Journal articles: 'Puerto Ricans – History'

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Nieto, Sonia. "Symposium: Fact and Fiction: Stories of Puerto Ricans in U.S. Schools." Harvard Educational Review 68, no. 2 (July 1, 1998): 133–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17763/haer.68.2.d5466822h645t087.

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Puerto Rican communities have been a reality in many northeastern urban centers for over a century. Schools and classrooms have felt their presence through the Puerto Rican children attending school. The education of Puerto Ricans in U.S. schools has been documented for about seventy years, but in spite of numerous commissions, research reports, and other studies, this history is largely unknown to teachers and the general public. In addition to the research literature, a growing number of fictional accounts in English are providing another fertile avenue for understanding the challenges that Puerto Ricans have faced, and continue to face, in U.S. schools. In this article, Sonia Nieto combines the research on Puerto Rican students in U.S. schools with the power of the growing body of fiction written by Puerto Ricans. In this weaving of "fact" with "fiction," Nieto hopes to provide a more comprehensive and more human portrait of Puerto Rican students. Based on her reading of the literature in both educational research and fiction, Nieto suggests four interrelated and contrasting themes that have emerged from the long history of stories told about Puerto Ricans in U.S. schools: colonialism/resistance, cultural deficit/cultural acceptance, assimilation/identity, and marginalization/belonging. Nieto's analysis of these four themes then leads her to a discussion of the issue of care as the missing ingredient in the education of Puerto Ricans in the United States.

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O'Brien, Lauren. "¡Venceremos! Harambee!: A Black & Puerto Rican Union?" New Jersey Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal 4, no. 1 (February 2, 2018): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.14713/njs.v4i1.106.

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In November of 1969, 2,700 members of Newark’s African American and Puerto Rican community assembled at the Black and Puerto Rican Political Convention to mobilize and strategize a plan to gain socio-political power. Unified through their discrimination in housing, employment, and police brutality, Newark’s communities of color resolved that the election of the city’s first Black mayor would provide a solution to many of their problems. Accordingly, the election of Kenneth Gibson validated the communities’ unified efforts and symbolized one of the most successful multiracial coalitions in Newark’s history. Although a monumental milestone, not all Newarkers remembered the convention as a symbol of hope and unity amongst Newark’s marginalized. For many Puerto Ricans, Gibson’s victory was the impetus for a major rift between Puerto Ricans and African Americans. While the history of the Black and Puerto Rican coalition is quite rich, it is largely unexamined within dominant narratives about the 1967 Newark Rebellion. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to excavate the details of the Black and Puerto Rican coalition in order to weave together a more complete, multiracial narrative about the Newark Rebellion that both includes and necessitates the legacy of Puerto Ricans within the long history of Newark community activism.

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Denis-Rosario, Milagros. "The Silence of the Black Militia:Socio-Historical Analysis of the British Attack to Puerto Rico of 1797." Memorias 14 (April 29, 2022): 48–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.14482/memor.14.653.2.

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Using the theory of silencing developed by Haitian anthropologist Michel-Rolph Trouillot this essay analyses the British attack to the island of Puerto Rico in 1797. It argues that Puerto Rican historiography neglected and silenced the pivotal role of Black Puerto Ricans in this historical event. This historical reflection also proposes a new way to revise the hegemonic historical discourse, which contributes in the marginalization of Black Puerto Ricans from the construction of the island‟s national identity.

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Burgaleta, Claudio M. "How an Irish-American Priest Became Puerto Rican of the Year: Joseph P. Fitzpatrick, S.J., and the Puerto Ricans." Journal of Jesuit Studies 6, no. 4 (October 11, 2019): 676–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22141332-00604006.

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One of the first and largest migrations of Latin Americans to the United States occurred from Puerto Rico to New York City in the 1950s. At its height in 1953, the Great Puerto Rican Migration saw some seventy-five thousand Puerto Ricans settled in the great metropolis, and by 1960 there were over half a million New Yorkers of Puerto Rican ancestry in the city. The exodus transformed the capital of the world and taxed its social fabric and institutions. Joseph P. Fitzpatrick, S.J. (1913–95), a Harvard-trained sociologist teaching at Fordham University in the Bronx, played a key role in helping both New York City, its people and social institutions, respond with compassion and creativity to this upheaval. This article chronicles Fitzpatrick’s involvement with the Puerto Ricans for over three decades as priest, public intellectual, and advocate on behalf of the newcomers, and social researcher.

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Torres, Lourdes. "Puerto Ricans in the United States and language shift to English." English Today 26, no. 3 (August 24, 2010): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078410000143.

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In this essay, I examine language use among Puerto Ricans in the U.S., and evaluate evidence that suggests that they are shifting to English more quickly than other Latino groups. This accelerated adoption of English might seem to be a positive trend to proponents of English-only or to those who fetishize assimilation as the route to success in the U.S.; however, the fact that it is very often accompanied by a loss of Spanish is troubling to those who value multiculturalism and bilingualism. The idea that Puerto Ricans are the group that takes the lead in the loss of bilingualism among Latinos is a source of debate for observers of the sociolinguistic reality of Latinos in the U.S.With a particular focus on the Puerto Rican community in Chicago, I first discuss language loss among Latino populations in the U.S. Then, I offer a brief overview of Puerto Rican immigration history, and of Latino presence in Chicago. Lastly, I address the allegedly exceptionally rapid shift of Puerto Ricans to English, and discuss possible reasons for this phenomenon. I conclude that even though there are sites where this assertion seems to be true, we need more evidence that captures actual language use patterns across a range of contexts before we can arrive at a definitive characterization of Puerto Rican speech practices.

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González, Melinda. "Colonial Abandonment and Hurricane María: Puerto Rican Material Poetics as Survivance." eTropic: electronic journal of studies in the Tropics 21, no. 2 (October 7, 2022): 140–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.25120/etropic.21.2.2022.3893.

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In the wake of Hurricane María, Puerto Ricans in the tropical archipelago and the diaspora engaged in various forms of community organizing to confront governmental and social abandonment. Building on long-term ethnographic research and poetic analysis focused on the work of Puerto Rican poet Ana Portnoy Brimmer, I analyze poets’ critical and creative material practices that confronted histories of colonialism and engaged in forms of survivance post María (Vizenor, 2008). I argue that survivance is poiesis – a creative engagement in and with the world. Through writing and performing poems, Puerto Ricans contested state narratives about the effects of the hurricane, documented their material and diasporic suffering, and made their lives more livable through accessing necessities, such as food and water, building and reconnecting with community, and bearing witness to each other’s lived experiences. Puerto Rican life and experiences are always entangled with their environment and material world. Thus, for Puerto Ricans, survivance as poiesis is a continuous affirmation of life in the face of ongoing disasters and death through material poetic practices.

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Franqui-Rivera, Harry. "National Mythologies: U.S. Citizenship for the People of Puerto Rico and Military Service." Memorias 21 (May 12, 2022): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.14482/memor.21.564.122.

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That Puerto Ricans became American citizens in 1917 have been attributed by many to the need for soldiers as the U.S. entered the First World War. Such belief has been enshrined in Puerto Rican popular national mythology. While there is a rich body of literature surrounding the decision to extend U.S. citizenship to Puerto Rico and its effect on the Puerto Ricans, few, if any, challenge the assumption that the need for manpower for the armies of the metropolis influenced that decision. Reducing the issue of citizenship to a need for manpower for the military o nly o b s c ures c o mp lex imp erial-colonial relations based upon racial structures of power. In this essay I hope to demonstrate that the need for soldiers was unrelated to the granting of citizenship in 1917. As the U.S. prepared for war, domestic politics and geopolitics were mostly responsible for accelerating the passing of the Jones Act.

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Salas Rivera, Raquel. "How Do You Translate Compaña?" Small Axe: A Caribbean Journal of Criticism 26, no. 3 (November 1, 2022): 133–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/07990537-10211737.

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Working as principal investigator and head of the translation team for El proyecto de la literatura puertorriqueña / the Puerto Rican Literature Project (PRLP)—a free, bilingual, user-friendly, and open access digital portal that anyone can use to learn about and teach Puerto Rican poetry—has provided the author with insight about the colonial conditions that structure translation as word-making practice, survival strategy, and decolonial methodology. In collaborating with Puerto Rican writers, translators, investigators, and scholars and sustaining a dialogue with a long history of personal and collective archival work, the author has at times found, in collaboration with literary peers, that Puerto Ricans often act as self-translators, archivists, and historians, while navigating the conditional visibility and general invisibilization of their modes of speech, their literatures, and their lives.

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Briggs, Laura. "Becoming “Welfare Island”." History of the Present 14, no. 1 (April 1, 2024): 50–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/21599785-10898352.

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Abstract From the era of enslavement to contemporary structures of debt, governing entities and capital have denied state support to Puerto Ricans, demanding instead that payments flow from the archipelago first to Spain and then to the United States. While the US welfare state is notoriously stingy, even its limited benefits have never gone to Puerto Ricans on an equal basis to residents of the states. How, then, have Puerto Ricans been perennially accused of receiving too much welfare? This article argues that Puerto Rico marks the vanishing point of the coherence of the discourse of the “welfare queen” and reveals its underlying logic: it marks Black and impoverished people’s resistance, and the refusal to birth babies and raise children who are docile participants in the kind of labor force sought by capital. The “welfare queen,” generalized to the archipelago as a whole, marks rebellion and fugitivity.

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Gates, Stephanie. "Danza and the Signifying Process in Rosario Ferré’s Maldito amor." Latin American Literary Review 46, no. 92 (November 12, 2019): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.26824/lalr.122.

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Rosario Ferré’s 1986 novella Maldito amor takes its name from a famous Puerto Rican danza written toward the end of the 19th century by composer Juan Morel Campos, who had both African and Spanish heritage. This article explores the tradition of the danza, the significance of Ferré’s use and mirroring of Morel Campos’s danza in the narrative, as well as the signifying process she explores and manipulates in an effort to question official versions of Puerto Rican history. By using the composer’s danza as a subtext for the structure and themes of the novel, Maldito amor creates another set of signifiers for how we consider this traditional piece of music. The title of the novel also demonstrates the ambivalent attitudes that Puerto Ricans often have toward the ruling elite on the island itself: the bourgeoisie function as both hegemonic power but are also oppressed under that of the United States. By re-writing history via the “Maldito amor” danza, the novella recognizes the constant chain of signifiers that constitutes reality, and adds a new and subversive one to include in the chain of discourse surrounding Puerto Rican history and identity.

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Toro-Morn, Maura I. "Puerto Ricans and U.S. Colonialism." Journal of American Ethnic History 22, no. 4 (July 1, 2003): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27501351.

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Espada-Brignoni, Teófilo, and Frances Ruiz-Alfaro. "Culture, Subjectivity, and Music in Puerto Rico." International Perspectives in Psychology 10, no. 1 (January 2021): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2157-3891/a000001.

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Abstract. Understanding human phenomena requires an in-depth analysis of the interconnectedness that arises from a particular culture and its history. Subjectivity as well as a collective subjectivity emerges from human productions such as language and art in a specific time and place. In this article, we explore the role of African-based popular music genres such as bomba and plena as ways of negotiating narratives about Puerto Rican society. Popular music encompasses diverse meanings. Puerto Rican folk music’s subjectivity provides narratives that distance Puerto Ricans from an individualistic cosmovision, allowing us to understand the social and political dimensions of this complex Caribbean culture. The events of the summer of 2019, which culminated in the ousting of governor Ricardo Rosselló from his position, illustrate how music can foster social change.

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Rivera, Monte, and Clara E. Rodriguez. "Puerto Ricans: Born in the U.S.A." Journal of American History 77, no. 4 (March 1991): 1456. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2078426.

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Rúa, Mérida M. "“Aging in Displacement: Urban Revitalization and Puerto Rican Elderhood in Chicago”." Anthropology & Aging 38, no. 1 (June 6, 2017): 44–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/aa.2017.157.

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Displacement has marked the individual and collective lives of Puerto Ricans in Chicago, especially those who migrated in the 1950s and 1960s. For these older persons, the arrival of the gentry and the yuppies of yesterday, the hipsters of today, and the disappearance of familiar faces in their current neighborhoods are not new phenomena, but rather parts of a profoundly familiar process. They came of age in displacement. Today some Puerto Rican older adults have achieved housing security and are able to age in place because they live in low-income senior housing. Yet a sense of displacement still looms large in their daily lives with the upscaling of and new-build gentrification in their current neighborhood. This work sheds light on the meaning of place for older adult Puerto Ricans who have experienced what psychiatrist and urban studies scholar Mindy T. Fullilove calls a history of “serial displacement.” Through life history narratives and ethnographic snapshots, this paper highlights the neglected reality of “aging in displacement,” or the experience of growing up and growing older in a context of repeated socio-spatial dislocation and how individual and collective life histories of community upheaval texture the spatial and social meanings of place.

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Landale, Nancy S., and Nimfa B. Ogena. "Migration and Union Dissolution among Puerto Rican Women." International Migration Review 29, no. 3 (September 1995): 671–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839502900303.

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This study examines the relationship between migration and union dissolution among Puerto Ricans, a Latino subgroup characterized by recurrent migration between Puerto Rico and the U.S. mainland. Based on pooled life-history data from comparable surveys undertaken in Puerto Rico and the United States, we find that: 1) Puerto Rican women who have lived on the U.S. mainland have markedly higher rates of union disruption than those with no U.S. experience; and 2) even net of a wide variety of possible explanatory factors, the relatively high rates of union instability among first and second generation U.S. residents and return migrants are strongly related to recent and lifetime migration experience. The results suggest that the weak social ties of migrants provide limited social support for their unions and few barriers to union disruption.

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Lee, David J., Orlando Gómez-Marín, and Byron L. Lam. "Current Depression, Lifetime History of Depression, and Visual Acuity in Hispanic Adults." Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness 94, no. 2 (February 2000): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145482x0009400203.

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This study used data from the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey to examine associations between bilateral visual acuity and depression among Cuban American, Mexican American, and Puerto Rican adults. Among Mexican Americans, the odds of current depression were significantly higher for those with moderate and greater impairment distance acuity (20/80 or worse). Among Cuban Americans, the odds of lifetime history of major depressive disorder were significantly higher for those with a distance visual acuity worse than 20/50. There were no significant associations between either past or current depression and impaired visual acuity in Puerto Ricans. These findings provide only limited support for the hypothesis that odds of past and current depression are greater in Hispanics with impaired visual acuity than in Hispanics who are fully sighted.

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Landale, N. S., and R. S. Oropesa. "White, Black, or Puerto Rican? Racial Self-Identification among Mainland and Island Puerto Ricans." Social Forces 81, no. 1 (September 1, 2002): 231–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sof.2002.0052.

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Cruz, José E. "Puerto Ricans in the United States." Journal of American Ethnic History 21, no. 1 (October 1, 2001): 136–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27502792.

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Schlimgen, Veta. "The Invention of “Noncitizen American Nationality” and the Meanings of Colonial Subjecthood in the United States." Pacific Historical Review 89, no. 3 (2020): 317–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2020.89.3.317.

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This article contributes to histories of formal American imperialism by telling the stories of Filipinas/os and Puerto Ricans who, after 1899, became “noncitizen American nationals.” Drawing on congressional, legal, and administrative sources, the article argues that noncitizen nationality was colonial subjecthood, a status invented to prevent island peoples from becoming U.S. citizens. Filipinas/os and Puerto Ricans were not the first U.S. colonial subjects, and this article shows how the similar status of “ward” had recently come to define the relationship between the U.S. and Native Americans. The article closes with an examination of some of the rights, liberties, opportunities, and obligations that gave substance and meaning to American colonial subjecthood in the early twentieth century.

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Albino, Elinette, Simon Carlo, Cristel Chapel-Crespo, Alberto Santiago-Cornier, and Carmen Buxo. "360 Retrospective Evaluation of Whole-Exome Sequencing in Puerto Ricans with Neurogenetic Complex Traits." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 6, s1 (April 2022): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2022.204.

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OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Assess the diagnostic yield and test utilization of WES in patients having complex traits. We aim to evaluate the use of the first genetic approach for the identification of primary variants that contribute to neurogenetic disease etiology and influence onset and progression in Puerto Ricans. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Prospective cohort of 45 Puerto Rican probands (19 months - 36 years old) with complex neurogenetic traits that underwent WES (2019 - 2021). WES was performed, including copy number variant analysis and mitochondrial genome sequencing. We evaluated several factors possibly influencing the rate of WES diagnosis including early age, consanguinity, and family history of neurogenetic diseases. In addition, we only evaluated probands rather than dyads/trios and the clinical phenotypes. Descriptive analysis was performed, including a catalog of all variants reported. Multivariate analysis was performed to estimate the statistical association between variants and phenotypes reported and adjusting for potential confounders (age, sex, family history, income, health insurance and zip code). RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Auspiciously, positive pathogenic findings altered the clinical management in 29% of the probands in this study. A likely genetic diagnosis was achieved in 53% of the probands including pathogenic, likely pathogenic and variants of uncertain significance. Intronic variants, copy number variants detection and mitochondrial genome was included in WES methodology. Despite these facts, a 47% of the reported WES were negative, which deserve re-analysis potentially genotype based. Multivariate analysis is expected to adjust for potential confounders to establish a genotype-phenotype correlations in neurogenetic complex traits in this Puerto Rican admixed population. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Clinical WES offers an alternative approach for identification of variants in patients with complex traits. WES is also applicable in genetically heterogeneous individuals when specific genetic tests are not available or unsuccessful. Variants reported contribute to understand complex neurogenetic disease in underrepresented Puerto Ricans.

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Thomas, Lorrin. "Response to Padilla Peralta, Dan-el. Citizenship’s Insular Cases, from Ancient Greece and Rome to Puerto Rico. Humanities 2019, 8, 134." Humanities 9, no. 4 (November 25, 2020): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/h9040140.

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Dan-el Padilla Peralta’s exquisite exploration of citizenship and displacement across two millennia draws on sources from ancient Greece and Rome as well as modern empires, including the U.S., and proposes two creative heuristic devices—the “insular scheme” and “radical inclusion”—that enable us to better understand both the marginalizing experience and the animating possibilities of immigrant citizenship. In my response to his piece, I assess the relevance of these ideas to the history of Puerto Ricans in relation to the United States. Puerto Ricans, caught in the “insular scheme” of U.S. citizenship since American citizenship was imposed on them in 1917, are the most obvious exemplars of “differentiated citizens” in the nation and have struggled in multiple ways with the question of inclusion as citizens. I examine the ways that Puerto Ricans have used the language of recognition as a way to explain the aspiration of equitable citizenship, a vision of belonging in the nation that sounds much like Padilla Peralta’s “radical inclusion.”

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Stark, David M. "Rescued from their Invisibility: The Afro-Puerto Ricans of Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century San Mateo de Cangrejos, Puerto Rico." Americas 63, no. 4 (April 2007): 551–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tam.2007.0091.

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The black “root” has been systematically “uprooted” from the main “trunk” of the Puerto Rican nation.Jorge DuanyScholars who study Puerto Rico's past have struggled with the question of how to define the island’s national identity. Is the essence of Puerto Rican identity rooted in Spain, does it have its origins in Africa, in the legacy of the native Tainos, or is it a product of two or all three of these? This polemical question has yet to be resolved and remains a subject of much debate. The island's black past is often overlooked, and what has been written tends to focus on the enslaved labor force and its ties to the nineteenth-century plantation economy. Few works are specifically devoted to the study of the island's seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Afro-Puerto Rican population. Recent scholarship has begun to address this oversight. For example, the efforts of fugitive slaves and free black West Indian migrants making their way to Puerto Rico have been well documented. Yet, little is known about the number or identity of these runaways. How many slaves made their way to freedom in Puerto Rico, who were they, and where did they come from? Perhaps more importantly, what about their new lives on the island? How were they able to create a sense of belonging, both as individuals and as part of a community within the island's existing population and society? What follows strives to answer these questions by taking a closer look first at the number and identity of these fugitives, and second at how new arrivals were assimilated into their new surroundings through marriage and family formation while their integration was facilitated by participation in the local economy. Through their religious and civic activity Afro-Puerto Ricans were able to create a niche for themselves in San Juan and eventually a community of their own in Cangrejos. In doing so, they helped shape the island's national identity.

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Albino, Elinette, Carmen Buxo, Fernando Scaglia, and Alberto Santiago-Cornier. "11979 Using whole-exome and mtDNA sequencing to develop a testing algorithm for diagnosis of mitochondrial disease in Puerto Ricans." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 5, s1 (March 2021): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2021.671.

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ABSTRACT IMPACT: Alterations in mitochondrial metabolism affect any tissue, especially those with the highest demand for energy. As the symptoms and clinical manifestations are heterogenous, disease diagnosis is challenging. The implementation of genetic-first approach in the diagnosis of mitochondrial diseases will expedite confirmation, treatment, management, and counseling of affected Puerto Rican individuals. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Mitochondrial diseases are rare, and diagnosis is complex due to the heterogeneity of clinical manifestations. We aim to develop and implement a testing algorithm using a genetics-first approach, facilitating the identification of variants that contribute to mitochondrial disease’s etiology and influence onset and progression in Puerto Ricans. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: This is a cross-sectional study for characterizing clinical laboratory results from profiles used to evaluate metabolic diseases in individuals with suspected mitochondrial disorders from 2018 to 2021. A subset of 25 individuals from biochemical profile will be recruited to analyze their medical and family history, metabolic biomarkers in blood and urine, hearing test, imaging and chromosomal microarray. The implementation of a genetic testing algorithm using whole exome and mitochondrial DNA sequencing will be performed in a subset of 11 randomized individuals. Descriptive analysis will be reported, including a catalog of all variants. Multivariate analysis will be performed to estimate the statistical association between variants and phenotypes reported and adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The biochemical profile of pediatric Puerto Rican individuals suspected of having mitochondrial diseases will be altered and can be used to differentiate among other metabolic causes. We expect to find altered levels of lactate, pyruvate and carnitines in serum, as well as altered organic acids in urine. The implementation of a testing algorithm using both, mitochondrial DNA and whole exome sequencing as first approach will be enabling the identification of disease-causing variants, thus enhancing and confirming the diagnosis of mitochondrial disease in Puerto Ricans. We will be able to identify rare/novel variants specific to our Hispanic population, for both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: This study will help to characterize the metabolic profile of pediatric Puerto Ricans. No previous study has been reported that describes testing algorithms for genetic diagnosis of mitochondrial disease in our population. Variants found will contribute to a deep understanding of the genetic contribution to phenotypes and disease susceptibility.

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Safa, Helen I. "Changing Forms of U.S. Hegemony in Puerto Rico: The Impact on the Family and Sexuality." Itinerario 25, no. 3-4 (November 2001): 90–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s016511530001500x.

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It has been over a hundred years since the U.S. took control of Puerto Rico. In that time, the way in which the U.S. perceived Puerto Rico has changed from a colony requiring Americanisation to, in the 1950s, its showcase of democracy in the Caribbean, to today, an island that still retains geopolitical importance for the U.S., but represents an increasing economic burden. The failure of Operation Bootstrap, as the Puerto Rican industrialization program was known, resulted in permanent large-scale unemployment, with a population dependent on federal transfers for a living, and a constant source of migration to the mainland, where over half of Puerto Ricans now live. I shall trace the outline of these three stages in U.S. hegemony over Puerto Rico, and argue that throughout the U.S. Congress was reluctant to fully incorporate Puerto Rico, because its population was deemed racially and socially inferior to that of the mainland. Though the removal of Spain from Puerto Rico, Cuba and the Philippines was considered part of the its ‘manifest destiny’, the United States never intended to incorporate these people so different from the U.S. as part of the American nation, as was done with its earlier acquisitions in Texas, Alaska or even Hawaii.

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Nieves-Colón, Maria A., William J. Pestle, Austin W. Reynolds, Bastien Llamas, Constanza de la Fuente, Kathleen Fowler, Katherine M. Skerry, Edwin Crespo-Torres, Carlos D. Bustamante, and Anne C. Stone. "Ancient DNA Reconstructs the Genetic Legacies of Precontact Puerto Rico Communities." Molecular Biology and Evolution 37, no. 3 (November 9, 2019): 611–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msz267.

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Abstract Indigenous peoples have occupied the island of Puerto Rico since at least 3000 BC. Due to the demographic shifts that occurred after European contact, the origin(s) of these ancient populations, and their genetic relationship to present-day islanders, are unclear. We use ancient DNA to characterize the population history and genetic legacies of precontact Indigenous communities from Puerto Rico. Bone, tooth, and dental calculus samples were collected from 124 individuals from three precontact archaeological sites: Tibes, Punta Candelero, and Paso del Indio. Despite poor DNA preservation, we used target enrichment and high-throughput sequencing to obtain complete mitochondrial genomes (mtDNA) from 45 individuals and autosomal genotypes from two individuals. We found a high proportion of Native American mtDNA haplogroups A2 and C1 in the precontact Puerto Rico sample (40% and 44%, respectively). This distribution, as well as the haplotypes represented, supports a primarily Amazonian South American origin for these populations and mirrors the Native American mtDNA diversity patterns found in present-day islanders. Three mtDNA haplotypes from precontact Puerto Rico persist among Puerto Ricans and other Caribbean islanders, indicating that present-day populations are reservoirs of precontact mtDNA diversity. Lastly, we find similarity in autosomal ancestry patterns between precontact individuals from Puerto Rico and the Bahamas, suggesting a shared component of Indigenous Caribbean ancestry with close affinity to South American populations. Our findings contribute to a more complete reconstruction of precontact Caribbean population history and explore the role of Indigenous peoples in shaping the biocultural diversity of present-day Puerto Ricans and other Caribbean islanders.

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Santana, Déborah Berman. "Colonial Subjects: Puerto Ricans in a Global Perspective." Journal of American Ethnic History 24, no. 1 (October 1, 2004): 131–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27501541.

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PADILLA, ELENA. "Retrospect of Ethnomedical Research among Puerto Ricans." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 749, no. 1 The Anthropol (July 1995): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb17385.x.

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Duke, Michael, Wei Teng, Janie Simmons, and Merrill Singer. "Structural and Interpersonal Violence Among Puerto Rican Drug Users." Practicing Anthropology 25, no. 3 (July 1, 2003): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.25.3.g433q763862ql85h.

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The lives of Puerto Rican street drug users living on the US mainland are structured by addiction and violence. For some, drugs act as a palliative against the trauma of being exposed to extreme physical or emotional harm. For others, the effects of structural oppression, coupled with the cruel logic of addiction, situates violence just below the surface of lived experience (Singer 1996). This paper will explore the relationship between exposure to violence and drug using behaviors, as well as the degree to which violence becomes a byproduct of those behaviors. Drawing from life history interviews and survey data of drug users in Hartford, Connecticut, we will discuss the ways in which addiction, violent upbringings, and the ruthlessness of narco-capitalism-each operating within the context of Puerto Ricans' status as a colonized people vis a vis the USA-create an atmosphere in which violence becomes a near inevitable part of everyday life. We will also briefly address the complex ethical issues involved in studying violence.

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Duany, Jorge. "Nation, Migration, Identity: The Case of Puerto Ricans." Latino Studies 1, no. 3 (November 2003): 424–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.lst.8600026.

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Vidal-Ortiz, Salvador. "Puerto Ricans and the Politics of Speaking Spanish." Latino Studies 2, no. 2 (July 2004): 254–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.lst.8600082.

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Diaz, David R. "Colonial Subjects: Puerto Ricans in a Global Perspective." Latino Studies 3, no. 2 (July 2005): 308–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.lst.8600144.

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Toro-Morn, Maura. "Barrio Dreams: Puerto Ricans, Latinos, and the Neoliberal City." Journal of American Ethnic History 25, no. 1 (October 1, 2005): 119–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27501676.

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Parrillo, Vincent N. "American Conversations: Puerto Ricans, White Ethnics, and Multicultural Education." Journal of American Ethnic History 20, no. 4 (July 1, 2001): 102–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27502757.

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34

Cardona, Stephanie, Rose Calixte, Argelis Rivera, Jessica Yasmine Islam, Denise Christina Vidot, and Marlene Camacho-Rivera. "Perceptions and Patterns of Cigarette and E-Cigarette Use among Hispanics: A Heterogeneity Analysis of the 2017–2019 Health Information National Trends Survey." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 12 (June 12, 2021): 6378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126378.

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There are documented disparities in smoking behaviors among Hispanic adults in the U.S., but little is known about patterns of e-cigarette use. Using data from the HINTS 5 cycle 1–3, we examined cigarette and e-cigarette history and current use, as well as perceptions of the dangers of e-cigarette use relative to cigarette use. Primary predictors were Hispanic ethnic group, gender, age, education, income, and English language proficiency. Binary outcomes were modeled using the logit link, and multinomial outcome variables were modeled using generalized logit model. Fifty-three percent of participants were Mexican, 8% Puerto Rican, 4% were Cuban, and 35% identified as other Hispanics. Of the 1618 respondents, 23% were former cigarette smokers and 10% were current cigarette smokers. Twenty percent reported history of electronic cigarettes and 4% reported current use. In multivariable models, Hispanic women were significantly less likely to report ever being smokers compared to Hispanic men (aOR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.42, 0.88). Puerto Ricans were 2.4 times as likely to report being current smokers (95% CI = 1.11, 5.11) compared to Mexicans. Among Hispanics, significant differences in e-cigarette and cigarette use behaviors emerged by gender, age, ethnicity, and cancer history, with implications for tailoring smoking prevention and cessation messages.

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Thomas W. Sherry, José González Díaz, Felisa Collazo Torres, Raúl A. Pérez-Rivera, Justin Proctor, Herbert Raffaele, and Adrianne Tossas. "The Puerto Rican Tody (<em>Todus mexicanus</em>): what’s in a name?" Journal of Caribbean Ornithology 37 (June 15, 2024): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.55431/jco.2024.37.27-34.

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Abstract The Puerto Rican Tody’s scientific name Todus mexicanus prompts the question of how an endemic Puerto Rican species acquired such a confusingly inappropriate name. Here we address the nomenclatural history of this species to address how and when this misnomer arose, and we use this case study to discuss the pros and cons of changing scientific names. We argue that a variety of circumstances warrant changing mexicanus to borinquensis, despite strong opposition based on International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature rules discouraging changes of toponyms (names based on geographical locations). We discuss several alternatives for the change, emphasizing the potential role of Puerto Ricans. Keywords conservation, International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, Latin names, nomenclatural history, Puerto Rican Tody, Todidae, Todus mexicanus Resumen El San Pedrito de Puerto Rico (Todus mexicanus): ¿Qué hay en un nombre? • El nombre científico del San Pedrito de Puerto Rico, Todus mexicanus, plantea la pregunta de cómo una especie endémica de Puerto Rico adquirió un nombre tan confusamente inapropiado. Aquí abordamos la historia nomenclatural de esta especie para entender cómo y cuándo surgió este error de denominación, y utilizamos este estudio de caso para discutir los pros y los contras de cambiar los nombres científicos. Argumentamos que una variedad de circunstancias justifican cambiar mexicanus a borinquensis, a pesar de la fuerte oposición basada en las reglas de la Comisión Internacional de Nomenclatura Zoológica que desaconsejan los cambios de topónimos (nombres basados en ubicaciones geográficas). Discutimos varias alternativas para el cambio, destacando el papel potencial de los puertorriqueños. Palabras clave Comisión Internacional de Nomenclatura Zoológica, conservación, historia nomenclatural, nombres científicos, San Pedrito de Puerto Rico, Todidae, Todus mexicanus Résumé Le Todier de Porto Rico (Todus mexicanus) : qu’est-ce qu’un nom ? • Le nom scientifique du Todier de Porto Rico Todus mexicanus soulève la question de savoir comment une espèce endémique portoricaine a pu acquérir un nom aussi inapproprié qui prête à confusion. Nous abordons ici l’histoire nomenclaturale de cette espèce afin de déterminer comment et quand cette erreur de nom est apparue, et nous utilisons cette étude de cas pour discuter des avantages et des inconvénients d’un changement de nom scientifique. Nous soutenons que plusieurs considérations justifient le changement de mexicanus en borinquensis, malgré une forte opposition fondée sur les règles de la Commission internationale de nomenclature zoologique décourageant les changements de toponymes (noms basés sur des emplacements géographiques). Nous examinons plusieurs possibilités de changement, en insistant sur le rôle potentiel des Portoricains. Mots clés Commission internationale de nomenclature zoologique, conservation, histoire nomenclaturale, Todidae, Todier de Porto Rico, Todus mexicanus

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Esterrich, Carmelo. "Boricua Pop: Puerto Ricans and the Latinization of American Culture." Latino Studies 3, no. 3 (November 2005): 449–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.lst.8600155.

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Ramirez, Amelie G., Lucina Suarez, Larry Laufman, Cristina Barroso, and Patricia Chalela. "Hispanic Women's Breast and Cervical Cancer Knowledge, Attitudes, and Screening Behaviors." American Journal of Health Promotion 14, no. 5 (May 2000): 292–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-14.5.292.

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Purpose. This study examined breast and cervical cancer knowledge, attitudes, and screening behaviors among different Hispanic populations in the United States. Design. Data were collected from a random digit dial telephone survey of 8903 Hispanic adults from eight U.S. sites. Across sites, the average response rate was 83%. Setting. Data were collected as part of the baseline assessment in a national Hispanic cancer control and prevention intervention study. Subjects. Analysis was restricted to 2239 Hispanic women age 40 and older who were self-identified as either Central American (n = 174), Cuban (n = 279), Mexican American (n = 1550), or Puerto Rican (n = 236). Measures. A bilingual survey instrument was used to solicit information on age, education, income, health insurance coverage, language use, U.S.-born status, knowledge of screening guidelines, attitudes toward cancer, and screening participation. Differences in knowledge and attitudes across Hispanic groups were assessed by either chi-square tests or analysis of variance. Logistic regression models assessed the influence of knowledge and attitudes on screening participation. Results. The level of knowledge of guidelines ranged from 58.3% (Mexican Americans) to 71.8% (Cubans) for mammography, and from 41.1% (Puerto Ricans) to 55.6% (Cubans) for Pap smear among the different Hispanic populations. Attitudes also varied, with Mexican Americans and Puerto Ricans having more negative or fatalistic views of cancer than Cuban or Central Americans. Knowledge was significantly related to age, education, income, language preference, and recent screening history. Overall, attitudes were not predictive of mammography and Pap smear behavior. Conclusions. Factors related to mammography and Pap smear screening vary among the different Hispanic populations. Limitations include the cross-sectional nature of the study, self-reported measures of screening, and the limited assessment of attitudes. The data and diversity of Hispanic groups reinforce the position that ethno-regional characteristics should be clarified and addressed in cancer screening promotion efforts. The practical relationships among knowledge, attitudes, and cancer screening are not altogether clear and require further research.

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Oropesa, R. S., N. S. Landale, M. Inkley, and B. K. Gorman. "Prenatal care among Puerto Ricans on the United States mainland." Social Science & Medicine 51, no. 12 (December 2000): 1723–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0277-9536(00)00101-5.

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39

Badillo, D. A. "Brown in the Windy City: Mexicans and Puerto Ricans in Postwar Chicago." Journal of American History 100, no. 3 (November 1, 2013): 917–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jat474.

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Samponaro, Phil. "Boricua Pop: Puerto Ricans and the Latinization of American Culture." Journal of Popular Culture 38, no. 6 (November 2005): 1127–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5931.2005.00198.x.

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Raftery, Judith R., and Felix M. Padilla. "Latino Ethnic Consciousness: The Case of Mexican Americans and Puerto Ricans in Chicago." Western Historical Quarterly 17, no. 4 (October 1986): 490. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/969056.

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Wagenheim, Olga Jiménez. "Ethnicity and the Political Struggle of Puerto Ricans in the United States." Journal of American Ethnic History 19, no. 2 (January 1, 2000): 97–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27502548.

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43

Rodriguez, Marc S. "Latino Crossings: Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, and the Politics of Race and Citizenship." Journal of American Ethnic History 24, no. 3 (April 1, 2005): 115–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27501625.

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44

Potowski, Kim. "Latino Crossings: Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, and the Politics of Race and Citizenship." Latino Studies 6, no. 3 (September 2008): 366–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/lst.2008.29.

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45

Roberts, Tim. "The Role of French Algeria in American Incorporation of the Philippines and Puerto Rico." Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques 48, no. 3 (December 1, 2022): 90–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/hrrh.2022.480306.

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This article argues that France’s conquest and subsequent legal treatment of Algeria as an integral part of France, though without French citizenship for Algerians, served as a transnational precedent for US incorporation of former Spanish colonies in the early twentieth century. While the United States also drew lessons from British colonial policy, as scholarship has shown, France’s republican empire offered particular tools, which scholars have not studied, for US courts to designate Filipinos and Puerto Ricans like French Algerians. In essence, French Algeria provided an example for US jurists to create an imperial category for new territorial peoples as neither US citizens nor foreign subjects but as “nationals.” The article draws principally on the so-called Insular Cases, US newspapers, and political documents. The article exposes transnational connections between the United States and France in constructing empires of white freedom, no less important than imagined Anglo-Saxonism at the time.

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Power, Margaret. "The Puerto Ricans: A Documentary History - edited by Wagenheim, Kal and Jiménez de Wagenheim, Olga." Bulletin of Latin American Research 30, no. 4 (September 2, 2011): 522–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1470-9856.2011.00571.x.

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RodríAguez-Silva, Ileana M. "Boricua Power: A Political History of Puerto Ricans in the United Statesby José Ramón Sánchez." Political Science Quarterly 123, no. 3 (September 2008): 532–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1538-165x.2008.tb01793.x.

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De Jesus Rojas, Wilfredo, Evangelia Morou-Bermudez, Valerie Wojna, Simon Carlo, and Ricardo Mosquera. "77680 Nasal Nitric Oxide Levels as a Diagnostic Tool for Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia in Puerto Rico." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 5, s1 (March 2021): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2021.667.

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ABSTRACT IMPACT: The implementation of nasal nitric oxide (nNO) as a diagnostic tool to understand the phenotypic/genotypic profiles of Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD) in Puerto Rico (PR) will be translated in early disease diagnosis, avoidance of comorbidities, and increase survival in our population. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: This study aims to evaluate the role of nNO levels in PCD diagnosis in the Puerto Rican population. Also, we aim to describe the clinical, genetic, and physiological characteristics of PCD in Puerto Ricans to develop a better understanding of the disease. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We plan to conduct a cross-sectional study on participants recruited from patients of the Pediatric Rare Lung and Asthma Institute in PR. We will compare nNO levels among genetically confirmed PCD patients, suspected PCD patients with variant of unknown significance (VUS) mutations, suspected PCD patients without genetic mutations, and age-matched healthy subjects. We plan to analyze clinical data and genetic variants to understand the natural history of the disease. The nNO measurements will be completed following previous published protocols. We will also assess the accuracy of the nNO measurements by repeating the measurements two weeks after the initial measurement. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We hypothesize that many of the VUS present in our population may represent potential new founder mutations not previously reported in the literature. Our expectation is to identify new atypical PCD phenotypes contemplating the heterogenous genetic Puerto Rican pool. We anticipate that nNO levels will help to screen, identify, and confirm diagnosis of patients with clinical PCD in PR. Our findings will be translated in avoidance of further comorbidities and mortality due to earlier disease PCD diagnosis and will expand our genetic understanding about PCD in PR and other diverse populations with heterogenous genetic admixture. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: We present a significant and novel research proposal that plan to impact the quality of life of patients living with PCD in PR. The implementation of state-of-the-art diagnostic tools like nNO measurement will positively impact and expand our current capabilities to diagnose rare lung diseases like PCD on the island.

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Cruz Soto, Marie. "The Making of Viequenses." Meridians 19, no. 2 (October 1, 2020): 360–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/15366936-8308443.

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Abstract This article delves into the history of medical institutions, birthing practices, and reproductive rights in Vieques. The exploration exposes contradictions at the heart of Puerto Rico’s colonial modernity. Around the middle of the twentieth century, Puerto Ricans were encouraged to depend on the colonial state and medical establishment for guarantee of life, health, and general well-being. This encouragement clashed with the militarized colonialism imposed on Viequenses. The 1940s expropriations—through which the U.S. Navy gained control over three-fourths of Vieques—devastated the community. And the interventions by the colonial state and medical establishment proved at times meek, complicit, and ineffective. In 2003, unruly colonial citizens evicted the Navy. Their actions were part of a struggle for the survival and well-being of the Viequense island community. In this article, the author argues that la lucha viequense has been fundamentally shaped by the concerns and actions of women who placed reproductive rights at the center of the struggle.

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Thomas. "Oscar Handlin, The Newcomers: Negroes and Puerto Ricans in a Changing Metropolis." Journal of American Ethnic History 32, no. 3 (2013): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/jamerethnhist.32.3.0046.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Puerto Ricans – History'

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