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Journal articles on the topic 'Puerto Rican children'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 27 July 2024

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1

Nieto, Sonia. "Symposium: Fact and Fiction: Stories of Puerto Ricans in U.S. Schools." Harvard Educational Review 68, no. 2 (July 1, 1998): 133–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17763/haer.68.2.d5466822h645t087.

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Puerto Rican communities have been a reality in many northeastern urban centers for over a century. Schools and classrooms have felt their presence through the Puerto Rican children attending school. The education of Puerto Ricans in U.S. schools has been documented for about seventy years, but in spite of numerous commissions, research reports, and other studies, this history is largely unknown to teachers and the general public. In addition to the research literature, a growing number of fictional accounts in English are providing another fertile avenue for understanding the challenges that Puerto Ricans have faced, and continue to face, in U.S. schools. In this article, Sonia Nieto combines the research on Puerto Rican students in U.S. schools with the power of the growing body of fiction written by Puerto Ricans. In this weaving of "fact" with "fiction," Nieto hopes to provide a more comprehensive and more human portrait of Puerto Rican students. Based on her reading of the literature in both educational research and fiction, Nieto suggests four interrelated and contrasting themes that have emerged from the long history of stories told about Puerto Ricans in U.S. schools: colonialism/resistance, cultural deficit/cultural acceptance, assimilation/identity, and marginalization/belonging. Nieto's analysis of these four themes then leads her to a discussion of the issue of care as the missing ingredient in the education of Puerto Ricans in the United States.

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Gannotti, Mary E., W. Penn Handwerker, Nora Ellen Groce, and Cynthia Cruz. "Sociocultural Influences on Disability Status in Puerto Rican Children." Physical Therapy 81, no. 9 (September 1, 2001): 1512–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ptj/81.9.1512.

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AbstractBackground and Purpose. This article describes culturally defined meanings of childhood function and disability in Puerto Rico to provide a context for the interpretation of test scores from the Spanish translation of the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI). Subjects and Methods. More than 600 Puerto Rican teachers, parents and caregivers of children with and without disabilities, and members of the general community participated in ethnographic interviews, which were designed to describe their beliefs, attitudes, and knowledge about childhood function and disability. Results. Qualitative and quantitative data analysis confirmed that differences exist between Puerto Ricans and the norms established in the United States for the performance of functional skills by children, and the analysis also described Puerto Rican beliefs and attitudes toward disability. Discussion and Conclusion. Puerto Rican values of interdependence, añoñar (pampering or nurturing behaviors), and sobre protectiva (overprotectiveness) influence parental expectations for the capability of children with disabilities and should be considered when interpreting scores from the PEDI and establishing plans of care. Additional research is needed on the influence of contextual variables on child development and behavioral adaptations to disability.

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3

McDonough, Jimmy. "In Citizenship We Trust? The Citizenship Question Need Not Impede Puerto Rican Decolonization." Michigan Law Review, no. 122.5 (2024): 963. http://dx.doi.org/10.36644/mlr.122.5.citizenship.

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Puerto Rico is an uncomfortable reminder of the democratic deficits within the world’s oldest constitutional democracy. Puerto Ricans are U.S. citizens who live in a U.S. territory that is subject to the plenary authority of Congress, to which they cannot elect voting members. In 2022, under unified Democratic control for the first time in a decade, Congress considered the Puerto Rico Status Act, legislation that would finally decolonize Puerto Rico. The Status Act offered Puerto Rican voters three alternatives to the colonial status quo—statehood, independence, or sovereignty in free association—and committed Congress to implementing whichever alternative won majority support from Puerto Rican voters. The Status Act sought to define how any change in status would affect Puerto Ricans’ access to U.S. citizenship. The Status Act proposed that all Puerto Ricans would retain their U.S. citizenship if Puerto Rico became independent or entered free association but included special restrictions that would limit Puerto Ricans’ ability to pass on their U.S. citizenship to children born after a change in status. While this Note appreciates the Status Act’s efforts to decolonize Puerto Rico, it argues that the Status Act erred in proposing this specialized regime for citizenship claims. Instead, it contends that the existing derivative citizenship framework would better regulate citizenship for Puerto Rican U.S. citizens born after a change in status. Although the Status Act died in the Senate, it represents a new and influential formula for decolonizing Puerto Rico. Future proponents of status reform should draw on the existing derivative citizenship law because it offers clearer provisions that can better ensure a large number of Puerto Ricans may rely on U.S. citizenship—a benefit Puerto Ricans themselves clearly value—even after a change in status.

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Contreras, Maria, Kevin Keys, Joaquin Magana, Page Goddard, Oona Risse-Adams, Andrew M. Zeiger, Angel C. Y. Mak, et al. "Native American Ancestry and Air Pollution Interact to Impact Bronchodilator Response in Puerto Rican Children with Asthma." Ethnicity & Disease 31, no. 1 (January 21, 2021): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.18865/ed.31.1.77.

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Objective: Asthma is the most common chronic disease in children. Short-acting bronchodilator medications are the most commonly prescribed asthma treatment worldwide, regardless of disease severity. Puerto Rican children display the highest asthma morbidity and mortality of any US population. Alarmingly, Puerto Rican children with asthma display poor bronchodilator drug response (BDR). Reduced BDR may explain, in part, the increased asthma morbidity and mortality observed in Puerto Rican children with asthma. Gene-environment interactions may explain a portion of the heritability of BDR. We aimed to identify gene-environment interactions associated with BDR in Puerto Rican children with asthma.Setting: Genetic, environmental, and psycho-social data from the Genes-environments and Admixture in Latino Americans (GALA II) case-control study.Participants: Our discovery dataset consisted of 658 Puerto Rican children with asthma; our replication dataset consisted of 514 Mexican American children with asthma.Main Outcomes Measures: We assessed the association of pairwise interaction models with BDR using ViSEN (Visualization of Statistical Epistasis Networks).Results: We identified a non-linear interaction between Native American genetic ancestry and air pollution significantly associated with BDR in Puerto Rican children with asthma. This interaction was robust to adjustment for age and sex but was not significantly associated with BDR in our replication population.Conclusions: Decreased Native American ancestry coupled with increased air pollution exposure was associated with increased BDR in Puerto Rican children with asthma. Our study acknowledges BDR’s phenotypic complexity, and emphasizes the importance of integrating social, environmental, and biological data to further our understanding of complex disease.Ethn Dis. 2021;31(1):77- 88; doi:10.18865/ed.31.1.77

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5

Mogro-Wilson, Cristina, Alysse Melville Loomis, Crystal Hayes, and Reinaldo Rojas. "Emerging Bicultural Views of Fatherhood." Advances in Social Work 19, no. 2 (April 4, 2020): 311–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/22581.

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Puerto Rican fathers remain an understudied population despite the growing Latino community in the U.S. Understanding how Puerto Rican fathers perceive their roles as fathers can inform our conceptualization of their engagement with children as well as the development of culturally-specific parenting interventions. In this qualitative study, focus groups were conducted with Puerto Rican men to identify their perceptions of their role as a father and how individual, child, and cultural influences may relate to these roles. Parenting roles identified by fathers in the study were: being there, maintaining open communication, building confidence, preparing for adulthood, teaching culture/values, and providing a role model for their children. The study also explored father and child characteristics, history with their own father, and a hybrid cultural perspective as influences on Puerto Rican fathers’ perceptions of their parenting roles. Due to the increasing population of Puerto Rican and other Latino sub-groups, providers and social workers working with Puerto Rican families should understanding the perceived parenting roles within families to better engage and support fathers and families within this growing population.

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Granberry, Phillip J., María Idalí Torres, Jeroan J. Allison, Sharina D. Person, and Milagros C. Rosal. "Supports for Maternal Communication About Peer Pressure to Have Sex Among Puerto Rican Families." International Quarterly of Community Health Education 42, no. 1 (May 27, 2021): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272684x211021046.

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This research tests the independent contribution of social capital and the use of the internet to obtain health information to support maternal-child communication about peer pressure to have sex among Puerto Rican families. A sample of 413 Puerto Rican households in Springfield, MA provides the data to independently test these hypotheses. The results of a logistic regression model suggest that Puerto Rican mothers with increased social capital and who accessed the internet for health information are more likely to communicate with their adolescent children about peer pressure to have sex. The combination of these two mechanisms provide opportunities to convey culturally generated resources to Puerto Rican mothers to assist them in helping their children develop healthy sexual behaviors.

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Wiley, James F., Michelle M. Cloutier, Dorothy B. Wakefield, Dominica B. Hernandez, Autherene Grant, Annamarie Beaulieu, and Amy A. Gorin. "Acculturation Determines BMI Percentile and Noncore Food Intake in Hispanic Children." Journal of Nutrition 144, no. 3 (December 31, 2013): 305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/jn.113.182592.

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Abstract Hispanic children in the United States are disproportionately affected by obesity. The role of acculturation in obesity is unclear. This study examined the relation between child obesity, dietary intake, and maternal acculturation in Hispanic children. We hypothesized that children of more acculturated mothers would consume more unhealthy foods and would have higher body mass index (BMI) percentiles. A total of 209 Hispanic mothers of children aged 2–4 y (50% female, 35.3 ± 8.7 mo, BMI percentile: 73.1 ± 27.8, 30% obese, 19% overweight) were recruited for an obesity prevention/reversal study. The associations between baseline maternal acculturation [Brief Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans-II (Brief ARSMA-II)], child BMI percentile, and child diet were examined. Factor analysis of the Brief ARSMA-II in Puerto Rican mothers resulted in 2 new factors, which were named the Hispanic Orientation Score (4 items, loadings: 0.64–0.81) and U.S. Mainland Orientation Score (6 items, loadings: −0.61–0.92). In the total sample, children who consumed more noncore foods were more likely to be overweight or obese (P < 0.01). Additionally, children of mothers with greater acculturation to the United States consumed more noncore foods (P < 0.0001) and had higher BMI percentiles (P < 0.04). However, mothers with greater Hispanic acculturation served fewer noncore foods (P < 0.0001). In the Puerto Rican subgroup of mothers, Puerto Rican mothers with greater acculturation to the United States served more noncore foods (P < 0.0001), but there was no association between acculturation and child BMI percentile in this subgroup. These mothers, however, served fewer sugar-sweetened beverages (P < 0.01) compared with non-Puerto Rican mothers, and this may have negated the effect of noncore food consumption on BMI percentile. These data suggest a complex relation between acculturation, noncore food consumption, and child BMI percentile in Puerto Rican and non-Puerto Rican Hispanic children.

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8

Martinez, Francia. "Politics, Language, and Cultural Identity: DetroitRicans and Puertoricanness in Detroit." Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies 9, no. 4 (September 28, 2022): 1–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/1260.

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Due to a surge in racism and anti-immigrant sentiment that intensified during Trump’s campaign and presidency, some Americans have reacted to people speaking Spanish in public with hostility as well as verbal and even physical aggression over the last few years in the United States. A particular group of victims of language and identity discrimination has been Puerto Ricans, who are, ironically, American citizens. Drawing on historical perspectives, language and identity attitudes, the politicization of language, and linguistic racism approaches, the present study administered a language and identity questionnaire to 103 Puerto Ricans in Detroit, Michigan (DetroitRicans). Despite the rise of linguistic racism in the United States, 90.3% of respondents said that being able to speak Spanish was necessary to validate their Puertoricanness. In addition, 89% of this study’s participants agreed that not teaching Spanish to children was denying them their Puerto Rican culture and identity. DetroitRicans also identified Spanish as their mother tongue, their roots, and their homeland, whereas they identified English as the language of work, school, and economic advancement. The findings agree with the language and identity perceptions of Puerto Ricans living on the Island and in Central Florida; they diverge from the traditional perspectives of Boricuas in New York, North Philadelphia, and Chicago, who do not generally consider Spanish a vital part of their Puerto Rican identity.

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Chen, Wei, Nadia Boutaoui, John M. Brehm, Yueh-Ying Han, Cassandra Schmitz, Alex Cressley, Edna Acosta-Pérez, et al. "ADCYAP1R1and Asthma in Puerto Rican Children." American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 187, no. 6 (March 15, 2013): 584–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201210-1789oc.

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Planos, Ruth, Luis H. Zayas, and Nancy A. Busch-Rossnagel. "Mental Health Factors and Teaching Behaviors among Low-Income Hispanic Mothers." Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 78, no. 1 (February 1997): 4–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.732.

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The relationships among anxiety, depression, parenting stress, social support, and teaching behaviors were studied in a group of 101 low-income Dominican and Puerto Rican mothers with children in Head Start The two groups of mothers showed high levels of depression, anxiety, and parenting stress but did not differ significantly from each other. Puerto Rican mothers reported more social support than did Dominican mothers. Surprisingly, neither anxiety nor depression was significantly associated with social support Both groups used more directive, modeling, and visual cues than other behaviors in their teaching. Dominican mothers used more modeling than Puerto Rican mothers, who used more praise and inquiry. Anxious and depressed mothers also used more negative feedback, directives, and modeling. Those with high parenting stress used less inquiry and praise and more modeling. These findings inform clinical and educational interventions with parents and children.

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11

Riley, Kathleen C. "Growing Up Bilingual: Puerto Rican Children in New York:Growing Up Bilingual: Puerto Rican Children in New York." Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 10, no. 1 (June 2000): 133–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jlin.2000.10.1.133.

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12

Goldstein, Brian A., and Aquiles Iglesias. "Phonological Patterns in Normally Developing Spanish-Speaking 3- and 4-Year-Olds of Puerto Rican Descent." Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 27, no. 1 (January 1996): 82–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461.2701.82.

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This study presents a quantitative and qualitative description of the phonological patterns in Spanish-speaking preschoolers of Puerto Rican descent. Phonological processes and nontargeted process errors were analyzed for 24 3-year-old and 30 4-year-old Spanish speakers. Analyses were made in reference to the Puerto Rican dialects of Spanish, yielding a number of patterns that characterize the phonological patterns in these children.

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13

Dowell, Jo A., and Zulayka Ruiz. "Visto, Pero No Escuchado: A Qualitative Arm of a Mixed-Methods Study of Puerto Rican Children With Asthma." Hispanic Health Care International 18, no. 3 (January 7, 2020): 150–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1540415319899105.

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Introduction: Communication among health care providers, caregivers, and children with asthma is challenging and sometimes may exclude the child. This may result in delay in recognizing and responding appropriately to asthma symptoms. The purpose was to conduct focus groups among Puerto Rican children with asthma on communication with their health care provider about their asthma symptoms. Method: The qualitative arm (focus groups) of a mixed-method explanatory sequential study that was used to view communication with their health care provider through the lens of a group of Puerto Rican children. The sample included Puerto Rican children ages 8 to 12 years with asthma ( N = 23). The goal was to develop a child illness representation questionnaire. Results: The perspective of children with asthma provided enriched information to influence the development of instrument subscale on communication. The children were often not heard during a clinical visit. Most of the children express fear of their health care provider. Conclusions: Although this was a small sample, there were indications that children would like to opportunity to tell the story about their experience with having asthma. Further research will lead to the next step toward developing and computing a reliable measure that includes the child in a discussion during a clinical visit.

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Ortiz, IR, JB Lefkowitz, A. Weller, and PJ Santiago-Borrero. "Novel prothombin mutations in Puerto Rican children." Haemophilia 8, no. 6 (November 2002): 836. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2516.2002.d01-2_1.x.

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15

Nazario, Sylvette, Jesus R. Casal, Alfonso Torres-Palacios, William Rodriguez, Alan M. Delamater, E. Brooks Applegate, Giovanni Piedimonte, and Adam Wanner. "Parent-reported asthma in Puerto Rican children." Pediatric Pulmonology 37, no. 5 (2004): 453–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppul.20022.

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16

Singer, Merrill, Claudia Santelices, G. Hodge, Zahíra Medina, and Marisa Solomon. "Assessing and Responding to a Community Health Risk: Second-Hand Smoking in Puerto Rican Households." Practicing Anthropology 32, no. 1 (December 25, 2009): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.32.1.t4264gx5w1026657.

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Casual observation in the "Park Street Area," the commercial and residential heart of the large Puerto Rican community of Hartford, CT, suggests that smoking in the presence of children is a common event. Driving in cars with their families or ambling past storefronts with strollers or small hands in tow, parents regularly can be seen fumando un cigarillo (smoking a cigarette). Additionally, Hispanic Health Council researchers conducting home interviews with Puerto Rican parents over several years on various health topics (e.g., diet, pre-natal care, teen pregnancy) frequently have reported seeing parents smoking in front of their children. This recognition, and the growing awareness of the health risks of tobacco smoke exposure, led to the development of a pilot research study on the extent, spatial organization, and emic understanding of second-hand smoking among Puerto Rican families in Hartford. With a Latino population of approximately 50,000 people (the majority of whom self-identify as Puerto Rican), comprising about 40% of the city's population and the majority of students in the local school system, Hartford was a prime site for such research. The study was submitted to and funded by the seed grant program of the Center for Health, Intervention and Prevention at the University of Connecticut. The purpose of this funding mechanism is to provide initial support to investigators to stimulate new research in health behavior change.

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Diáz, Joseph O. Prewitt, and Rosalida Rivera. "Correlations among Scores on Woodcock-Johnson Achievement Subtest (Spanish), WISC—R (Spanish) and Columbia Mental Maturity Scale." Psychological Reports 64, no. 3 (June 1989): 987–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1989.64.3.987.

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Spanish translations of the Woodcock-Johnson Achievement Battery, the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Revised, and the Columbia Mental Maturity Scale were administered to 30 Puerto Rican first grade pupils. Analysis confirms the concurrent validity of the Spanish versions of WISC—R with Columbia Mental Maturity Scale and the Spanish Woodcock-Johnson achievement subtests. The Spanish WISC—R is a valid and reliable instrument to measure intellectual functioning of Puerto Rican children with Spanish as their preferred mode of communication. Scores on the nonverbal Columbia scale correlate more strongly with the WISC—R Verbal scaled scores and may be used with recently arrived nonEnglish speakers.

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Landale, Nancy S., R. S. Oropesa, and Bridget K. Gorman. "Migration and Infant Death: Assimilation or Selective Migration among Puerto Ricans?" American Sociological Review 65, no. 6 (December 2000): 888–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000312240006500605.

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Using pooled origin/destination data from the Puerto Rican Maternal and Infant Health Study, we examine the implications for infant mortality of migration from Puerto Rico to the United States. An analysis restricted to the U.S. mainland shows that children of migrants have lower risks of infant mortality than do children of mainland-born Puerto Rican women. A critical question is whether this pattern indicates that maternal exposure to U.S. culture undermines infant health or whether it is largely a result of the selective migration of healthier or more advantaged mothers to the United States. Our findings show that mother's duration of U.S. residence is positively related to infant mortality among the children of migrants, suggesting that a process of negative assimilation is occurring. However, inclusion of Puerto Rico in the analysis demonstrates the importance of selective migration in explaining the U.S. mainland pattern: Infant mortality is substantially lower among recent migrants to the mainland than it is among nonmigrant women in Puerto Rico. The roles of socioeconomic status, cultural orientation, health habits, and health care utilization in accounting for differences in infants’ survival chances by maternal migration status are assessed.

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Nuñez, Alicia, Liza San Miguel, Jennifer Keene, Bradley Donohue, and Daniel N. Allen. "Deconstructing Cognitive Heterogeneity in Puerto Rican Spanish-Speaking Children With ADHD." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 26, no. 7 (February 26, 2020): 714–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135561772000020x.

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AbstractObjective:There is limited understanding of the cognitive profiles of Spanish-speaking children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The current study investigated the cognitive cluster profiles of Puerto Rican Spanish-speaking children with ADHD using the Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children-Fourth Edition Spanish (WISC-IV Spanish) Index scores and examined the association between cognitive cluster profiles with other potentially relevant factors.Method:Hierarchical cluster analysis was used to identify WISC-IV clusters in a sample of 165 Puerto Rican children who had a primary diagnosis of ADHD. To examine the validity of the ADHD clusters, analysis of variances and chi-square analyses were conducted to compare the clusters across sociodemographics (e.g., age and education), type of ADHD diagnosis (ADHD subtype, Learning Disorder comorbidity), and academic achievement.Results:Clusters were differentiated by level and pattern of performance. A five-cluster solution was identified as optimal that included (C1) multiple cognitive deficits, (C2) processing speed deficits, (C3) generally average performance, (C4) perceptual reasoning strengths, and (C5) working memory deficits. Among the five clusters, the profile with multiple cognitive deficits was characterized by poorer performance on the four WISC-IV Spanish Indexes and was associated with adverse sociodemographic characteristics.Conclusions:Results illustrate that there is substantial heterogeneity in cognitive abilities of Puerto Rican Spanish-speaking children with ADHD, and this heterogeneity is associated with a number of relevant outcomes.

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20

Fabiano-Smith, Leah, Rebecca Shuriff, Jessica A. Barlow, and Goldstein Brian A. "Dialect density in bilingual Puerto Rican Spanish-English speaking children." Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 4, no. 1 (February 21, 2014): 34–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lab.4.1.02fab.

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It is still largely unknown how the two phonological systems of bilingual children interact. In this exploratory study, we examine children’s use of dialect features to determine how their speech sound systems interact. Six monolingual Puerto Rican Spanish-speaking children and six bilingual Puerto Rican Spanish-English speaking children, ages 5–7 years, were included in the current study. Children’s single word productions were analyzed for (1) dialect density and (2) frequency of occurrence of dialect features (after Oetting & McDonald, 2002). Nonparametric statistical analyses were used to examine differences within and across language groups. Results indicated that monolinguals and bilinguals exhibited similar dialect density, but differed on the types of dialect features used. Findings are discussed within the theoretical framework of the Dual Systems Model (Paradis, 2001) of language acquisition in bilingual children.

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Sawyer, Brook E., Lauren M. Cycyk, Lia E. Sandilos, and Carol S. Hammer. "‘So many books they don’t even all fit on the bookshelf’: An examination of low-income mothers’ home literacy practices, beliefs and influencing factors." Journal of Early Childhood Literacy 18, no. 3 (September 7, 2016): 338–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468798416667542.

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Given the need to enhance the academic language and early literacy skills of young children from low-income homes and the importance of the home literacy environment in supporting children’s development, the purpose of this qualitative study was to better understand the home literacy environment of low-income African-American and Latino mothers of preschool children living in the United States. Specifically, research aims were to examine home literacy environment practices, beliefs and influential factors as well as to compare the home literacy environment of African-American and Latino, specifically Puerto Rican, families. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 African-American and 10 Puerto Rican mothers. Data were analysed using the consensual qualitative research method. Twelve themes were identified: provision of educational materials, engagement with books, focus on print, implicit language opportunities, focus on other pre-academic skills, social interactions with books, influence of school, influence of other adults, parents’ reading interest/ability, child’s reading interest, parents’ commitment to child’s success and family stressors. Few differences emerged between African-American and Puerto Rican mothers. Implications for language and literacy intervention development are discussed.

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Bauermeister, José J., Iris Vargas, Clarissa Colberg, Lydia E. González, and Joseph Carroll. "Development of the Inventario de Comportamiento Escolar (IDCE) for Puerto Rican Children." Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 9, no. 1 (March 1987): 49–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073998638703090104.

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The Inventario de Comportamiento Escolar (IDCE) is a teacher rating inventory for the assessment of Puerto Rican children, particularly those with a behavior pattern indicative of attention deficit disorder, learning disabilities, or academic underachievement. Factor analysis of classroom behavior ratings of a representative sample of 961 Puerto Rican students (kindergarten to sixth grade) yielded five scales: Inattention, Hyperactivity, Inappropriate Social Behavior, Irritability-Hostility, and Anxiety. Factor analysis of school performance ratings yielded five scales: Reading-Spelling, Expressive Language, Memory, Directionality-Laterality, and Motor Skills. Alpha coefficients (mean: .90; range: .81 to .97) and item total correlations (mean: .67; range: .52 to .78) provided evidence of the internal consistency of the scales. Four-week test-retest reliability ranged from .70 to .90.

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Landale, Nancy S., and Susan M. Hauan. "The Family Life Course of Puerto Rican Children." Journal of Marriage and the Family 54, no. 4 (November 1992): 912. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/353172.

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Cohen, Robyn T., Glorisa J. Canino, Hector R. Bird, and Juan C. Celedón. "Violence, Abuse, and Asthma in Puerto Rican Children." American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 178, no. 5 (September 2008): 453–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200711-1629oc.

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25

Fontes, Lisa A. "Disclosures of Sexual Abuse by Puerto Rican Children." Journal of Child Sexual Abuse 2, no. 1 (July 27, 1993): 21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j070v02n01_02.

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26

BIRD, HECTOR R., MADELYN S. GOULD, THOMAS YAGER, BEATRIZ STAGHEZZA, and GLORISA CANINO. "Risk Factors for Maladjustment in Puerto Rican Children." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 28, no. 6 (November 1989): 847–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004583-198911000-00006.

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Willsie, S. K. "Violence, Abuse, and Asthma in Puerto Rican Children." Yearbook of Pulmonary Disease 2009 (January 2009): 29–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s8756-3452(08)79190-4.

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28

Rosas-Salazar, Christian, Erick Forno, John M. Brehm, Yueh-Ying Han, Edna Acosta-Pérez, Michelle M. Cloutier, Dorothy B. Wakefield, et al. "Breastfeeding duration and asthma in Puerto Rican children." Pediatric Pulmonology 50, no. 6 (August 6, 2014): 527–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppul.23061.

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29

Volk, Dinah, and Martha de Acosta. "Reinventing Texts and Contexts: Syncretic Literacy Events in Young Puerto Rican Children’s Homes." Research in the Teaching of English 38, no. 1 (August 1, 2003): 8–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.58680/rte20031788.

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In this article, we analyze literacy events co-constructed by three bilingual, mainland Puerto Rican kindergartners and the network of adults and children in their homes who support their developing literacy.

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Quashie, Nekehia Tamara, Catherine Garcia, Gabriella Meltzer, Flavia Andrade, and Amilcar Matos-Moreno. "NEIGHBORHOOD SOCIOECONOMIC POSITION, LIVING ARRANGEMENTS, AND CARDIOMETABOLIC DISEASE AMONG OLDER PUERTO RICANS." Innovation in Aging 7, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2023): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igad104.0846.

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Abstract Cardiometabolic diseases are among the leading causes of mortality worldwide and are increasingly prevalent in rapidly aging populations such as Puerto Rico. Neighborhood socioeconomic position (SEP) and living arrangements are increasingly recognized as important determinants of cardiometabolic health but have not been examined within Puerto Rico. Using longitudinal data from the Puerto Rican Elderly Health Conditions Project (Waves I 2002/03, and II 2006/07), linked with 2000 Census data for neighborhood-level conditions, this study examined the association between neighborhood SEP, living arrangements, and risk of cardiometabolic conditions among island-dwelling Puerto Ricans aged 60 and older, who lived in the same residence across both waves (N=2,769). Findings show that residence in a socioeconomically advantaged neighborhood was positively associated with reporting having one cardiometabolic condition at baseline, but neighborhood SEP was unrelated to developing cardiometabolic conditions at follow-up. Living without a partner - alone, with children, or with others - was negatively associated with reporting having and developing cardiometabolic conditions relative to living with a partner. Living arrangements significantly modified the relationship between neighborhood SEP and cardiometabolic conditions. Compared to living with a partner, living alone was associated with lower risk of reporting having one condition, and living with children was associated with lower risk of developing one cardiometabolic condition when living within a socioeconomically advantaged neighborhood. Living arrangements are more salient to cardiometabolic health than neighborhood SEP. Social services focused on household composition and familial support are needed to identify older Puerto Ricans potentially at risk of underdiagnosed chronic conditions.

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Arcoleo, Kimberly, Flavio Marsiglia, Denise Serebrisky, Juliana Rodriguez, Colleen Mcgovern, and Jonathan Feldman. "Explanatory Model for Asthma Disparities in Latino Children: Results from the Latino Childhood Asthma Project." Annals of Behavioral Medicine 54, no. 4 (October 4, 2019): 223–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/abm/kaz041.

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Abstract Background Little research has been conducted that integrates, in one explanatory model, the multitude of factors potentially leading to disparities among Latino children. Purpose A longitudinal, observational study tested an explanatory model for disparities in asthma control between Mexican and Puerto Rican children with persistent asthma requiring daily controller medication use. Methods Mexican and Puerto Rican children aged 5–12 years (n = 267) and their caregivers (n = 267) were enrolled and completed interviews and child spirometry at baseline and 3, 6, 9, and 12 months postenrollment. A 12 month retrospective children’s medical record review was completed. Participants were recruited from two school-based health clinics and the Breathmobile in Phoenix, AZ, and two inner-city hospital asthma clinics in the Bronx, NY. Results Statistically significant differences in the social/contextual predictors of asthma illness representations (IRs) were noted between Mexican and Puerto Rican caregivers. The structural equation model results revealed differences in asthma control over time by ethnicity. This model accounted for 40%-48% of the variance in asthma control test scores over 12 months. Caregivers’ IRs aligned with the professional model of asthma management were associated with better children’s asthma control across 1 year. These results also supported the theoretical notion that IRs change over time impacting caregivers’ treatment decisions and children’s asthma control. Conclusions These findings extend a previous cross-sectional model test using a more comprehensive model and longitudinal data and highlight the importance of considering within-group differences for diagnosis and treatment of children coming from the vastly heterogeneous Latino umbrella group. Trial Registration Trial number NCT 01099800

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Koopmans, Matthijs. "Syllogistic Reasoning in Puerto Rican Bilingual Elementary School Children." Perceptual and Motor Skills 71, no. 1 (August 1990): 335–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1990.71.1.335.

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The purpose of the present study was to measure the effects of language proficiency and grade (age) on the reasoning of Puerto Rican bilingual children in elementary school. 20 syllogisms were administered, 10 in English and 10 in Spanish, and accuracy of and strategy for solution were examined. Solutions were more often accurate, and the proportion of theoretical explanations given for them was higher in Spanish. Differences by grade were not significant except a higher proportion of theoretical explanations were given by children in Grade 5 for syllogisms in Spanish.

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KOOPMANS, MATTHIJS. "SYLLOGISTIC REASONING IN PUERTO RICAN BILINGUAL ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CHILDREN." Perceptual and Motor Skills 71, no. 5 (1990): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.71.5.335-338.

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APONTE, ROBERTO. "MOTOR DEVELOPMENT OF PUERTO RICAN CHILDREN: CROSS-CULTURAL PERSPECTIVES." Perceptual and Motor Skills 71, no. 7 (1990): 1200. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.71.7.1200-1202.

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Aponte, Roberto, Ron French, and Claudine Sherrill. "Motor Development of Puerto Rican Children: Cross-Cultural Perspectives." Perceptual and Motor Skills 71, no. 3_suppl (December 1990): 1200–1202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1990.71.3f.1200.

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Rivera-Castillo, Yolanda, and Ana Celia Zentella. "Growing up Bilingual: Puerto Rican Children in New York." Language 75, no. 1 (March 1999): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/417477.

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Berrios, Carmen. "Culturally Competent Mental Health Care for Puerto Rican Children." Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing 16, no. 3 (July 2003): 112–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6171.2003.00112.x.

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Roopnarine, Jaipaul L., and Mohammad Ahmeduzzaman. "Puerto Rican Fathers' Involvement with Their Preschool-Age Children." Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 15, no. 1 (February 1993): 96–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/07399863930151005.

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Watson, Arelen K., Eula E. Monroe, Joan M. Fayer, and Marie E. Aloise. "Communication apprehension in Puerto Rican and U.S. Mainland children." Communication Research Reports 5, no. 2 (December 1988): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08824098809359818.

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Nuessel, Frank. "Growing up bilingual: Puerto Rican children in New York." Lingua 103, no. 1 (September 1997): 59–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0024-3841(97)00010-7.

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Rosas-Salazar, Christian, Sima K. Ramratnam, John M. Brehm, Yueh-Ying Han, Edna Acosta-Pérez, María Alvarez, Angel Colón-Semidey, Glorisa Canino, Andrea J. Apter, and Juan C. Celedón. "Parental Numeracy and Asthma Exacerbations in Puerto Rican Children." Chest 144, no. 1 (July 2013): 92–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.12-2693.

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Yang, Ge, Yueh-Ying Han, Erick Forno, Edna Acosta-Pérez, Angel Colón-Semidey, María Alvarez, Glorisa Canino, Wei Chen, and Juan C. Celedón. "Under-diagnosis of atopic dermatitis in Puerto Rican children." World Allergy Organization Journal 12, no. 1 (2019): 100003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.waojou.2018.11.003.

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Rivera, Fernando, Irene López, Peter Guarnaccia, Rafael Ramirez, Glorisa Canino, and Hector Bird. "Perceived Discrimination and Antisocial Behaviors in Puerto Rican Children." Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 13, no. 3 (November 28, 2010): 453–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10903-010-9421-x.

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Sáenz de Rodriguez, Carmen A., Alfred M. Bongiovanni, and Lillian Conde de Borrego. "An epidemic of precocious development in Puerto Rican children." Journal of Pediatrics 107, no. 3 (September 1985): 393–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3476(85)80513-8.

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Brehm, John M., Edna Acosta-Pérez, Lambertus Klei, Kathryn Roeder, Michael M. Barmada, Nadia Boutaoui, Erick Forno, et al. "African ancestry and lung function in Puerto Rican children." Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 129, no. 6 (June 2012): 1484–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2012.03.035.

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Preston, Alan M., Luis J. Ramos, Cindy Calderon, and Hardeo Sahai. "Exposure of Puerto Rican Children to Environmental Tobacco Smoke." Preventive Medicine 26, no. 1 (January 1997): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/pmed.1996.9985.

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Gorman, Bridget K., and Nancy S. Landale. "Premature Birth and Asthma Among Young Puerto Rican Children." Population Research and Policy Review 24, no. 4 (August 2005): 335–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11113-005-8516-x.

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Abdelmoumen, Imane, Sandra Jimenez, Ignacio Valencia, Joseph Melvin, Agustin Legido, Mayela M. Diaz-Diaz, Christopher Griffith, et al. "Boricua Founder Variant in FRRS1L Causes Epileptic Encephalopathy With Hyperkinetic Movements." Journal of Child Neurology 36, no. 2 (September 15, 2020): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0883073820953001.

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Objective: To describe a founder mutation effect and the clinical phenotype of homozygous FRRS1L c.737_739delGAG (p.Gly246del) variant in 15 children of Puerto Rican (Boricua) ancestry presenting with early infantile epileptic encephalopathy (EIEE-37) with prominent movement disorder. Background: EIEE-37 is caused by biallelic loss of function variants in the FRRS1L gene, which is critical for AMPA-receptor function, resulting in intractable epilepsy and dyskinesia. Methods: A retrospective, multicenter chart review of patients sharing the same homozygous FRRS1L (p.Gly246del) pathogenic variant identified by clinical genetic testing. Clinical information was collected regarding neurodevelopmental outcomes, neuroimaging, electrographic features and clinical response to antiseizure medications. Results: Fifteen patients from 12 different families of Puerto Rican ancestry were homozygous for the FRRS1L (p.Gly246del) pathogenic variant, with ages ranging from 1 to 25 years. The onset of seizures was from 6 to 24 months. All had hypotonia, severe global developmental delay, and most had hyperkinetic involuntary movements. Developmental regression during the first year of life was common (86%). Electroencephalogram showed hypsarrhythmia in 66% (10/15), with many older children evolving into Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Six patients demonstrated progressive volume loss and/or cerebellar atrophy on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Conclusions: We describe the largest cohort to date of patients with epileptic encephalopathy. We estimate that 0.76% of unaffected individuals of Puerto Rican ancestry carry this pathogenic variant due to a founder effect. Children homozygous for the FRRS1L (p.Gly246del) Boricua variant exhibit a very homogenous phenotype of early developmental regression and epilepsy, starting with infantile spasms and evolving into Lennox-Gastaut syndrome with hyperkinetic movement disorder.

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Blank, Susan, and Ramon S. Torrecilha. "Understanding the Living Arrangements of Latino Immigrants: A Life Course Approach." International Migration Review 32, no. 1 (March 1998): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839803200101.

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Using data from the 1990 Panel Study of Income Dynamics Latino Sample, this study examines three competing hypotheses for understanding extended family living among Mexican, Puerto Rican and Cuban immigrants. The findings indicate no significant relationship between living with extended kin and cultural indicators — such as English fluency – or economic factors – such as employment and income. Rather, the data support a life course explanation. Extended family living arrangements among Latino immigrants represent a resource generating strategy for caring for young children and older adults. Differences in age, relative location in the life course, and migration opportunities inform group variation in extended living arrangements for Mexican, Puerto Rican and Cuban immigrants. These findings verify patterns of household composition among Latino immigrants suggested by nonrandom, ethnographic samples.

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Rosario-Ramos, Enid, Awilda Rodriguez, Jenny Sawada, and Ana Mireya Diaz. "Puerto Rican Families’ Experiences of Displacement in the Aftermath of Hurricane Maria and Their Receiving District's Enactment of Care." Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 122, no. 11 (November 2020): 1–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146812012201101.

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Background/Context In the aftermath of Hurricane Maria, Florida's Mockingbird Public Schools (MPS) received approximately 3,500 students from Puerto Rico. The response to the displacement of Puerto Rican families involved quick decision-making by several stakeholders about how to receive students experiencing trauma and housing insecurity, and whose parents were under- or unemployed. How students experiencing displacement are integrated into their receiving districts is critical to their subsequent educational success and, given increases in extreme natural disasters, we need a better understanding of what care looks like in post-displacement contexts. Purpose Using a care framework, and drawing from interviews with district administrators, school personnel, high school students, and their caregivers, we examine the ways in which MPS enacted care toward Puerto Rican families as well as the ways in which families received such care. Research Design We conducted semi-structured interviews with a variety of MPS stakeholders. These included district personnel (10 interviewees), school personnel (38 interviewees), and families (40 interviewees among students and their caregivers). Analyses were conducted by four research team members by applying a constant comparative approach using NVivo software. Findings/Results Findings show that care was most successfully enacted and received when addressing families’ immediate needs, in contrast to supports for mental health needs, which were seen as insufficient by most stakeholders. Furthermore, we found supports for academic success were inconsistently deployed and unevenly received by students and their families, thus shaping students’ access to educational opportunities. Conclusion As educational disruptions and climate-related displacement becomes more common, it is important for receiving districts to develop policies and practices that facilitate displaced families’ access to quality education. MPS enactment of care was shaped by the local communities’ perceptions of themselves as caring individuals and organizations that felt compelled to aid people fleeing devastation in Puerto Rico. Yet, as Gay indicated, benevolence is not enough; displaced children need educational spaces willing to interrogate and disrupt socio-political and economic injustice in service of students’ personal, academic, and professional well-being. In MPS, we saw the limits of such benevolence reflected in deficit-oriented narratives about Puerto Rican students’ language proficiency and academic preparation, some personnel's unwillingness to support Spanish-dominant Puerto Rican children, and on the pushback against relief efforts experienced by district and school personnel. As a result, these truncated views on caring led to divergent experiences of caring across families, and inconsistent access to rigorous curricula and high academic expectations.

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