To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Public spaces.

Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Public spaces'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles

Select a source type:

Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Public spaces.'

Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.

You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.

Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.

1

Hilliard, William. "Stockholm's Public Libraries: Essential Public Spaces." Thesis, KTH, Urbana och regionala studier, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-298443.

Full text
Abstract:
Public libraries are too often overlooked within the planning field. They reflect the cities in which they are situated and reveal the complex societal processes that take place there. Neoliberalism directly impacts the function of the public library and, as a result of leaving urban dwellers with fewer and fewer public alternatives, multiplies and modifies the demands made of it. Through semi structured interviews with professionals within the Stockholm library system, this research contributes to the planning field’s understanding of the public library as a public space and explores the way
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Tran, Tuan. "Public spaces as destinations." This title; PDF viewer required Home page for entire collection, 2007. http://archives.udmercy.edu:8080/dspace/handle/10429/9.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Yoo, Seungyeon. "Fear in public spaces." Thesis, Konstfack, Inredningsarkitektur & Möbeldesign, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:konstfack:diva-5591.

Full text
Abstract:
SUMMARY The project Fear in Public Spaces investigates and highlights emotions of possible crime in urban context. In cities nowadays there are many public spaces with anonymous people around you. The word public might be equated with risky. Also, I have a personal experience with crime in public spaces when a man was watching me over a toilet cubicle wall a few years ago. In my individual view, I feel insecure in many public spaces after that experience. My research is based on the analysis of sequences and details of spaces where I feel anxious. I identified three such places, a toilet cubic
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Mangle, Tejali M. "Method of Evaluating Urban Public Spaces." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1554374121848978.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Valentine, Anthony G. "Transforming public spaces through performance." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0001207.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

El, Haddad Marie. "Barcelona: Small-Scale Public Spaces." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/455143.

Full text
Abstract:
Small-scale public spaces form an essential part of Barcelona’s urban development. During the beginning of the democratic era, Oriol Bohigas began the reconstruction of the city by creating small-scale public spaces of quality with the purpose of “higienizar el centro y monumentalizar la periferia”. They were applied in all the districts of Barcelona, with the intent of compensating for the loss of open spaces and segregation caused during the dictatorship. Thus, the city gained a series of small public spaces that recovered its urban fabric and provided a better quality of life and coexistenc
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Mani, Sanaz. "Mobile technologies and public spaces." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/618.

Full text
Abstract:
Mobile technologies are the latest technologies in the realm of communication media. They have the potential to flatten the world by making it a place where gender, age, class, race and nationality can no longer hold us back from being heard and being informed. We have learned that these technologies can help to liberate and empower us, and they can lead to a collective cognition as much as they can distract us from what we need to know about the world we live in. In Greece thousands of years ago, a selected number of Greeks had a public space called the Agora to discuss the issues that conc
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Johnson, Bryce Wade. "Socioeconomic Diversity in Public Spaces." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/83517.

Full text
Abstract:
While academics and policy-makers seek to address historic segregation and its harmful impacts on communities, many such efforts have been unsuccessful. Therefore, this original research examines the role of public parks as potential sites of social and economic integration. These spaces serve as third places, or social spaces where community members regularly visit, similar to their regular visitation of their home and workplaces. In the City of Roanoke, three visited public parks serve as local third places where individuals of different social and economic backgrounds visit for various acti
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Vargas, Ana Cristina S. M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Tracing public space : a participatory approach to transform public spaces in low-income communities." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/91418.

Full text
Abstract:
Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture, 2014.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. Vita.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 133-135).<br>Rapid urban growth has challenged our traditional planning methods. It has been a driver for the increase of overcrowded informal settlements in major cities of the developing world, which shelter one third of the world population. Lack of infrastructure, open spaces, and unsafe structures challenge the livelihoods of their citizens. Consequently, over the last fifty years, governments have addressed thi
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Gradinar, Adrian Ioan. "Designing interactive objects and spaces for the digital public space." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2018. http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/126620/.

Full text
Abstract:
The Internet is evolving, both in form and function, at a rate which is becoming increasingly difficult to match. Through constructs such as The Internet of Things, our consumption of digital information and knowledge is slowly moving away from being primarily consumed through screens to one in which we are generators of data by interacting with the objects and spaces which surrounds us. Thus, the Internet is no longer a space we visit but rather the space we live in and experience in our daily lives. The Digital Public Space, a concept based on the democratisation of privately held knowledge,
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
11

Van, den Heever Annemie. "Field public space infrastructure." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2006. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02162007-161618.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
12

Too, Wing-tak Ken. "A study of private/public space in Hong Kong /." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B38725022.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
13

Lis, Kimberly. "Consuming spaces." PDF viewer required Home page for entire collection, 2007. http://archives.udmercy.edu:8080/dspace/handle/10429/9.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
14

Chen, Kuangfan. "Playable digital intervention in public spaces: Opportunities for engaging young office workers with public space." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2021. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/213474/1/Kuangfan_Chen_Thesis.pdf.

Full text
Abstract:
This project explores the potential of playful digital placemaking. The focus of the research is enquiring the concept of pleasure, deriving from the field of digital interaction and game design, applied to research into future urban design. Through qualitative and quantitative research in the context of Guiyang, China, the project has established different typologies of intervention, informed by a new design-led model for Playable digital intervention in public space.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
15

Hung, Ting-wai David. "Enlivening Hong Kong's public open space an analytical study on public open spaces in Hong Kong's urban core /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B41651327.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
16

Costa, Mary-Anne da. "Surfaces and services : a public space for information, communication and discussion." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2007. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd11212007-100102.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
17

Bergman, Oscar. "Public spaces and socially sustainable lighting." Thesis, KTH, Ljusdesign, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-280061.

Full text
Abstract:
We are living in a changing time where a living democracy and sustainable development is more important than ever. Factors such as urbanization, technological development and migration is creating new needs for us as a society which has to be considered when designing for a sustainable future. The Swedish policy ”Politik för gestaltad livsmiljö” (Policy for a designed urban environment), is suggesting a new way to work with sustainability, design and architecture in our urban environment. The policy is mentioning a lot of factors that should be considered in the design of a socially sustainabl
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
18

Kamkarian, Pejman. "Crowd Evacuation for Indoor Public Spaces." Available to subscribers only, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1964658581&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
19

Carr, John Newman. "The political grind : the role of youth identities in the municipal politics of public space /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5614.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
20

Wong, Shan-shan Amy. "Public life resurrection in Wong Tai Sin." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2004. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31987333.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
21

Wong, Wing-kit Franz. "[Re]Public space in Yau Ma Tei." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25945890.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
22

Zanotto, Juliana M. "Public Spaces, Homelessness, and Neo-Liberal Urbanism: A Study of 'Anti-Homeless' Strategies on Redeveloped Public Spaces." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1342104311.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
23

Cowley, Robert. "Eco-cities : technological showcases or public spaces?" Thesis, University of Westminster, 2016. https://westminsterresearch.westminster.ac.uk/item/9w780/eco-cities-technological-showcases-or-public-spaces.

Full text
Abstract:
A growing body of critical literature seeks to identify conceptual and practical problems accompanying the realisation of mainstream ‘eco-city’ initiatives around the world. However, little attention has been paid to the status of the ‘city’ itself within the broader discourse. If eco-cities are to be more than experimental ‘technological showcases’, and aim to transform urban life more generally, the question of what types of ‘cityness’ will ensue is of considerable importance. To effect a more significant sustainability transition, eco-city plans and policies may need somehow to encompass a
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
24

Bjornstad, Jensen Arne. "Reprogramming public space." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2006. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-03132007-180909.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
25

Ngai, Pui-yan. "Slow space for musing." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2004. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31987242.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
26

Hung, Pun Herbert. "Urban [space] regeneration in Tsim Sha Tsui East." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B2594714x.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
27

Lai, On-ki Angel. "Coaxial nexus on traditional Chinese interests : birds, flowers and goldfish /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25952961.

Full text
Abstract:
Thesis (M. Arch.)--University of Hong Kong, 2001.<br>Includes special study report entitled: Corner building : a structure with a roof and walls that locates at the places where two streets meet. Includes bibliographical references.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
28

洪定維 and Ting-wai David Hung. "Enlivening Hong Kong's public open space: an analytical study on public open spaces in Hong Kong's urban core." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B41651327.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
29

Peiris, T. D. H. "Public places in and around buildings and its impact on physical setting." Thesis, Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25799733.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
30

Molina, Jennifer Rose. "Public spaces or private places? Outdoor Advertising and the Commercialisation of Public Space in Christchurch, New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. School of Political Science and Communication, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/935.

Full text
Abstract:
This thesis examines the impact of outdoor advertising on public space, by situating outdoor advertising within arguments about global corporate domination. I argue that the implosion of commercial messages into ever-increasing amounts of public space has repercussions for our ability to relate to each other as anything other than commercial beings. Outdoor advertising necessitates the use of stereotypes to communicate with its audience. The regulatory mechanisms for advertising sanction this use of stereotypes, which puts commercial needs and rights to free speech before the public's right to
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
31

Pan, Liang. "Urban street as public space : alternative design of large residential areas to encompass new urban streets case studies related to Shenzhen, PRC /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25799332.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
32

Papadaki, Elena. "Curating screens : art, performance and public spaces." Thesis, Goldsmiths College (University of London), 2014. http://research.gold.ac.uk/11255/.

Full text
Abstract:
Based on theoretical research (for example Fried 1967; Krauss 1979; Graham & Cook 2010; Mondloch 2010; Trodd 2011) and five distinctive art case studies (Videographies: The Early Decades [2005], China Power Station: Part I [2006]), performance ( ... some trace of her [2008]) and public spaces (Under Scan [2008] and Temenos 2012 [2012]) this thesis traces the interrelation between curating, institutions and exhibition practices through screen-based works, specifically using the term to denote screen media in physical space and within an arts context. The field of curatorship in relation to the
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
33

Petrova, Denitsa. "Public Art 2.0 : developing shared platforms for creativity in public spaces." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25670.

Full text
Abstract:
This research explores parallels, connections and synergies between public art, artistic practice beyond the gallery context, and Web 2.0, the Internet platform for user‐ generated content, online communication medium and host for web-based communities. I look at the impact, actual and potential, of Web 2.0 on the ways in which public art is made. Through Web 2.0 a different set of criteria and methods can be established in order to re-examine the practice of art. What can public art learn from Web 2.0? What are the possible debates that Web 2.0 can provoke in the field of public art? What nov
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
34

Chong, Lugon Daniela. "Dispossessing the public : privatization of open public spaces in Lima, Peru." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/129022.

Full text
Abstract:
Thesis: M.C.P., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, September, 2020<br>Cataloged from student-submitted PDF of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 75-78).<br>The Metropolitan Area of Lima has on average 3.6m² of green area per person, for a total of 10 million inhabitants. Although this is not the most accurate metric, it is the most available proxy to measure and understand the magnitude of open public space in the city. In addition, it is not equitably distributed: districts with higher socioeconomic levels and larger municipal b
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
35

Yen, Vincent Leung-Mon. "Public space in contemporary Shanghai creating a typology for the megalopolis /." online access from Digital Dissertation Consortium access full-text, 2007. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?MR34897.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
36

Spina, Danton Christopher. "Confused Spaces: Theatricality as a device for defining different types of public space." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2013. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1136.

Full text
Abstract:
Confused Spaces has come to the conclusion that theatricality can be a device for defining different types of public space. This book aims to define theatricality in architectural terms by taking principles from the disciplines of theater and urban design. It limits the scope of the definition to a specific set of elements of theatricality that include spectacle, transition, flexibility, and compactability. After attempting to define why these elements of theatricality are valid architectural concepts, the text then pushes to understand the experience that these elements can create. Through th
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
37

Van, der Westhuizen Liani. "Infill, reconfiguring public space." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2000. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-05182005-112331.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
38

Too, Wing-tak Ken, and 杜永德. "A study of private/public space in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45015697.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
39

Vesna, Victoria. "Networked public spaces : an investigation into virtual embodiment." Thesis, University of South Wales, 2000. https://pure.southwales.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/networked-public-spaces(e64f64d6-be3f-41fb-bab5-6453de03684f).html.

Full text
Abstract:
Networked Public Spaces: An Investigation into Virtual Embodiment is an exploration of issues surrounding networked public spaces in relation to three artworks created by the author between 1995 to 2000: Virtual Concrete, (1995); Bodies© Incorporated (1996-2000); and Datamining Bodies (initiated in 2000). All three works have several key things in common: each exists on the Internet; each is conceptually connected to the idea of online identity and virtual embodiment, and each required extensive research to inform and inspire the creative practice. The projects are presented within three main
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
40

abdulkarim, dina. "The Restorative Effects of Livable Spaces." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1338328457.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
41

Zamanifard, Hadi. "Urban Public Space Governance and Its Implications for Qualities of Place." Thesis, Griffith University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/381507.

Full text
Abstract:
Urban public spaces are the loci of complex interactions among varied sectors of the society, containing stakeholders within the general public, the private sector, and state institutions. They are utilised for a wide range of activities where the diversity and liveliness, yet also the complexities, of urban life are demonstrated. The nature, use, and production of today’s urban public spaces have changed. Twentyfirst-century urban spaces are intensely used and the rights to the spaces are more contested compared to those of their counterparts in the previous century. In addition, a number of
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
42

Hindi, Nadine. "On the making of public spaces in Beirut." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/309135.

Full text
Abstract:
This research tackles the public spaces in the framework of Beirut’s mosaic history, whereby the Middle East constitutes the background and not the context. It will first identify the public spaces by shedding light on their genesis and tracking their evolution in relation to the city’s urban history. The approach on public spaces history is multi-faceted and interpreted based on a parallelism between the urban morphology, the functional aspect, social practice, and political condition. In the same way, the significance of public spaces is tackled as an intrinsic dimension transcending their
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
43

Jagiello, Jolanta. "An entrepreneurial strategy for curating in public spaces." Thesis, Middlesex University, 2014. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/13764/.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
44

Izadi, Shahram. "Public interactive surfaces for communal ubiquitous computing spaces." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.416412.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
45

Yan, Chengyuan. "Mobile robot control and navigation in public spaces." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/100345.

Full text
Abstract:
Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2015.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 71-73).<br>Public service robots have been more and more popular due to their social and economical influences. This thesis investigated two issues about control and navigation of public service robots deployed in crowded environments such as airports and shopping malls. Our solutions facilitates the synergy of a distributed sensor network and a central computer. A distributed sensor network provides multi-view m
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
46

Helgason, Ingi. "Complex pleasures : designing optional interactions for public spaces." Thesis, Edinburgh Napier University, 2017. http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/Output/1022893.

Full text
Abstract:
This research aims to contribute to knowledge about the design of interactive systems sited in public spaces. In particular, the study concerns "optional interactions" where systems invite interaction from passers-by. These systems are action-orientated ratherthan goal-oriented, are designed to encourage engagement, and offer positive and rewarding experiences through the activity of interaction. This is in contrast to systems that provide functional services that are actively sought out by people, such as ticketvending machines or cash dispensers. This thesis asserts that this kind of optimal
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
47

Atmakur, Sruthi. "Research in Public Spaces: Safety and Human Behavior." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31258.

Full text
Abstract:
This thesis is a study of public spaces with a focus on personal safety and human behavior in public spaces. It establishes literature in the realm of public spaces, safety standards, and behavioral research and aims to identify common ground or conflicts between people behavior in public spaces and safety standards of public spaces. Research is supported through detailed on-site analysis and various techniques of behavioral research of two plazas in a campus setting. <p> The first part of the research focuses on literature to understand origin of public space, importance of safety, and evolu
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
48

Stewart, Abel C. "Undocumented Migrants and Engaging Public Spaces of Listening." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1388746240.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
49

Huijbens, Edward H. "Void Spaces : apprehending the use and non-use of public spaces in the urban." Thesis, Durham University, 2005. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/2867/.

Full text
Abstract:
This thesis builds up a three part genealogy of the theoretical apprehensions of space through a three part narrative of a recently constructed public square, serving as the gateway to Edinburgh's new financial quarter, the Exchange. The aim of this genealogy and its narrative counterparts is to re-imagine the ways in which public spaces in the urban environment can be understood with reference to their materiality and use or non- use. This re-imagining aims to move away from all subjective accounts that focus only on varying degrees of use and the use-value of materiality and can lend themsel
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
50

Kinoshita, Yohei, and yohei kinoshita@rmit edu au. "Reconsidering Spaces Left-Over After Planning." RMIT University. Architecture & Design, 2009. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20090723.113333.

Full text
Abstract:
Suburbs in Melbourne present to us a unique context with which a new approach towards urban form can be devised using the existing conditions and opportunities found with infrastructural developments. This thesis contains the investigations on the various 'pathologies' of the urban fabric specifically on the potential use of 'Spaces Left-Over After Planning' as by-product to infrastructural development in relation to the reinvigoration of Melbourne suburbs under the influence of current and future metropolitan growth pressures. The contents of the research aims to demonstrate the potentials fo
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
We offer discounts on all premium plans for authors whose works are included in thematic literature selections. Contact us to get a unique promo code!