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1
Gomes-Neves, Eduarda, Sara Marques, Adélia Alves-Pereira, Pedro Osório, Alexandra Müller, and Cláudia S. Baptista. "Impact of COVID-19 Restrictions in Portugal: A Questionnaire to Municipal and Animal Association Shelters." Animals 11, no. 9 (August 28, 2021): 2532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11092532.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has an indirect impact on the health and welfare of animals. The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of COVID-19 on Municipal and Association animal shelters. A questionnaire was sent to 97 Municipal shelters and 65 Associations. Questions focused on public funding, management and animal welfare during COVID-19 restrictions. The response rate was 43.3% (42/97) for Municipal shelters and 38.5% (25/65) for Associations. Municipal shelters (67%) received over 80% of public funding, whereas 68% of the Associations received less than 50%. During the COVID-19 restrictions, financial difficulties were observed by 52% of Associations and 5% of Municipal shelters, and a lack of volunteers was observed by 56% of Associations and 17% of Municipal shelters. Operational difficulties were indicated by 43% of Associations and 12% of Municipal shelters, and a lack of instructions was observed by 31% of Municipal shelters and 4% of Associations. No significant differences were obtained on abandonment, adoption, clinical support, exercise and interaction. Decreased feed supply was reported by 40% of Associations and 5% of Municipal shelters. During the COVID-19 restrictions, Municipal shelters were more affected by the lack of instructions, and Associations were more affected by external factors such as a decrease in feed supply, volunteers and funding. Preparedness and contingency plans seem essential to face unpredicted crises.
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Silva-Peñaherrera, Michael, María López-Ruiz, Pamela Merino-Salazar, Antonio Ramon Gomez Garcia, and Fernando G. Benavides. "Association between informal employment and mortality rate by welfare regime in Latin America and the Caribbean: an ecological study." BMJ Open 11, no. 8 (August 2021): e044920. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044920.
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ObjectiveWe aimed to estimate the association between informal employment and mortality in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) by comparing welfare state regimes.DesignEcological study using time-series cross-sectional analysis of countries. Informality was estimated from household surveys by the Center for Distributive, Labor and Social Studies in collaboration with the World Bank, and the adult mortality rates for 2000–2016 were obtained from the WHO databases. Countries were grouped by welfare state regimes: state productivist, state protectionist and familialist. We calculated the compound annual growth rate for each country and performed linear regression between the informality and the adult mortality rates stratified by sex and welfare state regime.SettingSeventeen countries from LAC with available data on informality and adult mortality rates for 2000–2016.Primary outcome measureThe association between informality and mortality by welfare state regime.ResultsBetween 2000 and 2016, mortality rates decreased an average 1.3% per year and informal employment rates 0.5% per year. We found a significant positive association between informality and mortality rates (women: R2=0.48; men: R2=0.36). The association was stronger among the state regime countries (women: R2=0.58; men: R2=0.77), with no significant association among the familialist countries.ConclusionInformal employment negatively impacts population health, which is modified by welfare state regimes. Addressing informal employment could be an effective way to improve population health in LAC. However, linkage with public health and labour market agendas will be necessary.
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Boreham, Paul, Richard Hall, and Martin Leet. "Labour and Citizenship: The Development of Welfare State Regimes." Journal of Public Policy 16, no. 2 (May 1996): 203–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x00007364.
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ABSTRACTThis paper is concerned with the political determinants of the significantly different rates of welfare expenditure which characterise advanced capitalist countries. The research concentrates on the connections between the organization and mobilization of a key political actor pursing social wage benefits – the labour movement – and different levels across nations of welfare provision, including expenditure on health, social security consumption expenditure and social security transfers. The paper uses disaggregated, pooled time series data on welfare provision in 15 OECD countries, 1974–1988, to test the association between more comprehensive welfare state regimes and state structures that facilitate the intervention of organized labour movements in the policy process.
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TOSSOUNIAN, CECILIA. "Women's Associations and the Emergence of a Social State: Protection for Mothers and Children in Buenos Aires, 1920–1940." Journal of Latin American Studies 45, no. 2 (May 2013): 297–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x13000394.
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AbstractThis paper examines the women's association movement in Buenos Aires between 1920 and 1940, and its connection with the emergence of a social state. Subsidised by the state, associations led by upper-class women provided a significant number of social assistance services to mothers, working women and children, and had a notable impact on the design of social policy. While historiography concurs that by 1930 the significance of this charitably oriented women's movement had started to decline, being replaced by public welfare services, this paper seeks to question such a conclusion by analysing three of the most important women's social welfare associations in the period and showing how, having become the maternal face of the state, they retained a central role in the provision of social assistance until well into the 1930s, thus helping to prevent the state from becoming a ‘colossal bureaucratic machine’.
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Chang, Hsihui, Xin Dai, Yurun He, and Maolin Wang. "How Internal Control Protects Shareholders' Welfare: Evidence from Tax Avoidance in China." Journal of International Accounting Research 19, no. 2 (April 23, 2020): 19–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jiar-19-046.
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ABSTRACT This paper investigates how effective internal control protects shareholders' welfare in the context of corporate tax avoidance. Prior literature documents a positive association between internal control weakness and low tax avoidance. In this paper, we re-examine this association and complement prior research by finding that the direction of the association between internal control and tax avoidance depends on the level of tax avoidance. Specifically, for firms with low (high) levels of tax avoidance, internal control quality is positively (negatively) associated with tax avoidance. In additional analyses, we further explore how internal control mitigates agency costs for state-owned enterprises and tunneling activities. We show that for state-owned enterprises, which have lower incentives to avoid tax, effective internal control prevents managers from paying more taxes to cater to the controlling shareholders' interests. We also find that the association between tax avoidance and tunneling is reduced by effective internal control systems. Data Availability: Data are available from the public sources cited in the text.
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McMahon, Sarah A., and Ellie Wigham. "‘All Ears’: A Questionnaire of 1516 Owner Perceptions of the Mental Abilities of Pet Rabbits, Subsequent Resource Provision, and the Effect on Welfare." Animals 10, no. 10 (September 23, 2020): 1730. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10101730.
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Pet rabbit welfare is a hidden crisis: Inappropriately housed, fed, and not routinely provided healthcare—rabbits can often suffer painful conditions and shortened lifespans. This study provides novel understanding of owners’ perceptions of rabbits’ mental capabilities; how this impacts their husbandry; and subsequent effects on rabbits’ welfare. A survey was designed to investigate owner and rabbit demographics, owner perception of rabbits, resources provided, and rabbit behavior. Distributed online and by the Rabbit Welfare Association and Fund, the survey received 1516 responses. It was found that increased owner perceptions of pain, emotions, and intelligence resulted in increased likelihood of providing a partner, increased enrichment variation, and a more appropriate diet and type of housing. Welfare scores were associated with diet, housing, variety of enrichment, and time spent with owners. These results suggest that a practical approach to improving the welfare standard provided to rabbits may be to target improving owner perceptions of the species’ intelligence, emotionality, and experience of pain. This information would be beneficial in tailoring public education programs to increase provision of welfare enhancing resources, improve the human–animal relationship, and thus improve the welfare standards for this species.
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Looi, Jeffrey C. L., and Michelle Atchison. "Through the looking-glass: private and public practice psychiatry in the RANZCP." Australasian Psychiatry 28, no. 3 (March 11, 2020): 328–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1039856220908165.
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Objective: To provide reflections on the representation of and engagement with private practice psychiatrists by the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists (RANZCP). Conclusion: We consider some of the reasons for private psychiatrist disengagement with the RANZCP. We suggest approaches to better engage private psychiatrists in the RANZCP, including: involvement in mental health policy, improved committee representation, specific private practice and business training for Fellowship, broader private practice peer support networks (welfare, clinical research, leadership), tailored professional development, branch-based networks of public and private psychiatrists, and collaboration with specialist medical colleges and the Australian Medical Association.
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Nelson, Robert G., and Richard O. Beil. "When Self-interest is Self-Defeating: The Public Goods Experiment as a Teaching Tool." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 26, no. 2 (December 1994): 580–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800026481.
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AbstractThis simple classroom experiment demonstrates many of the behavioral phenomena associated with the voluntary provision of a public good. The mechanics of the game are explained in detail and complete instructions are provided, as well as suggestions for follow-up lectures. Influences such as anonymous voting, persuasion, returns to free-riding, and duration of association can be explored in connection with concepts of incentives, individual rationality and group welfare. A number of variations and extensions can be used to incorporate prisoners' dilemmas, incentive compatible mechanisms, negative externalities, and Coasian bargaining.
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Muntaner, Carles, John W. Lynch, Marianne Hillemeier, Ju Hee Lee, Richard David, Joan Benach, and Carme Borrell. "Economic Inequality, Working-Class Power, Social Capital, and Cause-Specific Mortality in Wealthy Countries." International Journal of Health Services 32, no. 4 (October 2002): 629–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/n7a9-5x58-0dyt-c6ay.
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This study tests two propositions from Navarro's critique of the social capital literature: that social capital's importance has been exaggerated and that class-related political factors, absent from social epidemiology and public health, might be key determinants of population health. The authors estimate cross-sectional associations between economic inequality, working-class power, and social capital and life expectancy, self-rated health, low birth weight, and age- and cause-specific mortality in 16 wealthy countries. Of all the health outcomes, the five variables related to birth and infant survival and nonintentional injuries had the most consistent association with economic inequality and working-class power (in particular with strength of the welfare state) and, less so, with social capital indicators. Rates of low birth weight and infant deaths from all causes were lower in countries with more “left” (e.g., socialist, social democratic, labor) votes, more left members of parliament, more years of social democratic government, more women in government, and various indicators of strength of the welfare state, as well as low economic inequality, as measured in a variety of ways. Similar associations were observed for injury mortality, underscoring the crucial role of unions and labor parties in promoting workplace safety. Overall, social capital shows weaker associations with population health indicators than do economic inequality and working-class power. The popularity of social capital and exclusion of class-related political and welfare state indicators does not seem to be justified on empirical grounds.
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Oxman, Bernard H., and William J. Aceves. "Public Report Of Review Of Nao Submission No. 9703." American Journal of International Law 93, no. 1 (January 1999): 224–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2997967.
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Public Report of Review of NAO Submission No. 9703.U.S. National Administrative Office, U.S. Department of Labor, July 31, 1998.On July 31,1998, the U.S. National Administrative Office (NAO) issued its Public Report of Review (Report) on a petition filed by several U.S. and Canadian labor unions alleging labor law violations in Mexico. The Report found credible allegations that Mexican workers were threatened and attacked as they sought to pursue legitimate union activities at an export-processing plant in Ciudad de los Reyes, Mexico. In addition, the Report determined that Mexican officials had failed to protect the labor interests of Mexican workers seeking to exercise their freedom of association. The Report called for ministerial consultations between the U.S. Secretary of Labor and the Secretary of Labor and Social Welfare of Mexico to address these issues.
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MORRIS, LYDIA. "Reconfiguring Rights in Austerity Britain: Boundaries, Behaviours and Contestable Margins." Journal of Social Policy 48, no. 2 (June 26, 2018): 271–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279418000375.
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AbstractThis paper addresses policy change in Britain since 2010 across the three fields of domestic welfare, migration and asylum, and analyses the association between welfare, conditionality and control through the lens of civic stratification. Drawing on the work of Richard Munch and Mary Douglas, it moves beyond existing literature in this area to show that the more complex the classification in play, and the more severe its boundary implications, the more likely the emergence of contestable margins. Informed by Munch's ‘battlefield’ approach, it provides a discussion of contestable margins in each of the three policy fields and outlines the nature and source of challenges that emerge within the ‘institutional battlefield’. A concluding section reflects on what is revealed by viewing welfare, migration and asylum within the same conceptual frame, identifying an emergent welfare paradigm that displays recurrent problems across all three fields.
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Yang, Qiuxia. "Fiscal Transparency and Public Service Quality Association: Evidence from 12 Coastal Provinces and Cities of China." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 14, no. 1 (December 30, 2020): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14010013.
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This paper presents an evaluation index system of public service quality, which contains 35 indexes from the dimensions of the output and effect. Based on data from 2010 to 2017 in 12 coastal provinces and cities of China, this paper assesses public service quality by using the methods of entropy weight order preference similarity to the ideal solution (TOPSIS) and analyzes the effect of fiscal transparency on public service quality. The results show that the public service quality in the 12 coastal provinces and cities of China studied is relatively high, and fiscal transparency has a positive effect on public service quality. This analysis showed that an increase of 1% in fiscal transparency would lead to an increase of 0.0323% in the quality of public services. Fiscal transparency contributes to the quality of public services by improving the scale of investment and the efficiency of public services expenditure; this is because fiscal transparency can increase the expenditure on public welfare services and curb official corruption. Furthermore, the proposed evaluation index can enable government administrators to take the necessary steps on the appropriate dimensions to improve public service quality. This study can provide some guidelines for other countries, especially to improve public service quality by increasing fiscal transparency.
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CHENG, TYRONE C., and CELIA C. LO. "Heavy Alcohol Use, Alcohol and Drug Screening and their Relationship to Mothers' Welfare Participation: A Temporal-ordered Causal Analysis." Journal of Social Policy 39, no. 4 (March 31, 2010): 543–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s004727941000022x.
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AbstractThis longitudinal study examined the association between heavy alcohol use, alcohol- and drug-screening requirements, and social support network variables and mothers' welfare participation in the United States. The study was a secondary data analysis of 3,517 mothers. The sample was extracted from National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data gathered in 1994–2004. Results of logistic regression show welfare participation is not associated with heavy alcohol use or alcohol- and drug-screening requirements, but is associated with a history of reported heavy alcohol use, informal help with childcare, and scant human capital. Results also indicate that alcohol- and drug screening required under TANF may not exclude heavy drinking mothers from TANF participation, and that social support networks do not cancel heavy drinking's association with participation. Policy implications are discussed.
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Creek, Drew Vande. "Solomon Huebner and the Development of Life Insurance Sales Professionalism, 1905–1927." Enterprise & Society 6, no. 4 (December 2005): 646–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1467222700014993.
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In 1927 the National Association of Life Underwriters collaborated with Professor Solomon Huebner of the University of Pennsylvania to found the American College of Life Underwriters, an institution devoted to establishing and maintaining professional standards for the nation’s life insurance salesmen. Their work sheds light on the new politics of expertise and associations that emerged in the 1920s. While many historians have portrayed the period’s experts as purveyors of new, technical knowledge and apolitical agents of an inevitable modernity, Huebner in fact brought little real knowledge of insurance to his work. Instead, he introduced the industry’s prevailing ideology of public service into his classroom, and it informed his professionalization project as well. The professor worked as a campaigner for professionalism, attempting to persuade life insurance salesmen, industry executives, and the American public to accept the notion that salesmen could become professionals. Ultimately, Huebner’s career shows how a Progressive expert worked directly with a trade association representing a disorganized industry. But instead of merely seeking to build new capacity for economic planning and stabilization, Huebner and the association boldly positioned their industry as a voluntary and private means of providing Americans with basic social welfare benefits and paved the way for the growth of the modern financial services industry.
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DHÁIBHÉID, CAOIMHE NIC. "THE IRISH NATIONAL AID ASSOCIATION AND THE RADICALIZATION OF PUBLIC OPINION IN IRELAND, 1916–1918." Historical Journal 55, no. 3 (August 3, 2012): 705–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x12000234.
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ABSTRACTAt the 1918 general election, Sinn Féin overtook the Irish Parliamentary Party as the dominant political force within nationalist Ireland, a process that has its origins in the aftermath of the Easter Rising of 1916. This article argues that to understand better this shift in public opinion, from an initially hostile reaction to the Dublin rebellion to a more advanced nationalist position,1it is important to recognize the decisive role played by a political welfare organization, the Irish National Aid Association and Volunteer Dependents' Fund. The activities of the INAAVDF significantly shaped the popular memory of the Rising, but also provided a focus around which the republican movement could re-organize itself. In foregrounding the contribution of the INAAVDF to the radicalization of political life in Ireland between 1916 and 1918, the article argues that this understudied but important organization offers a useful way of charting popular responses to the Rising and its aftermath, as well as laying the foundations for a reinvigorated political and military campaign after 1917.
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Wyly, Elvin, and James DeFilippis. "Mapping Public Housing: The Case of New York City." City & Community 9, no. 1 (March 2010): 61–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6040.2009.01306.x.
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In American popular discourse and policy debates, “public housing” conjures images of “the projects”—dysfunctional neighborhood imprints of a discredited welfare state. Yet this image, so important in justifying deconcentration, is a dangerous caricature of the diverse places where low–income public housing residents live, and it ignores a much larger public housing program—the $100 billion–plus annual mortgage interest tax concessions to (mostly) wealthy homeowners. in this article, we measure three spatial aspects of assisted housing, poverty, and wealth in New York City. First, local indicators of spatial association document a contingent link between assistance and poverty: vouchers are not consistently associated with poverty deconcentration. Second, spatial regressions confirm this result after controlling for racial segregation and spatial autocorrelation. Third, factor analyses and cluster classifications reveal a rich, complex neighborhood topography of poverty, wealth, and housing subsidy that defies the simplistic stereotypes of policy and popular discourse.
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Kataoka, Mayumi, and Daisuke Nishi. "Association between Work-Related Trauma Exposure and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms among Child Welfare Workers in Japan: A Cross-Sectional Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 7 (March 29, 2021): 3541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073541.
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Child welfare workers often experience work-related traumatic events and may be at risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which can hinder early interventions for child abuse. This study examined the association between each single work-related traumatic event experienced by child welfare workers and the cumulative number of traumatic event types with PTSD symptoms. A checklist of traumatic events was used to investigate work-related traumatic events. The PTSD checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) was used to screen for PTSD symptoms. Two multivariate analyses were performed. A total of 140 workers were included in the analyses. In the first multivariate analysis, the event, “Witnessed a parent violently beating, hitting, kicking, or otherwise injuring a child or the other parent during work” (β = 11.96; 95% CI, 2.11–21.80; p < 0.05) and resilience (β = −0.60; 95% CI, −0.84 to −0.36; p < 0.01) were significantly associated with PTSD symptoms, as was resilience in the second multivariate analysis (β = −0.60; 95% CI, −0.84 to −0.36; p < 0.01). The association between the cumulative number of event types and PTSD symptoms was not significant, but it was stronger when the cumulative number was four or more. The findings suggest the importance of reducing child welfare worker exposure to traumatic events.
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Meyer-Gutbrod, Joshua. "Between National Polarization and Local Ideology: The Impact of Partisan Competition on State Medicaid Expansion Decisions." Publius: The Journal of Federalism 50, no. 2 (October 24, 2019): 237–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/publius/pjz028.
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Abstract The U.S. Supreme Court’s decision to grant states the authority to reject Medicaid expansion under the Affordable Care Act without penalty threatened the implementation of this polarized health policy. While many Republican-controlled states followed their national allies and rejected Medicaid expansion, others engaged in bipartisan implementation. Why were some Republican states willing to reject the national partisan agenda and cooperate with Democrats in Washington? I focus on the role of electoral competition within states. I conclude that although electoral competition has been shown to encourage partisan polarization within the states, the combination of intergovernmental implementation and Medicaid expansion’s association with public welfare reverses this dynamic. I employ a Cox proportional-hazards model to examine the impact of state partisan ideology and competition on the likelihood of state Medicaid expansion. I find that strong inter-party competition mitigates the impact of more extreme partisan ideologies, encouraging potentially bipartisan negotiation with the federal administration.
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Shahidi, Faraz V., Carles Muntaner, Ketan Shankardass, Carlos Quiñonez, and Arjumand Siddiqi. "The effect of welfare reform on the health of the unemployed: evidence from a natural experiment in Germany." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 74, no. 3 (January 8, 2020): 211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2019-213151.
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BackgroundOver the past several decades, governments have enacted far-reaching reforms aimed at reducing the generosity and coverage of welfare benefits. Prior literature suggests that these policy measures may have deleterious effects on the health of populations. In this study, we evaluate the impact of one of the largest welfare reforms in recent history—the 2005 Hartz IV reform in Germany—with a focus on estimating its effect on the health of the unemployed.MethodsWe employed a quasi-experimental difference-in-differences (DID) design using population-based data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study, covering the period between 1994 and 2016. We applied DID linear probability modelling to examine the association between the Hartz IV reform and poor self-rated health, adjusting for a range of demographic and socioeconomic confounders.ResultsThe Hartz IV reform was associated with a 3.6 (95% CI 0.9 to 6.2) percentage point increase in the prevalence of poor self-rated health among unemployed persons affected by the reform relative to similar but unaffected controls. This negative association appeared immediately following the implementation of the reform and has persisted over time.ConclusionGovernments in numerous European and North American jurisdictions have introduced measures to further diminish the generosity and coverage of welfare benefits. In line with growing concerns over the potential consequences of austerity and associated policy measures, our findings suggest that these reform efforts pose a threat to the health of socioeconomically disadvantaged populations.
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Amoo, Emmanuel O., Gholahan A. Oni, Mofoluwake P. Ajayi, Adenike E. Idowu, Theophilus O. Fadayomi, and Adekunbi K. Omideyi. "Are Men’s Reproductive Health Problems and Sexual Behavior Predictors of Welfare?" American Journal of Men's Health 11, no. 3 (July 31, 2015): 487–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988315598832.
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The study examined men’s reproductive health problems and sexual behavior and their implications for men’s welfare in Nigeria. It used the Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey data set of 2013. The analysis used only male recode files, representing 17,359 males. The dependent variable is the computed wealth index, which was selected as proxy for welfare condition. Analysis involved univariate and multivariate levels. The findings indicated that 49.3% of the respondents currently have more than one sexual partner. The total lifetime sexual partner index identifies 70.2% of the men interviewed have had at least two sexual partners in their lifetime. It revealed that men who experience reproductive health challenges, such as sexually transmitted infections and genital ulcer, are 44% and 93%, respectively, less likely to enjoy good welfare condition. It also indicated that men in urban area are 7.256 times more likely to enjoy good welfare condition compared with their rural counterparts. There is a negative association between total lifetime sexual partnerships and exposure to good welfare. The study concludes that social workers, marriage counselors, other health personnel, and policy makers need to focus on the practice of multiple sexual partnership and reproductive health diseases as major determinants of men’s welfare. The authors suggest that the index of welfare should include reproductive health issues and indicators of sexual behavior. Also, there is need for the establishment of specialized reproductive health care services and centers that are accessible to all men for effective servicing of reproductive health needs of men in the country.
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Shoesmith, Emily, Luciana Santos de Assis, Lion Shahab, Elena Ratschen, Paul Toner, Dimitra Kale, Catherine Reeve, and Daniel S. Mills. "The Perceived Impact of The First UK COVID-19 Lockdown on Companion Animal Welfare and Behaviour: A Mixed-Method Study of Associations with Owner Mental Health." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 11 (June 7, 2021): 6171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18116171.
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Background: Companion animals may be a positive presence for their owners during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the welfare of a companion animal is strongly influenced by the behaviour of their owners, as well as their physical and social environment. We aimed to investigate the reported changes in companion animal welfare and behaviour and to examine the association between these changes and companion animal owners’ mental health. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey of UK residents over 18 years of age was conducted between April and June 2020 (n = 5926). The questionnaire included validated, bespoke items measuring outcomes related to mental health, human-animal bonds and reported changes in animal welfare and behaviour. The final item of the survey invited open-ended free-text responses, allowing participants to describe experiences associated with human-animal relationships during the first UK lockdown phase. Results: Animal owners made up 89.8% of the sample (n = 5323), of whom 67.3% reported changes in their animal’s welfare and behaviour during the first lockdown phase (n = 3583). These reported changes were reduced to a positive (0–7) and negative (0–5) welfare scale, following principal component analysis (PCA) of 17 items. Participants reported more positive changes for cats, whereas more negative changes were reported for dogs. Thematic analysis identified three main themes relating to the positive and negative impact on companion animals of the COVID-19 pandemic. Generalised linear models indicated that companion animal owners with poorer mental health scores pre-lockdown reported fewer negative changes in animal welfare and behaviour. However, companion animal owners with poorer mental health scores since lockdown reported more changes, both positive and negative, in animal welfare and behaviour. Conclusion: Our findings extend previous insights into perceived welfare and behaviour changes on a very limited range of species to a wider range of companion animals. Owner mental health status has a clear, albeit small, effect on companion animal welfare and behaviour.
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van der Wel, Kjetil A., Espen Dahl, and Karsten Thielen. "Social Inequalities in “Sickness”: Does Welfare State Regime Type Make a Difference? A Multilevel Analysis of Men and Women in 26 European Countries." International Journal of Health Services 42, no. 2 (April 2012): 235–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/hs.42.2.f.
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In comparative studies of health inequalities, public health researchers have usually studied only disease and illness. Recent studies have also examined the sickness dimension of health, that is, the extent to which ill health is accompanied by joblessness, and how this association varies by education within different welfare contexts. This research has used either a limited number of countries or quantitative welfare state measures in studies of many countries. In this study, the authors expand on this knowledge by investigating whether a regime approach to the welfare state produces consistent results. They analyze data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC); health was measured by limiting longstanding illness (LLSI). Results show that for both men and women reporting LLSI in combination with low educational level, the probabilities of non-employment were particularly high in the Anglo-Saxon and Eastern welfare regimes, and lowest in the Scandinavian regime. For men, absolute and relative social inequalities in sickness were lowest in the Southern regime; for women, inequalities were lowest in the Scandinavian regime. The authors conclude that the Scandinavian welfare regime is more able than other regimes to protect against non-employment in the face of illness, especially for individuals with low educational level.
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Adzima, Kerry. "The Association of Advanced Math Course-Taking by American Youth on Subsequent Receipt of Public Assistance." Advances in Social Work 20, no. 3 (January 29, 2021): 739–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/23866.
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Helping people move to independence is often cited as a primary goal of public assistance policies in the United States. Over the past several decades, welfare reform efforts in the US have promoted the idea of a work-first approach. Research shows that this approach has discouraged or at least made it harder for some students to attend college while meeting the work requirements for aid. How can those students who need public assistance increase their chances of finding a sustainable job and thus not need to rely on the public support system after high school? To address this question, this study used a sample of 3,384 student responses from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health and a recursive bivariate probit model to analyze the association between advanced math course-taking in high school and the probability of subsequent receipt of public assistance. The empirical results suggest that taking advanced math courses in high school is associated with a lower probability of receiving public assistance for recent graduates. These findings are particularly important for school social workers who work in conjunction with teachers and school counselors to help at-risk students improve their chances of future financial independence.
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Zhang, Wei, and Qingjun Wu. "The Relationship Between Public Sector Employment and Population Health: Evidence From the 1980s and Its Contemporary Implications." International Journal of Health Services 49, no. 3 (March 6, 2019): 555–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020731419833530.
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This article explores the relationship between public sector employment and population health both theoretically and quantitatively. First, we build a theoretical framework to situate public employment in the literature that explores the link between politics and health. We argue that public employment, as an instrument of pro-redistributive policies in both the labor market and the welfare state, improves equality and ultimately health. Second, based on a cross-country dataset from the 1980s, and by applying regression analysis and outlier identification techniques, we find that population health measured by life expectancy improves with the size of public employment. The association is stronger for countries with lower income and for women. When policymakers contemplate downsizing state enterprises and government functions, they should consider the health effect of public employment.
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Balorda, Jasna. "Denmark: The Rise of Fascism and the Decline of the Nordic Model." Social Policy and Society 18, no. 1 (October 9, 2018): 133–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746418000416.
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Contrary to its conventional image as a social-democratic paragon, the Danish welfare state has, in recent decades, been undergoing significant changes as a response to the intrusion into the social sphere by self-regulating markets and a final departure from Keynesian politics of universalism and solidarity. This article examines the evident decline of the Nordic model as a result of neoliberal globalisation and establishes an association between the erosion of the welfare state and the emergence of fascist political sentiment in Denmark. An analysis of the Danish People's party and its growing public support among the disenfranchised working class communities in Denmark demonstrates how those overlooked by the free market and unrepresented by the liberal left become increasingly more receptive to the proposed social agendas of the far right campaigns.
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ShriSudip Bandyopadhyay. "Hon′ble Union Minister of State for Health and Family Welfare - 56thFoundation Day Ceremony of the Indian Public Health Association." Indian Journal of Public Health 55, no. 4 (2011): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0019-557x.92398.
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Lauderdale, Lisa K., Jill D. Mellen, Michael T. Walsh, Douglas A. Granger, and Lance J. Miller. "Towards understanding the welfare of cetaceans in accredited zoos and aquariums." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 30, 2021): e0255506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255506.
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Cetaceans are long-lived, social species that are valued as ambassadors inspiring the public to engage in conservation action. Under professional care, they are critical partners with the scientific community to understanding the biology, behavior, physiology, health, and welfare requirements of this taxonomic group. The Cetacean Welfare Study was a highly collaborative research effort among zoos and aquariums accredited by the Alliance for Marine Mammal Parks and Aquariums and/or the Association of Zoos & Aquariums that provided important empirical and comparative information on the care and management of cetaceans. The goal was to identify factors that were related to the welfare of bottlenose dolphins and to develop reference intervals and values for common and novel indicators of health and welfare for common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus), beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas), and Pacific white-sided dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens). Data were collected from cetaceans at 43 accredited zoos and aquariums in seven countries in 2018 and 2019. This overview presents a summary of findings from the initial research articles that resulted from the study titled “Towards understanding the welfare of cetaceans in zoos and aquariums.” With multiple related objectives, animal-based metrics were used to advance frameworks of clinical care and target key conditions that were associated with good welfare of cetaceans in zoo and aquarium environments. As a result of this collaboration, species-specific reference intervals and values for blood variables and fecal hormone metabolites were developed and are freely available in an iOS application called ZooPhysioTrak. The results suggested that environmental enrichment programs and social management factors were more strongly related to behaviors likely indicative of positive welfare than habitat characteristics for common and Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins. These findings can be widely applied to optimize care and future science-based welfare practice.
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Sow, Mouctar, Myriam De Spiegelaere, and Marie-France Raynault. "Risk of Low Birth Weight According to Household Composition in Brussels and Montreal: Do Income Support Policies Variations Explain the Differences Observed between Both Regions?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 15 (July 27, 2021): 7936. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18157936.
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Variations in social policy between countries provide opportunities to assess the impact of these policies on health inequities. This study compares the risk of low birth weight in Brussels and Montreal, according to household composition, and discusses the impact of income support policies. For each context, we estimated the impact of income support policies on the extent of poverty of welfare recipients, using the model family method. Based on the differences found, we tested hypotheses on the association between low birth weight and household composition, using administrative data from the birth register and social security in each region. The extent of poverty of welfare families differs according to household composition. In Quebec, the combination of low welfare benefits and larger family allowances widens the gap between households with children and those without children. The risk of LBW also differs between these two contexts according to the number of children. Compared to children born into large welfare families, first-born children are more at risk in Montreal than in Brussels. In addition to the usual comparative studies on the topic, our study highlights the importance of an evaluative perspective that considers the combination of different types of income support measures to better identify the most vulnerable households.
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Gillespie, James A. "International Constructions of Social Security and Public Health: Policy Intersections 1920–1970." Gesnerus 74, no. 2 (November 6, 2017): 205–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22977953-07402004.
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The problems of national health insurance played a prominent, but shifting role in the formation of global health policy. This paper uses the work of Geneva based organizations from the end of the First World War to the 1970s to explore the crossing points between health policy and social security. From its formation the League of Nations Health Organisation had an uneasy dialogue with the social insurance and security approaches adopted by the International Labour Organization and the International Social Security Association. When the social insurance concerns of the interwar year broadened into ‘social security’, largely led by the ILO, this debate spilled over into conflicts over the leadership of global social policy and carried over into the early years of WHO. Conflicts centred on the difficult relationship between national health insurance and the other elements of what became the welfare state. The paper identifies the difficulties of constructing a global policy space for action on health security.
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Mourey, Damien, Philippe Eynaud, and Carolyn Cordery. "The Impact of Governmental Policy on the Effective Operation of CSOs: A French Case Study." Nonprofit Policy Forum 5, no. 1 (December 6, 2013): 169–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/npf-2012-0015.
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AbstractWorldwide, civil society organizations (CSOs) are an integral component in the complex network that comprises the public sphere improving the welfare of our communities. In the second half of the twentieth century French CSOs’ contributions to their citizens’ welfare have become increasingly valued. Nevertheless, radical changes to employment policies during the Sarkozy regime (2007–2012) impacted social services to unemployed migrants. In addition, central government constrained local governments’ ability to fund social services, pushing a shift from a culture of “granting subsidies” to one based on “public procurement contracting” (Langlais 2008). These environmental changes are likely to transform CSO-government relationships.This research asks two questions: what is the impact of such radical changes and what possible responses can organizations make, if they are to survive? To answer these, we utilize a case study of a French CSO (Association), which is highly dependent on public funding to deliver its urban-based migrant programs. We utilize the lens of resource dependency, focusing on the interrelationships and interactions that impact CSOs’ legitimacy and support. Effects of the reforms include a change from relatively cooperative relationships with government to adversarial exchanges. Moreover, this CSO’s activities are apprehended by public funders as short-term single projects considered in isolation from one another so that its overall outcomes are not quantitatively measured. As a result, the CSO’s overarching and long-term social and economic contribution to the territory’s public sphere is in jeopardy.
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Carroll, Deborah A., and Thad D. Calabrese. "Intersecting Sectors? The Connection Between Nonprofit Charities and Government Spending." Journal of Public and Nonprofit Affairs 3, no. 3 (December 1, 2017): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.20899/jpna.3.3.247-271.
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In this paper, we articulate that rent-seeking behavior by nonprofit charities and budgetary discretionary behavior by public agents should lead to a positive correlation between nonprofit charity and government spending. Using a large national database of government spending that we merged with charitable spending, we empirically test our research question. Overall, we find a positive correlation between spending by both sectors that is unequivocal and nontrivial, thus supporting the rent-seeking theory of nonprofit charities’ behavior. When we examine spending by the sectors by specific areas of service provision to determine public budgetary reallocation, our results indicate positive associations in legal and judicial services, libraries, and public welfare spending – supporting the rent-seeking explanation. However, we found no correlations between spending by the two sectors in several important areas of service provision, including education, health, hospitals, and housing. The lack of correlation in these areas might be indicative of government failure theory rather than rent-seeking. Importantly, the positive association between charitable and government spending suggests that public spending may increase beyond optimal levels – leading potentially to tax burdens that are greater than necessary, crowding out of private enterprise, and spending patterns that are difficult to alter in light of fiscal shocks.
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Jaffar, Najiha, and Nor Zalina Harun. "The Values of Physical Landscape in Accommodating Social Sustainability of Traditional Malay Settlement." Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal 5, no. 15 (December 25, 2020): 405–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v5i15.1858.
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Traditional settlements are one of the many valuable possessions in terms of history, customs, culture and architecture. However, modernization and progress have greatly altered the physical landscape and destroyed these important social spaces by replacing them with more modern public infrastructure. This study aims to investigate how the multiple physical aspects of public infrastructure and traditional settlement environment around Kuala Terengganu play a role in supporting the welfare of the community. This research using mixed-methodology, which includes observation, questionnaires and interviews. The size of the data was accumulated from 800 residents by using a questionnaire survey to recognize the relevant factors that shape social sustainability. The main findings shows the three main factors of public spaces; (i) sufficient facilities; (ii) accommodate a variety of activities; (iii) provide convenience to the public. Keywords: physical landscape; public spaces; public infrastructure; social sustainability; traditional settlement eISSN: 2398-4287© 2020. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v5i15.1858.
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TAYLOR, ANNE W., RHIANNON PILKINGTON, ELEONORA DAL GRANDE, CONSTANCE KOURBELIS, and HELEN BARRY. "Health and welfare profile of Australian baby boomers who live in rented accommodation – implications for the future." Ageing and Society 39, no. 4 (October 26, 2017): 685–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x17001088.
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ABSTRACTBaby boomers who rent are often overlooked as an important sub-group. We aimed to assess the chronic conditions, risk factors, socio-economic factors and other health-related factors associated with renting in private or public housing. Data from telephone interviews conducted each month in South Australia between 2010 and 2015 were combined. Prevalence estimates were assessed for each risk factor and chronic condition by housing status. The association between housing status and variables of interest were analysed using logistic regression models adjusting for multiple covariates (age, gender, income, smoking, physical activity, area and year of data collection). Overall, 17.4 per cent of the 16,687 baby boomers interviewed were renting, either privately or using government-subsided housing. The health profile of renters (both private and public) was poorer overall, with renters more likely to have all of the chronic conditions and ten risk factors assessed. For public renters the relationships were maintained even after controlling for socio-economic and risk factor variables for all chronic diseases except osteoporosis. This research has provided empirical evidence of the considerable differences in health, socio-economic indicators and risk factors between baby boomers who rent and those who own, or are buying, their own homes.
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Bajic, Nada, and Danijela Scepanovic. "Clinical trials - from anecdotes to evidence based medicine." Archive of Oncology 11, no. 1 (2003): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/aoo0301013b.
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Treatments based on theory and anecdote with extravagant public claims without being properly tested has become past time in medical practice. Only valid unbiased and relevant evidence obtained by methodology of clinical trials should be adopted in medical practice and practice guidelines. In such way clinical decisions are based on evidence rather than on authority. Inevitable part of clinical trials is medical ethics formally defined within the Nuremberg Code, World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki and guidelines issued by the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare. This paper presents in short history of clinical trials and current status worldwide.
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Hollands, Clive. "Achieving the Achievable: A Review of Animals in Politics." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 23, no. 1 (January 1995): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119299502300107.
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The background to the passage through the British Parliament of the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 is reviewed, with particular emphasis on the significance of Animal Welfare Year (1976/77) and the role of the Houghton/Platt Memorandum and the alliance formed by the British Veterinary Association, the Committee for the Reform of Animal Experimentation and the Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments. The importance of the new legislation is discussed, with particular reference to the restriction of pain, the reduction in the numbers of animals used, the development and use of humane alternative methods in research, and public accountability.
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Wu, Juan. "A Research and Exploration of Established Public Service Network Information Platform of University-Enterprise Cooperation." Advanced Materials Research 981 (July 2014): 244–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.981.244.
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Practice teaching through the establishment of university-enterprise cooperation mechanism, the establishment of university-enterprise cooperation practice teaching operation mode, formulating university-enterprise cooperation practice teaching reform model, establishing higher education "university-enterprise cooperation, complement each other, “?win-win”? are to run the factors: professional practice teaching reform. So as to promote the development of colleges and universities, driving the development of enterprises to stimulate students' creativity, further developing the students' resilience. Building regional, public welfare, and participatory comprehensive embody characteristics of university-enterprise cooperation network public service platform, to explore a founded by the government, business, industry association, joint institutions, trust each other, long-term cooperation, mutual benefit and mutual university-enterprise cooperation alliance of network organization operation pattern, is conducive to integrate scattered and disorderly flow of information in the market, reduce market transaction costs and risks of cooperation, realize the government, schools, industries and enterprises linkage, depth to promote university-enterprise cooperation, improve the public service level of regional cooperation between colleges.
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Kim, Dae-Hwan. "Association Between Subjective Obesity Status and Smoking Behavior Among Normal-Weight Women." Health Education & Behavior 45, no. 3 (September 19, 2017): 394–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1090198117728992.
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Smoking and obesity are chief causes of mortality, morbidity, and medical expenditure. However, few studies have investigated the linkage between subjective obesity status and smoking behavior. This study examines whether females in a normal body mass index range who perceive themselves as obese are more likely to smoke than those who do not perceive themselves as obese. Stratifying by age-group, I employed the propensity score matching analysis to control for selection bias. Although body mass index is lower for younger females aged 20 to 39, they are more likely than elder females to consider themselves as obese. Based on a logistic regression, my findings show that younger females who perceive themselves as obese are 21.2% more likely to smoke than females who do not perceive themselves as obese. The positive relationship between perceived obesity status and smoking behavior is also found in the propensity score matching analysis. However, the disparity in smoking prevalence is not detected between elder females who perceive themselves as obese and those who do not. Public education that fosters accurate perception of body shape is imperative in inducing healthy lifestyles and improving social welfare.
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Babatunde, Shakirat Adepeju, and Opoku Fofie. "Equipping Public Servants with Accrual Accounting for Transparency, Accountability and Efficiency – Evidence from Nigeria and Ghana." Accounting and Finance Review (AFR) Vol.1(1) Dec. 2016 1, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 01–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/afr.2016.1.1(1).
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Objective - This study is based on the social welfare viewpoint of accounting. It examines the benefits of accrual accounting as a replacement for cash accounting as a measure to enhance public service transparency, accountability, and efficiency in the public sectors of Nigeria and Ghana. Methodology/Technique - This study is based on a sample of 375 respondents from the accounting, auditing and budgeting cadres and legislatives of the public sector in Nigeria. In the Ghana perspective, 25 high-ranking public servants in the accounting, auditing and budgeting cadres were interviewed for the study. Three hundred and twenty-six valid responses representing 87% of the samples in Nigeria and the Ghana context were retrieved for analysed via descriptive statistics. Findings - Findings indicate that there is a significant association between accrual accounting and transparency, accountability, and efficiency in the public sectors of Nigeria and Ghana. Novelty - This study has the potential for improving financial reporting in the public sector. It is useful to researchers and academics because its focus on societal accounting is of current interest to accounting professionals and researchers. Type of Paper: Empirical Keywords: Accountability; Accrual accounting; Public servants; Efficiency; Transparency. JEL Classification: H83, M41.
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Duffy, Philip B., Christopher B. Field, Noah S. Diffenbaugh, Scott C. Doney, Zoe Dutton, Sherri Goodman, Lisa Heinzerling, et al. "Strengthened scientific support for the Endangerment Finding for atmospheric greenhouse gases." Science 363, no. 6427 (December 13, 2018): eaat5982. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aat5982.
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We assess scientific evidence that has emerged since the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s 2009 Endangerment Finding for six well-mixed greenhouse gases and find that this new evidence lends increased support to the conclusion that these gases pose a danger to public health and welfare. Newly available evidence about a wide range of observed and projected impacts strengthens the association between the risk of some of these impacts and anthropogenic climate change, indicates that some impacts or combinations of impacts have the potential to be more severe than previously understood, and identifies substantial risk of additional impacts through processes and pathways not considered in the Endangerment Finding.
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Dadgar, Iman, and Thor Norström. "Is there a link between cardiovascular mortality and economic fluctuations?" Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 48, no. 7 (January 9, 2020): 770–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1403494819890699.
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Background: Unemployment might affect several risk factors of cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is the leading cause of death globally. The characterisation of the relation between these two phenomena is thus of great significance from a public-health perspective. The main aim of this study was to estimate the association between the unemployment rate and mortality from CVD and from coronary heart disease (CHD). Additional aims were (a) to assess whether the associations are modified by the degree of unemployment protection; (b) to determine the impact of GDP on heart-disease mortality; and (c) to assess the impact of the Great Recession in this context. Methods: We used time-series data for 32 countries spanning the period 1960–2015. We applied two alternative modelling strategies: (a) error correction modelling, provided that the data were co-integrated; and (b) first-difference modelling in the absence of co-integration. Separate models were estimated for each of five welfare state regimes with different levels of unemployment protection. We also performed country-specific ARIMA-analyses. Results: Because the data did not prove to be co-integrated, we applied first-difference modelling. The estimated effect of unemployment and GDP on CVD as well as CHD was statistically insignificant across age and sex groups and across the various welfare state regimes. An interaction term capturing the possible excess effect of unemployment during the Great Recession was also statistically insignificant. Conclusions: Our findings, based on data from predominantly affluent countries, suggest that heart-disease mortality does not respond to economic fluctuations.
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Davison, Colleen M., Susan J. Thanabalasingam, Eva M. Purkey, and Imaan Bayoumi. "Child Maltreatment and Public Health: Do Gaps in Response during the COVID-19 Pandemic Highlight Jurisdictional Complexities?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13 (June 25, 2021): 6851. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136851.
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Objective: Countermeasures introduced during the COVID-19 pandemic produced an environment that placed some children at increased risk of maltreatment at the same time as there were decreased opportunities for identifying and reporting abuse. Unfortunately, coordinated government responses to address child protection since the start of the pandemic have been limited in Canada. As an exploratory study to examine the potential academic evidence base and location of expertise that could have been used to inform COVID-19 pandemic response, we undertook a review of child maltreatment research across three prominent Canadian professional journals in social work, medicine and public health. Methods: We conducted a pre-pandemic, thirteen-year (2006–2019) archival analysis of all articles published in the Canadian Social Work Review (CSWR), the Canadian Medical Association Journal (CMAJ) and the Canadian Journal of Public Health (CJPH) and identified the research articles that related directly to child maltreatment, child protection or the child welfare system in Canada. Results: Of 11,824 articles published across the three journals, 20 research papers relating to child maltreatment, child protection or the child welfare system were identified (CJPH = 7; CMAJ = 3; CSWR = 10). There was no obvious pattern in article topics by discipline. Discussion: Taking these three prominent professional journals as a portal into research in these disciplines, we highlight the potential low volume of academic child maltreatment research despite the importance of the topic and irrespective of discipline. We believe that urgent transdisciplinary collaboration and overall awareness raising for child protection is called for at the time of the COVID-19 pandemic as well as beyond in Canada.
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Barnish, Max, Michelle Tørnes, and Becky Nelson-Horne. "How much evidence is there that political factors are related to population health outcomes? An internationally comparative systematic review." BMJ Open 8, no. 10 (October 2018): e020886. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020886.
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ObjectivesTo provide a 7-year update of the most recent systematic review about the relationships between political features and population health outcomes.SettingInternationally comparative scholarly literature.Data sourcesTen scholarly bibliographic databases plus supplementary searches in bibliographies and Google Scholar were used to update a previous systematic review. The final search was conducted in November 2017.Primary and secondary outcome measuresAny population health outcome measure, apart from healthcare spending.Results73 unique publications were identified from the previous systematic review. The database searches to update the literature identified 45 356 raw records with 35 207 remaining following de-duplication. 55 publications were identified from supplementary searches. In total, 258 publications proceeded to full-text review and 176 were included in narrative synthesis. 85 studies were assessed at low risk of bias, 89 at moderate risk of bias and none at high risk of bias. Assessment could not be conducted for two studies that had only book chapters. No meta-analysis was conducted. 102 studies assessed welfare state generosity and 79 found a positive association. Of the 17 studies that assessed political tradition, 15 were found to show a positive association with the left-of-centre tradition. 44 studies assessed democracy and 34 found a positive association. 28 studies assessed globalisation and 14 found a negative association, while seven were positive and seven inconclusive.ConclusionsThis review concludes that welfare state generosity, left-of-centre democratic political tradition and democracy are generally positively associated with population health. Globalisation may be negatively associated with population health, but the results are less conclusive. It is important for the academic public health community to engage with the political evidence base in its research as well as in stakeholder engagement, in order to facilitate positive outcomes for population health.
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Pennington, Lee K. "Wives for the Wounded: Marriage Mediation for Japanese Disabled Veterans during World War II." Journal of Social History 53, no. 3 (2020): 667–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jsh/shaa011.
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Abstract Japan’s armed invasion of China in July 1937 catalyzed the creation of new welfare services for the rapidly escalating number of Japanese disabled veterans. Among those reforms was the emergence of public and private marriage mediation services that aimed to introduce potential brides to disabled veterans and create independent households for men with severe war injuries. Acting through the Greater Japan Disabled Veterans Association and Patriotic Women’s Association, the Japanese state established formal procedures for arranging such marriages. Concurrently, private matchmakers created marriage mediation services expressly for disabled veterans. Public and private marriage mediation efforts sought the multifaceted rehabilitation of disabled veterans and contributed to total war mobilization on the Japanese home front. In the process, wartime marriage mediation for disabled veterans reinforced contemporary social customs and gender norms by positioning women within married households to support their husbands. However, women possessed an extraordinary degree of personal agency because their consent was needed to produce marriages intended to benefit wounded servicemen and the war effort. This essay examines the origins of marriage mediation services for Japanese disabled veterans as well as popular wartime depictions of such endeavors and their female participants.
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Kwon, Hyun-Jung, Ji-Ung Jeong, and Mihyang Choi. "Social Relationships and Suicidal Ideation Among the Elderly Who Live Alone in Republic of Korea: A Logistic Model." INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing 55 (January 1, 2018): 004695801877417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0046958018774177.
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With population aging and change in family structure, the number of the elderly who live alone is rapidly increasing in Korea. The aim of this study was to explore the association between social relationships—especially newly formed formal social relationships (FSRs)—and suicidal ideation among Korean elderly who live alone. The elderly who live alone (N = 2509) from the 2014 Survey of Living Conditions and Welfare Needs of Older Koreans were analyzed using logistic regression. This study found that informal social relationships (ISRs) (eg, children, friends and neighbors) of the elderly who live alone had statistically significant association with suicidal ideation, whereas FSRs (eg, formal helper and social participation) did not have significant association with suicidal ideation. The findings of this study suggest that the Korean Government needs to strengthen public system for alleviating social isolation of the elderly living alone. Therefore, this study proposed 2 strategic approaches to maintain and strengthen ISRs and to develop different types of FSRs (eg, the measures to combine FSRs with ISRs, gatekeepers, etc).
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Khan, Najib, Muhammad Jawad, Mussawar Shah, Saima Sarir, and Naushad Khan. "A SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF PARTY LEADERSHIP INFLUENCING VOTING BEHAVIOR IN TRADITIONAL COMMUNITIES OF KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA DISTRICT DIR UPPER." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 9, no. 2 (March 22, 2021): 160–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2021.9216.
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Purpose of the study: Voting Behavior is the combination of social, psychological, and attitudinal factors leading to a vote in an election. Thus, the central aim of the current research study was to analyze the influence of party leadership on voting behavior.
Methodology: Due to the diverse picture of the study area, a multistage stratified sampling technique was used to get more reliable information from 317 sample respondents including (212 males and 105 females). Data was collected through a pre-tested interview schedule; to determine the association between the dependent variable (voting behavior) and independent variable (party leadership) chi-square test was applied.
Main findings: The association of voting behavior was significant between voting behavior and preference of local leaders in the election (P=0.024), leader’s inspiration in voters’ constituency is counted in the electoral process (P=0.011), those leaders who work for public welfare (P=0.000), past performance of the leaders is your major concern (P=0.001), to influence voters by all means (P=0.048), commitment and devotion of the leaders (P=0.040) and dynamic leaders are symbols of development for society (P=0.554).
Applications of this study: Results as a whole indicate a significant role of party leadership in influencing voters. People generally cast vote to candidates who are local, have influence in the constituencies and did public welfare schemes in past and shows commitment and devotion. The findings of the study will be helpful in policymaking.
Novelty/Originality of this study: This study attempts to explore new factors that contributed to individual voting behavior. Further, the present paper is unique in the sense that it is based on opinions and responses collected directly from the voters in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
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Palmer, Nigel. "Impact and Image: succeeding wih public relations, Library Association Medical Health and Welfare Libraries Group Annual Study Conference, Coventry, 5-7 July 1985." Health Libraries Review 2, no. 4 (December 1985): 193–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2532.1985.2401931.x.
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Martínez, Silvia Alicia, and Francine Nogueira Lamy Garcia Pinho. "Política de alimentação escolar brasileira: Representações sociais e marcas do passado." education policy analysis archives 24 (June 13, 2016): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.24.2241.
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The Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE) is a Brazilian public policy initiative regulated by the Education Ministry and aimed, in a universal manner, at the scholastic environment, with supplementary nutrition and nutritional education in public academic institutions as its primary focus. However, student participation is low. Brazilian school food programs have traditionally been known as merenda escolar, a designation acquired within the context of its creation in 1955 that continues to be commonly used in schools today. The present text seeks to demonstrate that the strong welfare-oriented traditional context in which school food programs in Brazil appeared left lasting marks on the social representation of this school meal and consequently hindered its universal implantation. Based on this premise, two simultaneous methodological processes were developed. One was a qualitative study carried out among students, administrators, and food service workers designed to characterize the social representations of those involved. The other involved the use of historical policy documents in order to discern some of the roots of the social representations present today (Moscovici, 2011). The results indicate that despite improvements in nutritional quality and in the process through which school meals are provided, contradictions exist between regulatory theory and the daily practices carried out in schools, and that these inconsistencies are heightened by an inadequate implementation of the meal program. In addition, the study found that students from less privileged socio-economic classes take the most frequent advantage of the school food program, a fact which indicates that this program’s social representation has yet to overcome its past association with public welfare.
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Huang, Yu-Hung, Chao-Cheng Lin, Ching-I. Lin, and Shyh-Hsiang Lin. "Association of eating out with bone density in Taiwan." Public Health Nutrition 20, no. 17 (August 29, 2017): 3151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980017002105.
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AbstractObjectiveThe present study analysed data derived from the 2004–2008 Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan, conducted by the Ministry of Health and Welfare, to understand the relationship among eating-out behaviour, related non-nutritional factors and osteopenia in the Taiwanese population.Design/Setting/SubjectsData of 1140 adults who had been evaluated with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in June 2007 were included. The data were analysed through descriptive and inferential statistics to determine the association of osteopenia with the frequency of eating out, demographic variables (i.e. age, sex, level of education, marital status and place of birth), BMI, waist circumference and food consumption.ResultsGender, age, education level, personal income and waist circumference were all factors found to be significantly associated with eating-out frequency and the incidence of osteopenia. Eating-out frequency was negatively associated with the incidence of osteopenia. Individuals with BMI>27 kg/m2 had a lower frequency of eating out and a lower incidence of osteopenia. Individuals with a lower monthly income had a significantly greater chance of developing osteopenia. Men living without spouses had significantly higher chances of osteopenia. Ca intake was negatively associated with breakfast eating-out frequency.ConclusionsEating-out frequency was not associated with an increasing incidence of osteopenia, but affected the Ca intake in the Taiwanese population. Having a balanced selection of food is crucial to reduce the incidence of osteopenia. Improving nutritional knowledge for those under higher risk of osteopenia is necessary to prevent osteopenia and Ca deficiency.
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Hajnáczky, Tamás. "Hungarian Gypsy Musician’s National Association: Battles Faced by Gypsy Musicians in Hungary during the Interwar Years." Social Inclusion 8, no. 2 (June 4, 2020): 327–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v8i2.2760.
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The governments of the Horthy era did not formulate a central Gypsy policy and, consequently, the so-called ‘Gypsy issue’ fell fully into the hands of the assigned ministries and local authorities. The public authorities acted at their own discretion: Largely, they acted according to their basic tasks and understanding, or simply ignored the issue. As a result, the Ministry of the Interior and the Ministry of Welfare and Labour were the decisive authorities in this issue. Mainly law enforcement dealt with travelling Gypsies—a small portion of the estimated one hundred thousand Gypsies living in Hungary—the majority of whom lived in ‘colonies’ and were dealt with as an issue of public health. Regarding Gypsies, the same era is frequently judged by the legal action affecting these travellers and the often criticised measures regulating public security and health. The foundation of the Hungarian Gypsy Musicians’ National Association, which intended to represent the interests of nearly ten thousand Gypsy musicians, somewhat changed the picture that had developed, since the organisation enjoyed the full support of the heads of the Ministry of the Interior and the city of Budapest. Regulations were enacted to protect their interests and initiatives. Behind the patronage, one might note, was that after the Treaty of Trianon Gypsy music became part of irredentist ideology and the revisionist movement, and therefore the interests and claims of the Gypsy musicians fully fitted the age. The topic is very important for social inclusion today because Gypsy music continues to be considered part of Hungarian cultural heritage and thus gives Gypsies work and integration opportunities.
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Amano, Takashi, and Carlos Andres Gallegos. "ETHNIC DISPARITY IN NUTRITIONAL STATUS: EVIDENCE FROM ECUADOR’S NATIONAL SURVEY OF HEALTH, WELFARE AND AGING (SABE)." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.927.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Providing effective public services to improve the nutritional status among older adults is pivotal in countries experiencing population aging. Public investment and social policy in Ecuador have focused mainly on standard food-based interventions and cash transference programs. These efforts, however, may be not effective enough to reach those populations that need the most. This study aims to identify those populations that should be targeted by specific interventions. Data were drawn from Ecuador’s Survey of Health, Welfare and Aging (SABE) – 2009, a probability sample of households with at least one person who were 60 years or older in Ecuador. The final sample consisted of 5,235 people who were 60 years or older. Ethnic identity was categorized into four categories: Indigenous People, Mestizo (Mixed of Spanish and Indigenous People), Afro-Ecuadorian/Mulato, and Other. Nutritional status was measured using Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA). Ordered logistic regression analysis was utilized to assess the association between ethnic identity and nutritional status. Results revealed that the Indigenous ethnicity was significantly associated with worse nutritional status compared to Mestizo and Other even after controlling for a range of covariates including socio-economic status, health related factors, and social support. These findings suggest the existence of underlaying factors hindering the nutritional status of among indigenous older adults in Ecuador. Considering the information revealed by SABE, interventions and other strategies should be targeted and designed specifically accounting for the needs, preferences, and culture of the most vulnerable population.