Academic literature on the topic 'Puerto Rico Manufacturers Association'
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Journal articles on the topic "Puerto Rico Manufacturers Association"
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Vera-Urbina, Ibis R., Estefania Ayala, Ediel Rodriguez, Hilmaris Centeno-Girona, Leslie Casiano, Belisa Suarez, Marcia Cruz-Correa, and Maria Gonzalez-Pons. "Abstract 3526: Host genetic susceptibility to gut microbiota-driven colorectal carcinogenesis." Cancer Research 82, no. 12_Supplement (June 15, 2022): 3526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-3526.
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Abstract Introduction: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the 1st and 2nd leading cause of cancer death in men and women in Puerto Rico and the U.S., respectively. A dynamic balance between the host immune system and the gut bacterial communities is essential to protect colonic tissues against chronic inflammation, which may lead to CRC. The main goal of this study was to investigate if SNPs in the promoter regions of the IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10, key cytokines that regulate gut inflammation, increase the risk for colorectal adenomas by enriching a subset of the toxin-producing gut microbiota (gene-environment interaction). Methods: Using a case-control study design, associations between having pro-inflammatory SNPs and/or bacterial toxins in colonic mucosa or stool were assessed using odds ratios. TaqMan® SNP Genotyping Assays (ThermoFisher Scientific) for IL- 1β (rs1143627), IL-6 (rs1800795), and IL-10 (rs1800871) were performed according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. The presence of bacterial toxin genes (pks, TcPC, GelE, cnf-1, CDT, murB, and usp) in stool were determined using the QuantiTect SYBR Green PCR kit (QIAGEN). Results: Our preliminary analyses showed that individuals with the IL-1β pro-inflammatory genotype were 1.5-times more likely to have colorectal adenomas (n=232; p=0.1). Detection of usp or pks in stool (n=147) was positively associated with having adenomas (OR=2.95; CI 95%= 0.92-9.45 and OR=2.91; CI 95%=0.58-14.50, respectively). Conclusion: An evaluation of the association between having pro-inflammatory genotypes, the presence of bacterial toxin genes in stool, and colorectal adenomas using a larger sample size is warranted and currently underway. The integration of modifiable (e.g. gut bacterial toxins) and non-modifiable (e.g. host genetics) risk factors in a stratified model for CRC risk stratification and/or prevention may enhance current screening approaches. Citation Format: Ibis R. Vera-Urbina, Estefania Ayala, Ediel Rodriguez, Hilmaris Centeno-Girona, Leslie Casiano, Belisa Suarez, Marcia Cruz-Correa, Maria Gonzalez-Pons. Host genetic susceptibility to gut microbiota-driven colorectal carcinogenesis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 3526.
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Hohmann, Ann A., Madeleine Richeport, Bernadette M. Marriott, Glorisa J. Canino, Maritza Rubio-Stipec, and Hector Bird. "Spiritism in Puerto Rico." British Journal of Psychiatry 156, no. 3 (March 1990): 328–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.156.3.328.
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Using data from the first community-based, epidemiological survey of Puerto Rico, this paper examines the current prevalence of use of spiritist healers by Puerto Ricans, the role of spiritism in the provision of mental health services, and the association between spiritism and psychiatric disorders and symptoms. Those who visit spiritists were found to be more likely to work outside the home, to have a low family income, to have sought help for emotional problems from mental health professionals, and to have mild symptoms of depression.
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Pollett, Simon, Caitlin H. Kuklis, David A. Barvir, Richard G. Jarman, Rachel M. Romaine, Brett M. Forshey, and Gregory D. Gromowski. "The seroepidemiology of dengue in a US military population based in Puerto Rico during the early phase of the Zika pandemic." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 16, no. 1 (January 21, 2022): e0009986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009986.
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Understanding the burden and risk factors of dengue virus (DENV) infection in Puerto Rico is important for the prevention of dengue in local, traveler and military populations. Using sera from the Department of Defense Serum Repository, we estimated the prevalence and predictors of DENV seropositivity in those who had served in Puerto Rico, stratified by birth or prior residence (“birth/residence”) in dengue-endemic versus non-endemic regions. We selected sera collected in early 2015 from 500 U.S. military members, a time-point also permitting detection of early cryptic Zika virus (ZIKV) circulation. 87.2% were born or resided in a DENV-endemic area before their military service in Puerto Rico. A high-throughput, flow-cytometry-based neutralization assay was employed to screen sera for ZIKV and DENV neutralizing antibodies, and confirmatory testing was done by plaque-reduction neutralization test (PRNT). We identified one Puerto Rico resident who seroconverted to ZIKV by June 2015, suggesting cryptic ZIKV circulation in Puerto Rico at least 4 months before the first reported cases. A further six PRNT-positive presumptive ZIKV infections which were resolved as DENV infections only by the use of paired sera. We noted 66.8% of the total study sample was DENV seropositive by early 2015. Logistic regression analysis indicated that birth/residence in a dengue non-endemic region (before military service in Puerto Rico) was associated with a lower odds of DENV exposure by January—June 2015 (aOR = 0.28, p = 0.001). Among those with birth/residence in a non-endemic country, we noted moderate evidence to support increase in odds of DENV exposure for each year of military service in Puerto Rico (aOR = 1.58, p = 0.06), but no association with age. In those with birth/residence in dengue-endemic regions (before military service in Puerto Rico), we noted that age (aOR = 1.04, p = 0.02), rather than duration of Puerto Rico service, was associated with dengue seropositivity, suggesting earlier lifetime DENV exposure. Our findings provide insights into the burden and predictors of DENV infection in local, traveler and military populations in Puerto Rico. Our study also highlights substantial PRNT ZIKV false-positivity when paired sera are not available, even during periods of very low ZIKV prevalence.
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Lecours, André, and Valérie Vézina. "The Politics of Nationalism and Status in Puerto Rico." Canadian Journal of Political Science 50, no. 4 (August 4, 2017): 1083–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423917000488.
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AbstractOver the last several decades, nationalist movements in liberal democracies have challenged their community's relationship with the state. One such case that has drawn relatively little attention is Puerto Rico. A peculiar feature of Puerto Rican politics is that powerful nationalism coexists with several distinct status options: a reform of the current Commonwealth, statehood (becoming an American state), free association and independence. This article examines the various sources for Puerto Rican nationalism and discusses the relationship between nationalism and each of the status options. It also explains why none of the options has succeeded in gathering majority support amongst Puerto Ricans and why, therefore, the constitutional status quo has so far remained on the island.
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Gonzalez-Pons, Maria, Valeria Valentin, Ingrid Montes-Rodriguez, Maria J. Sanchez, Fabiola M. Morales, Ibis R. Vera-Urbina, Valerie Maldonado-Pino, et al. "Abstract 2266: Host genetic susceptibility to COVID-19 and pandemic -associated stressors." Cancer Research 82, no. 12_Supplement (June 15, 2022): 2266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-2266.
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Abstract Background: Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-10 genes have been reported to impact infectious disease outcomes and are associated with altered emotional states. High levels of these cytokines, which have a role in regulating inflammation, have been detected among individuals with severe COVID-19 disease. The objective of this study was to examine if pro-inflammatory SNPs in the promoter region of IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-10 genes are associated with more severe COVID-19 disease and/or increased anxiety/stress levels in response to pandemic-associated stressors in a vulnerable Hispanic population that is part of the Puerto Rico Colorectal Cancer Registry. Methods: TaqMan® SNP Genotyping Assays (ThermoFisher Scientific) for IL-1β (rs1143627), IL-6 (rs1800795), and IL-10 (rs1800871) were performed according to the manufacturer’s recommendations in individuals between the ages of 21 to 75 (n=136). We assessed their anxiety and stress levels using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire (GAD-7) and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Of these individuals, we evaluated those that had been previously infected with COVID-19 (n=38) for their symptom severity through a questionnaire. Chi-Square tests and Multivariate Logistic Regressions were used to calculate associations and ORs. Results: Preliminary analysis showed an association between having the homozygous IL-1β pro-inflammatory SNP and reporting fever as a symptom (OR=2.50, p-value=0.05). Individuals with the homozygous IL-10 pro-inflammatory SNP had higher odds of reporting difficulty breathing (OR= 4.51, p-value = 0.02), shortness of breath (OR=7.82, p-value=0.006), and fatigue as symptoms (OR=4.43, p-value=0.020. Further analysis also showed an association between having the homozygous IL-10 pro-inflammatory SNP and reporting at least 1 severe COVID-19 symptom (OR=3.38, p-value=0.046). Those with the homozygous or heterozygous IL-6 pro-inflammatory allele were less likely to report higher anxiety levels than those with the wild-type allele (OR=0.1447, p-value=0.04). We also observed that individuals between the ages of 21 to 49 were more likely to report changes in diet (OR=1.65, p-value=0.059) and constantly disinfecting as a pandemic-related stressor (OR=1.87, p-value=0.04) compared to individuals between the ages of 50 to 79. Conclusions: Pro-inflammatory IL-1β and IL-10 SNPs were associated with reporting fever and more severe symptoms of COVID-19, respectively. Data analysis using a larger sample size is warranted and is currently underway. Studies focused on examining that factors that contribute to more severe COVID-19 symptoms and how pandemic-associated stressors promote higher inflammation levels as a result of increased stress/anxiety are needed to fully understand the long-term effects the pandemic on public health, including possible increases in cancer incidence due to chronic inflammation. Citation Format: Maria Gonzalez-Pons, Valeria Valentin, Ingrid Montes-Rodriguez, Maria J. Sanchez, Fabiola M. Morales, Ibis R. Vera-Urbina, Valerie Maldonado-Pino, Estefania I. Ayala, Ediel Rodriguez, Hilmaris Centeno-Girona, Belisa Suarez, Leslie Casiano, Ana Sala, Marcia Cruz-Correa. Host genetic susceptibility to COVID-19 and pandemic -associated stressors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 2266.
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Dechant, E. J., and J. G. Rigau-Pérez. "Hospitalizations for suspected dengue in Puerto Rico, 1991-1995: estimation by capture-recapture methods. The Puerto Rico Association of Epidemiologists." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 61, no. 4 (October 1, 1999): 574–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1999.61.574.
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Ramos-Olazagasti, María A., Patrick E. Shrout, Hirokazu Yoshikawa, Glorisa J. Canino, and Héctor R. Bird. "Contextual risk and promotive processes in Puerto Rican youths' internalizing trajectories in Puerto Rico and New York." Development and Psychopathology 25, no. 3 (July 23, 2013): 755–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579413000151.
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AbstractResearch on ethnic-minority youths' mental health has rarely examined developmental trajectories for the same ethnic group in contexts where they are a minority versus where they are the majority or mechanisms accounting for differences in trajectories across such contexts. This study examines Puerto Rican youth residing in two contexts, one in which they are in their home culture of Puerto Rico and one in which they are a minority group, in New York. We explore the relationship among social context, minority status, risk, resilience, and trajectories of internalizing symptoms after adjusting for factors related to migration. We found that youths' reports of internalizing symptoms declined over time. Youths in New York had higher levels of internalizing symptoms than did youths in Puerto Rico, but they had similar trajectories. Differences in internalizing symptoms across the two social contexts were accounted for by experiences of discrimination and exposure to violence. Parental monitoring was associated with fewer internalizing symptoms across the two sites, although this effect diminished over time. Contrary to what was expected, family religiosity was associated with higher levels of internalizing symptoms. This association was stronger in New York than in the Puerto Rico site.
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Loiselle, Aimee. "US Imperialism and Puerto Rican Needleworkers: Sovereignty, Citizenship, and Women's Labor in a Deep History of Neoliberal Trade." International Labor and Working-Class History 98 (2020): 142–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547920000137.
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AbstractIn 1898, US occupation of Puerto Rico opened possibilities for experimentation with manufacturing, investment, tariffs, and citizenship because the Treaty of Paris did not address territorial incorporation. Imperial experimentation started immediately and continued through the liberal policies of the New Deal and World War II, consistently reproducing drastic exceptions. These exceptions were neither permanent nor complete, but the rearrangements of sovereignty and citizenship established Puerto Rico as a site of potential and persistent exemption. Puerto Rican needleworkers were central to the resulting colonial industrialization-not as dormant labor awaiting outside developmental forces but as skilled workers experienced in production. Following US occupation, continental trade agents and manufacturers noted the intricate needlework of Puerto Rican women and their employment in homes and small shops for contractors across the island. Their cooptation and adaptation of this contracting system led to the colonial industrialization, generating bureaucratic, financial, and legal infrastructure later used in Operation Bootstrap, a long-term economic plan devised in the 1940s and 1950s. Labor unions and aggrieved workers contested and resisted this colonial industrialization. They advocated their own proposals and pushed against US economic policies and insular business management. Throughout these fights, the asymmetrical power of the federal government and industrial capital allowed the colonial regime to assert US sovereignty while continually realigning exemptions and redefining citizenship for liberal economic objectives. Rather than representing a weakening of the nation-state, this strong interventionist approach provided scaffolding for Operation Bootstrap, which became a model for the neoliberal projects called export processing zones (EPZs).
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Yan, Qi, John Brehm, Maria Pino-Yanes, Erick Forno, Jerome Lin, Sam S. Oh, Edna Acosta-Perez, et al. "A meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies of asthma in Puerto Ricans." European Respiratory Journal 49, no. 5 (May 2017): 1601505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01505-2016.
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Puerto Ricans are disproportionately affected with asthma in the USA. In this study, we aim to identify genetic variants that confer susceptibility to asthma in Puerto Ricans.We conducted a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of asthma in Puerto Ricans, including participants from: the Genetics of Asthma in Latino Americans (GALA) I-II, the Hartford–Puerto Rico Study and the Hispanic Community Health Study. Moreover, we examined whether susceptibility loci identified in previous meta-analyses of GWAS are associated with asthma in Puerto Ricans.The only locus to achieve genome-wide significance was chromosome 17q21, as evidenced by our top single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs907092 (OR 0.71, p=1.2×10−12) at IKZF3. Similar to results in non-Puerto Ricans, SNPs in genes in the same linkage disequilibrium block as IKZF3 (e.g. ZPBP2, ORMDL3 and GSDMB) were significantly associated with asthma in Puerto Ricans. With regard to results from a meta-analysis in Europeans, we replicated findings for rs2305480 at GSDMB, but not for SNPs in any other genes. On the other hand, we replicated results from a meta-analysis of North American populations for SNPs at IL1RL1, TSLP and GSDMB but not for IL33.Our findings suggest that common variants on chromosome 17q21 have the greatest effects on asthma in Puerto Ricans.
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González-Rodríguez, Alexis, María E. Santiago-Rodríguez, Marcos A. Amalbert-Birriel, and Farah A. Ramírez-Marrero. "Association Between Children’S Screen Time And Parent’S Sitting Time In Puerto Rico." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 48 (May 2016): 1063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000488200.27490.6b.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Puerto Rico Manufacturers Association"
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Pickard, Alexandra E. "Characterization of Shark Movements on a Mesophotic Caribbean Coral Reef and Temporal Association with Fish Spawning Aggregations." NSUWorks, 2013. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/11.
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Habitat use of mesophotic coral reefs by sharks is largely unknown. However, it is well established that mesophotic reefs are the site of spawning aggregations for many species of teleost fish. These aggregations represent seasonal concentrations of potential prey biomass that may influence the habitat use of predatory species such as large sharks. I employed acoustic monitoring to examine the movements of three shark species [lemon shark (Negaprion brevirostris), tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier), and Caribbean reef shark (Carcharhinus perezi)] to determine 1) the comparative spatiotemporal patterns of mesophotic reef habitat use by the three shark species and 2) the spatiotemporal relationship between these sharks and grouper spawning aggregations at a fish spawning aggregation (FSA) site (Hind Bank and Grammanik Bank) along the southern reef shelf edge off St. Thomas, United States Virgin Islands (USVI). Tiger and lemon sharks were detected across nearly the entire acoustic array, which spanned ~ 1060 km2. When present, Caribbean reef sharks used a much smaller activity space, composed exclusively of mesophotic reef habitat located within FSA sites. Individuals from all three species were typically detected for stretches of several consecutive days, while periods without detections usually lasted less than one week. Lemon sharks were present at the FSA site more often during the grouper spawning season (Dec-May) than the non-spawning season (Jun-Nov), but showed no preference toward specific areas within the FSA site, which varied by location and grouper species composition. In contrast, there was no relationship between the presence of tiger and Caribbean reef sharks at the FSA site and the grouper spawning season. My results suggest that despite different habitat use 5 patterns and varying degrees of fidelity, this mesophotic reef serves as an important habitat to all three shark species.
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Pickard, Alexandria E. "Characterization of Shark Movements on a Mesophotic Caribbean Coral Reef and Temporal Association with Fish Spawning Aggregations." NSUWorks, 2013. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/156.
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Habitat use of mesophotic coral reefs by sharks is largely unknown. However, it is well established that mesophotic reefs are the site of spawning aggregations for many species of teleost fish. These aggregations represent seasonal concentrations of potential prey biomass that may influence the habitat use of predatory species such as large sharks. I employed acoustic monitoring to examine the movements of three shark species lemon shark (Negaprion brevirostris), tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier), and Caribbean reef shark (Carcharhinus perezi)] to determine 1) the comparative spatiotemporal patterns of mesophotic reef habitat use by the three shark species and 2) the spatiotemporal relationship between these sharks and grouper spawning aggregations at a fish spawning aggregation (FSA) site (Hind Bank and Grammanik Bank) along the southern reef shelf edge off St. Thomas, United States Virgin Islands (USVI). Tiger and lemon sharks were detected across nearly the entire acoustic array, which spanned ~ 1060 km2. When present, Caribbean reef sharks used a much smaller activity space, composed exclusively of mesophotic reef habitat located within FSA sites. Individuals from all three species were typically detected for stretches of several consecutive days, while periods without detections usually lasted less than one week. Lemon sharks were present at the FSA site more often during the grouper spawning season (Dec-May) than the non-spawning season (Jun-Nov), but showed no preference toward specific areas within the FSA site, which varied by location and grouper species composition. In contrast, there was no relationship between the presence of tiger and Caribbean reef sharks at the FSA site and the grouper spawning season. My results suggest that despite different habitat use patterns and varying degrees of fidelity, this mesophotic reef serves as an important habitat to all three shark species.
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Muñoz, Mario A. "The association between parent and child variables and physical activity and sedentary behaviors in Puerto Rican children." Thesis, 2015. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/13646.
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Studies with diverse populations including Caucasians, African-Americans, Asians, and Latinos have contributed important information about factors that may contribute to childhood obesity. However, the studies on Latino children have not examined how specific child and parent factors may be related to physical activity (PA) or sedentary behaviors (SB). Research investigations into these correlates or possible determinants of PA and SB in Latino children have only included children from Mexican American backgrounds.
This dissertation consists of two studies designed to address the gaps in knowledge about these factors and their interaction with PA and SB in a specific group of Latino children. Data were obtained by direct evaluation of 75 children and their parents living on the Island of Puerto Rico. Objective measures, via accelerometry, were used to asses PA and SB, and questionnaires were used to obtain parental perceptions and beliefs about PA and SB. Child’s body composition was measured and used as a fitness component, along with a motor proficiency battery. Study 1 examined the relation between children’s fitness levels and level of motor skills, parental beliefs and perceptions of health status and children’s PA and SB. Results showed that time spent in SB and moderate to vigorous intensity PA (MVPA) was associated with parents’ intentions of reducing TV time and their perception of their child’s body weight. Study 2 undertook a more specific analysis of the mechanism(s) of these associations, specifically attempting to understand the possible moderation effect of certain constructs on the association between predictors of PA and SB. Results indicated that the strength of age as a predictor of MVPA and SB levels of Latino children may be moderated by the parent’s perception of influence, which in itself may be influenced by the parent’s level of education. Parental perceptions and intentions are modifiable factors, which suggests that working with the family is an important area to explore in future interventions to reduce obesity risk in this population.
Books on the topic "Puerto Rico Manufacturers Association"
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Inter-American Press Association. Midyear Meeting. Conclusions, country-by-country report and resolutions of the Inter-American Press Association: Approved at the IAPA Midyear Meeting, San Juan, Puerto Rico, March 17, 1998. [S.l.]: The Association, 1998.
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International Congress for Caribbean Archaeology (11th 1985 San Juan (P.R.)). Asociación Internacional de Arqueología del Caribe, Actas del Undécimo Congreso, San Juan de Puerto Rico, julio y agosto de 1985 =: Comptes rendus des communications du Onzième Congres de L'Association internationale d'archeologie des Caraibes = Proceedings of the Eleventh Congress of the International Association for Caribbean Archaeology. Edited by Pantel Tekakis Agamemnon Gus, Vargas Arenas Iraida, Sanoja Mario, International Association for Caribbean Archaeology, and Jay I. Kislak Reference Collection (Library of Congress). [Puerto Rico]: La Fundación Arqueológica, Antropológica e Histórica de Puerto Rico, 1990.
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Nuestro autorretrato: La mujer artista y la autoimagen en un contexto multicultural. San Juan, P.R: Mujeres Artistas de Puerto Rico, 1993.
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Klem, Thomas J. Investigation report on the Dupont Plaza Hotel fire: December 31, 1986, San Juan, Puerto Rico (National Fire Protection Association investigation report). National Fire Protection Association, 1987.
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Morales, Harold D. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190852603.003.0001.
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This introductory chapter provides an ethnographic vignette regarding a young woman’s embrace of Islam with the help of the Los Angeles Latino Muslim Association. This account introduces several issues and questions around race, religion, and the mediation of lived experiences. Additionally, the chapter provides a demographic sketch of Latino Muslims in comparison to broader U.S. population groups. Highlights from this sketch include estimates that put the total national Latino Muslim population at less than 200,000; 62 percent were born in the United States; 31 percent trace their ancestry to Mexico and 22 percent to Puerto Rico; and 19 percent reside in California, 15 percent in Texas, 12 percent in New York, and 11 percent in New Jersey. The chapter also provides an overview of the methods used in the study and an outline of the book’s chapters.
Book chapters on the topic "Puerto Rico Manufacturers Association"
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Román, Reinaldo L. "Puerto Rico." In The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers, Volume XI, ccxlix—cclii. Duke University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1220hc3.30.
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"15 August Editorial in La Correspondencia de Puerto Rico." In The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers, Volume XIII, 351–53. Duke University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780822374282-187.
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"22 August Article in La Correspondencia de Puerto Rico." In The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers, Volume XIII, 363–64. Duke University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780822374282-193.
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Schaefer, Douglas. "Watershed Hydrological and Chemical Responses to Precipitation Variability in the Luquillo Mountains of Puerto Rico." In Climate Variability and Ecosystem Response in Long-Term Ecological Research Sites. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195150599.003.0017.
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Variations in temperature and precipitation are both components of climate variability. Based on coral growth rates measured near Puerto Rico, the Caribbean was 2–3ºC cooler during the “Little Ice Age” during the seventeenth century (Winter et al. 2000). At the millennial scale, temperature variations in tropical regions have been inferred to have substantial biological effects (such as speciation and extinction), but not at the multidecadal timescales considered here. My focus is on precipitation variability in particular, because climate models examining effects of increased greenhouse gases suggest greater changes in precipitation than in temperature patterns in tropical regions. Some correspondence between both the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Northern Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and average temperatures and total annual precipitation have been reported for the LTER site at Luquillo (Greenland 1999; Greenland and Kittel 2002), but those studies did not refer to extreme events. Based on climate records for Puerto Rico since 1914, Malmgren et al. (1997) found small increases in air temperature during El Niño years and somewhat greater total rainfall during the positive phase of the NAO. Similar to ENSO, the NAO index is characterized by differences in sea-level atmospheric pressure, in this case based on measurements in Iceland and Portugal (Walker and Bliss 1932). Its effects on climate have largely been described in terms of temperature and precipitation anomalies in countries bordering the North Atlantic (e.g., Hurrell 1995). Puerto Rico is in the North Atlantic hurricane zone, and hurricanes clearly play a major role in precipitation variability. The association between extreme rainfall events and hurricanes is discussed in detail in this chapter. I examine the degree to which extreme rainfall events are associated with hurricanes and other tropical storms. I discuss whether the occurrence of these extreme events has changed through time in Puerto Rico or can be linked to the recurrent patterns of the ENSO or the NAO. I examine the 25-year daily precipitation record for the Luquillo LTER site, the 90-year monthly record from the nearest site to Luquillo with such a long record, Fajardo, and those of the two other Puerto Rico stations with the longest daily precipitation records, Manati and Mayaguez (figure 8.1).
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Quiñones-Padovani, Carlos E., and Clarena Larrotta. "Transformational Learning for Community Health." In Advances in Human Services and Public Health, 164–81. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-6260-5.ch010.
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The qualitative research study explored in this chapter took place in a physical education teacher education program at a large public university in Puerto Rico. Study findings are relevant for similar programs in the United States. The research questions guiding the chapter are: (1) What can physical education teacher candidates do to help promote community health awareness? (2) What does transformational learning look like for physical education teacher candidates in a physical education teacher education program? (3) From the point of view of the university instructor, what are the challenges training physical education teacher candidates to promote health awareness? Data collection sources include: The researcher's journal, informal conversations with physical education teacher education university colleagues from different institutions, alumni questionnaire responses, electronic communications with 11 physical education teacher education program graduates, and documents (e.g., the National Association for Sports and Physical Education Standards, and the Physical Education Teacher Education Standards). The authors draw on transformational learning theory as a framework to inform the study, and narrative analysis plays a central role reporting study findings. The chapter includes the following sections: a theoretical framework section discussing how transformational learning theory informs the study; a relevant literature section that provides the definition, benefits, and connection with concepts such as physical activity, community health, and effective teaching in physical education; a qualitative methodology section that describes the study setting and participants; data collection sources and data analysis procedures; a study findings section that is organized by research questions; an implications for practice section; and conclusion.
Conference papers on the topic "Puerto Rico Manufacturers Association"
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Meckler, Milton. "Design for Sustainable Data Center Energy Use and Eco-Footprint." In ASME 2010 4th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2010-90116.
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What does remain a growing concern for many users of Data Centers is their continuing availability following the explosive growth of internet services in recent years, The recent maximizing of Data Center IT virtualization investments has resulted in improving the consolidation of prior (under utilized) server and cabling resources resulting in higher overall facility utilization and IT capacity. It has also resulted in excessive levels of equipment heat release, e.g. high energy (i.e. blade type) servers and telecommunication equipment, that challenge central and distributed air conditioning systems delivering air via raised floor or overhead to rack mounted servers arranged in alternate facing cold and hot isles (in some cases reaching 30 kW/rack or 300 W/ft2) and returning via end of isle or separated room CRAC units, which are often found to fight each other, contributing to excessive energy use. Under those circumstances, hybrid, indirect liquid cooling facilities are often required to augment above referenced air conditioning systems in order to prevent overheating and degradation of mission critical IT equipment to maintain rack mounted subject rack mounted server equipment to continue to operate available within ASHRAE TC 9.9 prescribed task psychometric limits and IT manufacturers specifications, beyond which their operational reliability cannot be assured. Recent interest in new web-based software and secure cloud computing is expected to further accelerate the growth of Data Centers which according to a recent study, the estimated number of U.S. Data Centers in 2006 consumed approximately 61 billion kWh of electricity. Computer servers and supporting power infrastructure for the Internet are estimated to represent 1.5% of all electricity generated which along with aggregated IT and communications, including PC’s in current use have also been estimated to emit 2% of global carbon emissions. Therefore the projected eco-footprint of Data Centers into the future has now become a matter of growing concern. Accordingly our paper will focus on how best to improve the energy utilization of fossil fuels that are used to power Data Centers, the energy efficiency of related auxiliary cooling and power infrastructures, so as to reduce their eco-footprint and GHG emissions to sustainable levels as soon as possible. To this end, we plan to demonstrate significant comparative savings in annual energy use and reduction in associated annual GHG emissions by employing a on-site cogeneration system (in lieu of current reliance on remote electric power generation systems), introducing use of energy efficient outside air (OSA) desiccant assisted pre-conditioners to maintain either Class1, Class 2 and NEBS indoor air dew-points, as needed, when operated with modified existing (sensible only cooling and distributed air conditioning and chiller systems) thereby eliminating need for CRAC integral unit humidity controls while achieving a estimated 60 to 80% (virtualized) reduction in the number servers within a existing (hypothetical post-consolidation) 3.5 MW demand Data Center located in southeastern (and/or southern) U.S., coastal Puerto Rico, or Brazil characterized by three (3) representative microclimates ranging from moderate to high seasonal outside air (OSA) coincident design humidity and temperature.