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Journal articles on the topic 'Puerto Rico'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 15 June 2025

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1

Meinhofer, Mara Liz. "Detectar irregularidades de contabilidad: Un estudio de transacciones específicas indicativas de prácticas inapropiadas." Fórum Empresarial 8, no. 1 Verano (2003): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.33801/fe.v8i1.3379.

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Sinopsis de las siguientes tesis: Detectar irregularidades de contabilidad: Un estudio de transacciones específicas indicativas de prácticas inapropiadas, El puerto de las Américas: La puerta al futuro de Puerto Rico,El efecto a corto plazo en el precio de una acción de capital de una compañía tenedora de bancos en Puerto Rico cuando la compañía anuncia una recompra de acciones, El trabajo a distancia y los beneficios económicos para las empresas, Los costos de transacción en el mercado secundario de capital de Puerto Rico.

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2

Rodríguez, Luis R. "El puerto de las Américas: La puerta al futuro de Puerto Rico." Fórum Empresarial 8, no. 1 Verano (2003): 90–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.33801/fe.v8i1.3380.

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Sinopsis de las siguientes tesis: Detectar irregularidades de contabilidad: Un estudio de transacciones específicas indicativas de prácticas inapropiadas, El puerto de las Américas: La puerta al futuro de Puerto Rico,El efecto a corto plazo en el precio de una acción de capital de una compañía tenedora de bancos en Puerto Rico cuando la compañía anuncia una recompra de acciones, El trabajo a distancia y los beneficios económicos para las empresas, Los costos de transacción en el mercado secundario de capital de Puerto Rico.

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3

Fuste López, Alexia Ivette. "El efecto a corto plazo en el precio de una acción de capital de una compañia tenedora de bancos en Puerto Rico cuando la campaña anuncia una recompra de acciones." Fórum Empresarial 8, no. 1 Verano (2003): 93–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.33801/fe.v8i1.3381.

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Sinopsis de las siguientes tesis: Detectar irregularidades de contabilidad: Un estudio de transacciones específicas indicativas de prácticas inapropiadas, El puerto de las Américas: La puerta al futuro de Puerto Rico,El efecto a corto plazo en el precio de una acción de capital de una compañía tenedora de bancos en Puerto Rico cuando la compañía anuncia una recompra de acciones, El trabajo a distancia y los beneficios económicos para las empresas, Los costos de transacción en el mercado secundario de capital de Puerto Rico.

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4

Rosa Ramos, Lymaris E. "El trabajo a distancia y los beneficios económicos para las empresas." Fórum Empresarial 8, no. 1 Verano (2003): 95–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.33801/fe.v8i1.3382.

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Sinopsis de las siguientes tesis: Detectar irregularidades de contabilidad: Un estudio de transacciones específicas indicativas de prácticas inapropiadas, El puerto de las Américas: La puerta al futuro de Puerto Rico,El efecto a corto plazo en el precio de una acción de capital de una compañía tenedora de bancos en Puerto Rico cuando la compañía anuncia una recompra de acciones, El trabajo a distancia y los beneficios económicos para las empresas, Los costos de transacción en el mercado secundario de capital de Puerto Rico.

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5

Valladares Torres, Moisés. "Los costos de transacción en el mercado secundario de capital de Puerto Rico." Fórum Empresarial 8, no. 1 Verano (2003): 97–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.33801/fe.v8i1.3383.

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Sinopsis de las siguientes tesis: Detectar irregularidades de contabilidad: Un estudio de transacciones específicas indicativas de prácticas inapropiadas, El puerto de las Américas: La puerta al futuro de Puerto Rico,El efecto a corto plazo en el precio de una acción de capital de una compañía tenedora de bancos en Puerto Rico cuando la compañía anuncia una recompra de acciones, El trabajo a distancia y los beneficios económicos para las empresas, Los costos de transacción en el mercado secundario de capital de Puerto Rico.

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6

Murphy, Martin F. "Puerto Rico." Latin American Anthropology Review 2, no. 1 (2008): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jlca.1990.2.1.27.2.

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7

Villanueva, Victor. "Puerto Rico." Journal of Cultural Economy 8, no. 1 (2014): 62–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17530350.2014.942348.

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8

Warren, Alice E. Colón. "Puerto Rico." Gender & Society 17, no. 5 (2003): 664–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0891243203256024.

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9

Torres, Lourdes. "Puerto Rico." Latino Studies 16, no. 2 (2018): 158–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41276-018-0130-2.

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10

Antonsen, Peter J. "Puerto Rico." Americas 51, no. 1 (1994): 109–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003161500021684.

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11

Hoffman Andújar, Joseph H. "La calidad en los servicios de telecomunicaciones ofrecidos al pueblo de Puerto Rico por la telefónica de Puerto Rico." Fórum Empresarial 2, no. 1 Verano (1997): 81–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.33801/fe.v2i1.2771.

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Sinopsis de las siguientes tesis: Segmentación R-square: ¿Un nuevo instrumento para la inversión?; El uso de la teoría del arbitraje en determinar la prima de riesgo específica de cada industria; Relationship Marketing: La Nueva Tendencia en Mercadeo y Cómo es Aplicada por los Distribuidores de Bienes de Consumo en Puerto Rico; La calidad en los servicios de telecomunicaciones ofrecidos al pueblo de Puerto Rico por la Telefónica de Puerto Rico; El impacto de las leyes del FDIC en los sistemas de respaldo para las instituciones financieras; El dinero en la actividad económica en Puerto Rico: Una aplicación de la prueba de causalidad de Granger

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12

Montalvo Rodríguez, Omar. "Segmentación R-square: ¿Un nuevo instrumento para la inversión?" Fórum Empresarial 2, no. 1 Verano (1997): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.33801/fe.v2i1.2768.

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Sinopsis de las siguientes tesis: Segmentación R-square: ¿Un nuevo instrumento para la inversión?; El uso de la teoría del arbitraje en determinar la prima de riesgo específica de cada industria; Relationship Marketing: La Nueva Tendencia en Mercadeo y Cómo es Aplicada por los Distribuidores de Bienes de Consumo en Puerto Rico; La calidad en los servicios de telecomunicaciones ofrecidos al pueblo de Puerto Rico por la Telefónica de Puerto Rico; El impacto de las leyes del FDIC en los sistemas de respaldo para las instituciones financieras; El dinero en la actividad económica en Puerto Rico: Una aplicación de la prueba de causalidad de Granger

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13

Rodríguez Sifontes, Gernando. "El uso de la teoría del arbitraje en determinar la prima de riesgo específica de cada industria." Fórum Empresarial 2, no. 1 Verano (1997): 78–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.33801/fe.v2i1.2769.

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Sinopsis de las siguientes tesis: Segmentación R-square: ¿Un nuevo instrumento para la inversión?; El uso de la teoría del arbitraje en determinar la prima de riesgo específica de cada industria; Relationship Marketing: La Nueva Tendencia en Mercadeo y Cómo es Aplicada por los Distribuidores de Bienes de Consumo en Puerto Rico; La calidad en los servicios de telecomunicaciones ofrecidos al pueblo de Puerto Rico por la Telefónica de Puerto Rico; El impacto de las leyes del FDIC en los sistemas de respaldo para las instituciones financieras; El dinero en la actividad económica en Puerto Rico: Una aplicación de la prueba de causalidad de Granger

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14

Nadal Arroyo, Vanessa. "Relationship marketing: La nueva tendencia en Mercadeo y cómo es aplicada por los distribuidores de bienes de consumo en Puerto Rico." Fórum Empresarial 2, no. 1 Verano (1997): 79–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.33801/fe.v2i1.2770.

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Sinopsis de las siguientes tesis: Segmentación R-square: ¿Un nuevo instrumento para la inversión?; El uso de la teoría del arbitraje en determinar la prima de riesgo específica de cada industria; Relationship Marketing: La Nueva Tendencia en Mercadeo y Cómo es Aplicada por los Distribuidores de Bienes de Consumo en Puerto Rico; La calidad en los servicios de telecomunicaciones ofrecidos al pueblo de Puerto Rico por la Telefónica de Puerto Rico; El impacto de las leyes del FDIC en los sistemas de respaldo para las instituciones financieras; El dinero en la actividad económica en Puerto Rico: Una aplicación de la prueba de causalidad de Granger.

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15

López Pimentel, Betania. "El impacto de las leyes del FDIC en los sistemas de respaldo para las instituciones financieras." Fórum Empresarial 2, no. 1 Verano (1997): 82–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.33801/fe.v2i1.2772.

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Sinopsis de las siguientes tesis: Segmentación R-square: ¿Un nuevo instrumento para la inversión?; El uso de la teoría del arbitraje en determinar la prima de riesgo específica de cada industria; Relationship Marketing: La Nueva Tendencia en Mercadeo y Cómo es Aplicada por los Distribuidores de Bienes de Consumo en Puerto Rico; La calidad en los servicios de telecomunicaciones ofrecidos al pueblo de Puerto Rico por la Telefónica de Puerto Rico; El impacto de las leyes del FDIC en los sistemas de respaldo para las instituciones financieras; El dinero en la actividad económica en Puerto Rico: Una aplicación de la prueba de causalidad de Granger.

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16

Toledo, Wilfredo, and Jorge L. Laboy. "El dinero en la actividad económica en Puerto Rico: Una aplicación de la prueba de causalidad de Granger." Fórum Empresarial 2, no. 1 Verano (1997): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.33801/fe.v2i1.2773.

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Sinopsis de las siguientes tesis: Segmentación R-square: ¿Un nuevo instrumento para la inversión?; El uso de la teoría del arbitraje en determinar la prima de riesgo específica de cada industria; Relationship Marketing: La Nueva Tendencia en Mercadeo y Cómo es Aplicada por los Distribuidores de Bienes de Consumo en Puerto Rico; La calidad en los servicios de telecomunicaciones ofrecidos al pueblo de Puerto Rico por la Telefónica de Puerto Rico; El impacto de las leyes del FDIC en los sistemas de respaldo para las instituciones financieras; El dinero en la actividad económica en Puerto Rico: Una aplicación de la prueba de causalidad de Granger.

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17

Murphy, Martin F. "Puerto Rico:Puerto Rico." Latin American Anthropology Review 2, no. 1 (1990): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jlat.1990.2.1.27.1.

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18

Garcia-Colon, I. "Puerto Rico Encyclopedia." Journal of American History 99, no. 4 (2013): 1332–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jas644.

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19

Gabriel, Ricardo. "Liberating Puerto Rico." NACLA Report on the Americas 50, no. 3 (2018): 340–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10714839.2018.1525088.

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20

V.C.P. "Puerto Rico 1898." Americas 55, no. 3 (1999): 490. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003161500028029.

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21

del Moral, Solsiree. "Modern Puerto Rico." Radical History Review 2017, no. 128 (2017): 13–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/01636545-3857698.

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22

Bonilla, Frank, and Juan E. Hernandez Cruz. "Corrientes migratorias en Puerto Rico/Migratory Trends in Puerto Rico." Hispanic American Historical Review 76, no. 2 (1996): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2517157.

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23

Bonilla, Frank. "Corrientes migratorias en Puerto Rico/Migratory Trends in Puerto Rico." Hispanic American Historical Review 76, no. 2 (1996): 333–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-76.2.333.

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24

Cohen, J. "PUERTO RICO: Rich Port, Poor Port." Science 313, no. 5786 (2006): 475–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.313.5786.475.

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25

Pérez Vega, Ivette. "Puerto Rico: pueblo en vilo, 1898-2004." Repertorio Americano, no. 26 (June 1, 2018): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/ra.1-26.3.

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26

Hernández, Julio César, Myrna Comas-Pagán, Alwin Jiménez, and Sandra Blas. "Caloric contribution of imported and locally produced food in Puerto Rico." Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico 101, no. 1 (2021): 121–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.46429/jaupr.v101i1.14298.

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The aim of this article is to evaluate the caloric contribution of the top imported and locally produced foods in Puerto Rico. Data from the USDA and Puerto Rico Planning Board were used to estimate caloric needs in different demographic groups and projected until 2025. In analyzing Puerto Rican produce, the caloric contribution of local production was estimated to be around 18 percent. By contrast, when the caloric contribution of 50 foods imported and produced in Puerto Rico was evaluated, these foods account for 115 percent of the calories needed daily for the population to maintain a normal weight. Sugar, rice, vegetable oil, milk and corn make the greatest contribution to the Puerto Rican diet, representing an estimated 58 percent of average number of calories that Puerto Ricans should consume. The distribution of calories identified in these 50 articles consumed in Puerto Rico (e.g., fruits, vegetables, dairy products, proteins, carbohydrates, etc.) shows serious discrepancies from the distribution suggested by the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines developed by experts of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and the U.S. Department of Agriculture. For example, 34 percent of the calories consumed in Puerto Rico correspond to foods high in sugar and fat.

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27

Otero González, Luis Antonio. "Los primeros pasos de la masonería en Puerto Rico desde 1746-1867." Revista de Estudios Históricos de la Masonería Latinoamericana y Caribeña 12, no. 1-2 (2020): 325–227. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rehmlac.v12i1-2.42019.

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El investigador Luis Antonio Otero González ha defendido una tesis doctoral, cuyo título es “Los primeros pasos de la masonería en Puerto Rico desde 1746-1867: Un análisis evidenciar sobre su procedencia, sus integrantes y desenlaces de sus acciones y consecuencias en el asentamiento de la masonería en Puerto Rico” en la Universidad de Interamericana de Puerto Rico Recinto Metropolitano en Puerto Rico, el 17 de mayo de 2019. Luis Antonio Otero González nació en 1953 en Puerto Rico.

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28

Matos-Moreno, Amilcar, Alexis Santos-Lozada, Mara Sheftel, and Ashton Verdery. "MIGRATION AS A PATHWAY TO KINLESSNESS AMONG OLDER ADULTS LEFT BEHIND." Innovation in Aging 7, Supplement_1 (2023): 561. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igad104.1839.

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Abstract Recent research examines the topic of kinless adults, people over the age of 50 who have neither a living spouse nor living children. Crossnational examinations find that the prevalence of kinlessness in these age groups ranges between 2% and 10% in most countries around the world and that kinless individuals tend to be disadvantaged on health and well-being dimensions. Prior work has not, however, examined migration in the context of kinlessness. Given high rates of migration in numerous sending contexts around the world, this study examines the prevalence of kinlessness in Puerto Rico, Mexico, Costa Rica, and the United States incorporating migration as a pathway to kinlessness and examining its association with well-being. Using surveys from the Health and Retirement family of studies from Puerto Rico, Mexico, Costa Rica, and the United States, we estimate the prevalence of kinlessness focusing on how these estimates change when treating adult family migrants as not available for the provision of social support. We also estimate the association between kinless typologies and health status. Puerto Rico exhibits the highest older adult kinlessness prevalence (Puerto Rico: 8.4%, Costa Rica:6.0%, Mexico:6.5%, United States:7.2%). The incorporation of migration as a pathway to kinlessness increases the prevalence in Puerto Rico (+3.8%) and Mexico (+5.2%) more so than for Costa Rica or United States. Kinlessness is associated with higher levels of depression among Puerto Rican older adults. This study reveals the importance of considering migration as a pathway to kinlessness in high outmigration countries and its impact on health.

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29

IVIE, MICHAEL A., and MICHELLE L. SCHWENGEL-REGALA. "The Elaphidion Audinet-Serville of the Puerto Rican Bank: new species, distributions, taxonomic corrections, and a key to species (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Elaphidiini)." Zootaxa 1503, no. 1 (2007): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1503.1.5.

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The six species of Elaphidion Audinet-Serville occurring in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands are keyed, illustrated and diagnosed. Elaphidion michelii Ivie NEW SPECIES (Puerto Rico) and Elaphidion mayesae Ivie NEW SPECIES (St. Thomas and Puerto Rico) are described. Previous records for E. pseudonomon Ivie for Puerto Rico are corrected to Elaphidion mayesae Ivie.

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30

Navarro Zayas, Ángel Osvaldo. "Breve informe del establecimiento del escudo como unidad monetaria en Puerto Rico (1865)." Documenta & Instrumenta - Documenta et Instrumenta 23 (June 12, 2025): 177–92. https://doi.org/10.5209/docu.102625.

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El propósito de esta investigación persigue documentar y reconstruir parcialmente un fragmento de la historia monetaria de Puerto Rico bajo el Imperio Español. Se han utilizado las fuen-tes primarias disponibles en el Archivo Histórico Nacional de Madrid y la Biblioteca del Congreso de los Estados Unidos, con el fin de comprender de manera más profunda este proceso. Este autor ha recurrido a la historiografía positivista con el fin de reconstruir la legislación monetaria aplicada a Puerto Rico en 1865, las autoridades españolas convirtieron el escudo como la nueva unidad mo-netaria de Puerto Rico. La historiografía numismática en Puerto Rico, no le ha prestado suficiente atención a este renglón de la historia de la legislación monetaria española en Puerto Rico. Muy poco ha sido documentado respecto a este tema referente a esta legislación monetaria aplicada a Puerto Rico. No obstante, el autor cree que se necesitan más investigaciones para reconstruir más aún la historia numismática de Puerto Rico.

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31

Weikel, Kimberly, Laura Juarez, and Charity M. Ramsey Irizarry. "PAs in Puerto Rico." JAAPA 35, no. 9 (2022): 59–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.jaa.0000854588.72761.57.

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32

Baver, Sherrie. "Puerto Rico: Colonialism Revisited." Latin American Research Review 22, no. 2 (1987): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0023879100022135.

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33

Colón, Elíseo R. "semiótica en Puerto Rico." Signa: Revista de la Asociación Española de Semiótica 7 (February 2, 2022): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/signa.vol7.1998.32848.

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34

Duchesne Winter, Juan. "Presentación, Puerto Rico Caribe." Revista Iberoamericana 75, no. 229 (2010): 933–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/reviberoamer.2009.6619.

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35

Nickels, Edelmira L. "English in Puerto Rico." World Englishes 24, no. 2 (2005): 227–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-971x.2005.00406.x.

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36

Lubben, Stephen J. "Puerto Rico: Act III." Capital Markets Law Journal 15, no. 4 (2020): 453–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cmlj/kmaa023.

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37

Pensado Leglise, María Patricia. "Puerto Rico: ¿tres opciones?" Secuencia, no. 18 (January 1, 1990): 047. http://dx.doi.org/10.18234/secuencia.v0i18.310.

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En vísperas del referendum celebrado en Puerto Rico y con el antecedente de las elecciones de 1988, Ia autora hace algunas precisiones históricas y jurídicas de las tres posibilidades que definieron el estatus de la isla: mantener el Estado Libre Asociado, convertir a Puerto Rico en el estado 51 de Estados Unidos, o la independencia. Ponencia al Ciclo America Latina a la Hora de las Elecciones, Instituto Mora

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38

Luz, Jose, and Immanuel Ness. "Organizing in Puerto Rico." WorkingUSA 3, no. 5 (2000): 135–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-4580.2000.00135.x.

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39

Bleecker, E. R., R. Perez-Perdomo, J. Arvizu, S. Howard, and D. A. Meyers. "Asthma in Puerto Rico." Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 111, no. 2 (2003): S159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0091-6749(03)80518-3.

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40

Fayer, Joan M., Judith Castro, Marta Díaz, and Miriam Plata. "English in Puerto Rico." English Today 14, no. 1 (1998): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078400000717.

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41

Pérez-Andújar, Angélica. "Puerto Rico: After María." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 100, no. 4 (2018): 834–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2017.12.267.

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42

Hohmann, Ann A., Madeleine Richeport, Bernadette M. Marriott, Glorisa J. Canino, Maritza Rubio-Stipec, and Hector Bird. "Spiritism in Puerto Rico." British Journal of Psychiatry 156, no. 3 (1990): 328–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.156.3.328.

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Using data from the first community-based, epidemiological survey of Puerto Rico, this paper examines the current prevalence of use of spiritist healers by Puerto Ricans, the role of spiritism in the provision of mental health services, and the association between spiritism and psychiatric disorders and symptoms. Those who visit spiritists were found to be more likely to work outside the home, to have a low family income, to have sought help for emotional problems from mental health professionals, and to have mild symptoms of depression.

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43

Becker, Babette, Pete Reiniger, Rene Lopez, Jorge Perez Rolon, and Juan Flores. "Puerto Rico in Washington." Yearbook for Traditional Music 32 (2000): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3185290.

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44

Melendez, Nelson. "Tourism in Puerto Rico." World Leisure & Recreation 32, no. 1 (1990): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10261133.1990.10559097.

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45

Sisk, Matthew L., and John J. Shea. "Paleoanthropology in puerto rico." Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 15, no. 6 (2006): 201–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/evan.20118.

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46

Michael, A. Ivie. "Longicornios De Puerto Rico." Coleopterists Bulletin 65, no. 2 (2011): 132–33. https://doi.org/10.1649/072.065.0205.

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47

Roberts, Thomas, and Zirui Song. "Medicare Advantage Financing and Quality in Puerto Rico vs the 50 US States and Washington, DC." JAMA Health Forum 3, no. 9 (2022): e223073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamahealthforum.2022.3073.

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ImportanceMore than 70% of Medicare beneficiaries in Puerto Rico are enrolled in a Medicare Advantage (MA) plan. Evidence of MA plan payments and quality in Puerto Rico compared with the 50 US states and Washington, DC (hereafter referred to as US mainland), is lacking, notably after implementation of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA).ObjectiveTo compare MA plan payments and quality in Puerto Rico with those in the US mainland and to evaluate how differences between MA plans in Puerto Rico and the US mainland changed after ACA implementation.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cohort study used publicly available data on MA plans from January 1, 2006, to December 31, 2019, from the Centers for Medicare &amp; Medicaid Services. Data analysis was performed from October 2019 to February 2022.ExposuresMedicare Advantage plans in Puerto Rico and implementation of the ACA.Main Outcomes and MeasuresPrimary outcomes were risk-standardized federal benchmark payments (the amount offered by the federal government for insuring a beneficiary of average risk), risk-standardized plan bids (a plan’s asking price for a beneficiary of average risk), and rebates received by plans. Additional outcomes included risk-adjusted benchmarks, risk-adjusted bids, actual plan payment, and aggregate plan quality ratings (star ratings). A difference-in-differences analysis examined differential changes in plan payments in Puerto Rico vs the US mainland after ACA implementation.ResultsBefore ACA implementation, 211 MA plans in Puerto Rico and 13 899 plans in the US mainland were included. After ACA implementation, 433 MA plans in Puerto Rico and 29 515 plans in the US mainland were included. Before ACA implementation, risk-standardized benchmarks were 33% lower for MA plans in Puerto Rico than plans in the US mainland ($556.73 [95% CI, $551.82-$561.64] vs $831.15 [95% CI, $828.55-$833.75] per beneficiary per month [PBPM]). This gap increased to 38% after ACA implementation ($540.58 [95% CI, $536.86-$544.32] vs $869.31 [95% CI, $868.21-$870.42] PBPM). Risk-standardized plan bids in Puerto Rico were 46% lower before ACA implementation and 43% lower after ACA implementation compared with those in the US mainland. Rebates in Puerto Rico decreased from $168.50 (95% CI, $163.57-$173.42) PBPM before ACA implementation to $93.39 (95% CI, $89.51-$97.27) PBPM after ACA implementation, a decrease of $75.11 PMPM compared with a decrease of $2.05 PMPM in the US mainland. Plans in Puerto Rico received increased quality bonus payments, and the mean (SD) risk score for plans in Puerto Rico increased to 1.55 (0.31) after ACA implementation, which increased risk-adjusted benchmarks and actual plan payments, offsetting the widening payment disparity.Conclusions and RelevanceThis cohort study found that after implementation of the ACA, federal benchmark payment amounts decreased in Puerto Rico compared with the US mainland. Responses by MA plans in Puerto Rico, including increased quality bonus payments and risk scores, offset this payment reduction, although actual plan payments in Puerto Rico were lower than those in the US mainland.

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FRONTERA, ERNESTO A. "The Bioethics Advisory Board of Puerto Rico: Personal Reflections on an Initial Agenda." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 18, no. 3 (2009): 251–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180109090409.

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In 2005 the new Governor of Puerto Rico appointed a panel of experts to evaluate the healthcare system of Puerto Rico and make recommendations. Among other things, the panel recommended the creation of an advisory board on bioethics for the commonwealth of Puerto Rico.

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Ramírez, Alonso, Norman Maldonado-Benítez, Ashley Mariani-Ríos, and Javier Figueroa-Santiago. "Dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata) from Puerto Rico: a checklist with notes on distribution and habitat." PeerJ 8 (October 1, 2020): e9711. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9711.

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Background Conservation of tropical freshwater fauna requires a solid understanding of species biodiversity patterns. We provide an up to date annotated list of Odonata of Puerto Rico, which is based on current reports. The list is complemented with notes on the geographic and altitudinal distribution of this order on the island. We also compare current composition relative to early reports conducted when Puerto Rico was mostly an agricultural region. Methods We surveyed adult Odonata all over Puerto Rico with the aid of undergraduate students. Students were trained on capturing, preserving, and data basing specimens. All material was centralized, identified by the lead author, and deposited in the Zoology Museum at the University of Puerto Rico (MZUPR), Río Piedras campus. Surveys were complemented with focal collections by the authors and a literature review of published records for Puerto Rico and the Caribbean. We requested records from specialists to obtain the most complete list of species for the island. Results An annotated list of Odonata from Puerto Rico is presented, reporting 49 species distributed in two suborders and four families. We provide information on species distribution among municipalities and elevations around Puerto Rico. A historic list of species was developed for the 1930s-1940s, when agriculture covered most of Puerto Rico, based on literature and museum specimens. Both current and historic records are similar and suggest that the Odonata fauna is dominated by generalist species and has changed little since the agricultural period. Our list provides a point of reference to understand biodiversity patterns in Puerto Rico and the Caribbean and for assessing the effects of land use change on aquatic insect diversity.

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McDonough, Jimmy. "In Citizenship We Trust? The Citizenship Question Need Not Impede Puerto Rican Decolonization." Michigan Law Review, no. 122.5 (2024): 963. http://dx.doi.org/10.36644/mlr.122.5.citizenship.

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Puerto Rico is an uncomfortable reminder of the democratic deficits within the world’s oldest constitutional democracy. Puerto Ricans are U.S. citizens who live in a U.S. territory that is subject to the plenary authority of Congress, to which they cannot elect voting members. In 2022, under unified Democratic control for the first time in a decade, Congress considered the Puerto Rico Status Act, legislation that would finally decolonize Puerto Rico. The Status Act offered Puerto Rican voters three alternatives to the colonial status quo—statehood, independence, or sovereignty in free association—and committed Congress to implementing whichever alternative won majority support from Puerto Rican voters. The Status Act sought to define how any change in status would affect Puerto Ricans’ access to U.S. citizenship. The Status Act proposed that all Puerto Ricans would retain their U.S. citizenship if Puerto Rico became independent or entered free association but included special restrictions that would limit Puerto Ricans’ ability to pass on their U.S. citizenship to children born after a change in status. While this Note appreciates the Status Act’s efforts to decolonize Puerto Rico, it argues that the Status Act erred in proposing this specialized regime for citizenship claims. Instead, it contends that the existing derivative citizenship framework would better regulate citizenship for Puerto Rican U.S. citizens born after a change in status. Although the Status Act died in the Senate, it represents a new and influential formula for decolonizing Puerto Rico. Future proponents of status reform should draw on the existing derivative citizenship law because it offers clearer provisions that can better ensure a large number of Puerto Ricans may rely on U.S. citizenship—a benefit Puerto Ricans themselves clearly value—even after a change in status.

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