Relevant bibliographies by topics / Puerto rico, foreign relations

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Puerto rico, foreign relations'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 28 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Puerto rico, foreign relations"

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Caban, Pedro A. "Industrial Transformation and Labour Relations in Puerto Rico: From ‘Operation Bootstrap’ to the 1970s." Journal of Latin American Studies 21, no. 3 (October 1989): 559–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x0001854x.

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During the 1950s and 1960s Puerto Rico's industrial transformation was accompanied by social stability and relatively peaceful labour relations, which were essential for a development programme dependent upon foreign investments. The state took a central role in this process, as it guided economic activity and mobilised vital human and material resources. However, by the late 1960s profound changes in the island's political economy threatened this state-guided development programme. This essay traces the history of Puerto Rican economic change and the relationship between industrial transformation and the state's capacity to manage the operation of the economy, particularly industrial relations up to the late 1970s. Four features of this process will be examined: (1) labour relations during the early phase of industrialisation; (2) the changes in the economy resulting from the expansion of capital-intensive industrial sectors; (3) the impact of these changes on the state's capacity to manage the political economy, particularly its fiscal policy; and (4) how these changes altered the nature of state-labour relations.
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Schultz, Thomas D., and Kyle Scott. "Puerto Rico: The Evolution of America's Corporate Tax Haven." ATA Journal of Legal Tax Research 12, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 17–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jltr-50746.

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ABSTRACT We examine the taxation of corporate income earned in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and how the repeal of the possession tax credit available under Internal Revenue Code (IRC) §936 resulted in many U.S. companies converting former possessions corporations into controlled foreign corporations. Although Puerto Rico is a U.S. territory, the conversions highlight that corporations organized under the laws of the Commonwealth generally are foreign corporations for U.S. tax purposes. A U.S. Senate Subcommittee reports Microsoft Corporation shifted offshore the recognition of nearly one-half of its U.S. net retail sales revenue for the period 2009–2011 by transferring intellectual property rights to a controlled subsidiary in Puerto Rico. We find that the corresponding U.S. tax benefits are significant compared to the credits once claimed under IRC §936, and over 20 percent of Standard & Poor's (S&P) 500 firms were in a similar position to avoid federal taxation by shifting income between political subdivisions of the United States.
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Safa, Helen I. "Changing Forms of U.S. Hegemony in Puerto Rico: The Impact on the Family and Sexuality." Itinerario 25, no. 3-4 (November 2001): 90–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s016511530001500x.

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It has been over a hundred years since the U.S. took control of Puerto Rico. In that time, the way in which the U.S. perceived Puerto Rico has changed from a colony requiring Americanisation to, in the 1950s, its showcase of democracy in the Caribbean, to today, an island that still retains geopolitical importance for the U.S., but represents an increasing economic burden. The failure of Operation Bootstrap, as the Puerto Rican industrialization program was known, resulted in permanent large-scale unemployment, with a population dependent on federal transfers for a living, and a constant source of migration to the mainland, where over half of Puerto Ricans now live. I shall trace the outline of these three stages in U.S. hegemony over Puerto Rico, and argue that throughout the U.S. Congress was reluctant to fully incorporate Puerto Rico, because its population was deemed racially and socially inferior to that of the mainland. Though the removal of Spain from Puerto Rico, Cuba and the Philippines was considered part of the its ‘manifest destiny’, the United States never intended to incorporate these people so different from the U.S. as part of the American nation, as was done with its earlier acquisitions in Texas, Alaska or even Hawaii.
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Beck, Peter J. "Puerto Rico: a colonial experiment." International Affairs 61, no. 2 (April 1985): 345–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2617558.

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Baver, Sherrie. "Puerto Rico: Colonialism Revisited." Latin American Research Review 22, no. 2 (1987): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0023879100022135.

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Warren, Alice Colón. "Women's Employment and Changing Gender Relations in Puerto Rico." Caribbean Studies 38, no. 2 (2010): 59–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/crb.2010.0058.

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Lefty, Lauren. "“Puerto Rico Can Teach So Much”: The Hemispheric and Imperial Origins of the Educational War on Poverty." History of Education Quarterly 61, no. 4 (November 2021): 423–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/heq.2021.44.

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AbstractThrough a focus on liberal academic and policy networks, this article considers how ideas and practices central to an educational “war on poverty” grew through connections between postwar Puerto Rico, Latin America, and New York. In particular, it analyzes how social scientific ideas about education's role in economic development found ample ground in the colonial Commonwealth of Puerto Rico as the island assumed the role of “laboratory” of democracy and development after the Second World War. The narrative then considers how this Cold War programming came to influence education initiatives in both U.S. foreign aid programs in Latin America and New York City in the 1950s and 1960s, particularly as the number of Puerto Rican students grew amid the Puerto Rican Great Migration. Ultimately, the article suggests a broader hemispheric and imperial framework in narrating the evolution of postwar education policy in the nation's largest city.
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Crassweller, Robert D., and Pamela S. Falk. "The Political Status of Puerto Rico." Foreign Affairs 65, no. 4 (1987): 903. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20043141.

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Wiley, James W., Sylke Frahnert, Rafaela Aguilera Román, and Pascal Eckhoff. "Juan Cristóbal Gundlach's contributions to the knowledge of Puerto Rican birds and his influence on the development of natural history in Puerto Rico." Archives of Natural History 41, no. 2 (October 2014): 251–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2014.0246.

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The German naturalist, Juan Cristóbal Gundlach (1810–1896), resided in Cuba for the last 57 years of his life, except for two expeditions to Puerto Rico in 1873 and 1875–1876, when he explored the southwestern, western, and northeastern regions. Gundlach made representative collections of the island's fauna, which formed the nucleus of the first natural history museum in Puerto Rico. He substantially increased the number of species known from the island, and was the first naturalist to make meticulous observations and produce detailed reports of the island's natural history. Gundlach greatly influenced other naturalists in the island, so that a period of concerted advancement in knowledge of natural history occurred in the 1870s. That development coincided with the establishment of the first higher education institutions in the island, including the first natural history museum. The natural history museums eventually closed, and only a few of their specimens were passed to other institutions, including foreign museums. None of Gundlach's and few of his contemporaries’ specimens have survived in Puerto Rico.
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Chinea, Jorge Luis. "Francophobia and Interimperial Politics in late Bourbon Puerto Rico: The Duke of Crillón y Mahón’s Failed Negotiations with the Spanish Crown, 1776-1796." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 81, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2007): 37–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134360-90002475.

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Reconstructs how Louis Balbes des Berton, or Duke of Crillón y Mahón, a Frenchman naturalized as Spaniard, attempted to persuade the Spanish Crown to grant him liberal commercial and colonizing concessions in Puerto Rico in the later 18th c. Author describes how Crillón at first wanted to settle and colonize parts of Santo Domingo near French St Domingue, but the Crown refused this, as part of increased measures against (further) foreign encroachments in Spanish territories, and granted him land in Puerto Rico in 1776 instead, for growing sugar, coffee, and other crops. He places this within the context of the Bourbon reforms, aimed at preventing foreign intrusions in more peripheral Spanish colonies like Puerto Rico then, by aligning these with Spanish imperial objectives. Author further relates how Crillón sought to elaborate the land grant through planning, proposals, and several appeals to the Spanish Crown, up to 1796, for concessions to facilitate his introduction and trading in African slaves, and exempting him from certain extant legal taxes and requirements regarding colonists and land sale, aiming to achieve a sort of feudal power. These proposals and appeals, or calls for financial support, were mainly dismissed by the Crown, seemingly for several legal reasons or transgressions. The author argues, however, that while Crillón was avaricious, the Crown's dismissal related as much to Crillón being a foreigner, whose loyalty to Spain seemed doubtful to some Hispanophiles in the Crown's inner circle.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Puerto rico, foreign relations"

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Jourde, Delia R. "Public relations practices in Puerto Rico : an exploratory qualitative study." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2007. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0001941.

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Roman, Shirley E. "The future status of Puerto Rico : implications for U.S. foreign policy." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/26569.

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Cohen, James. "Légitimité et colonialisme : Puerto Rico et les Etats-Unis, de 1898 au présent." Paris 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA010546.

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Cette etude examine la relation coloniale entre puerto rico et les etats-unis depuis 1898. Trois periodes sont traitees: le premier regime colonial, de 1900 a 1917, la crise des annees 30 et sa resolution dans les annees 40, et enfin l'actuel statut d'etat associe. Les processus et les problemes de legitimation sont examines dans chaque periode. Ensuite l'histoire moderne de puerto rico est consideree a la lumiere de diverses theories du developpement. L'etude explore enfin la question de l'identite culturelle portoricaine, en soi et en tant qu'enjeu politique. La conclusion traite des conditions particulieres du pluralisme politique dans le contexte colonial portoricain
This study examines the colonial relation between puerto rico and the united states. Three major periods are covered: the first colonial regime (1900-1917); the crisis of the 1930s and its resolution in the 40s; and the current commonwealth status. Processes and problems of legitimation are considered in each period. The study further examines puerto rico's modern history in the light of different theories of development. Finaly, the question of the puerto rican cultural identity is explored, both in itself and as a stake in politics. The conclusion deals with the peculiar conditions under which political pluralism exists in the puerto rican colonial context
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Pérez-Padilla, Rita M. "De pura cepa: Seis cuentos de Puerto Rico, 1548–2017." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1526397339724881.

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Ramos-Maltés, Ana Lorena. "The implementation of the triple helix model of industry-university-government relations in Puerto Rico to promote knowledge-based regional economic development." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/59765.

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Thesis (M.C.P. and S.B. in Planning)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2010.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 78-84).
Puerto Rico, an island in the Caribbean, has long sought to develop a high-tech economy and has struggled in the process. Two initiatives, Puerto Rico TechnoEconomic Corridor (PRTEC) and the Eastern Central Technological Initiative (INTECO) seek to encourage local firm formation, attract foreign capital, and improve infrastructure to develop a high-tech economy and an innovation culture in the island. The efforts of the initiatives focus on cooperation from the private sector, the government, and academia. Henry Etzkowitz's triple helix model of university-industry-government relations explains the synergies and organizational infrastructure needed to ensure a sustainable economic growth based on technology and innovation. This thesis focuses on the two initiatives in Puerto Rico whose goal is to promote a high-tech economy in the island. The analysis focuses on the initiatives' relationship with the triple helix's three sectors and how they have been working together to achieve their goals. While the initiatives have made significant progress in firm formation through incubators and community outreach programs to educate about technology, organizational barriers such as lack of transparency in the local grant seeking process and the lack of an entrepreneurial culture have not allowed the initiatives to solidify themselves as the generators of the new knowledge-based economy in Puerto Rico.
by Ana Lorena Ramos-Maltés.
M.C.P.and S.B.in Planning
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Borges, Cristóbal A. "Vieques: Island of Conflict and Dreams." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2003. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4436/.

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This written thesis is a companion to a 30-minute documentary video of the same title. The documentary is a presentation of the historical conflict between the United States Navy and the people of the island of Vieques, Puerto Rico. For over 60 years the island was used by the United States Navy as a military training facility. The documentary attempts to present an analysis of the struggle between citizens of the island and the Navy. This written component presents a summarized history of Puerto Rico, Vieques and the conflict with the United States Navy. In addition, the preproduction, production and post-production process of the documentary are discussed. A theoretical analysis of the filmmaker's approach and technique are addressed and analyzed as well. The thesis's goal is to provide a clear understanding of the Vieques conflict to United States audiences who do not a familiarity with the topic. The thesis is presented from the perspective of a person who grew up in Puerto Rico.
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Reyes-Santos, Irmary. "Racial geopolitics interrogating Caribbean cultural discourse in the era pf globalization /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2007. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3274592.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2007.
Title from first page of PDF file (viewed October 4, 2007). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 234-245).
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Wood, Ashley Elizabeth. "El Reguetón: Análisis Del Léxico De La Música De Los Reguetoneros Puertorriqueños." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2009. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/mcl_theses/6.

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This paper examines the linguistic qualities of reggaeton in order to determine to which extent the music represents the speech of the urban residents of Puerto Rico. The lyrics of this music are analyzed in order to see if they are used only within the context of reggaeton or if they are part of the Puerto Rican lexicon in general. The political context of Puerto Rico with respect to the United States is taken in to consideration with the formation of Anglicisms and the use of English. The paper summarizes the current knowledge of the Puerto Rican lexicon as well as two linguistic studies that focus on reggaeton as well as giving general background information on the genre. In the analysis section, 20 words that are commonly found in reggaeton songs are analyzed using two accredited dictionaries and three “urban dictionaries” in order to determine their meanings, uses and origins.
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Rodriguez, Suarez Ramon Antonio. "The exclusion of non-native voters from a final plebiscite in Puerto Rico: Law and policy." 2010. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI3427602.

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U.S.-Puerto Rico relations have always been mystifying to countless U.S. citizens, due to inconsistent policies and judicial decisions from the United States. Puerto Ricans have no control over immigration yet immigrants can decide the future of the island nation. Puerto Rico is a nation under colonial rule. Paul R. Bras sustains the possibility of corporate recognition for the ethnic group as a separate nationality within an existing state evocative of the United States. The United States has treated Puerto Rico as a foreign country nevertheless at times as domestic. Under U.S. law and jurisprudence Puerto Rico is not part of the United States but rather the island is a possession. The electoral difference in plebiscites between the two major political parties is less than three percent. Nonnative voters in the island can have the clout to decide the ultimate political status of the island. A key concern to the problem is who are considered nonnative voters in Puerto Rico. Non-native voters are those who have not been born in Puerto Rico nor have one of their parents born in the island. The exclusion is legally and politically achievable. There are many countries (ex. East Timor) in the world, former colonies (ex. Namibia), and previous U.S. territories (ex. Hawaii) that serve as examples of exclusion. Voting rights in plebiscites are determined by law. U.N. General Assembly Resolution 1514, states that all powers have to be in the hands of the people of Puerto Rico. International law and policies sustain that the future political status of colonies is to be determined by the nation. Puerto Rico lacks representation in the U.S. Government. When this happens the unrepresented become a separate nation. William Appelman Williams stated that “the principle of self determination when taken seriously … means a policy of standing aside for people to make their own choices, economic as well as political and cultural.” Under international law and policies of self-determination Puerto Rico can exclude non native voters. Judicial precedents make this point very comprehensible.
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Baldus, James, and 柏傑士. "Winners, Losers, and Integration Relations: Lessons from US-Cuba, US-Puerto Rico, and China-Taiwan Dyads." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/89845635053748868987.

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碩士
國立政治大學
外交研究所
96
This project synthesizes functional and economic theories of integration to analyze three cases: United States and Cuba, United States and Puerto Rico, and China and Taiwan. This project posits that the final determining factor for integration of two entities lies primarily with the economic conditions for the mass populous in the smaller entity. In a society, those who gain the most through interactions with another will support increased interactions with that entity, whereas those who do not gain or lose via these interactions do not support and oppose increased interactions. The tipping point in either direction is near half of the populous.
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Books on the topic "Puerto rico, foreign relations"

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Carmen, Gautier Mayoral, Rivera Ortiz, Angel Israel, 1947-, Alegría Ortega, Idsa E., 1945-, University of Puerto Rico (Río Piedras Campus). Social Science Research Center., and Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales., eds. Puerto Rico en las relaciones internacionales del Caribe. Río Piedras, P.R: Ediciones Huracán, 1990.

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The disenchanted island: Puerto Rico and the United States in the twentieth century. 2nd ed. Westport, Conn: Praeger, 1996.

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The disenchanted island: Puerto Rico and the United States in the twentieth century. New York: Praeger, 1992.

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Fernandez, Ronald. The disenchanted island: Puerto Rico and the United States inthe twentieth century. New York: Praeger, 1992.

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Ortega, Fernando, and Hugh D'Agati. Puerto Rico: Status and economic development outlook. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publisher's, 2012.

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Rico, Puerto. Acuerdos internacionales del Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico. San Juan: Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, Departamento de Estado, 1992.

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S, Falk Pamela, ed. The Political status of Puerto Rico. Lexington, Mass: Lexington Books, 1986.

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El grupo de Puerto Rico y la crisis Dominicana de 1965. Aguadilla, PR: Editorial Arco de Plata, 2018.

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Pérez, Efraín E. Rivera. Puerto Rico--tres caminos hacia un futuro: Análisis jurídico. San Juan, P.R: Publicaciones Puertorriqueñas, 1991.

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Morris, Nancy. Puerto Rico: Culture, politics, and identity. Westport, Conn: Praeger, 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "Puerto rico, foreign relations"

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Shull, Kristina. "Give Us Liberty, or We Will Tear the Place Apart!" In Detention Empire, 146–85. University of North Carolina PressChapel Hill, NC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469669861.003.0006.

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Abstract This chapter further establishes the book’s central argument that immigration detention operates as a form of counterinsurgency by analyzing a series of case studies of acts of resistance led by detained Haitian and Central American asylum-seekers and Central American peace and Sanctuary movement activists, and forms of US government retaliation. It recounts a series of hunger strikes, acts of coordinated unrest, and mobilization of Haitian testimonies through inside-outside organizing at the Krome detention center in Miami and at Fort Allen, Puerto Rico. It also details the origins, growth, and activities of the transnational 1980s Sanctuary movement which effectively shielded Salvadoran and Guatemalan asylum-seekers from detention and deportation, including internal tensions over organizing tactics and the movement’s use of media and public relations to denounce US Central American foreign policy. The second half of the chapter details how the Reagan administration responded to resistance inside and outside of detention with retaliation that amounted to a “total war” against immigrants in detention and allies on the outside. Forms of retaliation included physical abuse, solitary confinement, transfers, and deportation of people in detention, and use of covert tactics to surveil, intimidate, harass, and prosecute Sanctuary movement activists.
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Motazedian, Dariush, and Gail Atkinson. "Ground-motion relations for Puerto Rico." In Active Tectonics and Seismic Hazards of Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Offshore Areas. Geological Society of America, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2385-x.61.

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Urban, Florian. "La Perla, Puerto Rico." In The Oxford Handbook of the Modern Slum, 516—C27P68. Oxford University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190879457.013.8.

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Abstract La Perla, Puerto Rico’s most famous “slum,” developed since the early 1900s outside the walls of Old San Juan, the historic Old Town of the Puerto Rican capital. By the mid-twentieth century, La Perla was a symbol of the poverty and deprivation that development and scientifically informed planning attempted to resolve. It became the subject of various improvement plans with varying degrees of inhabitant participation. Comparing building types, ownership structures, and municipal policies throughout La Perla’s history, this chapter questions the validity of the formal-informal distinction that is fundamental in recent literature on “slums,” and engrained in development and modernization ideologies. In terms of architecture, planning, and legal situation, the neighborhood has been characterized by a combination of formal and informal elements. There was both self-help construction and profit-driven development, stable and improvised buildings, unequal power relations, and strong economic ties to the rest of the city.
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"4 United States–Puerto Rico Bilateral Relations." In Puerto Rican Government and Politics, 75–84. Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781626374799-005.

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Caraballo-Resto, Juan F. "Contested Religion in Puerto Rico." In The Oxford Handbook of Caribbean Religions, 275–88. Oxford University Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190916961.013.20.

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Abstract This chapter covers the religious colonial legacies in the contemporary history of Puerto Rico. It presents the transformation concerning hegemonic Christianity and queer socioreligious activism. Religious institutions were at the heart of this colonizing process that systematically installed oppression and exclusion among the population. The chapter then looks into the key concepts surrounding critical unity posed by ecumenical organizations, pioneering sororities sparked by interfaith dialogue and practice, crucial mutual aid offered after Hurricane María, and the key intervention of queer socioreligious activism. It explains that the island’s religious practice invested in the livelihoods of a population determined to struggle with the recalibration of unequal power relations in a colonial society in full crisis.
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Giovannetti-Torres, Jorge L. "Local Eyes into Caribbean Rural Life." In Cuba and Puerto Rico, 79–99. University Press of Florida, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9781683403302.003.0005.

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Jorge L. Giovannetti-Torres discusses two ethnographic projects: Sidney W. Mintz’s oral history of the sugarcane worker Anastacio (Taso) Zayas Alvarado, and Carl Withers’s unpublished manuscript on the Cuban town of Mayajigua, based largely on his key informant Juan Manuel Picabia y Niebla, also known as Manolo. Canvassing the unpublished letters, interviews, and reports by both informants, Giovannetti-Torres identifies several recurrent themes in rural Cuban and Puerto Rican societies during the 1940s and 1950s, including similar sexual norms, gender relations, health conditions, folk healing remedies, and other cultural practices. By playing close attention to Taso’s and Manolo’s narratives, Giovannetti-Torres privileges “voices from below to illustrate a parallel grassroots history of Cuba and Puerto Rico in the post–World War II era. Two informants pictured societies that were about to undergo dramatic changes.” The rise and eventual fall of the Batista dictatorship (1952–58) in Cuba and the inauguration of the Free Associated State in Puerto Rico (1952) would sharpen the historical differentiation between the two countries and accelerate the rate of social and political transformation in each island.
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"Tourism, Expatriates, and Power Relations in Vieques, Puerto Rico." In Globalizing Cultures, 311–27. BRILL, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004272835_016.

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Silver, Whendee L. "Taking the Long View: Growing Up in the Long-Term Ecological Research Program." In Long-Term Ecological Research. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199380213.003.0041.

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The Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) program has shaped me as a scientist by providing a collaborative environment and the opportunity to take a long-term, large-scale perspective in my research. I share this perspective with students by incorporating the principles, questions, and data from such research into my teaching. Working at an LTER site, and one that is based in Puerto Rico, has allowed me to increase the diversity of my laboratory and our graduate program by facilitating the recruitment of women and minority students. Personal experiences with science and data management in the LTER program, particularly the bad experiences, have helped me to improve as a communicator in the broadest sense. Although being a scientist in the LTER program has contributed to my career in many positive ways, it has also presented challenges to my work–life balance. To maintain its leadership role, the LTER program needs to remain an open network welcoming new scientists, new ideas, and thus new potential for discovery. I grew up, professionally speaking, in the LTER program. In 1989 as a new PhD student, I was strongly encouraged (i.e., told in no uncertain terms!) to explore research opportunities in the Luquillo Experimental Forest in Puerto Rico. My mentors had developed a graduate field course in Puerto Rico that I participated in and later helped teach. Puerto Rico was their first venture into the tropics, one that was made easier by the fact that Puerto Rico is part of the United States and provides almost all of the conveniences of home. As one of my professors, Tom Siccama, liked to remark, Puerto Rico was “just like Connecticut, only different!” Puerto Rico was not, however, my first venture into the tropics. I had traveled, studied, and worked in Central and South America and the Pacific since my sophomore year of college and considered myself to be a tropical veteran. I felt at home in tropical rain forests, and had envisioned my PhD research taking place at some remote field site, in a foreign country, far from civilization: just me, my tent, the jungle, and the animals.
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Barreto, Amílcar Antonio. "Culture, Identity, and Policy." In The Politics of Language in Puerto Rico, 1–6. University Press of Florida, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9781683401131.003.0001.

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More than means of communication, languages are integral parts of our cultural identities and feature frequently in intercultural conflict. Language policy has been a thorny issue in federal-territorial relations since the early twentieth century. There is a hallowed place for the Spanish language in Puerto Rican identity. At the same time, Puerto Ricans view English as a critical tool for upward mobility. The tug-of-war between the heart and wallet meant that most Puerto Ricans accepted official bilingualism. Then suddenly, in 1991, the island’s government declared Spanish its only official language. Political expediency was not the point. After all, it was not a popular move. Rather, the political operatives pushing this shift in language policy were involved in a complex game bypassing votes for a much larger political prize.
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Barreto, Amílcar Antonio. "The Politics of Status." In The Politics of Language in Puerto Rico, 34–53. University Press of Florida, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9781683401131.003.0004.

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Puerto Ricans, US subjects since 1898, were naturalized en masse in 1917. Congress did so to eliminate the possibility of independence from the US. That citizenship is the cornerstone of island-mainland relations for those advocating a continued relationship with the United States—either in the form of the 1952 Commonwealth constitution or statehood. The epicenter of Puerto Rican partisan life remains the status question. This remarkably stable political party system featured two strong parties of near-equal strength—the pro-Commonwealth PPD and its statehood challenger, the PNP— and a small independence party, the PIP. A core feature of the PNP’s platform has been estadidad jíbara—"creole statehood.” In theory, a future State of Puerto Rico would be allowed to retain its cultural and linguistic autonomy while attaining full membership as the 51st state of the Union.
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Conference papers on the topic "Puerto rico, foreign relations"

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Torres Rosario, Sharyan Dairys, and Lourdes Royo Naranjo. "Interactive Dissemination of 20th Century Tourist Heritage: Integration of ICTfor an Immersive Experience through Interior Design in Puerto Rico." In HEDIT 2024 - International Congress for Heritage Digital Technologies and Tourism Management. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/hedit2024.2024.17714.

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Interior design in built cultural heritage has undergone a significant evolution in the late twentieth century, going from being contemplative goods of history to elements that require aesthetic, functional and technological adaptation for their conservation and commercial and institutional use. For its part, contemporary architecture is influenced by the development and integration of digital technologies in its processes, which drives a transformation in this field. While in the field of architectural heritage, the importance of disseminating and promoting these assets is highlighted. The dissemination of the architectural and touristic heritage of the 20th century has become a fundamental aspect of the preservation and promotion of cultural heritage. Today, tourism plays a crucial role in the dissemination of this heritage, being the undisputed protagonist in the dissemination of cultural activities and the reception of the public. It has become an essential tool to make known the architectural, historical and cultural richness of different places, attracting local and foreign visitors. Puerto Rico, an island in the Caribbean with a rich cultural heritage history that has witnessed the emergence of the sun and beach tourism phenomenon, and as a result of this, a participant in the development of the hotel industry of the time, allows us to study its hotel architectural heritage developed in the twentieth century and that certainly contributes to the historical reconstruction of them today. It will be the basis for the development of a proposal for the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) for the dissemination of the architectural heritage of tourism in the twentieth century to society. This research proposes the use of Revit 2024 for the planimetry survey and Twinmotion 2023 software for 3D modelling and historical representation of the Normandie Hotel in Old San Juan. With the purpose of developing a digital historical archive for a possible informative proposal in the Google Arts & Cultue platform, promoting the historical diffusion of the architectural heritage in the visitors of the building and society in general.
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Mazurenko, Andrey Petrovich, and Olga Viktorovna Dyachenko. "LEGAL POLICY IN THE ENERGY SECTOR: PUBLIC AND PRIVATE LEGAL ASPECTS." In Themed collection of papers from Foreign International Scientific Conference « Science in the Era of Challenges and Global Changes» Ьу НNRI «National development» in cooperation with AFP (Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua). Мау 2023. - Caracas (Venezuela). Crossref, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/230527.2023.76.65.008.

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International and national legal policy in the energy sector are considered. The points of view of various authors on the content and purpose of modern legal policy, as well as the place of energy law in the system of domestic legislation are analyzed. Conclusions are drawn about the uniqueness and complexity of energy law, consisting in a dialectical combination of public-legal and private-law ways of regulating energy relations, as well as about the lack of formation of a full-fledged legal policy in this area.
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Reports on the topic "Puerto rico, foreign relations"

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Geographic relations of landslide distribution and assessment of landslide hazards in the Blanco, Cibuco, and Coamo basins, Puerto Rico. US Geological Survey, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri954029.

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Hydrogeology and ground-water/surface-water relations in the Bajura area of the Municipio of Cabo Rojo, southwestern Puerto Rico. US Geological Survey, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri954159.

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