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Journal articles on the topic 'Public spaces – great britain'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 25 July 2024

Last updated: 19 July 2025

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1

Shirey, Heather. "Engaging Black European Spaces and Postcolonial Dialogues through Public Art: Yinka Shonibare’s Nelson’s Ship in a Bottle." Open Cultural Studies 3, no. 1 (2019): 362–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/culture-2019-0031.

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Abstract Yinka Shonibare’s Nelson’s Ship in a Bottle, installed on the Fourth Plinth of London’s Trafalgar Square from May 24, 2010, to January 30, 2012, temporarily transformed a space dominated by the 19th-century monumental sculpture of Lord Horatio Nelson, Britain’s most famous naval hero. When installed in Trafalgar Square, Shonibare’s model ship in a bottle, with its sails made of factory-printed textiles associated with West African and African-European identities, contrasted dramatically with the bronze and stone that otherwise demarcate traditional sculpture. Shonibare’s sculpture served to activate public space by way of its references to global identities and African diasporic culture. Shonibare’s Nelson’s Ship, this paper argues, inserted a black diasporic perspective into Trafalgar Square, offering a conspicuous challenge to the normative power that defines social and political space in Great Britain. The installation in Trafalgar Square was only temporary, however, and the work was later moved to the National Maritime Museum in Greenwich, where it is on permanent display. This paper provides an investigation of the deeper historical references Shonibare made to the emergence of transnational identities in the 19th century and the continued negotiation of these identities today by considering the installation of Nelson’s Ship in a Bottle in relation to both sites.

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2

Tereshchuk, Vitaliy. "INTERNATIONAL BROADCASTING OF GREAT BRITAIN IN A GEOPOLITICAL CONTEXT." Integrated communications 18, no. 2 (2024): 60–67. https://doi.org/10.28925/2524-2644.2024.187.

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The article analyses the role of international broadcasting as a foreign policy tool in Great Britain and its transformation in the context of geopolitical changes. The relevance of this vector of research is based on the fact that for all the years of its existence, British foreign broadcasting has played a significant role both in the global media landscape and in the media spaces of most macro-regions of the world — European, Arab, African, etc. In addition, the formation of an image of the British National Broadcaster (BBC) as the benchmark of high standards of journalistic practice is undeniable. The purpose of the article is to reveal the role of the international broadcasting of Great Britain as a foreign policy tool and the features of the transformation of its goals and objectives under the influence of geopolitical imperatives. In order to achieve this goal, the tasks of identifying the stages of formation and development of the British foreign broadcasting system and finding out the influence of the geopolitical context on the transformation of the goals and target audiences of this broadcasting were implemented. It was revealed that the BBC World Service in different periods of its existence practised different models of broadcasting, realizing their inherent goals — colonial broadcasting (maintaining the unity of the British Empire), counter-propaganda in the interwar period and the period of the Second World War (countering informational influence alienation of Nazi Germany and the USSR), propaganda during the Second World War (formation of favourable public opinion regarding the activities of the anti-Hitler coalition) and the Cold War (anti-communist propaganda), in the times of the bipolar and post-bipolar world — positioning itself as a "surrogate" media that provides truthful news in countries where access to independent sources of information is limited by political regimes. As for the target audience, after a short period of purely colonial broadcasting, the objects of which were only British expatriates, the BBC’s international broadcasting has expanded to the indigenous population of the British colonies, as well as to the population of other countries.

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Walsh, Lael E., Bethan R. Mead, Charlotte A. Hardman, et al. "Potential of urban green spaces for supporting horticultural production: a national scale analysis." Environmental Research Letters 17, no. 1 (2022): 014052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac4730.

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Abstract As urban areas and land-use constraints grow, there is increasing interest in utilizing urban spaces for food production. Several studies have uncovered significant potential for urban growing to supplement production of fruit and vegetables, focusing on one or two cities as case studies, whilst others have assessed the global scale potential. Here, we provide a national-scale analysis of the horticultural production potential of urban green spaces, which is a relevant scale for agri-food and urban development policy making using Great Britain (GB) as a case study. Urban green spaces available for horticultural production across GB are identified and potential yields quantified based on three production options. The distribution of urban green spaces within 26 urban towns and cities across GB are then examined to understand the productive potential compared to their total extent and populations. Urban green spaces in GB, at their upper limit, have the capacity to support production that is 8× greater than current domestic production of fruit and vegetables. This amounts to 38% of current domestic production and imports combined, or >400% if exotic fruits and vegetables less suited to GB growing conditions are excluded. Most urban green spaces nationally are found to fall within a small number of categories, with private residential gardens and amenity spaces making up the majority of space. By examining towns and cities across GB in further detail, we find that the area of green space does not vary greatly between urban conurbations of different sizes, and all are found to have substantial potential to meet the dietary needs of the local urban population. This study highlights that national policies can be suitably developed to support urban agriculture and that making use of urban green spaces for food production could help to enhance the resilience of the national-scale food system to shocks in import pathways, or disruptions to domestic production and distribution.

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Chubrei, O., V. Yavorska, and M. A. Chubrei. "Inclusiveness of museum spaces as an opportunity to develop excursion activities for persons with disabilities." Constructive geography and rational use of natural resources, no. 4 (2024): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2786-4561.2024.4.special-4/19.

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The theoretical aspects of excursion activities for persons with disabilities are analyzed, modern foreign and domestic practices of inclusion in the tourism sphere are characterized, the main aspects of the introduction of an inclusive museum space in Ukraine are highlighted. It was determined that, taking into account the nature of various features of tourists with disabilities, and to serve each group of such persons, it is necessary to use specialized methods and techniques of conducting excursions. In the course of the study, it was determined that for the introduction of inclusion in museum spaces, it is necessary to inform about the concept of inclusion, work on clarification of the effectiveness of its implementation as an opportunity to increase and strengthen the competence of museum workers, improve the quality of museum services and open new directions of interaction with the public for the implementation of various museum projects . The study of modern domestic practices of excursion service for persons with disabilities shows that the leading museum institutions of Ukraine are actively involved in this process. Having analyzed the foreign experience, it is worth noting that most European states have a high degree of environment adjustment for the development of inclusive tourism and its individual types and excursion activities. Spain, Finland, Greece, the Czech Republic, Germany, France, Austria, and Great Britain are among the countries where almost all elements of the tourist infrastructure are most adapted for the development of inclusive tourism. It was determined that certain strategies aimed at the sustainability of inclusive processes and comprehensive actions, which will include an assessment of the needs of vulnerable groups and their own capabilities, joint development of plans and programs, projects, strategic partnerships and cooperation, organization of feedback communication, communication strategy and representation of its services, as well as elements of advocacy and fundraising.

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5

Kyrchanoff, Maksym W. "Femine Body in the Mass Culture of Iran: between Nudity and Marginalization." Corpus Mundi 2, no. 3 (2021): 70–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.46539/cmj.v2i3.42.

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The author analyses the problems of visualisation and marginalisation of female corporeality in developments of Iranian political and cultural identity from the early modernisation project of the 19th century and the radical modernisation of the 1920s – 1970s to the Islamic Revolution of 1979, which changed significantly the vectors and trajectories of the visualisation of the female body in public spaces and the discourse of Iranian culture. The author believes that Iran / Persia in the 19th century belonged to the number of Muslim countries that were under stable European influences. Russia and Great Britain became the main sources of cultural changes. Cultural exchange with these countries stimulated changes in Persian identity. The author analyses the features of corporeality in the visual art of Iran from the Qajars to the Islamic revolution and its mutations during the process of radical Islamisation of the social life inspired by it. The author believes that the early modern project of the Qajars was the first attempt to visualise female corporeality and map in the centre of cultural coordinates which in fact simulated European discourse. The identity project of the Pahlavi period became an attempt to transform and adopt Western concepts to the Iranian national canon. The Islamic Revolution of 1979 marginalised the visual and visible forms of female corporeality, presented earlier in public and cultural spaces. The project of Islamisation inspired subordination of the female body, marginalising attempts to visualise in ways Western intellectuals did it. Modern feminine corporeality in Iranian culture develops as a dichotomy of official religious identity and its secular alternative, represented by the “high” cultural segments of the consumer society. The author analyses how and why Western strategies of visualisation of female corporeality coexist with its religious rejection. It is assumed that the Iranian mass culture assimilated Western practices of visualising femininity, although the official cultural discourse continues to reproduce the canon of the body imagined as predominantly religious construct.

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6

Landa, Blanca B., Luis F. Arias-Giraldo, Béatrice Henricot, Miguel Montes-Borrego, Lucas A. Shuttleworth, and Ana Pérez-Sierra. "Diversity of Phytophthora Species Detected in Disturbed and Undisturbed British Soils Using High-Throughput Sequencing Targeting ITS rRNA and COI mtDNA Regions." Forests 12, no. 2 (2021): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12020229.

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Disease outbreaks caused by introduced Phytophthora species have been increasing in British forests and woodlands in recent years. A better knowledge of the Phytophthora communities already present in the UK is of great importance when developing management and mitigation strategies for these diseases. To do this, soils were sampled in “disturbed” sites, meaning sites frequently visited by the public, with recent and new plantings or soil disturbances versus more “natural” forest and woodland sites with little disturbance or management. Phytophthora diversity was assessed using high-throughput Illumina sequencing targeting the widely accepted barcoding Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 (ITS1) region of rRNA and comparing it with the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene. Isolation of Phytophthora was run in parallel. Nothophytophthora spp. and Phytophthora spp. were detected in 79 and 41 of the 132 locations of the 14 studied sites when using ITS or COI, respectively. A total of 20 Phytophthora amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) were assigned to known Phytophthora species from eight clades (1a, 2, 2b, 3a, 5, 6b, 7a, 8b, 8c, 8d, 10a, and 10b) and 12 ASVs from six clades (1a, 2c, 3a, 3b, 6b, 7a, 8b, 8c, and 8d) when using ITS or COI, respectively. Only at two locations were the results in agreement for ITS, COI, and isolation. Additionally, 21 and 17 unknown Phytophthora phylotypes were detected using the ITS and COI, respectively. Several Phytophthora spp. within clades 7 and 8, including very important forest pathogens such as P. austrocedri and P. ramorum, were identified and found more frequently at “disturbed” sites. Additionally, eight ASVs identified as Nothophytophthora spp. were detected representing the first report of species within this new genus in Britain. Only three species not known to be present in Britain (P. castaneae, P. capsici, and P. fallax) were detected with the ITS primers and not with COI. To confirm the presence of these or any potential new Phytophthora species, sites should be re-sampled for confirmation. Additionally, there is a need to confirm if these species are a threat to British trees and try to establish any eradication measures required to mitigate Phytophthora spread in Britain.

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7

GUD’, Ilya D. "URBAN PLANNING TRANSFORMATION OF FUNCTIONAL PLANNING STRUCTURE OF SUBURBAN ZONES AND BELTS OF MEGAPOLIS. FOREIGN EXPERIENCE." Urban construction and architecture 10, no. 3 (2020): 137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2020.03.17.

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The article considers the features of the functional planning structure transformation of North American megalopolises in the context of the construction of inland railways. The subject of inquiry is the territories of the sett lement system formation in North America from the beginning of colonial invasions, where the interests of Great Britain, France and Spain intersected to the current stage of megacities. There is investigated the infl uence of railway transport on the development of megacities in North America. The subject of research is the Canadian Pacifi c Railroad and the US Transcontinental Railroad, which contributed to the countries urbanization and industrialization. The prerequisites for the transformation of suburban areas were the intensity of labor, cultural, household and industrial links between the center and the periphery in the meridional and latitudinal directions, formation of new kind of scientifi c and industrial complexes, multi-nodes, its infl uence on the functional planning structure of suburban areas and outskirts of megacities. The article introduces the concept of “multi-node”. Multi-nodes are multifunctional urban development complexes with transport infrastructure and engineering facilities which form a complex of terminals for goods transshipment and passengers transferring from one kind of transport to another, as well as public spaces integrated into the urban environment, scientifi c and innovative enterprises with full autonomy and communication that provides the megalopolis with energy resources. Multi-node complexes are located closely to each other and form an integral group, most often around the near-airport territories. This group may not have clear planning boundaries in the form of streets, driveways, fences, and so on. The purpose of the research is to study the sequence of the functional and planning structure formation of the city in dynamics. At the initial stage, from the linear structure of the city along the railway to a more complex ray system, and in the future - the formation of the ring type planning structures, that provide switching of traffi c fl ows on all azimuths directions. It is planning to be constructed a theoretical model of interaction between subcentres and multi-nodes in the suburban zones of intracontinental megacities.

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8

Hughes, Meredydd G. "Great Britain." Educational Administration Quarterly 21, no. 1 (1985): 129–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013161x85021001010.

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9

Nayler, Georgina. "Public funding in Great Britain." Museum Management and Curatorship 10, no. 2 (1991): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09647779109515258.

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10

PARRIS, Dr Henry. "PUBLIC ENTERPRISES IN GREAT BRITAIN." Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics 56, no. 3 (1985): 393–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8292.1985.tb01902.x.

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11

Droste, Jan-Niklas, Robert Percy Marshall, Stephan Borte, Sebastian Seyler, and Helge Riepenhof. "COVID-19 in European Soccer: A Public 2-Year Comparison of COVID-19 Case Management and Case Characteristics between the 1st Bundesliga, La Liga, Serie A and the Premier League." Life 12, no. 8 (2022): 1220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12081220.

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To evaluate the extent and characteristics of COVID-19 cases in relation to environmental COVID-19 incidences in the four best European soccer leagues (Bundesliga, Premier League, Serie A and La Liga) from the first of January 2020 until the end of January 2022. Methods: A retrospective evaluation of all publicly available COVID-19 cases in the studied cohorts was performed. The 14-day case incidences from epidemiological national data were used as reference values. The leagues studied are the Bundesliga (Germany), Premier League (Great Britain), Serie A (Italy) and La Liga (Spain). For all cases, the duration of time loss and date of case notification were recorded. Results: League-specific mean time loss due to disease or quarantine per COVID-19 case differs significantly between La Liga (11.45; ±5.21 days) and the other leagues studied (Bundesliga 20.41; ±33.87; p 0.0242; Premier League 17.12; ±10.39; p 0.0001; Serie A 17.61; ±12.71; p < 0.0001). A positive correlation between 14-day national incidence with COVID-19 disease occurrence in soccer leagues was found for all leagues studied. The correlations were strong in the Bundesliga (r 0.5911; CI 0.4249–0.7187; p < 0.0001), Serie A (r 0.5979; CI 0.4336–0.7238; p < 0.0001) and La Liga (r 0.5251; CI 0.3432–0.6690; p < 0.0001). A moderate correlation was found for the Premier League (r 0.3308; CI 0.1147–0.5169; p 0.0026). Odds ratios for altered environmental case risk in the cohorts studied could be calculated for four different national COVID-19 incidence levels (<50/100.000 to >500/100.000). A trend towards shorter COVID-19 case duration in the second half of 2021 was shown for all leagues studied. Conclusions: There was a significantly lower mean time-loss caused by a COVID-19 infection for cases occurred in La Liga compared with the other three leagues studied. For all four leagues studied, a positive, significant correlation of national environmental COVID-19 incidence level and the incidence of COVID-19 cases in the cohort of a football league was found.

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12

Cherkasova, V. "Public Broadcasting Service: Great Britain & Russia." World Economy and International Relations, no. 10 (2014): 120–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2014-10-120-128.

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The author examines the essence and distinguishes the features of public broadcasting service, conducts critical analysis of establishment and development of this institution in Great Britain (using the example of The British Broadcasting Service), estimates its development level in Russiа. The comparative analysis allows to state that in Great Britain this institution has arisen and is fully functioning, while in Russia it is premature to assess the attempt of its creation as successful.

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13

Ustyuzhaninova, Ekaterina A. "Mediation in Public Law of Great Britain." Administrative law and procedure 6 (June 17, 2021): 64–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/2071-1166-2021-6-64-67.

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Mediation as one of alternative dispute resolution means has been successfully applied in the civil relationship sphere in Great Britain for a long time, for example, in cases on protection of consumer rights or cases involving commercial activities. Mediation is not an obligatory condition for addressing a court, refusal from mediation may lead to negative consequences for the parties in the legal expense distribution. Courts are constantly emphasizing their interest in early settlement of disputes including public law ones that are reviewed in the judicial review procedure: the jurisdiction specifically designed for the verification of legality of actions and judgments of the public government.

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14

IWAMOTO, Noriaki. "History of Commons as Public Open Spaces in Britain." Journal of Rural Studies(1994) 5, no. 1 (1998): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.9747/jrs.5.1_9.

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15

Артур Мансурович, Вафин. "THE IDEOLOGY OF PUBLIC SERVICE IN GREAT BRITAIN." STATE AND MUNICIPAL MANAGEMENT SCHOLAR NOTES 1, no. 2 (2022): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2079-1690-2022-1-2-175-182.

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The article analyzes the regulatory documents of Great Britain concerning the phenomenon of public service. We believe that in addition to the classical political ideologies represented by political parties, there are non-political ideologies, corporate ideologies. Civil servants are a separate corporation in many modern democratic and non-democratic states. If the informal values of officials are often hidden (they are not always negative in themselves, but the most striking and prominent example of such abnormality is corruption), then formal ones, on the contrary, are visible and prescribed in regulatory documents. The article analyzes the codes of conduct of British officials. Objectives: to identify examples of the ideology of public service on the example of Great Britain.

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16

Capstick, Stuart B., Nick F. Pidgeon, Adam J. Corner, Elspeth M. Spence, and Paul N. Pearson. "Public understanding in Great Britain of ocean acidification." Nature Climate Change 6, no. 8 (2016): 763–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3005.

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17

Hamill, L., and F. G. Bell. "Groundwater pollution and public health in Great Britain." Bulletin of the International Association of Engineering Geology 35, no. 1 (1987): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02590479.

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18

Khanyk, Y. B. "APPLICATION OF PUBLIC MARKETING IN THE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION OF GREAT BRITAIN." Investytsiyi: praktyka ta dosvid, no. 4 (April 7, 2022): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.32702/2306-6814.2022.4.138.

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19

Frick, Sandra B. "School Nursing in Great Britain." Journal of School Health 55, no. 3 (1985): 120–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.1985.tb04096.x.

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20

Amontcha, Adéréwa Aronian Maximenne, Julien Gaudence Djego, Toussaint Olou Lougbegnon, and Brice Augustin Sinsin. "Typologie Et Répartition Des Espaces Verts Publics Dans Le Grand Nokoué (Sud Bénin)." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 21 (2017): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n21p79.

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Urban green spaces are essential to ensure the quality of life and the fulfillment of town-dwellers. The objective of this research is to assess the richness of public green spaces in the great Nokoué cities (AbomeyCalavi, Cotonou, Ouidah, Porto-Novo and Sèmè-Podji). The itinerary method was used to find the greens spaces whose list was obtained in the town halls. For each public green space found, the geo-referencing (tracking), the determination of the area of the public places and the measurement of the length of the tracks were made. The results revealed that the great Nokoué cities have 114 public green spaces which can be classified in four types (green Spaces of Tribes 4,39 %, Green Spaces of Pathways 13,16 %, Parks and Squares 26,32 % and Public Roads Alignment Trees 58,77 %). Cotonou is the city of the great Nokoué richest in public green spaces (61,95 %) whereas Ouidah has the highest ratio of public green spaces per inhabitant (Ouidah, 0.27 m2 /hbt, Porto-Novo, 0.18 m2 /hbt , Cotonou, 0.12 m2 /hbt Abomey-Calavi 0,06 m2 /hbt and Sèmè -Podji, 0,06 m2 /hbt ). No city of the great Nokoué has reached the ratio of 10 m2 of public green space per inhabitant as recommended by OMS. It is therefore important that urban authoritys give far greater attention to public green spaces (gardens, parks, squares, etc.) in future development plans.

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Žindžiūtė, Ieva. "IMMIGRATION TO GREAT BRITAIN: FLOWS, PUBLIC OPINION AND POLITICS." Politikos Mokslų Almanachas 16 (2015): 49–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.7220/2335-7185.16.3.

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22

Sangster, Marcus. "Urban Fringe Forestry in Great Britain." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 19, no. 1 (1993): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.1993.010.

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In England opportunities for urban people to recreate in the nearby countryside are very limited. The current "Community Forestry" initiative provides incentives and support to landowners to encourage increased public access to woodlands and to open the countryside. In the United Kingdom, two government agencies, the Forestry Commission and The Countryside Commission, have targeted 12 areas to renew the urban-fringe landscape. Each area is drawing up plans for integrated landscape management using objective assessment techniques evolved by the two Commissions. Grant aid is available to landowners for management as well as new plantings. Local partnerships have been set up in each area to include landowning and environmental interests plus local governments and local and national volunteer groups.

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23

Power, Sally, and Geoff Whitty. "Education Reform in Great Britain: An Interim Review." Educational Administration Quarterly 33, no. 2 (1997): 136–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013161x97033002002.

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24

Murphy, M. J. "Differential family formation in Great Britain." Journal of Biosocial Science 19, no. 4 (1987): 463–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000017107.

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SummaryDifferentials in variables concerned with the timing, number, and distribution of fertility by a wide range of socioeconomic, attitudinal, inherited and housing characteristics from the British Family Formation Survey are reported. Variables associated with the couple's housing history and the wife's employment career are becoming more strongly associated with demographic differentials among younger cohorts than traditionally-based ones such as religion or region of residence. Cluster analysis techniques show which groups of family formation variables are strongly associated with particular types of non-demographic ones, and a natural grouping of explanatory variables is derived. The implications of these conclusions for data collection in demographic surveys are discussed.

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Wright, Robert E., John F. Ermisch, P. R. Andrew Hinde, and Heather E. Joshi. "The third birth in Great Britain." Journal of Biosocial Science 20, no. 4 (1988): 489–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000017612.

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SummaryThe relationship between female labour force participation, and other socioeconomic factors, and the probability of having a third birth is examined, using British data collected in the 1980 Women and Employment Survey, by hazard regression modelling with time-varying covariates. The results demonstrate the strong association between demographic factors, e.g. age at first birth and birth interval and subsequent fertility behaviour. Education appears to have little effect. Surprisingly, women who have spent a higher proportion of time as housewives have a lower risk of having a third birth. This finding is in sharp disagreement with the conventional expectation that cumulative labour force participation supports lower fertility. These findings are briefly compared with similar research carried out in Sweden.

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Kutepova, Maryna. "DEVELOPMENT OF CONTEMPORARY DEVOLUTION PROCESSES IN GREAT BRITAIN." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Public Administration 15, no. 1 (2022): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2616-9193.2022/15-4/9.

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The main purpose of the article is to analyze the devolutionary processes in Great Britain, which have intensified and institutionalized since the late twentieth century and continue to the present days, as well as their impact on the political and socio-economic development of its member countries – England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Theoretical and methodological basis of the study are scientific methods and methodological approaches to understanding the process of interaction of public authorities under conditions of devolution. An important condition of the chosen research strategy is the observance of the principles of objectivity, multifactoriality and systematicity. The study is based on methodological principles of a systematic approach. Using a systems approach makes it possible to study the interaction of public authorities in the UK in the context of devolution as a single system. Based on the fact that devolution involves the creation of certain institutions, as well as institutional adaptation to a management system that adapts to new conditions, the main methodological approach to analysis was the institutional approach. The article emphasizes that for a long time the United Kingdom has been a model of decentralized political governance based on the culture of civil society and the representation of local interests in the national government. To a large extent, Britain's sustainable development depends on a periodic political compromise. It can alleviate the main contradiction of the British political system – the dichotomy of the principles of the supremacy of parliament and regional self-government. It is proved that the decentralization of public administration in the UK means the devolution of central government and increasing the responsibility of local government in the expansion and development of various forms of interaction between state and society. In general, the process of decentralization of power in the UK is complex and ambiguous one. The process of devolution in the UK is characterized by asymmetry, as evidenced by the lack of legislative powers of England. In this context, it is stated that the procedure of interaction between public authorities at different levels is not well established. Today there is a significant number of control functions, levers of administrative and financial pressure on central offices, as well as the lack of clear recommendations by which local authorities could determine what is within their competence and address urgent issues more effectively.

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Jakab, Nóra, and Zsófia Ráczi. "Issues of public social responsibility in Great Britain and Hungary." Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta, Novi Sad 53, no. 2 (2019): 603–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrpfns53-22780.

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28

Clements, B., and C. D. Field. "Public Opinion toward Homosexuality and Gay Rights in Great Britain." Public Opinion Quarterly 78, no. 2 (2014): 523–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfu018.

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29

de Regt, Robin, Christian von Ferber, Yurij Holovatch, and Mykola Lebovka. "Public transportation in Great Britain viewed as a complex network." Transportmetrica A: Transport Science 15, no. 2 (2018): 722–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23249935.2018.1529837.

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30

Trofymenko, Mykola. "British Council as an Instrument of Public Diplomacy of Great Britain." Історико-політичні проблеми сучасного світу, no. 35-36 (December 20, 2017): 305–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/mhpi2017.35-36.305-312.

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Public diplomacy of Great Britain is one of the most developed in the EU and in the world. The United Kingdom has developed an extremely efficient public diplomacy mechanism which includes BBC World Service (which due to its popularity boosts the reputation and the image of Great Britain), Chevening Scholarships (provides outstanding foreign students with opportunity to study in Great Britain and thus establishes long-lasting relations with public opinion leaders and foreign countries elite) and the British Council, which deals with international diplomatic ties in the field of culture. The British Council is a unique organization. Being technically independent, it actively and efficiently works on consolidating Great Britain’s interests in the world and contributes to the development of public diplomacy in Great Britain.  The author studies the efforts of the British Council as a unique public diplomacy tool of the United Kingdom. Special attention is paid to the role of British Council, which is independent of the governing board and at the same time finds itself under the influence of the latter due to the peculiarities of the appointment of Board’s officials, financing etc. The author concludes that the British Council is a unique organization established in 1934, which is a non-departmental state body, charitable organization and public corporation, technically independent of the government. The British Council, thanks to its commercial activities covers the lack of public funding caused by the policy of economy conducted by the government. It has good practices in this field worth paying attention by other countries. It is also worth mentioning that the increment in profit was getting higher last year, however the issue of increasing the influence of the government on the activities of British Council is still disputable. Although the Foreign Minister officially reports to the parliament on the activities of the British Council, approves the appointment of the leaders of organizations, the British Council preserves its independence of the government, which makes it more popular abroad, and makes positive influence on the world image of Great Britain. The efficiency of the British Council efforts on fulfillment of targets of the United Kingdom public diplomacy is unquestionable, no matter how it calls its activities: whether it is a cultural relations establishment or a cultural diplomacy implementation. Keywords: The British Council, public diplomacy, cultural diplomacy, cultural relations, Foreign Office, Her Majesty’s Government, official assistance for development

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ELLIOTT, PAUL, STEPHEN DANIELS, and CHARLES WATKINS. "The Nottingham Arboretum (1852): natural history, leisure and public culture in a Victorian regional centre." Urban History 35, no. 1 (2008): 48–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926807005172.

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ABSTRACT:This article examines the development of the Nottingham Arboretum (1852), the centrepiece of one of the most ambitious schemes of urban enclosure and improvement in mid-Victorian Britain. It contends that the provision for parks and green spaces in the town was inspired by local naturalists and sanitary reformers as well as cultural emulation and civic rivalry with other urban centres such as Derby and Manchester. Analysis of the design and management of the Arboretum and green spaces and local controversies about funding and access reveal major local disagreements concerning uses of such spaces reflecting continued divisions in Victorian urban society beneath the public rhetorical and celebratory façade.

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Danon, Leon, Jonathan M. Read, Thomas A. House, Matthew C. Vernon, and Matt J. Keeling. "Social encounter networks: characterizing Great Britain." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1765 (2013): 20131037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.1037.

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A major goal of infectious disease epidemiology is to understand and predict the spread of infections within human populations, with the intention of better informing decisions regarding control and intervention. However, the development of fully mechanistic models of transmission requires a quantitative understanding of social interactions and collective properties of social networks. We performed a cross-sectional study of the social contacts on given days for more than 5000 respondents in England, Scotland and Wales, through postal and online survey methods. The survey was designed to elicit detailed and previously unreported measures of the immediate social network of participants relevant to infection spread. Here, we describe individual-level contact patterns, focusing on the range of heterogeneity observed and discuss the correlations between contact patterns and other socio-demographic factors. We find that the distribution of the number of contacts approximates a power-law distribution, but postulate that total contact time (which has a shorter-tailed distribution) is more epidemiologically relevant. We observe that children, public-sector and healthcare workers have the highest number of total contact hours and are therefore most likely to catch and transmit infectious disease. Our study also quantifies the transitive connections made between an individual's contacts (or clustering); this is a key structural characteristic of social networks with important implications for disease transmission and control efficacy. Respondents' networks exhibit high levels of clustering, which varies across social settings and increases with duration, frequency of contact and distance from home. Finally, we discuss the implications of these findings for the transmission and control of pathogens spread through close contact.

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Varnavskii, V. "New Approaches to Financing Infrastructure in Great Britain." World Economy and International Relations, no. 9 (2012): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2012-9-67-74.

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The author analyzes the current management and financing system reforming of the state-owned infrastructure or infrastructure under the state control in Great Britain. The article gives an assessment of current state of infrastructure in the country. The reasons for termination of Private Finance Initiative (PFI) are also revealed. The author is trying to prove that Public Private Partnership remains a predominant form of drawing private investments into infrastructure development.

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Turner, Daniel S., Jay K. Lindly, and Rodney N. Chester. "Citizen Concerns and Public Awareness: Metrication Examples." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1552, no. 1 (1996): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196155200113.

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The United States is in the process of implementing the metric system. U.S. highway agencies are among the leaders in this effort. One troublesome aspect of being in the lead is that there appears to be no coordinated national public relations program to set the stage for the conversion. Several metric conversion experiences, those in Canada, Australia, and Great Britain, an Ohio research project, and the recent FHWA rule making for sign conversion, are reviewed to determine public awareness and citizen concerns. The conclusions drawn from those studies reinforce the need for an overall, well-coordinated, strong national public education program. Examples illustrate that success is possible (Canada and Australia) with such a program, but without it metrication can grind to an incomplete halt (Great Britain). Currently, the U.S. experience seems to most closely resemble the British metric conversion experience.

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Palmer, John. "SPACES AND PLACES: AN INTERVIEW WITH SIMON EMMERSON." Tempo 63, no. 247 (2009): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040298209000023.

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Since November 2004 Simon Emmerson has been Professor of Music, Technology and Innovation at De Montfort University, Leicester, following 28 years as Director of the Electroacoustic Music studios at City University, London. As a composer he works mostly with live electronics; he has also completed purely electroacoustic commissions from the IMEB (Bourges) and the GRM (Paris). In addition to extensive writings on the subject, he was founder Secretary of EMAS (The Electroacoustic Music Association of Great Britain) in 1979, and served on the Board of Sonic Arts Network from its inception until 2004. He is a Trustee of its successor organisation ‘Sound and Music’. This interview took place in July 2008.

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Bownes, Mary. "The work of dietitians in Great Britain." Social Policy & Administration 27, no. 4 (1993): 335–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9515.1993.tb00549.x.

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Shaimardanova, N. A. "Key factors of the civil servants’ pay in Russia and Great Britain." Moscow University Economics Bulletin, no. 6 (November 8, 2022): 159–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.38050/01300105202268.

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The article compares civil servants’ payment systems and wage levels in the Russian Federation and the United Kingdom, and identifies the factors affecting the civil servants’ pay level in both countries. With comparable civil servants’ payment levels in terms of purchasing power in Russia and Great Britain, there are differences in structural elements of payment and the fields of activity that are highly paid. The study is based on data analysis of the RF Ministry of Labour and the UK Office for National Statistics concerning civil servants’ pay levels in central offices of federal executive bodies of the Russian Federation and central public bodies of the UK. The comparative analysis shows that civil servants’ payment in Russia is significantly higher than that in Great Britain in such fields as security, defense, justice, legal proceedings, construction, housing and utilities, and statistics. In Great Britain, by contrast, civil servants are paid more than in Russia in speres of education, science, culture, tourism, media, industry and economics. Based on theories and studies reviewed, the article provides an econometric analysis of factors affecting the civil servants’ pay level in Russia and Great Britain. Regression analysis identifies statistically significant institutional, gender and age factors which determine the high level of the civil servants’ pay in both countries, for example, activities in financial, tax and customs spheres in Russia or work in small-size public bodies in Great Britain.

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Kent, Ethan. "Leading urban change with people powered public spaces. The history, and new directions, of the Placemaking movement." Journal of Public Space, Vol. 4 N. 1 | 2019 | FULL ISSUE (May 31, 2019): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32891/jps.v4i1.1158.

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Successful urban development is usually anchored by vital public spaces where people naturally want to gather: a crossroads or a main street, third place business, public market, waterfront wharf, library, railway station, campus, agora, piazza, or civic square. These spaces become truly magnetic places when they provide purpose and meaning for the broad groups of people they serve. Public places are most dynamic—and most enduring—when they showcase and boost a community’s unique public life, economy, and culture. This is especially true when the people using them are involved in their creation, continual re-creation, management, and governance. This is the essence of placemaking. Great public spaces happen through community-driven placemaking and place-led governance. These great places are the foundation of great communities, which in turn are the building blocks of a prosperous, equitable, and resilient society.

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Tilly, Charles. "The Rise of the Public Meeting in Great Britain, 1758–1834." Social Science History 34, no. 3 (2010): 291–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200011275.

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This article conducts an analysis of public meetings in Great Britain between 1758 and 1834. The profound changes in frequency and character, the enormous increase of public meetings and the sharp decline in the relative frequency of violent gatherings, serve as an indicator of the expansion of the public sphere and its capacity to shape the social process. The article explains the rise of the public meeting and why it became so central to British political life during the nineteenth century through four intertwined changes: the development of British capitalism, the growing importance of Parliament, the multiplied opportunities for political entrepreneurs, and the effect of public contention itself.

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Lenio, Paweł. "Źródła finansowania ochrony zdrowia w Polsce i w Wielkiej Brytanii." Studenckie Prace Prawnicze, Administratywistyczne i Ekonomiczne 23 (August 3, 2018): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/1733-5779.23.4.

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The sources of the health system funding in Poland and Great BritainThe subject of this paper are sources of healthcare financing in Poland and Great Britain. Healthcare system in Great Britain is based on the local government units and it is financed by the budgets of these units. Health insurance contribution does not exist in Great Britain. The financing model currently in place is based primarily on the proceeds of the National Health Fund which are ensured through collection of health insurance contributions. Public sources of healthcare financing also include the state budget and the budgets of local government units. Author have identified differences and similarities in the examined healthcare financing systems and sources. This paper also includes conclusions with a view of the future law in Poland.

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Zorochkina, Tetiana. "Legal Enforcement of Teacher Education in Great Britain." Comparative Professional Pedagogy 7, no. 4 (2017): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rpp-2017-0052.

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Abstract The article deals with legal enforcement of teacher education in Great Britain. It has been found out that in Great Britain, the sources of education legislation are statutes and acts adopted by British government. All current statutes relating to education are classified either as public or private. Public laws contain general rules, that is, designed for all individuals and for repeated application. They operate throughout the country, addressed to all subjects of educational relations. Private statutes accumulate private norms, which refer to specific legal entities or individuals and contain strictly defined directives for them. They are addressed to a particular country or specific organization or group of individuals. It has been indicated that the system of education legislation in Great Britain in the context of teacher education is provided by a range of legal acts, such as the Education Reform Act of 1988, the Further and Higher Education Act of 1992, by the Teaching and Higher Education Act of 1998, The Education Act 2002, The Education Act of 2005, The Education and Inspections Act of 2006, The Education and Skills Act of 2008, The Education Act of 2011, The Education and Adoption Act 2016, The Higher Education and Research Act 2017 as well as legal acts of European authorities. It has been concluded that the orientation of the content of British legal acts toward quality teacher training should be successfully implemented into Ukrainian education legislation so that the national system of teacher training may be improved. It has been suggested that the prospects for further researchers are seen in studying the legal enforcement of teacher education in leading European countries (Sweden, the Netherlands, Germany, France, Switzerland etc.).

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Pitrelli, Nico. "The crisis of the "Public Understanding of Science" in Great Britain." Journal of Science Communication 02, no. 01 (2003): F01. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/2.02010901.

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In a brief article published by Science1 last October, British scientists stated that the expression "Public Understanding of Science" (PUS), which was traditionally employed in Anglosaxon societies to refer to the issue of the relationship between science, technology and society, is out-of-date. It should be replaced by "Public Engagement with Science and Technology" (PEST), a new acronym that clearly invites to reconceptualise the relationship between science and the public. The new approach involves the engagement of the public or rather the publics of science, through dialogue, in particular through an open and equal-to-equal discussion between scientists and non-experts that would enable non-experts to become the actual protagonists in the scientific decisions producing social effects.

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Karužaitė, Daiva. "Higher Education Changes in Great Britain in XX–XXI centuries." Pedagogika 117, no. 1 (2015): 16–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15823/p.2015.064.

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The article reveals development and essential changes of higher education in Great Britain in XX–XXI centuries. During last century Great Britain higher education system has changed dramatically – from elite higher education in the beginning of XX century, which was available for very small part of society, to mass higher education with variety of institutions and education programs. Nowadays there is almost half of Great Britain population (of certain age group) obtaining higher education certificate or diploma. The junction of XX and XXI centuries was signed with significant shift in the gender structure of higher education students: more women obtained fist university degree than men. Ten years later the same was recorded in higher degrees. The intense change of Great Britain higher education from elite to mass inevitably influenced the higher education finance sector. Great Britain used to cover all expenses of higher education from the budget. However, the financial crises occurred in the last decade of XX century, and the government was forced to seek for new financing models of higher education. First time in Great Britain higher education history the tuition fee was introduced. Striving to ensure the higher education accessibility for all social groups in Great Britain, the tuition fees were complemented with the grants and loans with special repayment (or without) conditions. Nevertheless, the financial reform, started in 1998, already was changed several times and has raised lots of critics. Along with the financial reform Great Britain deals with the higher education quality issues. There was no essential discussions about higher education quality in the beginning of the XX century as it was elite higher education. Moving to the mass higher education with variety of institutions and dramatically growing student number, the quality question becomes relevant. Despite the owning the largest number of worldwide level elite universities in Europe, Great Britain seeks to ensure the quality in all higher education institutions in the country. Therefore the Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education was established. The Agency puts students and the public interest at the center of everything they do. Great Britain higher education quality policy is implemented basing on the Quality Code for Higher Education.

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Sarvar, I.Botirov. "SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHING OF CENTRAL ASIAN RESEARCHER IN GREAT BRITAIN." LOOK TO THE PAST 5, no. 9 (2022): 5. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7026878.

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On this article is discussed publishing houses of the UK that publish researches in various fields of science, such as socio-political processes, public policy, religion, youth, ethnographic situation, social reforms and other areas of Central Asian countries. Along with this there is provided information about the history of the emergence of such organizations.

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Králíková, Eva. "Electronic cigarettes: approach of Australia and Great Britain." Hygiena 66, no. 1 (2021): 24–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21101/hygiena.a1775.

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46

Price, M. J., A. J. Darnton, D. M. McElvenny, and J. T. Hodgson. "Simian virus 40 and mesothelioma in Great Britain." Occupational Medicine 57, no. 8 (2007): 564–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqm079.

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47

Dolk, H., B. Thakrar, P. Walls, et al. "Mortality among residents near cokeworks in Great Britain." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 56, no. 1 (1999): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem.56.1.34.

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48

Martínez-Miranda, María Dolores, Bent Nielsen, and Jens Perch Nielsen. "Simple benchmark for mesothelioma projection for Great Britain." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 73, no. 8 (2016): 561–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2015-103303.

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Dockrell, M., R. Morrison, L. Bauld, and A. McNeill. "E-Cigarettes: Prevalence and Attitudes in Great Britain." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 15, no. 10 (2013): 1737–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntt057.

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Sklyarova, E. "CRIMEAN WAR AND ESTABLISHING OF PUBLIC HEALTH SYSTEM IN GREAT BRITAIN." Science almanac of Black sea region countries 9, no. 1 (2017): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/2414-1143-2017-9-24-29.

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