Academic literature on the topic 'Puerperal Infection, epidemiology'

Maternal is the condition of the mother during pregnancy, childbirth, and puerperal. One of the susceptible individuals infected with COVID-19 is maternal. This condition causes the mother to worry both herself and the baby, so these problems need to be identified and prevented through health education. This article aimed to identify problems and maternal health education (pregnancy, childbirth, and puerperal) during the COVID-19 pandemic. The data collected through an online portal that is PubMed, the Jakarta Health Polytechnic I ProQuest, Google Scholar, and Google-based website. Keywords used to search for information related to the topics discussed are the epidemiology of SARS-COV-2, pregnancy, childbirth, and puerperal during the COVID-19 period, the maternal immune system, complaints, and maternal questions of the COVID-19 pandemic period, and prevention of COVID-19 infection on maternal. The results found a risk of COVID-19 infection in the maternal in the amount of 4.9/1000 pregnant women. Based on COVID-19 infections from nine infected, seven were found dead, and two were surviving. Maternal infection during pregnancy has complications, including fetal distress (2 cases), membrane rupture (2 cases), preeclampsia (1 case), is a factor in preterm labor, mature delivery (1 person). In conclusion, maternal is a high-risk group for exposure to infection. The risk of vertical infection of the mother to the baby has not been proven. Maternal requires information on prevention and care during pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperal

The epidemiology of infections in the puerperium (post partum period) is not well understood and remains underestimated because surveillance systems are often limited to the acute care setting. The most common source of persistent fever after delivery is genital tract infection for which diagnosis remains mostly clinical and antibiotic treatment empiric. This review will emphasize surgical site infections (SSIs) and endometritis. Septic thrombo-phlebitis, mastitis, urinary tract infections and rare infections will be covered in less detail. Puerperal sepsis will not be reviewed.

A pervasive misconception in infection control circles is that simple bland soap handwash reliably prevents hand transmission of transiently acquired bacteria, disregarding the level of hand contamination. Often cited to support this widespread misapprehension is a bigger misconception-the efficacy of bland soap handwash is rooted in the epidemiological research of Ignaz Semmelweis. As emphasized by Walter and Beck, Semmelweis did no such thing. Indeed, it was the observation by Semmelweis of failure of bland soap handwash to prevent healthcare workers from spreading puerperal sepsis that led to his investigations of chlorine hand antisepsis for control of cross-infection. These studies ultimately resulted in his demonstrating that effective hand antisepsis (and not bland soap handwash) could prevent transmission of the agents of postpartum endometritis, sepsis, and death.

Background: The re-emergence of gram-negative bacilli (GNB) as the predominant cause of bacteraemia remains a major concern, given the increasing trend of antimicrobial resistance among this group of organisms. Prompt and effective empirical antibiotic treatment is vital for preventing adverse outcomes; therefore, a good knowledge of the local bacteria profile is required. Objective: This study was designed to aid the establishment of local antibiogram and empirical treatment for GNB bacteremia in patients referred to the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH), Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A total of 230 blood samples were obtained from inpatients in different units/departments from December 2017 to November 2018. The blood cultures were processed using BACTEC 9060 automated blood culture system, and the isolates were identified using MICROBACT 12E identification kits (Oxoid, UK) at the microbiology laboratory of UPTH. Susceptibility and resistance tests were done according to CLSI guidelines. Relevant information was obtained from the laboratory request forms and patients’ clinical files. Results: The prevalence of GNB in the study was 28.9% (71/246). The distribution of GNB bacteraemia was as follows: surgical unit (26.8%), special care baby unit (SCBU) (23.9%), intensive care unit (ICU) (21.1%), and paediatric ward (8.5%). The most common source of bacteraemia was pneumonia (35.2%) followed by puerperal sepsis (15.1%) and urinary tract infection (UTI) (15.1%). Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most frequently isolated gram-negative bacillus (26.6%). The overall resistance rate of extended spectrum lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL) producers, carbapenemase producers, and multi-drug resistant (MDR) organisms was 32.4%, with Acinetobacter baumannii (50%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (27.3%) exhibiting the highest level of resistance to carbapenems. Conclusion: This study showed a high MDR rate among GNB causing bacteraemia in patients at UPTH. An urgent review of the current antimicrobial prescription policy and infection control measures is recommended.

Background: Our team has been fighting nosocomial infections since 1991. During our journey, we often ask why people do not wash their hands! Semmelweiss discovered in the 1840s that handwashing prevented deaths from puerperal sepsis, but we still need to convince healthcare workers about hand hygiene. One answer is that washing hands is an unsophisticated gesture, without any technology, so people just do not do it. How can we improve compliance with hand hygiene? We imagined a robot in our team to remind people to wash their hands. Then, in 2016 we met Meccanoid, a US$200 toy robot: a 4-foot-tall programmable humanoid robot with voice recognition capabilities. We made adaptions in the robot (mini-projector + audio amplifier + alcohol dispenser + spy camera), and we gave him a name (Ozires) and a purpose: He became a professor who teaches healthcare workers how, when, and why wash their hands! Here, we describe the multimodal strategy centered around Ozires. Methods: The multimodal strategy consists of 7 key elements: (1) the robot, accompanied by a infection control practitioner, performs audio and video lectures about hand hygiene techniques, motivational videos, data feedback; (2) the robot’s wood copies with sound alert with motion detector for hand hygiene are spread out in the whole hospital; (3) fridge magnet with robot prints (gifts for patients and healthcare professionals); (4) app for hand hygiene monitoring (Hands Clean); (5) adherence rates by professional category and individual feedback; (6) patient empowerment for hand hygiene; and (7) sound alert for hand hygiene in the patient room’s door. Results: After the insertion of Ozires in 3 ICUs of hospital A (pilot study), the hand hygiene (HH) rate increased from ~36%, between January and July 2016, to ~68% between August 2016 and October 2019. At hospital B, Ozires started his lectures in May 2018, throughout the hospital. Hand hygiene adherence increased from 23% between July and December 2017 to 60% between June 2018 and October 2019. In the 3 months before this multimodal strategy was implemented in hospital C (June–August 2019), and the mean rate of hand hygiene was 65%. With the robot, the hand hygiene rate increased to 94% (September–October 2019). Conclusions: The multimodal strategy centered around the robot Ozires works! Hand hygiene compliance increased significantly after the interventions. People listen the robot much more attentively than to their human colleagues, and healthcare worker behavior changed! We need to go further improve the program, but it is sustainable. Finally, we succeeded in convincing people to improve their hand hygiene practices.Funding: NoneDisclosures: None

Purulent-septic infections (PSI) of puerperas are one of the leading medical and social problems of modern health care. A significant prevalence, an upward trend, insufficient completeness of their identification and registration, along with a high degree of obstetric aggression — these are the modern features of this group of infections.To study the prevalence of PSI in the postpartum period (sepsis, peritonitis, endometritis, mastitis, and surgical site infections), identify risk factors, and assess the effectiveness of epidemiological surveillance of these infections, the analysis of publications on this topic has been carried out on several information resources: eLibrary, Google Scholar, PubMed, NCBI .Postpartum endometritis was found to be the most common form of PSI in puerperas, accounting for 3 to 20% PSI cases, and up to 40.0–54.3% among patients with postpartum inflammatory complications.Surgical intervention is one of the leading risk factors for the development of PSI after childbirth. For example, a cesarean section increases the risk of PSI by 5–20%.The systems of epidemiological surveillance for PSI of puerperas in different countries differ in the approach both to identifying, recording and registering cases, and to collecting information about the place and time of their highest risk.PSI of puerperas is a dynamically changing interdisciplinary problem at the intersection of obstetrics, gynecology and epidemiology. Despite the data on the prevalence of certain nosologies and their risk factors, there are a number of issues that can be discussed and need to be addressed.

AbstractObjective:To describe microbiological characteristics and epidemiologic features of an outbreak of postpartum endometritis.Methods:Various markers were investigated in five patients and three throat carriage isolates ofStreptococcus pyogenesobtained during an outbreak of endometritis occurring in a 13-week period. Molecular characterization included biotyping, T-serotyping,emmgene sequence and restriction, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis.Results:Biotype, T-serotype, and genotypic data (emmanalysis, PFGE, and RAPD analysis) revealed a close relationship among the isolates from three patients, suggesting that cross-contamination had occurred. These isolates were biotype 1, T type 28, andemmtype 28. The isolates from one patient and one carrier differed from those of the index patient by minor variations of theemmamplicon restriction pattern, PFGE pattern, or RAPD pattern. The remaining isolates were phenotypically and genetically different.Conclusion:Identification of different isolates demonstrated that different strains may circulate simultaneously during a true outbreak and that the predominant strain might persist for several months.

RESUMOObjetivo: caracterizar o perfil epidemiológico da mortalidade neonatal na UTIN. Método: trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, de levantamento de situação de saúde, retrospectivo, utilizando-se a ficha de investigação e a declaração de óbito do recém-nascido (RN), de janeiro de 2015 a dezembro de 2015, realizado em uma maternidade de referência. Resultados: a faixa etária materna com maior frequência foi entre 16 e 25 anos. A taxa de óbitos foi maior entre mulheres com escolaridade até o ensino médio submetidas ao parto cesáreo. Além disso, houve maior mortalidade entre RN com Apgar igual ou menor que sete, tanto no primeiro minuto, quanto no quinto, com baixo peso ao nascer e com idade gestacional menor do que 37 semanas. Em relação às causas de óbito neonatal, o diagnóstico de maior prevalência foi a prematuridade seguida por anomalias e infecções perinatais. Conclusão: os resultados mostraram que persiste a necessidade de medidas que visem a melhorar a assistência prestada à gestante no pré-natal, parto e puerpério, como, também, à melhoria na estrutura hospitalar e na capacitação dos profissionais da área da saúde para auxiliar a redução da mortalidade neonatal. Descritores: Aplicações da Epidemiologia; Mortalidade Infantil; Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal; Idade Gestacional; Complicações na gravidez; Índice de Apgar.ABSTRACT Objective: to characterize the epidemiological profile of neonatal mortality in the NICU. Method: This is a retrospective quantitative study of the health situation, using the research report and the death certificate of the Newborn (NB) from January 2015 to December 2015, carried out in a Maternity of reference. Results: the maternal age group with the highest frequency was between 16 and 25 years; the death rate was higher among women with schooling until high school and between the type of cesarean delivery. In addition, there was a higher mortality among NB with Apgar equal to or lower than seven, both in the first minute and in the fifth, with low birth weight and with gestational age less than 37 weeks. Regarding the causes of neonatal death, the most prevalent diagnosis was prematurity, followed by perinatal anomalies and infections. Conclusion: the results showed that there is still a need for measures aimed at improving the care provided to pregnant women in prenatal, childbirth and puerperium, as well as improving the hospital structure and training of health professionals to help reduce neonatal mortality. Descritores: Epidemiology; Infant Mortality; Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; Gestational Age; Pregnancy Complications; Apgar Score. RESUMENObjetivo: caracterizar el perfil epidemiológico de la mortalidad neonatal en la UTIN. Método: se trata de un estudio cuantitativo, de levantamiento de situación de salud, retrospectiva, utilizando la ficha de investigación y la declaración de muerte del Recién Nacido (RN) de enero de 2015 a diciembre de 2015, realizado en una Maternidad de referencia. Resultados: el grupo de edad materna con mayor frecuencia fue entre 16 y 25 años; la tasa de muertes fue mayor entre mujeres con escolaridad hasta la enseñanza media y entre el tipo de parto cesáreo. Además, hubo mayor mortalidad entre RN con Apgar igual o menor que siete, tanto en el primer minuto y en el quinto, con bajo peso al nacer y con edad gestacional menor de 37 semanas. En relación a las causas de muerte neonatal, el diagnóstico de mayor prevalencia fue a la prematuridad, seguido por anomalías e infecciones perinatales. Conclusión: los resultados mostraron que persiste la necesidad de medidas encaminadas a mejorar la asistencia prestada a la gestante en el prenatal, parto y puerperio, así como la mejora en la estructura hospitalaria y en la capacitación de los profesionales del área de la salud para auxiliar la reducción de la salud mortalidad neonatal. Descriptores: Usos de la Epidemiologia; Mortalidad Infantil; Unidades de Cuidado Intensivo Neonatal; Edad Gestacional; Complicaciones del Embarazo; Puntaje de Apgar.