Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Publict transport demand'

In Riyadh City, as an effort to reduce the excess dependency on private vehicles, in 2012 city’s authorities have approved the construction of a public transport system and travel demand management strategies. On this basis, this study question is “what are the procedures and approaches that have to be undertaken to ensure public transport uptake in Riyadh City?” To answer the study question, a relevant literature has been reviewed in order to identify major successes of public transport services around the world. In addition, two empirical studies were conducted in Riyadh during the study course include a series of semi-structured interviews with local stakeholders and a web-based-general-public survey. The study findings were consolidated and discussed to provide concrete answers to the study question. The study found considerable support by stakeholders and the general-public for introducing public transport services and reshaping the existing travel strategies. It was also found that the future planning of the public transport system in Riyadh City has to pay considerable attention to social and cultural perspectives of its citizens; for safety and separate family carriages. The study also found that improving infrastructure to enhance accessibility to and from transit stations, selecting appropriate TOD sites, parking charges are effective strategies. Finding from a stated preference experiment showed that the likelihood of shifting people from private cars to public transport in Riyadh City would increase by a reduction in public transport cost, number of changes, and increase in the service frequency. Most importantly, there are cultural aspects involving perceptions towards public transport that play an important role in people’s intention to use public transport. For example, it found that highly qualified individuals were more likely to perceive public transport as a 'taking a step down into the World' and this is a point in which public transport authorities need to focus in order to ease this perception. Finally, this is the first time to derive estimates of the value of travel time savings for Riyadh City.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the feasibility of a passenger rail service operating on a current rail line in Canterbury, known as the Main North Line, which connects the Waimakariri District to Christchurch. The Main North Line runs through the two main urban areas of the Waimakariri District: Rangiora and Kaiapoi. The need for research into the potential use of the Main North Line for passenger services has arisen due to increasing car congestion on arterial roads between the Waimakariri District and Christchurch. All traffic coming from the Waimakariri District into Christchurch must cross the Waimakariri River, creating a transport bottleneck. An assessment of the location of the Main North Line was conducted with respect to the travel needs of Waimakariri District residents using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to investigate how far residents live and work from the line and resident surveys to determine whether people would use rail as their main mode of travel into Christchurch. Assessment of the infrastructure was with regard to the locations of potential railways stations and the capabilities of the infrastructure for supporting different levels of passenger service. National and regional transport strategies are placing more importance on the transportation of people and freight by way of rail. A potential rail service for Canterbury will therefore likely include national and regional stakeholders in co-operation with a private service operator, as currently occurs in Wellington and Auckland. An average of 71% of Waimakariri District residents stated they would switch to rail as their main mode of transport for the journey into Christchurch. GIS analysis found that the number of journeys which start in the Waimakariri District and terminate within 1km of Christchurch stations is around 610 which increases to around 4,300 if connecting bus services were utilised in Christchurch.

Le Transport à la Demande (TAD) est à un mode de transport public à mi-chemin entre le taxi et le bus. Longtemps considéré comme un mode marginal réservé aux espaces peu denses, le TAD connaît un fort développement en France et plus généralement en Europe depuis la fin des années 1990, Il ressort de l'analyse d'une base de données de 615 services, que les TAD français investissent désormais de nouveaux territoires, aussi bien dans les réseaux urbains, périurbains que les espaces ruraux, Les prestations qu'ils proposent se caractérisent par une grande variété d'offre et de fonctionnement, Celles-ci sont décrites à l'aide de plusieurs modélisations fontionnelles, statistiques et graphiques. Une réflexion sur la flexibilité des TAD, ainsi qu'une enquête, viennent ensuite nourrir le débat sur les TAD de demain. Trois exemples illustrent les perspectives qu'ouvre la généralisation de TAD flexibles et innovants en matière de transport public pour les collectivités
Demand Responsive Transport (DRT) is a type of public transportation which combines the advantages of collective transport and taxi. It has often been considered as a marginal means of transportation reserved to low density territories. Since the end of 90s, the number of DRT services has increased regularly. A database of 615 services shows that DRT services invest new territories such as urban, suburban or rural spaces. They offer a large variety of operating services, which are described by using several models we designed (functional, statistical and graphical models). The last part of the thesis is devoted to the flexibility of the DRT, a survey is analysed to discuss the reliability of future DRT services. Three examples illustrate the flexible DRT potentialities for public transportation networks

The focus of this thesis is to study what and how information flows can be used to improve Demand responsive transport (DRT) systems by understanding potential users and how they could be willing to participate in DRT to a higher degree. The viewpoint of this thesis tends to lean towards a DRT service of a public transport type. This thesis studies users in relation to what interaction and information they perceive to be needed in dealing with a DRT service and the different pros and cons with various approaches. The study gathers information by performing adapted qualitative interviews with a select number of users between the ages of 20-35. The participants give their views on three DRT scenarios and reflect on DRT in general as a concept presented to them through a tangible mocked-up interactive prototype.  The thesis makes several distinct findings. The importance of pricing a DRT service correctly is vital to the users, as several participants in the study relied on pricing for decision-making. It also finds that the usage of zones as nomenclature is confusing to many users. The services must be dependable and punctual to both attract users, keep users, and build trust among the general populace. This study shows that DRT services could be a difficult concept to introduce to users. DRT could be introduced as a complement or as an alternative to conventional public transport. An important factor is a well-designed flow of information in the application to keep the user engaged and involved. It is shown that the usability of the application is a cornerstone for a theoretical DRT service to excel. Context is important where DRT and ridesharing would have a higher success rate. Nighttime in urban areas could be a niche market, due to the irregularity, delay, or interruption of regular public transport services at these hours.

Esta dissertação teve como objetivo principal investigar a influência, no comportamento de escolha de linha de passageiros de ônibus, de painéis eletrônicos em pontos de parada com informação em tempo real sobre previsões para passagem dos veículos. Para a coleta de dados, um experimento de escolha declarada com desenho eficiente foi aplicado a uma amostra de 1179 entrevistados residentes na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP) e pertencentes à comunidade da Universidade de São Paulo. Em cada situação de escolha foram apresentadas duas linhas diferentes de ônibus que chegariam ao mesmo destino, mas não passavam pelo mesmo ponto, de modo que a escolha a ser feita era entre uma ou outra combinação de linha e ponto. Adicionalmente, apenas um dos pontos tinha painel eletrônico. As alternativas também se diferenciavam pelos seguintes atributos: intervalo de tempo programado para a passagem de veículos consecutivos da mesma linha; possível atraso em relação ao intervalo programado; tempo de viagem dentro do veículo até o destino; ocupação do veículo quando chega ao ponto; e valor da tarifa. Na amostra predominaram jovens com até 25 anos (64% da amostra), homens (60%), usuários frequentes de ônibus (80%), estudantes (81%) e entrevistados com pelo menos um automóvel no domicílio (76%). A partir das respostas ao experimento foram estimados modelos de escolha discreta Mixed Logit Panel, de modo a mensurar a importância relativa de cada atributo na decisão e também medir a variabilidade das preferências entre os entrevistados. Os resultados indicam que a presença do painel no ponto de ônibus tem, sim, influência sobre a escolha da linha. Os entrevistados estariam dispostos a pagar em média, pela presença de painel, R$0,12 adicionais, equivalentes a 5 minutos de viagem. Verificou-se também que a existência de painel no ponto diminui a desutilidade marginal da espera, e isto ocorre com mais intensidade quando ela está associada ao atraso do que quando está associada ao intervalo programado entre veículos. O valor médio do tempo de viagem foi relativamente baixo: R$1,44/hora, provavelmente devido à composição socioeconômica da amostra, com elevada proporção de estudantes. No entanto, observou-se que o comportamento de escolha de linha é bastante afetado pelas características socioeconômicas e de uso de ônibus dos entrevistados, podendo o valor do tempo chegar a R$17,00/hora, e a disposição a pagar pelo painel a R$0,77. Acredita-se que os resultados desta pesquisa permitem ampliar o entendimento do comportamento de escolha de linha, ao incorporar a presença de painel no ponto como elemento adicional da decisão.
The main objective of this research is to investigate the influence on bus route choice behavior of variable message signs (VMS) displaying real time predictions of bus arrival at stops. A stated choice survey was conducted, using an efficient design experiment. Sampled individuals were asked to answer to eight choice situations, each presenting two bus routes going to the same destination but with different itineraries and boarding stops. The choice was made between two combinations of bus route and boarding stop; only one of the stops had VMS. The other attributes characterizing alternatives were: bus route headway, (possible) delay at arriving at the stop, travel time until destination, level of vehicle crowdedness when arriving at the boarding stop, and fare. Data were collected from 1179 individuals, mostly students, professors and employees of the University of São Paulo, and all of them residents of the São Paulo Metropolitan Area. The typical interviewee was 25 years old or younger (64% of the sample), male (60%), a frequent bus user (80%), student (81%) and had at least one car in his household. Mixed logit panel discrete choice models were estimated to analyze the data, capturing both the relative importance of each attribute in the decision process and systematic taste variation among individuals. Results show that VMS displaying predictions of bus arrival at stops do influence bus route choice behavior. The estimated average willingness to pay for a bus stop to have a VMS was R$0.12, which corresponds to 5 minutes of travel time. It was also observed that the marginal disutility of waiting time decreases when there is a VMS at the stop. Disutility of waiting due to delays also decreases (more intensively) with the VMS. The average value of travel time was relatively low, compared to expectations: R$1.44/hour, probably due to the socioeconomic profile of the sample, particularly the high proportion of students. Nevertheless, frequency of bus use and socioeconomic characteristics significantly affect route choice behavior; the value of travel time, for instance, may reach R$17/hour, while willingness to pay for a VMS in a stop may become R$0.77. The results indicate that incorporating the VMS as an additional component of the decision, allows for a better understanding of bus route choice behavior.

Thesis (S.M. in Transportation)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2011.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 170-172).
Public transit agencies across the world have been moving towards electronic ticketing technology and to take advantage of the greater flexibility, have made changes in fare structure. Over the last decade, Transport for London has implemented the Oyster smart card based electronic ticketing system (including the Pay-as-you-Go stored credit payment facility) on the major public transport modes: buses, the Underground and National Rail, and there have also been changes in the fare structure on these modes. This thesis explores the impacts that fare structure and technology changes (known here as fare policy changes) have had on user sensitivity to fares (fare elasticities), ticket usage and demand for travel on public transport modes in London. The first case study uses a log-linear regression model on annual-differenced data to estimate demand on buses and the Underground in London. The findings from this research suggest that London bus and Underground user fare elasticities have not changed significantly since 2000. The implementation of the Oystercard Pay-as-you-Go system increased demand on the Underground, while the effect on buses could not be conclusively estimated. The second case study uses ticket sales and journey data from before and after the implementation of the Oyster electronic ticketing system on National Rail to assess the impact on ticket use, growth in travel and modal switching. The results show that, within 9 months of the implementation, Oystercard Pay-as-you-Go journeys on National Rail tripled, while single or return journeys on paper tickets halved. Further, after controlling for other changes, the electronic ticketing system increased travel on National Rail by around 3%. This increase resulted from growth in public transport travel and possibly from switching from other public transport modes. This research is of value to policy makers in public transport agencies since it suggests that electronic ticketing systems, if implemented properly, may increase public transport demand. The findings also suggest that smart card payment systems offering stored credit and multi-journey passes are preferred by users over less convenient ticket media such as limited paper tickets.
by Nihit Jain.
S.M.in Transportation

It has become more important for operators to be able to predict the future number of public transport passengers when consider to place a tender for operating public transport in a city or region, this is due to the new types of operator contracts was introduced quite recently. There are models in use today that can predict this, but they are often time consuming and complex and therefore it can be expensive to perform a forecast. Aside from this, most models in use for Sweden today are adapted for larger cities. Thus, the aim of this thesis is to propose a model that requires minimal input data with a short set up and execution time that can be used to predict a forecast for the public transport system in smaller cities without notably affecting the quality of the result. The developed model is based on a forecast model called LuTrans, which in turn is based on a common method, the four step model. The aim of the model lies within public transportation but it also consider other modes. The input data used by the model mainly consists of socio-economic data, the travel time and distance between all the zones in the network. The model also considers the cost for traveling by car or public transport. The developed model was applied to the Swedish city, Örebro, where a forecast was conducted for a future scenario. It is easily to apply the model to different cities to estimate a forecast for the public transport system. The developed model for the base scenario predicts trips for individual bus lines with an accuracy of 85 % for the city of Örebro. The developed model gave the result that the trips made by public transport in the future scenario of Örebro 2025 will increase annually by 0.94 %. The conclusion is that it is possible to develop a simple model that can be easily applied for a desired city. Although the developed model produced a plausible result for Örebro, further work such as implementation on other cities are required in order to fully evaluate the developed model.

With reliable models to forecast travel demand, traffic planners and decision-makers can be assisted in choosing the best solutions to obtain traffic performance goals. Practitioners have traditionally been relying on infrequent, costly and respondent pressurized travel surveys as their main source of data for these models. The drawbacks of the data collection method highlight a need to search for alternative sources of data used for the purpose. One such source is public transport “tap-in” data. This thesis executed a case study with the target of improving the travel demand model of Norrköping via public transport data. An algorithm that estimates the alighting station of travellers was applied to a data set provided by the public transport operator of the city. By allocating the OD-demand from stations to the traffic analysis zones used in the model a straightforward integration method using the tap-in estimate as a reference matrix could be used. The target with the method was to redistribute the demand in such a way that the public transport demand approached the tap-in estimate but that the total demand for all modes for the OD-pair remained unchanged. The results gave some indication that the integration of tap-in data improved the model performance from the perspective of public transports. In a regression analysis comparing the number of entries per station the integration of tap-in data increased the correlation coefficient from 0,845 to 0,864. Further was the performance for other transport modes seemingly not worsened by the integration of tap-in data. Finding an allocation procedure that was generic but still accurate proved complex. Further were drawbacks with the integration procedure highlighted where the method executed affected the results of the model, not its behaviour. The consequence of this is that, though the model might be an accurate representation of the current state of traffic, it is difficult to execute the same procedure when investigating future states. Still, the thesis stressed some of the potential for public transport data in modelling contexts, where the role of the data, given the procedure executed, still is of complementary character to travel surveys.

This thesis is concerned with the link between urban form and travel behaviour. We focus on two issues that have been overlooked in the existing empirical literature: the measurement of land use mix and the relation between urban structure and city-wide public transport patronage. In the last twenty years, there has been a substantial interest on the effects of land use mix on travel behaviour. The literature uses a variety of metrics to measure land use mix, but there is limited understanding of how the choice of metric affects estimates of the link between land use mix and travel. Researchers also measure urban form, and in particular land use mix, at various geographical scales. Past studies examining the effects of spatial scale on estimates of the urban form-travel demand relationship, offer limited evidence on land use mix measures. The first part of this thesis examines how the metric and spatial scale used in land use mix measurement affect our understanding of the relation between land use mix and travel, employing both simulation and empirical econometric analyses. The simulation analysis uses randomly generated data to construct and test alternative land use mix measures. The empirical analysis tests alternative metrics and alternative spatial scales in the context of public transport trip frequency in London. The last part of the thesis, presents some further econometric models of public transport demand, to investigate the effect of city structure on city-wide public transport patronage. The study extends previous work on the topic in a number of ways. These include considering more detailed measures of urban from; dealing with methodological issues related to endogeneity and experimenting with various functional forms.

Operators of public transport always try to make their service as attractive as possible, to as many persons as possible and in a so cost effective way as possible. One way to make the service more attractive, especially to elderly and disabled, is to offer door-to-door transportation. The cost for the local authorities to provide this service is very high and increases every year.

To better serve the needs of the population and to reduce the cost for transportation of elderly and disabled, public transportation systems are evolving towards more flexible solutions. One such flexible solution is a demand responsive service integrated with a fixed route service, together giving a form of flexible public transport system. The demand responsive service can in such a system be used to carry passengers from their origin to a transfer location to the fixed route network, and/or from the fixed route network to their destination.

This thesis concerns the development of a framework for evaluation and design of such an integrated public transport service. The framework includes a geographic information system, optimization tools and simulation tools. This framework describes how these tools can be used in combination to aid the operators in the planning process of an integrated service. The thesis also presents simulations made in order to find guidelines of how an integrated service should be designed. The guidelines are intended to help operators of public transport to implement integrated services and are found by evaluating the effects on availability, travel time, cost and other service indicators for variations in the design and structure of the service.

In a planning system for an integrated public transport service, individual journeys must in some way be scheduled. For this reason the thesis also presents an exact optimization model of how journeys should be scheduled in this kind of service.

Report code: LiU-TEK-LIC- 2006:38

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O presente estudo trata o tema sobre estratégias para o gerenciamento da capacidade e demanda em serviços de transportes que possuem restrições de capacidade e limitações operacionais. Nesse sentido, apresenta e discute as diferentes práticas encontradas na literatura com a aplicação específica em um sistema aquaviário de transporte de passageiros no estado de São Paulo. Para tanto, utilizou como modelo a análise do eventual impacto da aplicação de tais práticas de gestão da capacidade e demanda nos serviços oferecidos. Atualmente, o desequilíbrio entre oferta e demanda e a falta de incentivos para a diversificação da matriz modal de transportes nos grandes centros urbanos acabam impactando diretamente na qualidade dos serviços de transportes prestados em todos os modais. O sistema aquaviário de transporte de passageiros do estado de São Paulo não destoa do cenário nacional descrito, em que a diferença entre oferta e demanda acaba por sobrecarregá-lo em rotas específicas e causa redução na qualidade do serviço prestado, dessa forma, traduzindo-se em extensas filas aos usuários. Considerando as particularidades da oferta e demanda do serviço de balsas, bem como o elevado custo fixo e a estrutura tarifária pouco flexível, surgiu o seguinte questionamento desta pesquisa: como a aplicação de estratégias específicas de gestão da capacidade e demanda pode impactar na qualidade percebida pelos usuários de uma rota do sistema de travessias litorâneas? Objetivando, então, alcançar uma resposta, este estudo intencionou compreender quais estratégias poderiam impactar na qualidade percebida pelos usuários, com enfoque no tempo de espera, de uma rota específica do sistema. Para isso, o trabalho adotou uma abordagem qualitativa, baseada na estratégia de estudo de caso aplicado, fundamentada pela análise de documentos do sistema de travessias litorâneas e análise de conteúdo das entrevistas. O resultado do estudo indicou quais estratégias podem apresentar um impacto positivo na qualidade da rota, com redução do tempo de fila, além de individuar eventuais desafios, restrições e práticas que auxiliem na futura aplicação dessas estratégias.
The present study aims to address strategies for capacity and demand management in transportation services which have restrictions and operational limitations. It presents and discusses the different practices found in literature with specific application to a passengers waterway transportation system in São Paulo State. For this, it uses as model the impact’s analysis of such practices application of capacity and demand management in the offered services. Nowadays, the unbalance between supply and demand plus lack of incentives to diversify the modal matrix of transport in large urban centers, have a direct impact on transport services quality provided in all modal. The waterway passengers transportation system of São Paulo State does not deviate from described national scenario, where the difference between supply and demand end up overloading it on specific routes, causing service’s quality reduction and translating into extensive queues to users. Considering the particularities of supply and demand of ferries’ service, as well as the high fixed cost and the inflexible tariff structure, emerged the following question of this study: how the specifics strategies application from capacity and demand management can impact the quality perceived by users of a coastal crossing system route? In order to reach an answer, this study aimed to understand which strategies could impact the quality perceived by users, focusing on waiting time, in an specific route of the system. For this, the work adopted a qualitative approach, based on the strategy of applied case study, grounded on documental analysis of the coastal crossing system and interviews content analysis. The outcome of the study indicated which strategies may have a positive impact on route quality, with a reduction in queuing time, besides identifying possible challenges, restrictions and practices that may help in future application of these strategies.

L'objet de cette thèse est la résolution des problèmes de gestion qui se posent lors de l'utilisation d'un système de voitures électriques mises en libre service en complément des transports en commun. Au bout d'un certain nombre de courses, il se peut qu'un site soit incapable (à cause du nombre limite de places de parking) d'accueillir de nouvelles voitures. La situation inverse peut aussi se produire ; c'est le cas lorsqu'un site est dans l'incapacité de répondre aux demandes des clients et de leur fournir des voitures. Nous proposons deux méthodes afin de redistribuer les voitures présentes dans les sites. La première, appelée redistribution préventive, comprend trois étapes. Grâce à la simulation, nous déterminons le moment ou une redistribution est nécessaire. Ensuite, par le biais de la programmation linéaire, nous calculons le nombre de voitures qu'il faut déplacer. Finalement, nous établissons les trajets que les camions (qui transportent les voitures) doivent suivre. La seconde méthode, appelée redistribution permanente, consiste à faire passer cycliquement un camion dans les différents sites, et à chaque passage de celui-ci, à prendre une décision. Le second problème considéré est la recharge de voitures électriques. Nous calculons un seuil de disponibilité au dessous duquel les voitures ne sont pas autorisées à quitter le site, et ceci afin de limiter les pannes d'énergie pendant les courses. Nous enchaînons avec le problème de la gestion des plots de recharge. Ce problème apparaît lorsque le nombre de plots est inférieur au nombre de voitures présentes. Nous déterminons le moment ou le processus de recharge d'une voiture pouvant être interrompu, la voiture peut alors être déplacée et laisser la place à une autre voiture. La dernière partie de ce travail consiste à regrouper les différents logiciels développés précédemment et à fournir un logiciel de simulation intégrant tous les aspects du programme

This PhD exploits the big datasets from the road transport network to accurately model the transit supply and demand, the knowledge for which is used to identify evidence-based transit gaps. The effectiveness of the proposed novel modelling is demonstrated with the case study on the Brisbane network. The developed tool assists transit stakeholders in identifying regions where transit services can be significantly improved, leading to efficient and reliable transit services.

Researchers have concluded that a well-developed public transport system is mandatory for sustainable growth; economic, social and environmental. This study discusses demand elasticities on public transport which is an important aspect for deciding public policies. This subject has been studied in several countries and cities since the 80s, but the findings from the studies show that the elasticity varies, and no general conclusion can be drawn. Since there is no general model, we need separate studies for each area of interest. In this study we concentrate on Stockholm county. The independent variables that have been analyzed are: price of travel pass, average income, and gasoline prices. By using these variables, price- income- and cross price elasticity of demand have been estimated. There are two different dependent variables, both the number of boardings and the number of travel passes sold. A log-linear function regression analysis is used to originate the different elasticities for each independent variable. The result shows that the price elasticity on the number of boardings is -0,348, which is nearly inelastic and matches what earlier studies have concluded. Though, the price elasticity for number of boardings is negative, the price elasticity for travel passes sold is positive which makes the result harder to interpret. The income elasticity for numbers of travel passes sold is +67 and for commuter train it is +54. For tram it is the complete opposite of -57 which shows a contradiction between the two different ways of travelling. The high coefficients also show that the income elasticity is very elastic in comparison to the other originated elasticities in this study. The cross elasticity of demand for the total number of boardings and gasoline price has a value of +0,08. Similar to price elasticity, the cross-price elasticity is nearly inelastic and follows the results from previous studies.
Forskare har kommit fram till att en väl utvecklad kollektivtrafik är obligatorisk för en hållbar tillväxt, såväl ekonomisk, social och miljömässig. Den här studien studerar efterfrågeelasticiteter på kollektivtrafik, vilket är viktigt att ha i beräkning för att kunna föra effektiv transportpolitik. Ämnet har studerats i flera länder sedan 80-talet, men de framtagna elasticiteterna varierar mellan studierna och ingen generell efterfrågeelasticitet kan härledas. Då det inte finns en generell modell behövs områdesspecifika studier som förklarar kollektivtrafiken. I den här studien ligger fokus på Stockholms län. De oberoende variablerna som har analyserats för efterfrågan är: priset på månadskort, medelinkomst och bensinpris 95-oktan. På så sätt mäts pris-, inkomst- och korspriselasticitet. Två olika beroende variabler för efterfrågan analyseras, vilka är antal påstigningar och antal sålda månadskort. Antal påstigningar mäts både totalt och per färdmedel, vilka är tunnelbana, buss, pendeltåg och lokalbana. En log-linjär regression används där koefficienterna direkt kan översättas till elasticiteter för varje oberoende variabel. Resultatet visar att priselasticiteten på antal påstigningar för kollektivtrafiken är -0,348 vilket är nära oelastiskt och går väl i linje med tidigare studier. Priselasticiteten för antal sålda månadskort är däremot positiv, vilket gör priselasticiteten svår att tolka. Inkomstelasticiteten för antalet sålda månadskort och pendeltåg är +67 och + 54 men för lokalbana är den -57, vilket visar en tydlig skillnad för mellan de två färdsätten. Resultatet visar också att inkomstelasticiteten är väldigt elastisk. Korspriselasticiteten på totala påstigningar har ett värde på +0,08. Vilket, likt priselasticiteten, också är närmast oelastiskt och går i linje med tidigare forskning.

Esta dissertação propõe um modelo tecnológico de automação para realização de pesquisas no setor do transporte público, com o objetivo de contribuir para o aprimoramento da coleta de dados, avaliação e manutenção da qualidade dos serviços prestados à população. O trabalho justifica-se pela necessidade de superação de lacunas existentes para obtenção de informações, o que repercute na gestão do sistema de transporte público como um todo. Devido à relevância crescente do tema da mobilidade urbana e os impactos que provoca na qualidade de vida das pessoas, o objeto de estudo escolhido foram os deslocamentos dos passageiros por meio do uso de ônibus na cidade de São Paulo. O modelo proposto integra a tecnologia de identificação por radiofrequência (RFID - Radio Frequency IDentification), em cartões inteligentes, utilizados atualmente para pagar a tarifa, com tecnologias de rastreamento da frota, que, por meio de GPS (Global Position Systems), fornecem informações sobre os locais de circulação dos ônibus. Os resultados obtidos mostram que esta integração pode resolver os problemas da falta de precisão no levantamento de dados sobre os locais onde são iniciadas e finalizadas as viagens de passageiros, bem como tornar sistemáticos os levantamentos de tais dados, sem necessidade de pesquisas manuais, o que representa economia de recursos. Constitui uma proposta inovadora com grande utilidade para ampliar as condições que favorecem a mobilidade urbana e é convergente no desenvolvimento de cidades inteligentes.
This dissertation proposes a technological model for automation for conducting surveys in the public transport sector, in order to contribute to the improvement of data collection, evaluation and maintenance of quality of services rendered to the population. The work is justified by the need to overcome gaps for obtaining information, which affects the management of the public transport system as a whole. Due to the increasing relevance of the issue of urban mobility and its impact on quality of life, the chosen object of study were the passenger movements through the bus use in the city of São Paulo. The proposed model integrates the radio frequency identification technology - RFID, on smart cards currently used to pay the fare, with fleet tracking technologies, which, through GPS (Global Position Systems), provide information on the bus traffic locations. The results show that this integration can solve the problems of lack of precision in data about where passenger trips are initiated and completed as well as make systematic withdrawals of such data without the need for manual searches, saving features. It is an innovative proposal with great use to expand the conditions that improve urban mobility and is convergent to the development of smart cities.

The aim of this research study is to analyse the demand for public transport on the route Zliv-Ceske Budejovice. Its main aim is to figure out whether comuters prefer public transport to personal transport and what effect does that make on the environment. The analysis was based on findings both prior and posterior demand. The basis for the processing methodology and study of scientific literature is held with a focus on transport and related topics. An integral part of the methodology process is quality data obtained from residents and those moving to session Zliv-Ceske Budejovice. The method used, allows us to analyse the differences between real and desired transport demands. The results of this work will help us manage public transport efficiently, in order to increase the attractiveness of public transport in the session and as a consequence, the negative environmental impacts of other modes of transport.

The effects of demographic change and the lack of acceptance represent some of the main problems for the public transport infrastructure in rural areas. As a consequence, the development of new transport service options becomes especially relevant for rural communities. The Max-Planck-Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization developed a new form of Demand Responsive Transport the EcoBus to examine the viability of new DRT systems in rural Germany. Our work draws on customer satisfaction data during the trial runs of the EcoBus. Based on the survey data, this paper develops regression models to explain the determinants of DRT customer satisfaction. Our main findings include the importance of waiting times and the ease of entry for overall customer satisfaction. Nevertheless, we found no evidence that the presence of other guests in the vehicle had any negative impact on customer satisfaction. Findings of other works that women are significantly more likely to use DRT services could not be validated from our data.

L'évolution des conditions de déplacement a considérablement modifié et complexifié les territoires de la mobilité quotidienne. Toujours plus nombreux, les mobiles urbains irriguent en permanence cette trame urbaine faite pour et par l'automobile, consommant des espaces plus étendus qu'auparavant. Le transport public de voyageurs peine à s'ajuster à ces nouvelles configurations spatiales et temporelles. Un repositionnement stratégique semble toutefois être amorcé, fondé sur l'individualisation de l'offre du transport public, collective par définition et par tradition. Dans ce contexte, la recherche menée vise à proposer un protocole d'estimation de la demande rationnel, fiable et reproductible, à même de révéler finement cette demande individuelle, multiforme et volatile. Reposant sur une combinaison d'enquêtes géomarketing adaptatives, la procédure d'innovation concertée élaborée implique les individus observés dans le processus même d'innovation,. . .

This thesis analyzes the current transport situation of Arlanda Airport and the two main cities that Arlanda is located between, Stockholm and Uppsala. The purpose of the thesis is to study the efficiency of the different transport alternatives and also to relate it with their current market shares. Besides, in order to do a deeper analysis of Arlanda Airport connectivity some of the busiest airports transport links have been analyzed in terms of availability of different transport alternatives, distance to the city centers and market shares. Because of the high number of cars that currently go to Arlanda, there is a need to reduce the emissions of carbon dioxide. To this end, a prediction of the demand in ten years has been carried out to see what improvements have to be done to make Arlanda a more environmentally friendly airport. The methodology used in order to forecast the demand has been based on a survey conducted at a single point to regular users of the public transportation system. The improvement of the connectivity of Arlanda Airport via public transport alternatives will not only affect the distribution of the current market shares, but also represents a key strategy for pursuing Arlanda’s leadership in achieving environmental goals.

Ökad miljömedvetenhet, växande klimatpåverkan och en fortsatt teknologisk utveckling gör att demand responsive transportation (DRT), ses som ett allt mer attraktivt alternativ till traditionell kollektivtrafik för att resa hållbart. Den här uppsatsen undersöker vilka skillnader det finns med DRT-implementationer på landsbygd jämfört med i stadsmiljö, samt vilken roll interaktivitet mellan operatör och resenär kan spela för ett DRT-systems effektivitet.För att svara på detta används en systematisk litteraturstudie och två fallstudier. Resultaten visar att DRT generellt lämpar sig bättre för landsbygd än i stadsmiljö och att DRT fungerar bättre som ett komplement till traditionell kollektivtrafik än som ersättning av den. DRTs potentiella roll i samhället och möjliga framtida forskningsriktningar presenteras och diskuteras.
An increased awareness of environmental issues, climate changes and a continuing technological development makes demand responsive transportation (DRT) a more likely and attractive option for public transportation. This paper examines the differences between various DRT implementations in rural areas compared to cities. It also examines what role interacitivity can play to increase a DRT-systems efficiency.To answer this, a systematic literature review is conducted along with two case studies. The results show that DRT is generally more suited to rural areas compared to cities. It also shows that DRT works better as a complement to public transport, rather than a replacment of it.The potential role of DRT in a society and future research matters are presented and discussed.

L’objectif de ce mémoire est d’identifier et de quantifier les déterminants individuels de la demande de transport en commun pour les déplacements domicile-travail à l’heure de pointe dans la région de Québec. En particulier, la recherche évalue l’effet du revenu des ménages sur l’utilisation de l’autobus. L’apport principal de la recherche est d’analyser conjointement trois décisions qui affectent la mobilité des personnes : 1) le choix d’habiter dans un secteur avec une accessibilité élevée au transport en commun, 2) le choix de posséder un faible nombre de véhicules et 3) le choix d’utiliser l’autobus pour se déplacer au lieu de travail ou d’études. Un modèle probit multivarié est estimé avec les données de l’enquête Origine – Destination 2006 du Ministère des Transports du Québec. Les résultats révèlent la présence de facteurs inobservés qui influencent conjointement ces décisions, ce qui confirme la pertinence d’une modélisation jointe. Les principaux résultats quantitatifs indiquent que globalement, l’élasticité-revenu de l’utilisation de l’autobus est négative (-0.70) : un niveau de revenu plus élevé augmente la probabilité qu’un individu ait un véhicule à sa disposition et diminue la probabilité qu’il choisisse l’autobus pour aller au travail. Par ailleurs, les résultats montrent que les navetteurs sont plus sensibles aux temps d’attente et de transferts en autobus (élasticité de -1) qu’au temps d’accès à l’arrêt (-0.58), au temps de parcours en autobus (-0.25) et au temps de parcours en voiture (0.14). La faible sensibilité aux temps de parcours indique qu’il faut une diminution importante du temps nécessaire pour effectuer un trajet en autobus par rapport au temps de déplacement en voiture pour qu’un automobiliste choisisse l’autobus.

This bachelor degree project presents an extension of a base optimization model for a transit line which can be used to evaluate the efficiency of different configurations of a platoon with different scenarios of berths. Furthermore, different levels of autonomous vehicles are studied, three cases are presented. The first case implies that every vehicle has a driver, the second, semi-autonomous vehicles are used in the platoon which has a leading vehicle with driver. Then, the fully autonomous vehicles represent the last studied case. A new method to compute the service time in the stops which differentiate the time that passengers are boarding or alighting from delays or time lost in queues that may appear with an increasing demand is added to the base model. It is introduced also a two-step non-linear approach to the crowding factor that consider the sharp deterioration when the load factor of the bus is almost one. In this project the bus capacity has been considered as a variable to see if there is an optimum vehicle size that cover different values of demand. Numerical results are provided and the result show that vehicle platooning with equal number of vehicles than stop berths is always competitive in high-demands. Moreover, if semi-autonomous case is found the bus platooning gain effectiveness and is competitive with lower demand values. In the case of fully autonomous vehicles the gain of bus platooning is not as high as in the semiautonomous but has still an improvement and is competitive with medium demand values.

This Master´s thesis deals with demand responsive transport that covers various forms of transport services that are characterised by realization of the bus ride only if there is demand. The thesis is practically focused. The purpose of the thesis is to check the suitability of setting a demand responsive transport system in the Králíky region from the transport and economic point of view. The analytical part describes existing demand responsive transport systems in the Czech Republic and in Europe and their compliance with the Czech legislation. The practical part applies this knowledge on design of a concept of demand responsive transport in Králíky region including the operational cost calculation.

The present study examines a Mobility Management measure called “test traveller project”, which aims at increasing the public transport modal share by offering free public transport tickets to those who often use their car for their daily commuting and trips. The existing literature consists of a rather limited number of cases and their scope is usually limited because only some of the main elements that influence one’s travel behaviour are considered in each study. Furthermore, literature is not unanimous in concluding that this measure can reduce car use. This work studies more than 50 cases in Sweden, and by employing the Theory of Planned Behaviour the effects of test traveller projects have been examined in an empirical case in the Swedish municipality of Botkyrka, located in the Stockholm metropolitan area. The findings underline that a test traveller project, despite its limitations, may be a valid and relatively simple tool available to public bodies and public transport companies for enticing a segment of car drivers to switch to public transport where it is a valid alternative. In fact, according to the literature, the major results achievable are around 20% of new public transport users among test travellers, whereas in Sweden 20% has been achieved by the first upper quartile of the projects. In particular, the effectiveness of a test traveller project is greater when combined or conducted in parallel with other measures such as improvements in the public transport offer and/or changes in the transport system aiming at disadvantaging car use. The case study of Botkyrka has confirmed that attitudes are the major influencing factor when making the transport mode choice. Further, it has confirmed that environmental concerns and the time passed from one’s residential relocation also play an important role. Habits seem to be less important, thus adhering to that literature whose authors argue that an external event (such as moving home) makes people reflect upon and rethink their travel habits. The case study in Botkyrka has empirically demonstrated how the project participants correct their beliefs and perceptions about public transport, sometimes in a positive way and sometimes in a negative way. An interesting finding is the existence of a new category of people living in the suburbs. Literature indicates that, in the same suburban context, individuals with suburban land use preferences tend to use the car more that individuals with urban land use preferences. In the case study of Botkyrka clearly emerged as a majority among the test traveller project participants a category of individuals who have a suburban land use preference but at the same time would like to use public transportation instead of their car and have high environmental concerns.

With the improvements of the vehicle technology related with connectivity, sharing, automation and electrification and as a solution to the problems that cities are facing, such as an intense population growth and pollution, there are new forms of mobility that are or will be created within the framework of the future mobility. In this context, the arrival of driverless autonomous vehicles will provoke an irreversible change supporting the implementation of new forms of mobility or improving the existent. One factor that will help to do feasible the improvement of the existent mobility is the reduction of costs due to the arrival of autonomous vehicles, what will make ondemand transportation competitive under certain circumstances when comparing costs between it and fixed route systems. This thesis studies for the case of the metro/rail corridors in the metropolitan area of Stockholm which areas are suitable to implement Demand Responsive Transport (DRT) according to urban configuration and access to transit parameters. Once the identification is done, a model to compare between two different operating strategies for feeder services is applied to obtain which one is optimal under different stages of development of the technology related with the vehicles in the fields of automation and electrification. The model used, with additions to existing ones to adapt it to the use of it to real scenarios, gives numerical results for the four considered stages, showing the importance of the travel demand and the street sinuosity on the results and selection of the optimal. The method and criteria developed contributes to have a clear identification of the areas in which the implementation of the DRT services would be feasible in a future mobility scheme.

Cette thèse étudie les comportements de mobilité dans un territoire spécifique du Nord de la France, dans le but de proposer des outils économiques afin d’encourager la population à adopter des comportements de mobilité plus durables. Nous examinons les effets directs et induits d’une nouvelle infrastructure de transport public, c'est-à-dire sur la demande de transport et sur la croissance économique. Pour ce faire, cette thèse est divisée en quatre articles. Le premier article présente les caractéristiques du territoire et les comportements de mobilité actuels grâce à l’étude de deux Enquêtes Ménages Déplacements disponibles sur ce territoire. Nous observons une forte inertie dans les comportements de déplacements. Le second article analyse les déterminants de cette inertie par une approche qualitative. Neuf groupes de discussion ont été menés avec une attention particulière vers les personnes ayant des problèmes de mobilité. Dans le troisième article, nous menons une analyse économétrique des déterminants du choix modal des individus sur ce territoire. Elle vise à comprendre les politiques de transport à mettre en œuvre pour avoir un réel impact sur les comportements de mobilité. Le quatrième article évalue les effets socio-économiques induits par cette nouvelle infrastructure de transport. Cette infrastructure amène à de faibles gains d’agglomération. Ces gains deviennent encore plus négligeables quand la pollution induite par cette infrastructure est prise en compte. Cette thèse remet en cause une telle infrastructure car elle n’affecte pas les comportements de mobilité et ne génère pas d’importantes créations de richesse. D’autres solutions de mobilité sont nécessaires
This thesis deals with the mobility patterns of a specific/given territory, in the North of France. The aim is to offer economic tools that will encourage people to adopt more sustainable travel behaviors. This paper investigates the direct and induced effects of a new public transport (PT) infrastructure on the transport demand as well as on the economic growth. In order to carry out the review, this thesis has been divided into four essays. The first one presents the characteristics of the territory. It consists of a quantitative analysis of current mobility behaviors based on the two existing Household Travel Surveys for this territory. We note a kind of inertia in the mobility behaviors of the population. The second article deals with the determinants of this inertia, using a quantitative analysis based on nine focus groups, and more specifically on people who have limited transport solutions. In the third essay, the qualitative analysis is completed with an econometric study. Thus, we choose to highlight the main determinants of individuals’ modal choices in this territory to determine which PT policies will impact the most mobility behaviors. The fourth essay comprises an assessment of the socio-economic impacts generated by the new transport infrastructure. Such an infrastructure is expected to generate low agglomeration gains. We found that those become almost negligible when local pollution, induced by this infrastructure, is accounted for. This infrastructure is put into question. Indeed, while it does not affect mobility behaviors, it does not generate significant wealth creation either. Other mobility solutions are thus needed

The city of Stockholm is developing fast and its population is strongly growing,new solutions for urban mobility must be found. Implementations in the publictransport network are needed and the use of automated buses is a present topicfor efficient and sustainable transportation. The Vetenskapsstaden area has threeof the main university campus coexisting, this leads to a generation of campusto-campus trips which creates an impact in the Stockholm’s public transport.The unique environment and singular users arise the aim to execute a potentialsolution to release ridership from the public transport network. This thesisanalyzes and evaluates whether a new automated bus line is needed or not inthe studied area. A cost model will study the proposed solutions through therated decision variables: frequency and capacity, commercial speed and differentrates of demand. The relative efficiency of the proposed implementations isstudied compared with the costs of the current public transport modes used inthe area. Numerical analysis and results are given for two different scenarios:implementing one bus line connecting the three campuses or three lines betweencampuses. The former scenario shows to be more sensitive to the studied variablesand presents higher costs whereas the second-option costs have a robust responseand lower overall price evaluation. For both infrastructure models, the rateof demand is crucial to evaluate the advantages of a potential solution. Theestablished method and criteria contributes to a better understanding of theimpact of autonomous buses to low-demand analytic models.

Mode choice models have, in the past, been disaggregated by a range of work and personal trip purposes. Linear expressions have been developed describing the utility or generalised cost of each transport mode option within each trip purpose category. With improving data collection, storage and processing facilities, highly disaggregate models are finding wider application in mode choice modelling. Disaggregate mode choice models developed thus far have not explicitly defined visitor mode choice and have therefore assumed that visitors' mode choice characteristics are similar to those of residents. In areas such as the Gold Coast, Australia, visitors comprise a significant proportion of the overall travelling population and are expected to have intrinsically different mode choice characteristics to those of residents. This thesis investigates the factors which affect visitor mode choice and provides relationships between visitor mode choice and a range of trip-based and visit-based variables. These relationships are intended to be the first step in towards the development of visitor-specific mode choice models. As such, this research is highly qualitative with some basis on survey data. The relationships developed are drawn from the available data, however it is envisaged that further, more rigorous survey would be required to confirm the statistical validity of the relationships developed. Two separate surveys were conducted to collect data on visitor mode choice. The first survey involved a loosely-structured interview survey to develop an understanding of visitor's mode choice thought processes as to when and why they make certain mode choice decisions. The qualitative data collected in the first survey was used to develop a better understanding of the range of variables considered by visitors when selecting their mode(s) for use during a visit. The second survey was an interview survey of potential ferry users within which a range of general mode choice information was gathered. The combination of the more quantitative data collected in the second survey and the more qualitative information collected in the first survey provided the basis for hypothesising the visitor mode choice relationships in this research. The data from both the first and second surveys was collated and analysed to determine key relationships between visitor mode choice and a range of trip-based and visit-based considerations. Duration of the visit was found to be a key determinant of the degree of pre-planning and how fixed (captive) to particular modes visitors were. Duration of the visit was also shown to affect mode choice elasticity for time and cost based variables, as did the availability of a car which essentially removed all other mode choice options from visitor's considerations. Extensions of this research could include quantification of the relationships through detailed interview surveys and the use of advanced technologies (e.g. GPS) to track visitor movements. This data would enable the development of visitor mode choice models disaggregated by visit-type and considering visit variables such as duration of stay, degree of pre-planning, local knowledge and group size; in conjunction with trip-based variables such as frequency, price, comfort and convenience.

Em junho de 2013, o reajuste de R$ 0,20 na tarifa de ônibus gerou uma série de manifestações populares no país que acabaram fazendo alguns governos, como o da cidade de São Paulo, voltarem atrás e arcarem com essa diferença com as empresas de ônibus. Visto isso, o prefeito de São Paulo, Fernando Haddad, propôs uma política de municipalização de um tributo imposto sobre a gasolina, a CIDE, para financiar o transporte público urbano. Nesse contexto, foi encomendada uma pesquisa a Fundação Getúlio Vargas para responder a magnitude do impacto desse subsídio cruzado entre usuários do transporte privado e coletivo. Esse trabalho utiliza o resultado encontrado por essa pesquisa para responder qual o efeito sobre o tráfego da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo utilizando dados da Pesquisa de Origem e Destino de 2007. Os resultados encontrados mostram que a política de subsídio cruzado proporciona um baixo deslocamento no fluxo dos modos de transporte. Além disso, a análise de bem estar da política mostra que os mais favorecidos são os indivíduos de baixa renda. A estimação é feita com base em dois modelos de escolha discreta (Multinomial e Mixed Logit), separada por dois motivos de viagem: trabalho e estudo. E, as simulações de deslocamento de demanda utilizam dois valores de tributos, R$ 0,10 e R$ 0,50.
In June 2013, the increase of 0.20 BRL in bus fare has emerged a series of popular demonstrations in the country that ended up making some governments, such as the city of São Paulo, backtrack and pay out this difference with the buses company. So, the mayor of São Paulo, Fernando Haddad, proposed a policy of decentralization of a tax imposed on gasoline, CIDE, to finance urban public transport. In this context, a report was commissioned to Fundação Getúlio Vargas to respond the magnitude of the impact of cross-subsidy between users of private and collective transport. This work uses the results found in this report to answer the effect on traffic in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo using data from the Source and Destination Survey of 2007. Results show that the cross-subsidy policy provides a low offset in the flow modes of transport. Moreover, the analysis of welfare policy shows that the most favored are the low-income individuals. The estimation is based on two discrete choice models (Multinomial and Mixed Logit), separate for two reasons of trips: work and study. And the simulations of displacement demand use two values of taxes, 0.10 and 0.50 BRL.

Companies analyse large amounts of sensitive data on clusters of machines, using a framework such as Apache Hadoop to handle inter-process communication, and big data analytic tools such as Apache Spark and Apache Flink to analyse the growing amounts of data. Big data analytic tools are mainly tested on performance and reliability. Security and authentication have not been enough considered and they lack behind. The goal of this research is to improve the authentication and security for data analytic tools.Currently, the aforementioned big data analytic tools are using Kerberos for authentication. Kerberos has difficulties in providing multi factor authentication. Attacks on Kerberos can abuse the authentication. To improve the authentication, an analysis of the authentication in Hadoop and the data analytic tools is performed. The research describes the characteristics to gain an overview of the security of Hadoop and the data analytic tools. One characteristic is that the usage of the transport layer security (TLS) for the security of data transportation. TLS usually establishes connections with certificates. Recently, certificates with a short time to live can be automatically handed out.This thesis develops new authentication mechanism using certificates for data analytic tools on clusters of machines, providing advantages over Kerberos. To evaluate the possibility to replace Kerberos, the mechanism is implemented in Spark. As a result, the new implementation provides several improvements. The certificates used for authentication are made valid with a short time to live and are thus less vulnerable to abuse. Further, the authentication mechanism solves new requirements coming from businesses, such as providing multi-factor authenticationand scalability.In this research a new authentication mechanism is developed, implemented and evaluated, giving better data protection by providing improved authentication.

Dissertação de mestrado em Engenharia Urbana (área de especialização em Cidades Sustentáveis)
Nas últimas décadas o Transporte público coletivo de passageiros tem sofrido alterações nos padrões da procura, que não foram sendo acompanhadas pela oferta, especialmente em áreas rurais ou de menor densidade populacional. Nos locais onde a procura aumentou, a oferta foi sendo tendencialmente ajustada às necessidades, uma vez que tal se justificava para garantir o melhor serviço por parte dos operadores. Porém, os operadores acabam por adotar medidas sobre a oferta, como a supressão de linhas e horários, que prejudicam a prestação de serviço público de transporte. É neste enquadramento que surgem soluções flexíveis de transporte, com o objetivo de garantir níveis de mobilidade e acessibilidade em áreas onde a manutenção do serviço convencional de transportes coletivos é pouco sustentável. O Transporte a Pedido visa resolver os problemas de viabilidade económica de um serviço público coletivo de passageiros, garantir uma redução da emissão de poluentes, essencialmente em zonas sensíveis do território, garantir maior equidade social no acesso a meios de transporte e níveis de mobilidade entre os diferentes grupos sociais. No âmbito deste trabalho é realizado um caso de estudo numa área de baixa densidade do município de Braga, mais concretamente nas zona Sudeste da coroa 3 definido no sistema tarifário da empresa que opera o Transporte público coletivo no município, designada por Transportes Urbanos de Braga - TUB. Foi efetuada uma análise ao serviço existente quanto à oferta/procura e respetiva relação entre as duas dimensões, de forma a garantir um equilíbrio entre custos e benefícios para o operador TUB. Para avaliar a hipotética utilização de um serviço flexível de transporte, de modo a incrementar a qualidade do serviço prestado na área de estudo a todos os utilizadores, mas também para garantir um equilíbrio entre custos e benefícios para o operador TUB, foi realizado um diagonóstico do serviço existente, quer ao nível da oferta, quer da procura de respetiva relação entre as duas dimensões da análise. Neste sentido, a solução que se apresenta permitirá reduzir os custos de operação, bem como a minimização do impacte ambiental na área de estudo.
Over the past decades, public transport changed in what concerns demand patterns, which wasn’t followed by the supply chain, mainly in rural or in low population areas. Areas of high passenger density improved their public transportation services and the supply follows the demand for mobility. However public transport operators decided to adopt measures based in the supply needs, and extinguished secondary routes and schedules less requested. Therefore new flexible transport solutions are needed in order to fulfill the public transport needs in dispersed settlement areas where it isn’t sustainable. Flexible public transportation services have different characteristics from conventional public transports, because there aren’t fixed routes or schedules, but even if these conditions are maintained the flexibility is assured through vehicle circulation based on request. This flexible transportation service is designated as transport on demand. Transport on demand aims to solve viability issues of cost effective public transport and to reduce carbon-dioxide emissions in areas of low passenger demand, providing social equity in the access to public transport for all social groups. This research provides a case study overview in a low-density area in Braga County (in Southeast coroa 3 area - according to tariff system from Transportes Urbanos de Braga – TUB-EM). This analysis focuses primarily on the relation between demand and supply of the existing services, in order to achieve a balance between cost and benefits for this operator. Furthermore, these strategies are a solution that pretends to reduce operational costs for TUB-EM. To evaluate the possible use of a flexible transport service, in order to increase the quality of service in the study area for all users, but also to ensure a balance between costs and benefits for the operator TUB, an evaluation was conducted existing service or the level of supply or demand for respective relationship between the two dimensions of analysis. In this sense, the solution that presents itself will reduce operating costs as well as minimizing the environmental impact in the study area.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Engenharia Mecânica, Energia e Ambiente, apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra.
This thesis aimed to test the impact of various transport demand management (TDM) measures on traffic road assignment in transport demand macro model developed for the city of Coimbra in software VISUM 12.0. The policies tested in the model were parking policy, carpooling incentives, urban road tolling policy and improvement of public bus transit, as well as strategic combinations of all of those policies. The study measures the impact on aggregated values for private vehicle volumes, fossil fuel consumption and CO2 emissions from the traffic in the city of Coimbra with complementary geographical representation. The strategic policy scenario consisting of combination of all the measures that were tested resulted in a 4% reduction of CO2 emissions (19.76 tonnes), 4% reduction of fuel consumption (6.34 tonnes) and 506’969 vehicles per km in 24 hours of a non-eventful working day. It was able to target the zones with the highest demand for commuting represented as reduction of 2.1% of trip origins and 5% of trip destinations in the zones. These policies were also able to target the most congested or the most polluted roads in the inner city and reduce CO2 emissions and private vehicle volumes. It was found that road tolling, higher parking fees and extended paid areas can lead to a different route choice of private vehicle instead of shift to public transport or walking. Thus their effectiveness in reducing CO2 emissions and private vehicle volumes can be lower. Additionally a road slopes in the city influence the results of policies aiming to reduce CO2 emissions. It was concluded that the macro model simulation plays important role in obtaining the aggregated results with macro projection of the traffic situation after a TDM policy. In the same time, careful multi-criteria policy modelling and a complementary micro simulation of traffic situation in the city will be necessary part when testing the effect of TDM policies.

碩士
國立成功大學
都市計劃學系碩博士班
101
In recent years, eco-tourism has become the intermational trend of tourism, and the Ecotourism White Paper published by Tourism Bureau R.O.C. in 2002 also proposed related strategies and specific implementation plans for national parks, forest recreation areas and national scenic areas. However, most of the attractions for ecotourism usually lie in rural areas, where the usage rate of public transport was low resulting from inefficient timetables, and 2010 Survey of Travel by R.O.C. Citizens showed the majority of tourists, 65 percent, tend to go to these destinations by car. This kind of private mode of transport contributes carbon dioxide emissions though. If we use green transport which is more sustainable, then we could minimize the impact on local environment so as to achieve the concept of ecotourism. Previous studies showed that transportation typically accounts for the majority of energy consumption in tourism so this research aims to evaluate intermodal integration strategies which could provide door-to-door passenger journey and improve the quality of public transport service by reducing the transfer costs so as to attract users from private modes of transport and to promote sustainable transport. This research selects Guan-Zi-Ling Designated Scenic Area in National Scenic Area to be the research scope and then applies stated preference approach, multinomial logit model and nested logit model to construct the travel demand model and then to understand the factors of tourists’ and residents' mode choice. The result shows that, in terms of tourist model, in-vehicle time, out-of-vehicle time, travel cost, transfer distance, career, age and education level are the important factors to tourists who are willing to transfer by public transport; in-vehicle time and out-of-vehicle time are important factors, but travel cost is not, to tourists who are unwilling to transfer and tend to use their existing transport; finally, gender, income, number of peers and origin are important factors of willing to transfer public transport or not to tourists. In terms of resident model, travel cost, transfer distance and education level are the important factors, but travel time is not, to residents who are willing to transfer by public transport; in-vehicle time and out-of-vehicle time are important factors, but travel cost is not, to residents who are unwilling to transfer and tend to use their existing transport; finally, age and career are important factors of willing to transfer public transport or not to residents.

Die verkehrliche Kapazitätsplanung ist für ÖPNV-Unternehmen ein wichtiger Geschäftsprozess. Die Planungsergebnisse entscheiden maßgeblich über den Einsatz kostenträchtiger Ressourcen und über den Erfolg der ÖPNV-Dienstleistung am Verkehrsmarkt. Trotz dieser Bedeutung beschränkt sich die Planung bisher noch weitgehend auf die Umsetzung von Aufgabenträgervorgaben und vernachlässigt ergänzende Anforderungen der Kunden und Unternehmen. Die vorliegende Arbeit ermittelt die Anforderungen aller relevanten Anspruchsgruppen und benennt Umsetzungsdefizite der heutigen Planungspraxis. Diese Defizite bilden die Grundlage für die Entwicklung einer neuen, anforderungsorientierten Planungsmethodik. Für diese Methodik wird die Qualität des Platzangebotes aus der Perspektive der Kunden definiert und ermittelt. Aus Kundensicht stellt dabei eine uneingeschränkte Sitzplatzverfügbarkeit das höchste Qualitätsniveau dar, während die zulässige Mindestqualität von der kundenseitigen Akzeptanzgrenze für Qualitätsverluste durch Sitzplatzmangel bestimmt wird. Unter Anwendung anerkannter Regeln der Risikobewertung werden zur Bestimmung dieser Qualitätsverluste die Risikoparameter ‚Stehdichte‘, ‚Stehdauer‘ und ‚Stehplatzwahrscheinlichkeit‘ für sämtliche Linienabschnitte und alle Kundenfahrten einer Fahrplanfahrt ermittelt. Dies geschieht auf der Grundlage realisierter Fahrten in Form von haltestellenbasierten Quelle/Ziel-Matrizen. Dem dynamischen Charakter der Risikoparameter im Fahrtverlauf folgend zeigen die Rechenergebnisse stark variierende Qualitätsverluste und liefern so ein transparentes Bild der von den Kunden erlebten Platzqualität. Damit ermöglichen sie die Ermittlung spezifischer Qualitätsniveaus für jede Quelle/Ziel-Gruppe der Matrix und, sofern im elektronischen Fahrgeldmanagementsystem eine Zuordnung von Fahrten zu Kunden erfolgt, auch für unterschiedliche Marktsegmente. Aus den detaillierten Ergebnissen lassen sich zielgerichtete Angebotsmaßnahmen ableiten, deren Realisierung eine bessere Erfüllung der Anforderungen der relevanten Anspruchsgruppen verspricht und Ansätze für ein stärker marktorientiertes Vorgehen bei der Angebotsgestaltung liefert.:Abbildungsverzeichnis VI Verzeichnis der Abkürzungen und Glossar XI Verzeichnis der Formelzeichen und Symbole XIII 1. Einleitung, Zielsetzung und Aufbau der Arbeit 1 2. Status Quo der verkehrlichen Kapazitätsplanung im ÖPNV 5 2.1. Verkehrliche und betriebliche Kapazitätsplanung 5 2.2. Ziele der verkehrlichen Kapazitätsplanung 7 2.3. Ermittlung der Platznachfrage 7 2.3.1. Manuelle Zählungen 8 2.3.2. Automatische Zählungen 9 2.3.3. Auswertung von Vertriebsdaten 9 2.3.4. Fahrgastbefragungen 10 2.3.5. Sonstige Erhebungsmethoden 10 2.4. Ergebnisse der Nachfrageerhebung 10 2.4.1. Verteilung und Schwankungen der Platznachfrage im Netz 10 2.4.2. Stochastische Nachfrageschwankungen 14 2.5. Einfluss der Erhebungsmethoden auf die Durchführung des Planungsprozesses 16 2.6. Ermittlung des Platzangebotes 17 2.6.1. Platzangebotes eines Fahrzeugs 18 2.6.2. Sitzplätze eines Fahrzeugs 18 2.6.3. Stehplätze eines Fahrzeugs 19 2.6.3.1. Ermittlung der Stehplatzfläche eines Fahrzeugs 19 2.6.3.2. Ermittlung der zulässigen Stehdichte im Fahrzeug 19 2.6.4. Sitzplatzanteil eines Fahrzeugs 21 2.6.5. Platzangebot eines Zeitintervalls 23 2.6.6. Vergleich von Platzangebot und Platznachfrage für ein Zeitintervall 24 2.7. Berücksichtigung von Schwankungen der Nachfrage 25 2.8. Begrenzung der Stehdauer der Fahrgäste 28 2.9. Prüfung der Ergebnisse und Anpassung des Platzangebotes 29 2.10. Auswirkung qualitätsbezogener Festlegungen auf das Planungsergebnis 30 2.11. Praxis der verkehrlichen Kapazitätsplanung in Verkehrsunternehmen 34 3. Anforderungen an die verkehrliche Kapazitätsplanung im ÖPNV 39 3.1. Bestimmung der Anspruchsgruppen 39 3.2. Struktur des Planungsprozesses 40 3.3. Anforderungen der Kunden 45 3.3.1. Anforderungen aus der Wahrnehmung von Dienstleistungsqualität 45 3.3.1.1. Anforderungen aus der Diskonfirmationstheorie 46 3.3.1.2. Anforderungen aus der Bildung von Erwartungen 47 3.3.1.3. Anforderungen aus der Wahrnehmung der Leistung 50 3.3.1.4. Anforderungen aus der Einteilung in Zufriedenheitsfaktoren 51 3.3.1.5. Anforderungen aus Einflüssen auf die Kundenzufriedenheit 53 3.3.1.5.1. Assimilations-Kontrast-Theorie 54 3.3.1.5.2. Attributionstheorie 54 3.3.1.5.3. Gerechtigkeitstheorie 55 3.3.1.5.4. Theorie des wahrgenommenen Risikos 56 3.3.1.5.5. Sitzplatz- und Stehflächenmangel als funktionales Risiko 58 3.3.2. Anforderungen der Kunden aus Kundenbefragungen 63 3.3.2.1. Befragungen zur Bevorzugung von Sitzplätzen 64 3.3.2.2. Untersuchungen zur Akzeptanz von Stehdichte 69 3.3.2.3. Untersuchungen zur Akzeptanz von Stehdauer 73 3.3.2.4. Untersuchungen zum Zusammenhang zwischen Stehdichte und Stehdauer 79 3.4. Anforderungen des Unternehmens 82 3.4.1. Anforderungen aus dem Leistungsaustausch am Markt 83 3.4.2. Anforderungen aus den Besonderheiten von Dienstleistungen 88 3.4.2.1. Anforderungen aus der Immaterialität/Intangibilität von Dienstleistungen 89 3.4.2.2. Anforderungen aus der Nichtlagerbarkeit/Nichttransportfähigkeit von Dienstleistungen 90 3.4.2.3. Anforderungen aus der Integration des externen Faktors von Dienstleistungen 90 3.4.2.4. Anforderungen aus der Heterogenität/Individualität von Dienstleistungen 92 3.4.2.5. Zusammenfassung der Anforderungen aus den Besonderheiten von Dienstleistungen 92 3.4.3. Anforderungen aus den Unternehmenszielen 93 3.4.3.1. Anforderungen aus den Marketingstrategien des Unternehmens 96 3.4.3.1.1. Anforderungen aus der Marktfeldstrategie 98 3.4.3.1.2. Anforderungen aus der Marktsegmentierungsstrategie 99 3.4.3.1.3. Anforderungen aus der auf die Abnehmer gerichteten Strategie 103 3.4.4. Anforderungen aus den Modellen der Dienstleistungsqualität 105 3.4.4.1. Anforderungen aus dem GAP-Modell 107 3.4.4.2. Anforderungen aus dem Dienstleistungsqualitätsmodell von Grönroos 110 3.4.4.3. Anforderungen aus dem Dienstleistungsqualitätsmodell von Meyer/Mattmüller 111 3.4.4.4. Anforderungen aus dem Dynamischen Prozessmodell von Boulding/Kalra/Staelin/Zeithaml 112 3.4.4.5. Anforderungen aus dem Beziehungs-Qualitätsmodell von Liljander/Strandvik 113 3.4.4.6. Anforderungen aus dem Qualitativen Zufriedenheitsmodell von Stauss/Neuhaus 115 3.4.5. Anforderungen aus dem operativen Qualitätsmanagement 115 3.4.5.1. Anforderungen aus der Qualitätsplanung 116 3.4.5.2. Anforderungen aus der Qualitätslenkung 117 3.4.5.3. Anforderungen aus der Qualitätsprüfung 118 3.4.5.4. Anforderungen der DIN EN 13816 2002 zur Messung der Dienstleistungsqualität 122 3.4.5.5. Anforderungen aus der Qualitätsmanagementdarlegung 126 3.4.6. Anforderungen aus dem Prozessmanagement 127 3.4.7. Anforderungen an die Erbringung von Kompatibilitätsnachweisen 129 3.5. Anforderungen des Aufgabenträgers 129 3.6. Defizite bei der Erfüllung von Anforderungen durch den Status quo der verkehrlichen Kapazitätsplanung 132 4. Differenzierungsmodell für eine anforderungsorientierte verkehrliche Kapazitätsplanung im ÖPNV 138 4.1. Entwicklungslinien einer anforderungsorientierten Kapazitätsplanung 138 4.2. Entwicklungsschritte des Differenzierungsmodells 140 4.2.1. Stärkung der Nachfrageorientierung 140 4.2.2. Stärkung der Qualitätsorientierung 141 4.2.3. Stärkung der Marktorientierung 143 4.2.4. Stärkung der Kostenorientierung 144 4.3. Methodische Verbesserung der Prozesselemente 145 4.3.1. Arbeitsgrundlagen des Planungsprozesses 146 4.3.2. Prozesselement Planungsvorgaben 146 4.3.3. Prozesselement Nachfrage 146 4.3.4. Prozesselement Angebot 148 4.3.5. Prozesselement Messverfahren 148 4.3.5.1. Definition der zu messenden Platzqualität 150 4.3.5.2. Erläuterungen zur Messung der Platzqualität 152 4.3.5.3. Messung der Risikoparameter für Platzqualität 155 4.3.5.4. Ermittlung der Qualitätsverluste und der Platzqualität 158 4.3.5.5. Variation des Qualitätsziels im Hinblick auf Marktsegmente 162 4.3.6. Prozesselement Ermittlung der Planungsergebnisse 165 4.3.6.1. Ermittlung qualitätsbezogener Kennzahlen 165 4.3.6.2. Ermittlung von Kennzahlen zu Ressourceneinsatz, Betriebsleistung und Kosten 166 4.3.7. Prozesselement Prüfung 166 4.3.7.1. Prüfung der Konformität mit den Unternehmenszielen 167 4.3.7.2. Prüfung der Konformität mit Anforderungen des Aufgabenträgers 167 4.3.8. Prozesselement Veränderung 169 5. Anwendung des Differenzierungsmodells 171 5.1. Gestaltung des Anwendungsbeispiels 171 5.1.1. Festlegungen zur Infrastruktur 171 5.1.2. Festlegungen zum Fahrbetrieb 172 5.1.3. Festlegungen zum Platzangebot 173 5.1.4. Festlegungen zur Platznachfrage 173 5.1.5 Festlegungen zur Platzqualität 174 5.2. Ergebnisse der anwendungsorientierten Planung 175 5.2.1. Standardergebnisse 175 5.2.2. Relevante Einflüsse 182 5.2.2.1. Bemessungsnachfrage 182 5.2.2.2. Platzangebot 183 5.2.2.3. Taktverdichtung 184 5.2.2.4. Qualitätsziel 186 5.2.2.5. Sitzplatzanteil des Fahrzeugs 187 5.2.2.6. Beförderungsgeschwindigkeit 187 5.2.2.7. Fahrgastwechsel 188 5.2.3. Anforderungsorientierung 189 5.2.3.1. Verbesserung der Nachfrageorientierung 190 5.2.3.2. Stärkung der Qualitätsorientierung 190 5.2.3.3. Implementierung der Marktorientierung 191 5.2.3.4. Stärkung der Kostenorientierung 192 6. Fazit und Ausblick 195 Quellenverzeichnis 199 Verzeichnis der Anhänge 208 Anhang A: Befragung größerer Verkehrsunternehmen zur Praxis der verkehrliche Kapazitätsplanung im schienengebundenen ÖPNV 208 Anhang B: Befragung der Fahrgäste zum Sitzplatzwunsch und zur Fahrtdauer 211 Anhang C: Befragung der U-Bahn-Fahrgäste zum Sitzplatzbedarf im Zusammenhang mit der Beschäftigung während der Fahrt sowie mit dem Alter und dem Geschlecht 214 Anhang D: Befragung der U-Bahn-Fahrgäste zur akzeptierten Stehdauer im Zusammenhang mit der Stehplatzdichte sowie mit dem Alter und dem Geschlecht 216 Anhang E: Befragung der U-Bahn-Fahrgäste der Linie U3 zum Sitzplatzwunsch und zur akzeptierten Stehdauer im Zusammenhang mit der während der Befragung vorgefundenen Stehplatzdichte 217
Transport related capacity planning constitutes an important business process for public transport companies. Respective results have a crucial impact on the allocation of costly resources and on public transport services. Despite this significance, planning is mostly limited to implementing standards put forth by authorities thereby neglecting to address complementary customer and corporate needs. The paper determines relevant stakeholder requirements and depicts implementation deficits of current planning methods. Furthermore, these deficiencies allow for laying the foundation to develop a new requirement based planning methodology. Against this backdrop the quality of available space from a customer perspective is defined and derived. Moreover, from the aforementioned perspective the ample provision of available space is brought to focus while bearing a minimal customer based quality threshold - determined by loss of seating capacity - in mind. By applying all renowned standards pertaining to risk assessment relevant parameters such as standing density, - duration and -probability are determined for all customer related trips of a schedule. The aforementioned approach is based on realized trips in relation to an underlying stop-oriented origin-destination-matrix. Following dynamic characteristics of risk parameters en route the calculation results depict a stark variation in outcome as to loss of quality. Hence, a vivid picture attributed to customer`s perceived seating quality emerges. In so far as an electronic fare management system is in place specific quality levels with regard to an underlying origin-destination-matrix based on assigned customer trips can be derived while also taking various market segments into consideration. Emphasis is laid upon a market-oriented approach bringing to focus enhanced services. Moreover, detailed results allow for deriving concise measures, which in turn improve compliance pertaining to relevant stakeholder requirements.:Abbildungsverzeichnis VI Verzeichnis der Abkürzungen und Glossar XI Verzeichnis der Formelzeichen und Symbole XIII 1. Einleitung, Zielsetzung und Aufbau der Arbeit 1 2. Status Quo der verkehrlichen Kapazitätsplanung im ÖPNV 5 2.1. Verkehrliche und betriebliche Kapazitätsplanung 5 2.2. Ziele der verkehrlichen Kapazitätsplanung 7 2.3. Ermittlung der Platznachfrage 7 2.3.1. Manuelle Zählungen 8 2.3.2. Automatische Zählungen 9 2.3.3. Auswertung von Vertriebsdaten 9 2.3.4. Fahrgastbefragungen 10 2.3.5. Sonstige Erhebungsmethoden 10 2.4. Ergebnisse der Nachfrageerhebung 10 2.4.1. Verteilung und Schwankungen der Platznachfrage im Netz 10 2.4.2. Stochastische Nachfrageschwankungen 14 2.5. Einfluss der Erhebungsmethoden auf die Durchführung des Planungsprozesses 16 2.6. Ermittlung des Platzangebotes 17 2.6.1. Platzangebotes eines Fahrzeugs 18 2.6.2. Sitzplätze eines Fahrzeugs 18 2.6.3. Stehplätze eines Fahrzeugs 19 2.6.3.1. Ermittlung der Stehplatzfläche eines Fahrzeugs 19 2.6.3.2. Ermittlung der zulässigen Stehdichte im Fahrzeug 19 2.6.4. Sitzplatzanteil eines Fahrzeugs 21 2.6.5. Platzangebot eines Zeitintervalls 23 2.6.6. Vergleich von Platzangebot und Platznachfrage für ein Zeitintervall 24 2.7. Berücksichtigung von Schwankungen der Nachfrage 25 2.8. Begrenzung der Stehdauer der Fahrgäste 28 2.9. Prüfung der Ergebnisse und Anpassung des Platzangebotes 29 2.10. Auswirkung qualitätsbezogener Festlegungen auf das Planungsergebnis 30 2.11. Praxis der verkehrlichen Kapazitätsplanung in Verkehrsunternehmen 34 3. Anforderungen an die verkehrliche Kapazitätsplanung im ÖPNV 39 3.1. Bestimmung der Anspruchsgruppen 39 3.2. Struktur des Planungsprozesses 40 3.3. Anforderungen der Kunden 45 3.3.1. Anforderungen aus der Wahrnehmung von Dienstleistungsqualität 45 3.3.1.1. Anforderungen aus der Diskonfirmationstheorie 46 3.3.1.2. Anforderungen aus der Bildung von Erwartungen 47 3.3.1.3. Anforderungen aus der Wahrnehmung der Leistung 50 3.3.1.4. Anforderungen aus der Einteilung in Zufriedenheitsfaktoren 51 3.3.1.5. Anforderungen aus Einflüssen auf die Kundenzufriedenheit 53 3.3.1.5.1. Assimilations-Kontrast-Theorie 54 3.3.1.5.2. Attributionstheorie 54 3.3.1.5.3. Gerechtigkeitstheorie 55 3.3.1.5.4. Theorie des wahrgenommenen Risikos 56 3.3.1.5.5. Sitzplatz- und Stehflächenmangel als funktionales Risiko 58 3.3.2. Anforderungen der Kunden aus Kundenbefragungen 63 3.3.2.1. Befragungen zur Bevorzugung von Sitzplätzen 64 3.3.2.2. Untersuchungen zur Akzeptanz von Stehdichte 69 3.3.2.3. Untersuchungen zur Akzeptanz von Stehdauer 73 3.3.2.4. Untersuchungen zum Zusammenhang zwischen Stehdichte und Stehdauer 79 3.4. Anforderungen des Unternehmens 82 3.4.1. Anforderungen aus dem Leistungsaustausch am Markt 83 3.4.2. Anforderungen aus den Besonderheiten von Dienstleistungen 88 3.4.2.1. Anforderungen aus der Immaterialität/Intangibilität von Dienstleistungen 89 3.4.2.2. Anforderungen aus der Nichtlagerbarkeit/Nichttransportfähigkeit von Dienstleistungen 90 3.4.2.3. Anforderungen aus der Integration des externen Faktors von Dienstleistungen 90 3.4.2.4. Anforderungen aus der Heterogenität/Individualität von Dienstleistungen 92 3.4.2.5. Zusammenfassung der Anforderungen aus den Besonderheiten von Dienstleistungen 92 3.4.3. Anforderungen aus den Unternehmenszielen 93 3.4.3.1. Anforderungen aus den Marketingstrategien des Unternehmens 96 3.4.3.1.1. Anforderungen aus der Marktfeldstrategie 98 3.4.3.1.2. Anforderungen aus der Marktsegmentierungsstrategie 99 3.4.3.1.3. Anforderungen aus der auf die Abnehmer gerichteten Strategie 103 3.4.4. Anforderungen aus den Modellen der Dienstleistungsqualität 105 3.4.4.1. Anforderungen aus dem GAP-Modell 107 3.4.4.2. Anforderungen aus dem Dienstleistungsqualitätsmodell von Grönroos 110 3.4.4.3. Anforderungen aus dem Dienstleistungsqualitätsmodell von Meyer/Mattmüller 111 3.4.4.4. Anforderungen aus dem Dynamischen Prozessmodell von Boulding/Kalra/Staelin/Zeithaml 112 3.4.4.5. Anforderungen aus dem Beziehungs-Qualitätsmodell von Liljander/Strandvik 113 3.4.4.6. Anforderungen aus dem Qualitativen Zufriedenheitsmodell von Stauss/Neuhaus 115 3.4.5. Anforderungen aus dem operativen Qualitätsmanagement 115 3.4.5.1. Anforderungen aus der Qualitätsplanung 116 3.4.5.2. Anforderungen aus der Qualitätslenkung 117 3.4.5.3. Anforderungen aus der Qualitätsprüfung 118 3.4.5.4. Anforderungen der DIN EN 13816 2002 zur Messung der Dienstleistungsqualität 122 3.4.5.5. Anforderungen aus der Qualitätsmanagementdarlegung 126 3.4.6. Anforderungen aus dem Prozessmanagement 127 3.4.7. Anforderungen an die Erbringung von Kompatibilitätsnachweisen 129 3.5. Anforderungen des Aufgabenträgers 129 3.6. Defizite bei der Erfüllung von Anforderungen durch den Status quo der verkehrlichen Kapazitätsplanung 132 4. Differenzierungsmodell für eine anforderungsorientierte verkehrliche Kapazitätsplanung im ÖPNV 138 4.1. Entwicklungslinien einer anforderungsorientierten Kapazitätsplanung 138 4.2. Entwicklungsschritte des Differenzierungsmodells 140 4.2.1. Stärkung der Nachfrageorientierung 140 4.2.2. Stärkung der Qualitätsorientierung 141 4.2.3. Stärkung der Marktorientierung 143 4.2.4. Stärkung der Kostenorientierung 144 4.3. Methodische Verbesserung der Prozesselemente 145 4.3.1. Arbeitsgrundlagen des Planungsprozesses 146 4.3.2. Prozesselement Planungsvorgaben 146 4.3.3. Prozesselement Nachfrage 146 4.3.4. Prozesselement Angebot 148 4.3.5. Prozesselement Messverfahren 148 4.3.5.1. Definition der zu messenden Platzqualität 150 4.3.5.2. Erläuterungen zur Messung der Platzqualität 152 4.3.5.3. Messung der Risikoparameter für Platzqualität 155 4.3.5.4. Ermittlung der Qualitätsverluste und der Platzqualität 158 4.3.5.5. Variation des Qualitätsziels im Hinblick auf Marktsegmente 162 4.3.6. Prozesselement Ermittlung der Planungsergebnisse 165 4.3.6.1. Ermittlung qualitätsbezogener Kennzahlen 165 4.3.6.2. Ermittlung von Kennzahlen zu Ressourceneinsatz, Betriebsleistung und Kosten 166 4.3.7. Prozesselement Prüfung 166 4.3.7.1. Prüfung der Konformität mit den Unternehmenszielen 167 4.3.7.2. Prüfung der Konformität mit Anforderungen des Aufgabenträgers 167 4.3.8. Prozesselement Veränderung 169 5. Anwendung des Differenzierungsmodells 171 5.1. Gestaltung des Anwendungsbeispiels 171 5.1.1. Festlegungen zur Infrastruktur 171 5.1.2. Festlegungen zum Fahrbetrieb 172 5.1.3. Festlegungen zum Platzangebot 173 5.1.4. Festlegungen zur Platznachfrage 173 5.1.5 Festlegungen zur Platzqualität 174 5.2. Ergebnisse der anwendungsorientierten Planung 175 5.2.1. Standardergebnisse 175 5.2.2. Relevante Einflüsse 182 5.2.2.1. Bemessungsnachfrage 182 5.2.2.2. Platzangebot 183 5.2.2.3. Taktverdichtung 184 5.2.2.4. Qualitätsziel 186 5.2.2.5. Sitzplatzanteil des Fahrzeugs 187 5.2.2.6. Beförderungsgeschwindigkeit 187 5.2.2.7. Fahrgastwechsel 188 5.2.3. Anforderungsorientierung 189 5.2.3.1. Verbesserung der Nachfrageorientierung 190 5.2.3.2. Stärkung der Qualitätsorientierung 190 5.2.3.3. Implementierung der Marktorientierung 191 5.2.3.4. Stärkung der Kostenorientierung 192 6. Fazit und Ausblick 195 Quellenverzeichnis 199 Verzeichnis der Anhänge 208 Anhang A: Befragung größerer Verkehrsunternehmen zur Praxis der verkehrliche Kapazitätsplanung im schienengebundenen ÖPNV 208 Anhang B: Befragung der Fahrgäste zum Sitzplatzwunsch und zur Fahrtdauer 211 Anhang C: Befragung der U-Bahn-Fahrgäste zum Sitzplatzbedarf im Zusammenhang mit der Beschäftigung während der Fahrt sowie mit dem Alter und dem Geschlecht 214 Anhang D: Befragung der U-Bahn-Fahrgäste zur akzeptierten Stehdauer im Zusammenhang mit der Stehplatzdichte sowie mit dem Alter und dem Geschlecht 216 Anhang E: Befragung der U-Bahn-Fahrgäste der Linie U3 zum Sitzplatzwunsch und zur akzeptierten Stehdauer im Zusammenhang mit der während der Befragung vorgefundenen Stehplatzdichte 217