sont plus ? La thèse soutenue est celle d'une divergence des sanctions entre deux tendances opposées. Cette divergence conduit à une césure qui permet de comprendre et d'ordonner les évolutions en cours. L'exploration systématique des sanctions des obligations familiales permet en effet de découvrir une fracture grandissante du droit de la famille entre un droit horizontal du couple et un droit vertical des relations parentales. Ces deux droits, qui autrefois se renforçaient mutuellement par une complémentarité structurelle, se sont peu à peu disjoints. Ils apparaissent aujourd'hui comme des droits autonomes, voire contradictoires : leur philosophie diffère, leurs objectifs divergent et le droit tend à les traiter de façon dissociée. D'un côté, chacun attend aujourd'hui du couple qu'il permette l'épanouissement individuel, et ce avec le plus grand libéralisme possible. Le droit suit cette demande sociétale, comme en témoigne le relâchement des sanctions des obligations du mariage. Les limites de cette libéralisation horizontale existent certes, mais elles campent à la frontière de ce que la société juge tolérable, non plus dans le couple mais dans la pleine généralité des relations entre personnes adultes, qui n'ont plus grand-chose à voir avec la famille. Ces limites sont donc d'ordre générique. De l'autre côté, la pression sociétale monte en matière d'attentes dans la relation verticale. Il s'agit non seulement d'interdire des comportements jugés inacceptables ou déviants, mais surtout d'inciter les parents à remplir leurs missions. La société n'entend en effet pas prendre ces missions à sa charge en se substituant à la famille, alors même qu'elle donne aujourd'hui aux fonctions parentales une importance considérable. Dès lors, dans ce champ vertical, toute sanction performante trouve a priori une légitimité. Libéralisme horizontal, exigences verticales : comment concilier ces deux tendances ? C'est là toute la difficulté face à laquelle se trouve le droit des sanctions en matière familialeIn recent years, the body of penalties related to family law has known huge developments. At first sight, these developments give a taste of disorder: decline of penalties when breach of marriage duties, renewal of penalties against wife-beating, restoration of the removal of family allowances, discussion on the criminal responsibility of parents to their children, etc. Punishment, understood here as any legal consequences attached to the violation of a family obligation, is no exception to the observed global legislative inflation. Nevertheless, in recent decades, the law of sanctions has known specific changes in the family area. Composed of a wide variety of mechanisms, both under the civil law or criminal law right to assistance and social action, family law sanctions seek to punish sometimes, sometimes to repair, sometimes forcing and, increasingly, to support or dissuade. The thesis offers a reading of obligations and public family through the prism of sanctions and punishments. It aims at focusing on the relevance of specific sanctions, defined as the capability to achieve family policy and the feasibility of sanctions from the point of view of legal technique. Is it possible to develop a general theory of punishment in the field of family law? Can we identify guiding principles that inform recent developments of sanctions in Family Law? More specifically, in a context where individuals increasingly challenging the intrusion of the state in the private sphere, and where constant attention is required to guaranty legitimacy, is there still a place for punishment? Which particular duties are still consistent with the dominant individualism and which are obsolete? The thesis is based on an observation: a divide between two opposing tendencies. This divergence leads to understanding and ordering the current historical developments. The systematic exploration of sanctions family obligations makes it possible to discover an increasing gap in family laws between on the one side an horizontal body of laws relating to the couple, and a vertical body of laws relating to the parental relationships. These two bodies of laws that once had been mutually reinforcing because they were structural complements have gradually disjoint. They now appear as autonomous, if not contradictory: their philosophies differ, their goals diverge and law tends to treat them as dissociated. On the one hand, everyone is expecting today that the couple life will allow individual bloom and fulfillment, with the utmost possible liberalism. The law follows this social demand, as evidenced by the relaxation of sanctions in marriage obligations. The limits of such liberalization of horizontal relationships exist, but they camped at the border of what society deems tolerable, not between husband and wife, but in full generality relations between adults. Such laws and obligations have no longer much to do with family. These limits are of a generic nature. On the other hand, societal pressure rises on expectations in the vertical relationship. This is not only to prohibit unacceptable behaviors or deviant, but also to encourage parents to fulfill their missions. Society does not intend to substitute family to accomplish these missions. It keeps giving parental duties a considerable importance. Therefore, in this vertical domain, any efficient punishment is a priori legitimate. Horizontal liberalism, vertical demand: how to reconcile these two trends? Therein lies the difficulty that faces the law of sanctions in the field of family
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Dickson, Megan F. "CONVICTION CELERITY, PUNISHMENT SEVERITY, AND TREATMENT COMPLIANCE AS PREDICTORS OF DUI RECIDIVISM: MEDIATION AND MODERATION MODELS OF DETERRENCE." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/sociology_etds/13.
Full textAbstract:
Driving under the influence (DUI) is one of the most frequently committed offenses in the United States and approximately one-third of DUI offenders are recidivists. Researchers have evaluated multiple DUI prevention approaches, most of which have been rooted in deterrence theory. Recently, the criminal justice system has moved away from deterrence-based approaches and begun employing various forms of rehabilitation to reduce DUI recidivism. This shift in the criminal justice system has lead researchers to begin exploring the effects of rehabilitation on DUI offenders, including an examination of offender compliance with rehabilitation programs. Although each of these areas has been investigated separately, existing studies have not incorporated deterrence-related measures, rehabilitation compliance, and offender recidivism into a single model.
Utilizing a statewide sample of Kentucky DUI offenders, the primary goal of this dissertation was to examine whether rehabilitation compliance mediates the relationship between deterrence-related variables (conviction celerity and punishment severity) and DUI offender recidivism. Second, because existing studies have produced inconclusive or mixed results regarding deterrence among DUI offenders, analyses were conducted to examine the potential moderating effects of age, gender, substance use problem severity, and location on the relationship between deterrence-related variables and DUI recidivism.
Overall, the hypothesized mediation models were unsupported. There was no direct correlation between the deterrence-related variables and DUI recidivism. In addition, while there was some evidence of moderation, the hypothesized moderation models were also largely unsupported. Despite these results, compliance was significantly related to DUI recidivism in all four models, and there was evidence of relationships between both compliance and DUI recidivism with age, gender, problem severity, and location.
Findings highlight the importance of compliance and social and environmental variables in predicting DUI recidivism, suggesting that these variables may be more accurate predictors of DUI recidivism than deterrence-based variables. Results demonstrate a need for the criminal justice system to place more emphasis on offenders’ treatment needs, treatment accessibility, and retention of DUI offenders in rehabilitation programs in order to decrease DUI recidivism.
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McIntosh, Wendy H., and n/a. "On being shamed in a nursing culture." Griffith University. School of Nursing and Midwifery, 2006. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20060901.153403.
Full textAbstract:
This study explored the experience of shame in nursing using an interpretive phenomenological approach as described by van Manen (1997). Shame is a concept that has been extensively theorised within the social sciences as important in the development of individual identity, self esteem and role performance but overlooked in nursing. The purpose of this research was twofold; to gain an understanding of how shame influences and shapes nursing identity and to produce knowledge and stimulate dialogue about what that means for nursing culture. Participants were asked to discuss significant interactions with colleagues. Significantly, all disclosed the experience of shame. Further, four major themes emerged from this study to deepen understanding of what appears to be a cultural experience. The experience of shame involves: self appraisal, professional identity in conflict, the experience of isolation and recrimination. Within each theme a number of sub themes were identified including feeling dumb, being incompetent, withdrawing and going quiet and seeking revenge. The study concluded that in relation to nursing, internalised shame is not readily recognised although negative emotions that are linked to it are clearly felt. When these emotions are left unprocessed or unidentified as shame, then they are likely to have negative consequences. But recognising this hidden shame and bringing it to conscious awareness can express and perhaps relieve shame. Further, shame's adaptive functions, to provide moral direction and teach respect, could be acknowledged or reclaimed. It is argued therefore that acknowledging and discussing shame openly in nursing, such as through future research, scholarships and education, will facilitate consciousness raising and the potential for cultural change.