Journal articles on the topic 'Pulbic health'

This article is a report on a survey of Southern California pastors to learn of their perceptions of the leading health problems in their congregations. Participants (N=41) identified stress, overweight, and obesity as the top three health indicators that effect the health of their congregations. Tobacco use and substance abuse were listed among the top five. From a list of health problems, pastors felt that from the pulpit they could impact parishioners responsible sexual behavior most. Pastors expressed their opinions about the reasons for certain maladies and addictions. The findings indicate room for improvement in building clergy's understanding of the nature of illness and addiction and in empowering them in their role of supporting healthy behaviors in the African-American community.

Di Sleman, masyarakat yang memanfaatkan fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan swasta (52%) lebih tinggi daripada yang memanfaatkan fasilitas kesehatan pemerintah (37,6%). Fenomena ini diduga berhubungan dengan kebijakan kesehatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pola pemanfaatan fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan pemerintah dan swasta oleh keluarga di Kabupaten Sleman serta berbagai faktor yang mempengaruhinya. Penelitian denganrancangan studi cross sectional ini dilakukan di 13 kecamatan terpilih di Kabupaten Sleman. Teknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan adalah cluster sampling dua tahap menghasilkan jumlah sampel penelitian 240 responden dari 30 cluster. Instrumen pengumpulan data yang digunakanadalah kuesioner yang sebelumnya telah disiapkan. Metoda uji chi-square digunakan untuk melihat hubungan antara pemanfaatan fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan pemerintah dan swasta dengan status ekonomi, persepsi akses ke fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan, persepsi kualitas pelayanan kesehatan, serta persepsi sehat sakit. Angka pemanfaatan fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan milik pemerintah dan swasta oleh masyarakat di Kabupaten Sleman ternyata sama tinggi yaitu lebih dari 90%. Pemanfaatan fasilitas pelayanankesehatan pemerintah berhubungan bermakna dengan persepsi aspek waktu pelayanan kualitas pelayanan kesehatan (p value = 0,019). Fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan swasta berhubungan bermakna dengan persepsi aspekbiaya kesehatan kualitas pelayanan kesehatan (p value = 0,005). Disimpulkan bahwa pemanfaatan fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan milik pemerintah maupun swasta oleh keluarga di Kabupaten Sleman dipengaruhi oleh persepsi kualitas pelayanan kesehatan.Kata kunci: Pemanfaatan, fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan, pemerintah, swasta.AbstractIn Sleman, the private health service facilities is utilized higher ( 52%) than those of public facilities ( 37,6%). This phenomenon is assumed to be brought about by health policy. This research is aimed at studying the pattern of private and public health services facilities utilization in Sleman Regency and the factors influence it. A cross-sectional survey was carried out in 13 selected districts of Sleman Regency. Two steps cluster sampling was administered giving 30 clusters and 240 households as respondents. Chi-square test was used to identify association between private and public health services utilization and economical level; the perception of services facilities’s accesibility; the perception of health services quality also the perception of family health and healthy illness perception. Both private and public health services facilities in Sleman Regency were equally utilized (>90)%. Utilization of public health services facilities has significant correlation with perception towards health services quality, especially services time (p valu e = 0,019). The private health services facilities has a significant correlation with the family perception towards health services quality, especially health cost (p value = 0,005). It is concluded that the family perception towards quality of health services influence the pulic and private health services facilities utilization.Keywords: Utilization, health services facilities, public, private

The prevalence of caries among school children in West Sumatera is still high. Dental health education is important in order to increase dental health status in children because of that the development of a new strategy in dental health education is needed. One of the way is by using game, because children usually like that media. This study was aimed to find out the effectiveness of dental education game by using snake and ladder as the media in changing 7-8years old student’s knowledge about teeth and mouth. The method of this study was analytic experimental with non equivalent pre and post test control group design. Fourty one student's with 7-8 years old of two Elementary Schools ( 17 Manggis Ganting and 03 Pulai Anak Air elementary school ) were used as the study sample of experiment group, this group was given dental education games method with snake and ladder games as the media and fourty one student's with 7-8 years old of 17 Manggis Ganting and 03 Pulai Anak Air elementary school were used as the control group where in this group was given nothing. Analysis of data was using Paired Samples T-Test and Independent Samples T-Test based on 0,05 as significant. The pretest and posttest analysis of knowledge showed that mean percentage of experiment group is 13,32% ±12,475 and 4,44% ±11,713 for the control group. Both of groups have significant difference where p=0,00(p<0,05). Dental education games method with snake and ladder games as media was effective in increasing student’s knowledge in comparing with the control group. So in order to increase dental health knowledge, dental education games could be use as one of dental education method for 7-8 years old students.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder related to the loss or absence of dopaminergic neurons in the brain. These deficits result in slowness of movement, tremor, rigidity, and dysfunction of behaviour. These symptoms negatively influence the patient’s capability to carry out the daily oral hygiene manoeuvres. The aim of this work is to record the oral health condition of PD patients evaluated at the IRCSS Bonino-Puleio in Messina. The oral health of 45 consecutive PD patients (study group) with neurologic diagnosis based on United Kingdom Brain Bank Criteria has been compared with that of another 45 no PD patients of the same age (control group). The evaluation of the general oral condition was recorded underlining tooth loss, active periodontal disease, and presence of untreated caries. The frequency of untreated caries, periodontal diseases, and missing teeth of the study group was significantly higher than in control group. Based on the data results, clinicians should direct high attention to the oral hygiene of patients with PD, above all at the early stages of the caries or periodontal disease, in order to prevent serious evolution of those pathologic dental conditions that may finally result in the tooth extraction event.

Cacao plays an important role in the Indonesian economy. One of the business entities engaged in cocoa commodity business activities is the Plea Puli Multipurpose Cooperative (KSU). The low number of cocoa purchases at the KSU Plea Puli is caused by various factors. One of them is competition with other cocoa buyers. Related to efforts to increase cocoa marketing, it is necessary to first know about the cocoa supply chain to the KSU Plea Puli. The purpose of this study is to analyze the cocoa supply chain to the KSU Plea Puli and strategies that can be implemented in increasing cocoa marketing. The study was conducted at KSU Plea Puli in East Nusa Tenggara. The main research instrument is a questionnaire. The determination of respondents to determine the cocoa supply chain to the KSU Plea Puli was conducted on member farmers using the Slovin formula and non-member farmers using quota sampling techniques. The number of respondents in this study were 60 people. The determination of informants to find out the cocoa supply chain to the KSU Plea Puli and the informants determining internal and external strategic factors was done purposively. The results showed that in the cocoa supply chain to the KSU Plea Puli, there were three types of flows managed, namely material, financial and information flows. The parties involved consisted of member farmers and not members and the KSU Plea Puli themselves. In addition, there are various activities carried out such as cocoa production and marketing by farmers and cocoa marketing operations by KSU Plea Puli. The results also show that 12 alternative strategies are possible to support efforts to increase cocoa marketing by increasing the number of purchases. Strategy priority based on the highest-ranking with a score of 5.75 that is giving special authority to managers to carry out cocoa marketing operations. The management is expected to be able to implement the results of the strategic management of cocoa marketing in the KSU Plea Puli with the priority of the strategy being to give special authority to the manager to carry out cocoa marketing operations. The existence of the Commodity Product Processing and Marketing Unit (UPPH) at the KSU Plea Puli needs to be maintained and developed. Farmers are expected to adopt good agricultural practices by implementing PsPSP which consists of frequent harvesting, pruning, sanitation, fertilization and soil, and plant health and pest and disease control. In addition, farmers are also encouraged to always maintain the quality of cocoa beans. Keywords: strategic management, supply chain, cocoa

Luigi Lippomano was a deeply worried man. He had heard that Lutheran ideas were being debated openly in Verona—even in such inappropriate places as “the piazzas, the workshops, the taverns, and even the women's washrooms.” As bishop of Verona, responsible for the city's spiritual health, he feared that he would see the city reduced to outright heresy. He felt increasingly stymied, watching his flock “become more corrupted every day” from inappropriate books and conversation, the “idle chatter of a few gossips.” And so, at a certain point, he had had enough. “How can I … stay silent,” he asked, “cross my hands, close my eyes, shut my ears, and act like a mute dog that cannot growl?” The result of his frustration and fury was a series of publications seeking to block the perceived threat of Protestant infiltration.

TB Paru merupakan salah satu penyakit menular yang masih menjadi permasalahan di dunia hingga saat ini.Angka dropout dan kambuh terjadi setiap tahun dan salah satu faktor internal yang mempengaruhi yaitu efikasi diri (self efficacy) yang rendah dan untuk meningkatkannya perlu metode pendidikan kesehatan yang tepat yaitu guidance and counseling.Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahuipengaruh pendidikan kesehatan Metode Guidance and Counselingterhadap peningkatan efikasi diri (self efficacy) pada pasien TBC di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Boro.Penelitian menggunakan desain penelitian quasy experiment.Populasi adalah Pasien TBC di wilayah Puskesmas Boro dan sesuai kriteria inklusi sebanyak 19 responden dengan teknik purposive sampling, pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesionerdan analisis data menggunakan uji statistik wilcoxon signed rank test. Nilai rata – rata efikasi diri sebelum intervensi 24, setelah intervensi sebesar 32,63. Peningkatan rata – rata sebelum dan sesudah intervensi sebesar 8,63. Hasil uji statistik wilcoxon signed rank test dengan α ≤ 0,05 menunjukkan bahwa nilai ρ-value sebesar 0,000. Hal ini berarti ada ada pengaruh pendidikan kesehatan metode guidance and counseling terhadap peningkatan efikasi diri pada pasien TBC. Berdasarkan hasil penelitianini maka petugas kesehatandapat mengaplikasikan metode guidance and counselinguntuk meningkatkan pengetahuan dan keterampilan serta memaksimalkan peran petugas kesehatan pada pemberian pendidikan kesehatan dalam rangka pelayanan paripurna dan menunjang kesembuhan pasien TBC dengan meningkatkan efikasi diri (self efficacy) pasien. Pulmonary TB is one of the infectious diseases that still exist until now. The number of dropouts and relapses cases occurs every year. One of the internal factors that affected the case is low self-efficacy (self efficacy). Guidance and counseling method could increase the self efficacy. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of health education with Guidance and Counseling methods to the improvement of self efficacy of TB patients in working area of Boro Public Health Center. The study used quasy experiment design. The population was TB patients in working area of Boro Pulic Health Center. The sample was 19 respondents with purposive sampling technique. The data collected by questionnaires and the data analysis used Wilcoxon signed rank test statistics. The average value of self-efficacy before intervention was 24, after the intervention was 32.63. The increase in the average before and after the intervention was 8.63. The result showed that ρ-value 0,000 meant that there was an effect of health education with guidance and counseling methods to the improving self-efficacy in TB patients. Based on the results of this study, health workers could apply guidance and counseling methods to the improvement of knowledge and skills and maximize the role of health workers in the provision of health education in the context of plenary service and support the recovery of TB patients by increasing patient self-efficacy.

Main Street in Sarasota, Florida. A high-tech medical arts building rises from the east end, the county's historic three-story courthouse is two blocks to the west and sandwiched in between is the First Church of Christ, Scientist. A verse inscribed on the wall behind the pulpit of the church reads: “Divine Love Always Has Met and Always Will Meet Every Human Need.” This is the church where William and Christine Hermanson worshipped. It is just a few steps away from the courthouse where they were convicted of child abuse and third-degree murder for failing to provide conventional medical care for their seven-year-old daughter.This Article is about the intersection of “divine love” and “the best interests of the child.” It is about a pluralistic society where the dominant culture reveres medical science, but where a religious minority shuns and perhaps fears that same medical science. It is also about the struggle among different religious interests to define the legal rights of the citizenry.

John Donne is one of the greatest of English religious poets, and the poets of the 17th century on whom his influence was most deep and lasting than all religious poets. As Joan Bennett tells us this is so because his temperament was essentially religious. A man of religious temperament is constantly aware, constantly perceiving the underlying unity, the fundamental oneness of all phenomena, and the perception of such a relationship, such an inherent principle of unity, is revealed even by the imagery of the earliest poetry of Donne. No doubt Donne's religious poetry belongs to the later part of his career, to the period after his ordination, and the gloom, despair and frustration which resulted from the death of his wife, poverty, and ill-health. The earliest of his religious poems are the sonnet-sequence called La Corona and The Litanie; the best of his religious poetry is contained in the Holy Sonnets, the Divine Poems and The Three Hymns. The best of Donne's religious poetry was written only during the last phase of his career, but the nature of his imagery, even the early one, clearly indicated that his genius was religious and he was bound to take to religious poetry and to the pulpit.

AbstractIn Indonesia, currently the number of victims infected with Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is increasing, causing death. The impact of Covid-19 on the labor sector, namely company closures, delays in mobilization and decreased productivity. The research was conducted using a statutory and conceptual approach. The results showed that the Covid-19 virus was a disease caused by biological exposure factors. What employers can give workers / laborers in the work environment during the Covid-19 pandemic is the right to Occupational Safety and Health (K3). K3 is a protection that must be received by workers in order to prevent accidents in the work environment. In accordance with the mandate of the Work Safety Law and the Labor Law, workers infected with the Covid-19 virus can recover to their original state if they are given adequate health insurance by the state. However, until now there has been no latest legal regulation regarding the protection of workers who work amid Covid-19. Keywords: Occupational Health and Safety; COVID-19; Occupational Illness; Health insurance.AbstrakDi Indonesia saat ini jumlah korban yang terinfeksi Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) semakin meningkat sehingga menyebabkan kematian. Dampak Covid-19 pada sektor ketenagakerjaan yakni penutupan perusahaan, keterlambatan mobilisasi dan menurunnya produktivitas. Penelitian dilakukan dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan konseptual. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa virus Covid-19 termasuk ke dalam penyakit akibat faktor pajanan biologi. Hal yang dapat diberikan pengusaha kepada pekerja/buruh di lingkungan kerja selama pandemi Covid-19 adalah hak atas Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja (K3). K3 merupakan perlindungan yang wajib diterima oleh pekerja guna mencegah terjadinya kecelakaan di lingkungan kerja. Sesuai dengan amanat UU Keselamatan Kerja dan UU Ketenagakerjaan, pekerja yang terinfeksi virus Covid-19, dapat pulih seperti keadaan semula apabila diberikan jaminan kesehatan yang memadai oleh negara. Namun, sampai saat ini belum ada peraturan hukum terbaru terkait perlindungan pekerja yang bekerja ditengah Covid-19. Kata Kunci: Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja; COVID-19; Penyakit Akibat Kerja; Jaminan Kesehatan.

The aim of the present study was the investigation of the biological cycle of the isopod parasite Ceratothoa oestroides (Risso, 1836), the way of installation in the host and the study of its pathology in young individuals of gilthead sea bream {Sparus aurata) and sea bass {Dicentrarchus labrax) raised in experimental aquariums. During the experiment, initially, 10 sea bass of marketable size (300-400gr) were collected infected with lice from the region of Chios and Epidavros. The lice were mature and gravid. The adults and their hosts were kept in 151t aquariums, with constant water of 32-33%c salinity at temperature of 21-22° C, until they would give both to young parasites. The time that parasites stayed in aquarium was three months. After three months, new hatched larvae appeared. The pulii II stage, which was responsible for the most alterations that were observed in the fish and particular in sea bass, were observed in the first week, after the hatching. In this stage, parasites swam freely in the surface of water column. At this phase, 100 parasites were transported in 2 different aquariums with the same conditions of salinity and temperature as in the first aquarium, where young uninfected individuals (3-5 gr) of gilthead sea bream {Sparus aurata) and sea bass {Dicentrarchus labrax) were placed. The number of the uninfected, healthy fish was 40 individuals per aquarium. During the duration of experiment four weekly samplings of five individuals per sample were performed and these underwent a macroscopical, parasitological and histopathological examination. In addition, the mortalities that existed and the final luck of parasites afterwards the death of their hosts were recorded. From the results, we concluded that pulii II stage caused serious lesions and eventually the death of mainly young fish, gilthead sea bream {Sparus aurata) and sea bass {Dicentrarchus labrax). The process from the moment of "invasion" of young parasites until their final installation in the buccal cavity lasted around 2 hours. In one week, all the isopods were installed in the buccal cavity of young gilthead sea bream {Sparus aurata) and sea bass {Dicentrarchus labrax). During the second week, the first symptoms of fish appeared. The infected fish swam fast and rubbed their body against the aquarium surface in order to remove the parasites. In the sea bass {Dicentrarchus labrax), with the appearance of first symptoms, the biggest rate of mortality (56,25%) followed, while in the gilthead sea bream {Sparus aurata), the biggest rate of mortality (52%) was observed in the third week. With regard to the luck of the young parasites that remained without host it was observed that they swam for 48 hours, then fell in the bottom of aquarium and after 24 hours the first mortalities started. The adult parasites, that gave the young pulii II after 24 hours, were dead in the bottom of aquarium.

An apathetic 14-year-old Hungarian Puli bitch was presented with a seven day history of vaginal discharge and reported ovariohysterectomy (OHE) conducted six years ago. Clinical examination showed elevated body temperature (39.5?C), enlarged abdomen, and vulvar swelling. Despite a reported OHE in the anamnesis, ultrasound examination of the abdomen demonstrated the presence of both ovaries and a large anechogenic zone resembling the uterus. Vaginal cytologic examination and hormonal analysis indicated that the bitch was in the oestrus phase of the cycle. After laparotomy, both intact ovaries and an enlarged uterus with marked adhesions and filled with liquid content were visualised. The cervix was situated in the caudal part of the abdominal cavity and connected to the uterus by only an adhesion stump. After extirpation, uterus and ovarian tissue samples were sent for histological examination. Histological findings of uterus and ovarian tissue samples indicated a diagnosis of mucometra. Obviously, OHE was not conducted professionally, and the procedure performed only prevented conception, but ovaries and uterus continued to be active and caused a serious health disorder after six years. When only a part of the ovaries or uterus is left after OHE, health complications can appear up to ten years later. Our case testifies that even if both ovaries and the entire uterus are left after OHE without communication with cervix and vagina, a bitch can live without noticeable health disorders up to six years. This underlines the importance of lymphatic drainage and resorption processes in the uterus as well as evacuation of uterus content through the vagina.

The rapid development that spills over into rural areas has resulted in rural areas in the State of Johor is no exception showed deterioration of air quality as a result of development. The study area was in Kampung Paya Pulai, Segamat; Parit Raja, Batu Pahat; Kampung Sri Bahagia, Mersing and Kampung Pok and Johor Bahru. Air quality sampling for this study is for gas pollutant SO2, NO2, CO, O3 and PM10 which requires sampling for one hour. Gases such as SO2, NO2 and CO2 content gas concentration values are seen in air through air quality sampling tool YESAIR Model #6000. While sampling the Ozone O3 through the tool Detector. These two tools are portable and direct reading of values obtained after the observations made on-site sampling study area. While PM10, the air samples are collected using the tool per sample air G2142 Model E-Sampler. Recorded Data will be transferred to the computer using Terminal Utility Software (TUS) to analyzed. Air observation was carried out three times a day, in the morning, noon and night. Air quality sampling performed on two different days which are business days in Johor (Monday-Friday) and not working (Saturday & Sunday). While for pollutants PM10 is determined within the last 24 hours. Determination of air quality based on the Standards referenced/air quality environment in Malaysia, issued by the Department of Environment (DOE). The results showed pollution occurs in all rural areas in the State of Johor. Gas SO2 and NO.2 show the highest reading was in Parit Raja with each recitation of SO2 am 0.011 0.024 noon and night, 0.008 ppm, while NO.2 at reading in the morning, noon and 0.009 0.011-night 0.005 ppm. The main gas contributing to air pollution is PM10, CO, and O3 in all areas of the study. API on average less than 50 reading still categorized as ' healthy '. Only one station that recorded the value of the ' medium ' in Kampung Paya Pulai, Segamat contributed by the concentration of PM10. It is hoped that this study will serve as a guide to community and stakeholders in the development of rural areas and the need to maintain the air quality in rural areas.

AbstractThis paper presents an overview of intestinal spirochete infections of chickens. It focuses particularly on studies in Australia, where recent surveys of 136 layer and broiler breeder flocks have revealed a high rate of infection (>40%) with intestinal spirochetes. Infection was not detected in broiler flocks. Approximately 50% of isolates from infected flocks wereBrachyspira(Serpulina)intermediaorB. pilosicoli, with the other isolates beingB. innocens, B. murdochiior the proposed species ‘B. pulli’. No isolates ofB. alvinipulliwere found. Intestinal spirochetes were significantly associated with wet litter problems and/or reduced egg production. Experimental infection of point-of-lay birds with eitherB. intermediaorB. pilosicolicaused reduced egg production, and, withB. intermedia, a significant increase in fecal moisture content. Infection withB. innocenscaused no significant changes. In-water treatment of a flock with a mixed spirochete infection using lincospectin resulted in a slimy diarrhea lasting for 2–3 weeks, followed by absence of spirochetes for 3 months. Birds treated with tiamulin remained healthy, and had a reduced level of infection with intestinal spirochetes (30%) for 3 months. Trials are under way to test the efficacy of antimicrobials in point-of-lay chickens experimentally infected with eitherB. intermediaorB. pilosicoli.

Dampak covid-19 sangat berpengaruh besar dalam berbagai sektor, khususnya bagi pelaku dan usaha pariwisata, apalagi Bali sangat mengandalkan sektor pariwisata. Dalam tulisan berupa kajian pustaka diuraikan lebih lanjut terkait permasalahan yang timbul, serta dampak perkembangan di sektor sosial, ekonomi dan lingkungan di masa pandemi covid-19 dengan mengidentifikasi wabah covid-19 secara global yang serta merta berpengaruh terhadap perkembangan pariwisata di Bali. Sesuai dengan Perda Provinsi Bali Nomor 2 tahun 2012, pariwisata Bali berlandaskan kebudayaan yang mampu menggerakkan potensi kepariwisataan dalam dinamika kehidupan lokal, nasional dan global. Saat ini perkembangan pariwisata Bali mengalami penurunan drastis bahkan sampai minus semenjak tahun 2020, yang melumpuhkan berbagai sektor khususnya di sektor ekonomi, terutama di bidang usaha pariwisata serta di bidang ketenagakerjaan, yang bisa dilihat pada pemutusan hubungan kerja (PHK) serta ditutupnya usaha-usaha pariwisata akibat penurunan permintaan dari wisatawan. Di sektor sosial terlihat dari perilaku dan kebiasaan masyarakat, pelaku pariwisata dan wisatawan. Aturan dari pemerintah untuk diterapkan di masyarakat sesuai dengan pencegahan penyebaran covid-19 lebih luas lagi dikenal dengan istilah 3M (mencuci tangan, memakai masker, menjaga jarak) serta CHSE (cleanliness, healthy, safety dan environment) yang meliputi program penerapan protokol kesehatan. Sektor lingkungan di masa pandemi ini memberikan dampak positif, mengingat aktivitas serta eksploitasi alam yang secara berlebihan kini dapat diminimalisir dan berkurang. Polusi yang diakibatkan oleh aktivitas pariwisata juga berkurang sehingga meningkatkan kualitas udara dan lingkungan. Melihat kondisi ini, pemerintah sangat memegang peran penting dalam mengeluarkan kebijakan bagi masyarakat dan komponen pariwisata (stakeholder) sehingga dapat tetap beraktivitas dan produktif dalam pergerakan di sektor ekonomi. Di sektor pariwisata, kebijakan pemerintah sangat dibutuhkan dan dapat direalisasikan segera dengan harapan kondisi pariwisata dapat berangsur-angsur pulih kembali.

Psychological issues faced by human beings in this modern era must be taken into account by psychologists, psychotherapists, psychiatrists, physicians, and observers of psychological problems. The existence of psychotherapists and institutions that provide treatment to recover people suffering from psychological problem is very important. Data of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia of 2011 show that the number of adult population in Indonesia reached 150 million and approximately 11.6%, or 17.4 million of them suffered from mental disorder, such as anxiety and depression. This fact enables researchers to study and examine implementation of a psychotherapy model at Shifaul Qalbi (House of Shiqal) in recovering mental disorders due to the effect of drug addiction. Shifaul Qalbi applies the IMEJ (Iman, Mental,Emosi and Jasmani) (Faith, Mental, Emotion and Physics) psychotherapy model. Through this model, the recovery process can run optimally. IMEJ is synergetic formulation. These four components are integrated implemented. Faithful patients must have a healthy mental condition, controlled emotion, and strong physics. IMEJ is very essential and in line with the mental stages known as Jujur, Amanah, Tanggungjawab, dan Ikhlas (JATI) (honest, trustworthy, responsible and sincere). House of Shiqal prioritizes awareness and sincerity for itsoperation. The awareness and sincerity of the therapist makes the house succeed in recovering more than 92% of 1,000 patients that have been recovered from drug abuse since 2008.Persoalan psikologis yang menghadang manusia modern di abad ini, perlu diambil perhatian serius pihak-pihak terkait. Eksistensi psikoterapis dan lembaga-lembaga perawatan dan pemulihan adalah keharusan. Menurut catatan Kementerian Kesehatan RI tahun 2011, dari populasi orang dewasa di Indonesia yang mencapai 150 juta jiwa, sekitar 11,6 % atau 17,4 juta mengalami gangguan mental, seperti kecemasan dan depresi. Realitas ini, membuka ruang penelitian dan pengkajian, untuk menilik implementasi model Psikoterapi Shifaul Qalbi dalam membaik-pulih kesehatan mental, efek penagihan narkoba. Psikoterapi Shifaul Qalbi menerapkan model Psikoterapi Iman, Mental, Emosi, dan Jasmani (IMEJ). Melalui pendekatan IMEJ, proses pemulihan dapatberjalan optimal. Iman, Mental, Emosi, dan Jasmani adalah formulasi yang bersinergi. Empat komponen tersebut, diimplementasikan terintegrasi. Pasien yang beriman, mestilah memiliki mental yang sehat, emosional yang terkendali, dan jasmani yang kuat. Iman, Mental, Emosi, dan Jasmani (IMEJ) esensial dengan tahapan-tahapan mental yang disebut sebagai Jujur, Amanah, Tanggungjawab, dan Ikhlas (JATI). Penelitian ini dilakukan sebagai penelitian deskriptif kualitatif untuk mengkaji aspek psikologis pasien narkoba. Penelitian ini tidak dimulai dari deduksi teori, tetapi diawali dari fakta empiris di Syifa’ul Qalbi. Peneliti secara langsung ke Syifa’ul Qalbi dalam menemukan data yang terjadi secara alami, untuk kemudian mencatat, menganalisis, menafsirkan dan menarik kesimpulan-kesimpulan dari proses tersebut. Psikoterapi Shifaul Qalbiadalah Rumah Shiqal yang mengutamakan kesadaran dan keikhlasan bagi kelangsungan psikoterapi. Dengan kesadaran dan keikhlasan Rumah Shiqal telah merawat pasien narkoba bersignifikan bebas dari penagihan narkoba.

SummaryObjective: Anaerobic spirochetes of the genus Brachyspira are important pathogens causing swine dysentery (Brachyspira [B.] hyodysenteriae) and porcine intestinal spirochetosis (B. pilosicoli, PIS). In addition, avian intestinal spirochetosis (AIS) is caused by B. pilosicoli, B. intermedia and B. alvinipulli. Despite the economic impact of AIS, the disease has not received appropriate attention in Germany. This study was aimed at identifying Brachyspira spp. in Germany and determining their antimicrobial susceptibility. Material and methods: From 2009 to 2013, a total of 71 fecal swabs were obtained from clinically healthy layer hens from eight different commercial flocks. Brachyspira spp. culture was performed in trypticase soybean agar added with 5% sheep blood. Species determination was conducted by PCRs targeting the NADH-gen and the 16S rDNA or by nox-gene sequencing. Antimicrobial susceptibility to macrolides, lincosamides and pleuromutilins was tested by a microdilution assay. Results: Brachyspira spp. were isolated from 40 (56.3%) swabs distributed over all eight flocks. In 26 cases, the following species were determined by PCR: B. pilosicoli (n = 16), B. intermedia (2), B. innocens (3), B. murdochii (1), mixtures of B. pilosicoli/B. intermedia (2), B. innocens/B. intermedia (1), B. innocens/B. murdochii (1). Remaining isolates were characterized by noxgene sequencing as B. “pulli” (n = 9), B. alvinipulli (3), B. intermedia (1) and as not identifiable (1). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of 37 isolates revealed minimal inhibitory concentrations 90 (MIC90) of > 128 mg/l (tylosin), 64 mg/l (lincomycin), 8 mg/l (tiamulin) and 4 mg/l (valnemulin), respectively. Comparing to breakpoints applied to pigs, these values lie within the range of resistance. Conclusion The demonstration of different Brachyspira spp., particularly B. pilosicoli, intermedia and alvinipulli in commercial layers, indicates the need of further research to assess their potential role in causing AIS in German poultry flocks. The increased antimicrobial resistance of Brachyspira spp. isolates to tylosin and pleuromutilins is likely associated with extensive use of these drugs in poultry medicine.

Abstract Narcotics, Psychotropic, and Addictive Substance Abuse (NAPZA) is a problem in Indonesia, one of the consequences is relapse. Relapse is a process where someone has been declared abstinence (recovered) and returns to using drugs. Relapse rates also still high in some countries. Drug users experience a relapse between one month to one year after leaving the treatment program. The aim of this research was to find out the policies and programs related to handling of NAPZA relapse in rehabilitation centers. The study design was cross sectional with qualitative study by conducting round table discussion (RTD) with stakeholders from the National Narcotics Agency (BNN), Drug and Food Control Agency (BPOM), Directorate for Prevention and Control of Mental Health and Drug Problems Ministry of Health, Drug Addiction Hospital, psychiatric practioners, volunteers, and confirmation to the rehabilitation center. The results of study showed that there was no national minimum standard for handling NAPZA relapse. The various relapse definition caused differences in relapse rates. Relapse rate according to Directorate Mental Health and NAPZA of the Ministry of Health in 2018 was 24.3% as rough figures (claim data). NAPZA relapse rates in the National Narcotics Agency, prior to the post rehabilitation program, was 90%, and decreasing to 30% after conducting post-rehabilitation program. While relapse rate in Rehabilitation and Therapy House, Lido Bogor was around 7%. There is no national standard for how many times a drug user is considered a victim or categorized as criminal action. In conclusion, there is Ministries/institutions of egocentrism in handling NAPZA relapse. Ministry of Health emphasizes medical rehabilitation, Ministry of Social emphasizes social rehabilitation, while BNN more comprehensively covering medical rehabilitation, social rehabilitation, and post rehabilitation. Narcotics, psychotropic, and comprehensive precursor control is carried out by the BPOM comprehensively, from imports, production, distribution, delivery and the use. The existence of E-NAPZA, administrative sanctions and criminal sanctions will reduce illicit trafficking and drug abuse. Indonesian Presidential Instruction No. 6 of 2018 concerning the National Action Plan for the Prevention of Eradication of drug abuse and Circulation (P4GN), in ministries/institutions is expected to decrease the number of NAPZA relapse. Abstrak Penyalahgunaan Narkotika, Psikotropika, dan Zat Adiktif (NAPZA) merupakan masalah di Indonesia yang salah satu akibatnya yaitu kekambuhan (relapse). Relapse merupakan suatu proses dimana seseorang telah dinyatakan abstinence (pulih) dan kembali menggunakan NAPZA. Angka relapse masih tinggi di beberapa negara. Pengguna NAPZA mengalami kekambuhan antara satu bulan sampai dengan satu tahun setelah keluar dari program pengobatan. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui kebijakan dan program yang terkait dengan penanggulangan relapse NAPZA di panti rehabilitasi. Desain penelitian berupa cross sectional dan studi kualitatif melalui round table discussion (RTD) dengan para pemangku kepentingan yaitu Badan Narkotika Nasional (BNN), Badan Pengawasan Obat dan Makanan (BPOM), Direktorat Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Masalah Kesehatan Jiwa dan NAPZA Kementerian Kesehatan, Rumah Sakit Ketergantungan Obat (RSKO), praktisi kejiwaan, dan relawan, serta konfirmasi ke panti rehabilitasi. Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh menunjukkan belum ada standar minimal nasional untuk penanganan relapse NAPZA. Definisi relapse yang beragam menyebabkan perbedaan angka relapse. Angka relapse di Direktorat Jiwa dan NAPZA Kementerian Kesehatan tahun 2018 yaitu 24,3% sebagai angka kasar (data klaim). Angka relapse NAPZA di BNN sebelum adanya program pasca rehabilitasi yaitu 90% dan setelah ada program pasca rehabilitasi menjadi 30%. Angka relapse di UPT Rumah Rehabilitasi dan Terapi NAPZA, Lido Bogor sekitar 7%. Belum ada standar secara nasional sampai berapa kali seorang penyalahguna NAPZA dianggap sebagai korban atau masuk kategori tindakan pidana. Kesimpulan penelitian menunjukkan adanya egosentrisme di masing-masing kementerian/lembaga dalam melakukan kebijakan penanganan penyalahgunaan NAPZA. Kebijakan Kementerian Kesehatan lebih menekankan pada rehabilitasi medis, Kementerian Sosial menekankan pada rehabilitasi sosial, sedangkan kebijakan BNN lebih komprehensif meliputi rehabilitasi medis, rehabilitasi sosial, dan pasca rehabilitasi. Pengawasan narkotika, psikotropika, dan prekusor komprehensif dilakukan oleh BPOM, mulai dari hulu sampai hilir yaitu dari impor, produksi, penyaluran, penyerahan, dan penggunaan. Aadanya aplikasi E-NAPZA serta sanksi administratif dan pidana dapat mengurangi peredaran gelap dan penyalahgunaan NAPZA. Melalui Instruksi Presiden Republik Indonesia No. 6 Tahun 2018 tentang Rencana Aksi Nasional Pencegahan Pemberantasan Penyalahgunaan dan Peredaran NAPZA dan Prekusor (P4GN) di kementerian/lembaga diharapkan membantu menurunkan angka relapse NAPZA.

Olahraga yang berkembang di masyarakat telah banyak menerima IPTEK sebagai pelengkap dalam setiap melakukan aktivitas olahraga. tetapi banyak masyarakat yang melakukan aktivitas olahraga, tidak terlepas dari cedera akibat melakukan olahraga tersebut. Cedera akibat olahraga berdampak pada aktivitas sehari-hari dan gangguan tubuh yang lain. Karateristik cedera yang dialami oleh para olahragawan seperti cedera ringan, sedang dan berat Cedera pada olahragawan dapat dikelompokkan yaitu cedera derajat-1, cedera derajat-2 dan cedera derajat-3. Cedera derajat-2 dan cedera derajat-3 pada umumnya dilakukan pengobatannya oleh dokter oleh karena cedera derajat-2 dan cedera derajat-3 biasanya jaringan otot robek atau patah tulang, dll. Macam cedera yang tejadi pada tubuh seperti: tulang, otot, ligamen dan persendian anggota gerak tubuh, baik olahraga body contact ataupun non body contact. Cedera yang terjadi tidak dihiraukan oleh para olahragawan dan mereka masih tetap berlatih, bertanding ataupun melakukan aktivitas olahraga untuk prestasi, hobi ataupun kebugaran. Saat cedera terjadi para olahragawan tidak mau untuk beristirahat supaya pulih dari cederanya. Dampak dari tidak adanya istirahat yang terprogram mengakibatkan proses peradangan timbul kembali, kelemahan pada otot semakin tinggi, kreatin kinase meningkat sehingga menimbulkan atrophy otot, dan cedera lama timbul kembali sehingga nyeri terus terasa setiap saat. Kekurangan Kreatin Kinase didalam sarkoplasma otot menyebabkan kemampuan otot menurun tetapi ketika kreatin kinase meningkat akan minimbulkan atrophy pada otot. Istirahat yang terprogram dan cukup sangat penting bagi olahragawan yang mengalami pasca cedera supaya dapat meraih prestasi, kesehatan, kebugaran dan hobi dalam berolahraga kembali. THE BENEFITS OF REST FOLLOWING INJURED DUE TO SPORTS Abstract In modern era, sports will engange with science and technology then improving human performance to get achievement, health and recreation through sports. Science and technology used in various sports, on the other hand it causes injured then impact on daily activities. Injury characteristics experienced by athletes such as minor, moderate and severe injuries. Injured can be classified as first-degree injuries, second-degree injuries and third-degree injuries. Second-degree injuries and third-degree injuries are generally treated by doctors because its usually torn or broken muscle tissue, etc. Types of injuries that occur in the body such as: bones, muscles, ligaments and joints of the limbs, both body contact or non-body contact sports. Sometimes athletes deny that suffers injury and still go the the field for training, compete or do exercise. When the feeling of injury arise, athletes tend to deny the tears and continue their training. Impact of deny to take a rest program will cause inflammation process reappears, weakness in the muscles gets higher, creatine kinase increases, causing muscle atrophy, and overpast injuries reappear so that the pain continues to be felt any time. Creatine kinase decrease in muscle sarcoplasm causing downward muscle ability, while creatine kinase increases, it will generate muscle atrophy. Recovery program is important for athletes who suffering injured so that he/she should come back to the field to get achievement, health, fitness and passion in sports.

<p><strong>Abstract</strong>. This study aims to qualitatively understand the dynamics of resilience in survivors of COVID-19. Since the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization, the number of people infected has increased. Until April 2021, the number of positive confirmed COVID-19 cases in Indonesia has reached 1.5 million cases. Of these, 1.3 million people became survivors. In many cases, survivors of COVID-19 are still symptomatic for more than 60 days after the first onset appeared. This condition is known as long COVID. In addition to long COVID-19, survivors also face the risk of stigmatization from the environment that is burdensome for patients who have recovered to be able to return to normal activities. This study uses a phenomenological approach. Researchers conducted in-depth interviews with four respondents who had tested positive for COVID-19 based on the results of PCR swabs and experienced several long symptoms of COVID. The researchers found that the dynamics of resilience in COVID-19 survivors in this study emerged as an interaction between protective factors and risk factors. The protective factor consists of the components I can, I have, and I am plus the empathy and spiritual factors. The risk factors experienced by participants in this study were social stigma and the long-term impact of COVID-19. Collaboration between components of adaptive thinking, the ability to manage emotions, social support and empathy and spiritual factors is the key to achieving psychological resilience.</p><p> <strong><em>Keywords</em></strong><em>: pandemic, COVID-19 survivors, resilience</em><em>, long COVID, social stigma</em></p><p><em></em> </p><p><strong>Abstrak.</strong> Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memahami secara kualitatif dinamika resiliensi pada penyintas COVID-19. Sejak Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) ditetapkan sebagai pandemi oleh Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia, jumlah masyarakat yang terinfeksi kian meningkat. Hingga April 2021, jumlah konfirmasi positif COVID-19 di Indonesia mencapai 1,5 juta kasus. Dari jumlah tersebut, 1,3 juta orang menjadi penyintas. Pada banyak kasus, penyintas COVID-19 masih bergejala hingga lebih dari 60 hari setelah onset pertama muncul. Kondisi ini dikenal sebagai <em>long COVID. </em>Selain <em>long COVID</em>, penyintas pun menghadapi risiko stigmatisasi dari lingkungan yang memberatkan pasien yang telah pulih untuk dapat kembali berkegiatan secara normal. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan fenomenologi. Peneliti melakukan wawancara mendalam terhadap empat responden yang pernah dinyatakan positif COVID-19 berdasarkan hasil swab PCR dan mengalami beberapa gejala long COVID. peneliti menemukan bahwa dinamika resiliensi pada penyintas COVID-19 dalam penelitian ini muncul sebagai interaksi antara faktor protektif dan faktor risiko. Faktor protektif terdiri atas komponen <em>I can, I have, dan I am</em> ditambah dengan faktor empati dan spiritual. Faktor risiko yang dialami oleh partisipan dalam penelitian ini adalah stigma sosial dan dampak jangka panjang COVID-19. Kolaborasi antara komponen pola pikir adaptif, kemampuan mengelola emosi, dukungan sosial dan faktor empati serta spiritual merupakan kunci untuk mencapai resiliensi psikologis.</p><p><strong><em>Kata kunci</em></strong><em>: pandemi, penyintas COVID-19, resiliensi, long COVID, stigma sosial</em></p>

In a assessment of drinking water quality in Skudai Johor Bahru, piped water samples in the distribution system from three different standpipe locations in Taman Sri Skudai, Taman Sri Pulai and Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) campus were collected and tested for selected ions and bacteriological quality. The result show that pipe water supplied from a treatment plant at Gunung Pulai in Pontian was low in mineral content. No Eschericia Coli were detected expected at the UTM Campus with concentration of 3 counts/100 mL in one out of 12 sample tested. Total coliforms were found at each site with concentration ranging from 1 to 13 counts/100 mL in 15 out of 6 samples. Except for the coliforms and the fluoride levels exceeding a little over 1.5 mg/L in 8% of the samples, drinking water in the distribution system in the study area can generally be said to have met the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines during the study period. However, with the detection of coliforms and E. Coli at the household standpipes, the possibility of the distribution system in Skudai having pathogen contamination from time to time cannot be dismissed. Keywords: drinking water quality

AbstractParasitological studies were carried out on pulli (n = 20) collected on a breeding colony near the Włocławski Reservoir on the Vistula River (Central Poland). Larvae of the nematode Contracaecum rudolphii (mean intensity of infection 9.3) were detected in the stomachs of all chicks, with adult worms present in two chicks. Larvae of the nematode Porrocaecum ardeae (mean intensity 3.1), the tapeworm Paradilepis scolecina (58.5) and flukes of five genera: Tylodelphys, Posthodiplostomum, Apharyngostrigea, Paryphostomum and Echinochasmus (mean intensity in total 28.1) were found in the intestines of all chicks. The studies demonstrated that grey heron chicks are infected with parasites very early in life, which may adversely impact their health. The presence of adult C. rudolphii nematodes indicates a transfer of parasites from adult birds to chicks during feeding.

AbstrakTuberkulosis (TB) paru di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Andalas menduduki peringkat ke-2 kasus TB terbanyak di kota Padang.Belum banyak penelitian sebelumnya mengenai faktor risiko tuberkulosis paru di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Andalas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat faktror risiko apa yang berhubungan dengan kejadian TB paru di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Andalas tahun 2013. Adapun faktor risiko yang diteliti yakni berupa status gizi, riwayat penyakit diabetes mellitus (DM), kondisi ventilasi rumah, kepadatan hunian rumah, dan pencahayaan rumah.Penelitian ini menggunakan desain case control.Sampel pada penelitian ini berjumlah 66, yakni terdiri dari 33 kasus (didapat dari rekam medis Puskesmas Andalas) dan 33 kontrol (sesuai kriteria inklusi kontrol).Data primer diperoleh dari wawancara dan pengukuran lansung. Hasil uji statistik dengan menggunakan uji chi square didapatkan faktor risiko yang berhubungan dengan kejadian TB paru adalah status gizi riwayat penyakit DM, kondisi ventilasi rumah, kepadatan hunian, dan pencahayaan rumah. Status gizi dan pencahayaan rumah secara statistic memiliki hubungan yang bermakna dengan kejadian TB paru, sedangkan riwayat penyakit DM, ventilasi dan kepadatan hunian secara statistik tidak memiliki hubungan yang bermakna dengan kejadian TB paru.Kata kunci: tuberkulosis paru, faktor risikoAbstractPulmonary Tuberculosis in Andalas Public Health Center was where the second largest number of TB cases found in 2012. There is not many study before about risk factors of pulmonary tuberculosis in the working area of Andalas Pulic Health Care. This study aims to know what are the risk factors of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in the working area of Andalas public health center in 2013. The risk factors were studied in this study are nutritional status, Diabetes mellitus, home ventilation, home occupancy density, and home lighting. This Study used a case control design. Samples in this study were 66 respondent consisting of 33 cases (obtained from medical record of Andalas public health center) and 33 controls (according to the inclusion criteria of controls). Primary data was got by interviews and direct measurement. The result of statistical test using chi square test can be concluded that risk factors that associated with pulmonary tuberculosis are nutritional status, diabetes mellitus, home ventilation, home occupancy density, and home lighting. Nutritional status and home lightting statistically are associated with pulmonary tuberculosis. In the other hand Diabetes mellitus history, home ventilation, and home occupancy density statistically are not associated with pulmonary tuberculosis.Keywords:pulmonary tuberculosis, risk factors

A study of the direct costs of treating pneumonia of children at Bach Mai hospital from October 2018 to March 2019 that the costs of hospital beds accounts shows for the highest proportion, then comes the cost of medicines and diagnostics. The cost of antibiotics is the highest in the cost of drugs, while the cost of diagnosis is the cost of testing. The cost of treatment is significantly related to the number of days of treatment, in addition, the severity or co-morbidity factors are affected only when considered individually. The support of health insurance can be up to more than 70% of the direct cost. The research results show that the cost of treatment in Viet Nam is lower than some countries in the region, the cost distribution is similar to that of some other domestic studies, but the cost of antibiotics has decreased significantly. Although drugs used at Bach Mai hospital are prescribing mainly generic medicines. Keywords Direct costs, pneumonia, children, Bach Mai hospital. References [1] Ministry of pulic health, Decision on Guidelines for the Management of Community-Based Pneumonia in children 2014 (in Vietnamese).[2] UNICEF Viet Nam, The top two fatal diseases for children in the Asia-Pacific region and Viet Nam, 2012 (in Vietnamese).[3] Nguyen Van Quang, Analysis of the cost of treating decompensated cirrhosis due to hepatitis C at Ho Chi Minh Tropical Hospital and Bach Mai Hospital in Ha Noi 2015 University graduation thesis in pharmacy (2017) (in Vietnamese).[4] Duc Anh Dang, Kah Kee Tan, Ki Hwan Kim, Cissy Kartasasmita, et al, Burden of hospitalized childhood community-acquired pneumonia: A retrospective cross-sectional study in Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia and the Republic of Korea, Human vaccin Immunother 14 (1) (2018) 95-105. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2017.1375073.[5] Philip Ayieko, Ulla Griffiths, Angela Oloo Akumu, Mike English, The economic burden of inpatient paediatric care in Kenya: household and provider costs for Treatment of pneumonia, malaria and meningitis.; Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation 7(3) (2009) 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1478-7547-7-3.[6] Nguyen Ngoc Tu, Analyze the direct cost of treating community-acquired pneumonia at Thai Nguyen tuberculosis and lung disease year 2015, Master's thesis in pharmacy (2017) (in Vietnamese).[7] Bui Thi Quyen, Analyze the cost of treating community-acquired pneumonia at the children's hospital in Nam Dinh province 2015, Grade 1 specialized pharmacist thesis (2016) (in Vietnamese).[8] Hamidah Hussain, Hugh Waters, Aamir J Khan, Saad B Omer, et al, Economic analysis of childhood pneumonia in Northern Pakistan, Heatlh policy plan 23(6) (2008) 438-444. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czn033.

This paper presents a study on magnetic field radiated from 132/275kV overhead power lines. The magnetic field radiation from overhead power lines have become a concern to the public due to its adverse health effects such as leukemia in children. A report from World Health Organization (WHO) stated that radiated magnetic fields from overhead power lines may cause leukemia in children if they are exposed to it every day. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to measure the magnetic field radiated from 132/275kV power lines. EMDEX II, a free body meter is used to measure the magnetic field at 1 meter above ground level and the lateral profile was proven using MATLAB calculation. The measurement was done at SJK (T) Gelang Patah and Taman Pulai Utama at a distance of 35 meter from the outermost conductor. The results from both locations show that the radiated magnetic field is much lower than the exposure limit stated in the ICNIRP standard, in which the highest data recorded is only 4mG. The lateral profile magnetic field also shows that exposure to magnetic fields directly below the overhead power line are within the ICNIRP recommended exposure limits. Thus, it can be concluded that the magnetic field radiated by 132/275kV power lines in Malaysia operate at a safe level.

In this era of multi-drug resistance, efflux pump is one of the major problems which is increasingly concerned by scientists. The structure and mechanism activity of the efflux pumps on both bacteria and eurakyotes that are gradually being clarified. Since then, efflux pump inhibitors have also been studied and initially applied in clinic, that makes an important contribution to preventing the outbreak of multi-resistant infections and cancers. Efflux pump inhibitors are often small synthetic molecules or plant metabolites that show great promise in inhibiting multi- resistant in both bacteria and cancerous cells. Keywords Efflux pump, EPI, bacteria, cancer, MRD. References [1] Ministry of pulic health, Decision on Guidelines for the Management of Community-Based Pneumonia in children 2014 (in Vietnamese).[2] UNICEF Viet Nam, The top two fatal diseases for children in the Asia-Pacific region and Viet Nam, 2012 (in Vietnamese).[3] Nguyen Van Quang, Analysis of the cost of treating decompensated cirrhosis due to hepatitis C at Ho Chi Minh Tropical Hospital and Bach Mai Hospital in Ha Noi 2015 University graduation thesis in pharmacy (2017) (in Vietnamese).[4] Duc Anh Dang, Kah Kee Tan, Ki Hwan Kim, Cissy Kartasasmita, et al, Burden of hospitalized childhood community-acquired pneumonia: A retrospective cross-sectional study in Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia and the Republic of Korea, Human vaccin Immunother 14 (1) (2018) 95-105. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2017.1375073.[5] Philip Ayieko, Ulla Griffiths, Angela Oloo Akumu, Mike English, The economic burden of inpatient paediatric care in Kenya: household and provider costs for Treatment of pneumonia, malaria and meningitis.; Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation 7(3) (2009) 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1478-7547-7-3.[6] Nguyen Ngoc Tu, Analyze the direct cost of treating community-acquired pneumonia at Thai Nguyen tuberculosis and lung disease year 2015, Master's thesis in pharmacy (2017) (in Vietnamese).[7] Bui Thi Quyen, Analyze the cost of treating community-acquired pneumonia at the children's hospital in Nam Dinh province 2015, Grade 1 specialized pharmacist thesis (2016) (in Vietnamese).[8] Hamidah Hussain, Hugh Waters, Aamir J Khan, Saad B Omer, et al, Economic analysis of childhood pneumonia in Northern Pakistan, Heatlh policy plan 23(6) (2008) 438-444. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czn033.

Background: In 2015, librarians at Purdue University began fielding requests from many disciplines to consult or collaborate on systematic review projects, and in 2016, health sciences librarians led the launch of a formal systematic review service. In 2019, Purdue University Libraries was reorganized as the Libraries and School of Information Studies (PULSIS) and assigned its own course designation, ILS. The increase in calls for systematic review services and the ability to teach ILS courses inspired the development of a credit-bearing ILS systematic review course.Case presentation: We designed, taught, and assessed a one-credit systematic review course for graduate students, using a backward-design course development model and applying self-determination theoretical concepts into lessons, assignments, and assessments. Using qualitative pre- and post-assessments, we discovered a variety of themes around student motivations, expectations, and preferences for the course. In quantitative post-class assessments, students reported improved confidence in all systematic review processes, with the highest confidence in their ability to choose and use citation management managers, describe the steps in the systematic review process, and understand the importance of a reproducible and systematic search strategy.Conclusions: We considered our pilot a success. Next steps include testing 2- and 3-credit- hour models and working to formally integrate the course into departmental and certificate curriculums. This case report provides a model for course design principles, learning outcomes, and assessments that librarians and library administrators can use to adjust their systematic review services.

ABSTRAK Perdarahan postpartum terjadi setelah kelahiran bayi “ sebelum, selama dan sesudah keluarnya plasenta. Masa nifas adalah masa sesudah persalinan dan kelahiran bayi, plasenta, serta selaput yang diperlukan untuk memulihkan kembali organ kandungan seperti sebelum hamil dengan waktu kurang lebih 6 minggu. Senam nifas adalah senam yang dilakukan ibu-ibu setelah melahirkan setelah keadaan tubuhnya pulih kembali. Senam nifas bertujuan untuk mempercepat penyembuhan, mencegah timbulnya komplikasi, memulihkan dan menguatkan otot-otot punggung, otot dasar panggul dan otot perut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh senam nifas terhadap kecepatan penurunan Tinggi Fundus Uteri (TFU). Penelitian ini dilakukan di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Prabumulih Barat. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian eksperimen yaitu untuk mencari pengaruh perlakuan tertentu terhadap yang lain dalam kondisi yang terkendalikan dengan jumlah responden 15 ibu nifas. Dari penelitian didapatkan hasil U hitung sebesar 40 yang lebih kecil bila dibanding U tabel sebesar 56 dan nilai p value 0.001 yang lebih kecil bila dibanding nilai α = 0.05 sehingga hipotesis di terima yaitu ada pengaruh senam nifas terhadap penurunan TFU pada ibu post partum di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Prabumulih Barat. Mengingat besarnya manfaat yang diperoleh ibu post partum, bila melaksanakan senam nifas maka diharapkan institusi pelayanan kesehatan menerapkan senam nifas sebagai asuhan pada ibu post partum. ABSTRACT Postpartum haemorrhage occurs after the birth of the baby "before, during and after placental discharge. The postpartum period is the period after childbirth and the birth of the baby, placenta, and the membranes necessary to restore the pregnant organs such as before pregnancy in about 6 weeks. Postpartum gymnastics is a gymnastics performed by mothers after giving birth after the condition of his body recovered. Postural gymnastics aims to speed healing, prevent complications, restore and strengthen the back muscles, pelvic floor muscles and abdominal muscles. This study aims to determine the effect of puerperal gymnastics on the rate of decrease in High Fundus Uteri (TFU). This research was conducted in Prabumulih Barat Health Center Working Area. This research uses experimental research method that is to find the effect of certain treatment to others in controlled condition with the number of respondents 15 postpartum. From the research results obtained U calculate of 40 smaller when compared to table U of 56 and value of p value 0.001 smaller than the value of α = 0.05 so that the hypothesis is accepted that there is influence of puerperal gymnastics on the decrease of TFU in post partum mother in Work Area Puskesmas Prabumulih Barat. Given the magnitude of the benefits of postpartum mothers, when implementing gymnastics gymnastics it is expected that health care institutions apply gymnastics exercises as care for post partum mothers.

Introdução: A prescrição de medicamentos é uma ordem escrita e dirigida ao farmacêutico, que defini como o fármaco deve ser dispensado para o paciente. Objetivo: Analisar qual o nível de conhecimento dos estudantes de odontologia do Centro Universitário de João Pessoa – UNIPÊ sobre prescrição de medicamentos. Metodologia: Foi realizada uma pesquisa quantitativa e descritiva com alunos do 5º ao 10º período do curso de Odontologia do Centro Universitário de João Pessoa – UNIPÊ, localizado na Br 230, Km 22, Água Fria, João Pessoa, Paraíba. Foi utilizado como instrumento de coleta de dados desta pesquisa um questionário, estruturado e elaborado pelo aluno pesquisador e pelo professor orientador com base na fundamentação teórica estudada. O questionário é composto por 12 questões objetivas. Os dados da pesquisa foram coletados e após, analisados pelo Programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) versão 13.0. Resultados: A maior parte da amostra correspondeu ao gênero feminino, tendo entre 15 e 25 anos, solteiros e que se sentiam seguros em prescrever, a maioria não conhecem os tipos de medicamentos que por eles possam ser prescritos nem a lista que oferece ao profissional base de uma prescrição segura elaborada pelo Sistema Único de Saúde, que é a Relação Nacional de Medicamentos essenciais (RENAME). Conclusão: Ainda é baixo o nível de conhecimento dos estudantes de odontologia do Centro Universitário de João Pessoa em relação a os medicamentos contidos na lista de medicamentos essenciais (RENAME) do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS).Descritores: Sistema Único de Saúde; Farmacologia; Estudantes de Odontologia.ReferênciasSharif, S. I.; Al-shaqra, M.; Hajjar, H.; Shamout, A.; Wess, L. Patterns of drug prescribing in a hospital in Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE). Lybian J Med. 2008;3(1):10-12.Vieira FS. Assistência farmacêutica no sistema público de saúde no Brasil. Rev Panam Salud Pública. 2010;27(2):149-56.Bertoldi AD, Barros AJD, Camargo AL, Hallal PC, Vandoros S, Wagner A et al. Household expenditure for medicines and the role of free medicines in the Brazilian public health system. Am J Public Health. 2001;101(5):916-21.Arrais PSD, Brito LL, Barreto ML, Coelho HLL. Prevalência e fatores determinantes do consumo de medicamentos no Município de Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil. Cad Saúde Pública. 2005;21(6):1737-46.Garcia ANM, Romani SAM, Lira PIC. Indicadores antropométricos na avaliação nutricional de idosos: um estudo comparativo. Rev Nutr. 2007;20(4):371-78.Silva EL, Menezes EM. Metodologia da Pesquisa e elaboração de dissertação. 4. ed. Florianópolis: Editora UFSC; 2005.Gil AC. Como elaborar projetos de pesquisa. São Paulo. Atlas; 1991.Britto TA, Castilho LS, Paixão HH. Os estudantes de odontologia e a (in) segurança para prescrever medicamentos. Arq Centro Estud Curso de Odontol. 1996;32(1):51-64.Araújo LG, Biagini FC, Fernandes RL, Caputo IGC, Silva RHA. Conhecimento de acadêmicos de Odontologia sobre os aspectos clínicos, éticos e legais da prescrição medicamentosa. RFO Passo Fundo. 2012;17(1):50-4.Costa SM, Durães SJA, Abreu MHNG. Feminização do curso de odontologia da Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros. Rev. Ciênc saúde coletiva. 2010;15(suppl 1):1865-73.Sundefeld MLMM, Perri SHV, Borghi WMMC, Rodrigues MAB. Escolhendo a profissão: opinião de alunos de odontologia e medicina veterinária. Omnia saúde. 2011;8(1):36.Brustolin J, Brustolin J, Toassi RFC, Kuhnen M. Perfil do acadêmico de odontologia da Universidade do Planalto Catarinense – Lages – SC, Brasil. Rev ABENO. 2006;6(1):70-76.Sullcahuamán JAG. Fatores associados à qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde bucal em estudantes de odontologia [dissertação]. Curitiba: Universidade Federal do Paraná; 2012.Castilho LS, Paixâo HH, Perini E. Prescrição de medicamentos de uso sistêmico por cirurgiões-dentistas clínicos gerais. Rev Saúde Pulica. 1999;33(3):287-94.Marmitt GF. Prescrição de medicamentos para tratamento da dor por cirurgiões-dentistas vinculados a uma faculdade de odontologia [trabalho de conclusão de curso]. Porto Alegre: Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; 2010.Garbin CAS, Garbin AJI, Rovida TAS, Moroso TT, Dossi AP. Conhecimento sobre prescrição medicamentosa entre alunos de Odontologia: o que sabem os futuros profissionais? Rev Odontol Unesp. 2007;36(4):323-32.Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA). 2018. Medicamentos controlados: perguntas frequentes. Disponível em: http://portal.anvisa.gov.br/medicamentos/perguntas-frequentes. Acesso em: 05 maio 2018.Farias AD, Cardoso MAA, Medeiros ACD, Belém LF, Simões MOS. Indicadores de prescrição médica nas unidades básicas de Saúde da Família no município de Campina Grande, PB. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2007;10(2):149-56.Agencia Nacional de Vigilanca Sanitária (ANVISA). 2018. Antimicrobianos – bases teóricas e uso clínico. Disponível em: http://portal.anvisa.gov.br/medicamentos/perguntas-frequentes. Acesso em: 05 maio 2018.Grou CR, Miasso AI, Cassiani SHB, Silva AEBC, Fakih FT. Erros de medicação: tipos, fatores causais e providências tomadas em quatro hospitais brasileiros. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2006;40(4):524-32.Silva RHA. Orientação Profissional para o cirurgião-dentista: ética e legislação. São Paulo: Santos; 2010.Ferreira PM. complicações pós operatórias de terceiros molares inclusos [Trabalho de conclusão de curso]. Piracicaba: Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba; 2004.

The compulsion to work has clearly become pathological in modern industrial societies. Millions of people are working long hours, devoting their lives to making or doing things that will not enrich their lives or make them happier but will add to the garbage and pollution that the earth is finding difficult to accommodate. They are so busy doing this that they have little time to spend with their family and friends, to develop other aspects of themselves, to participate in their communities as full citizens. Unless the work/consume treadmill is overcome there is little hope for the planet. The work ethic, and the corresponding respect accorded to those who accumulate wealth, are socially constructed but rapidly becoming dysfunctional for social and environmental welfare. Much has been written about the role of Protestant preachers in the rise of the work ethic but the continued reinforcement of a secular work ethic owes much to literature, particularly self-help books and children's literature of the nineteenth century, which promoted work as a route to success and a sign of good character. In the centuries following the Protestant reformation the emphasis on work as a religious calling was gradually superseded by a materialistic quest for social mobility and material success. This success-oriented work ethic encouraged ambition, hard work, self-reliance, and self-discipline and held out the promise that such effort would be materially rewarded. Through example and reiteration, the myth that any man, no matter what his origins, could become rich if he tried hard enough became firmly established. The self-made man owed his advancement to habits of industry, sobriety, moderation, self-discipline, and avoidance of debt (Beder). In early America the middle classes "controlled the major institutions of social influence" the schools, churches, factories, political offices and publishing companies and used them to propagate work values (Cherrington 32-3). Their children learned the value of hard work from their parents and this was reinforced by school teachers, classroom readers and popular books. Benjamin Franklin was one of the best-known early propagators of work values. Poor Richard and Franklin's autobiography sold millions of copies at the time and was translated into many languages for sale abroad. In his books he urged thrift, industry, pursuit of money and hard work. "Newspapers, books, interviews, speeches, and literature abounded with praise of the successful who had made it on their own" (Bernstein 141). Success was defined in terms of doing well in business and making lots of money. Owning one's own business was supposed to be a route to success that was open to all, as Abraham Lincoln explained in an 1861 speech to Congress: "The prudent, penniless beginner in the world, labors for wages awhile, saves a surplus with which to buy tools or land for himself, then labors on his own account for awhile, and at length hires another new beginner to help him. This is a just, and generous, and prosperous system; which opens the way to all gives hope to all, and consequent energy and progress, and improvement of conditions to all." (qtd. in Chinoy 4) The earliest textbooks published in America promoted work values as part of good character and the formula to success. These included the Peter Parley books first published by Samuel Goodrich during the 1820s and 30s (Peter Parley was a pseudonym). Goodrich wrote some 150 children's books beginning with Tales of Peter Parley about America. The Parley books covered geography, history, commerce and even mathematics. McGuffey's Eclectic Readers were the standard English textbooks in American schools from 1830s through to 1920s. They were first published in 1836 and became perhaps the most widely read children's books in the 19th century with 122 million copies of the six readers sold to an estimated four fifths of US school children (Cherrington 36). American children learned to read and write using these books, which also taught middle-class values including the work ethic and success through hard work: "Work, work, my boy, be not afraid; Look labor boldly in the face" (qtd. in Bernstein 161). They are again being promoted today by conservative groups in the US (see for example http://www.liberty-tree.org/ltn/mcguffeys-reader.html and http://www.aobs-store.com/reviews/mcguffey.htm). American story books also taught work values. Horatio Alger (1832-99) was one of the most prolific American writers. He wrote some 130 books that taught work values to young boys. Twenty million copies of Alger's books were sold with titles such as Strive and Succeed, Ragged Dick, Mark the Matchboy, Risen from the Ranks, Bound to Rise. They typically told of poor boys who became self-made men through their own efforts and perseverance. In the twentieth century children continued to learn at school about how various successful businessmen had started from humble origins. From the 1940s the American Schools and Colleges Association presented an annual "Horatio Alger Award" to businessmen whose "rise to success symbolizes the tradition of starting from scratch under our system of free competitive enterprise" (Chinoy 1) and there are still a range of Alger associations and awards current today (see for example http://www.ihot.com/~has/ and http://www.horatioalger.com/). Self-help books supplemented fiction in showing the way to success. Books at the turn of the 20th century with names such as The Conquest of Poverty, Pushing to the Front, Success under Difficulty, all preached the message of how any motivated, hard-working individual could overcome life's obstacles. Work as a route to success was also promoted in Britain in books, newspapers and official reports. Workers were urged to work hard towards success, to be independent and raise themselves above their lowly stations in life through saving, striving, and industriousness. Nineteenth century organisations such as the Bettering Society promoted thrift and self-improvement and criticised measures to aid the poor (Roach 69). Samuel Smiles was one of the foremost advocates of "the spirit of self-help". His 1859 book Self-Help argued: "In many walks of life drudgery and toil must be cheerfully endured as the necessary discipline of life... He who allows his application to falter, or shirks his work on frivolous pretexts, is on the sure road to ultimate failure... even men with the commonest brains and the most slender powers will accomplish much..." (qtd. in Ward 22-3) The myth of the self-made man was also evident in popular music hall songs in the 19th century, such as Work Boys Work by Harry Clifton (1824-1872): ...labour leads to wealth and will keep you in good health, so its best to be contented with your lot. Whilst it was true that some of the early English manufacturers started off as workers themselves, they tended to come from the middle classes and as time went by the opportunity for working people to become capitalists were reduced as the income gap between capitalists and workers broadened. In fact the much publicised gospel of improvement and self-help served only to obscure the very limited prospects and achievements of the self-made men within early and later Victorian society, and investigations of the steel and hosiery industries, for instance, have shown how little recruitment occurred from the ranks of the workers to those of the entrepreneurs. (Thomis 86) However, there were enough oft-repeated stories of individuals moving from poverty to wealth to keep alive, at least in the minds of the well-to-do, the idea that hard work could lead from rags-to-riches, despite this not being the case for the vast majority of people who were born in poverty and died in poverty after a life time of hard work (Furnham 198). In this way the affluent were able to feel comfortable about poverty in their midst, blaming it on individual weakness rather than societal failings. In Britain, as in America, the myth of the self-made man persisted in children's literature into the twentieth century. Academic Philip Cohen noted: When I was growing up in the early 1950s it was still possible to get given 'improving books' for one's birthday, consisting of biographies of self-made men, engineers, inventors, industrialists, entrepreneurs, philanthropists and the like. These men, and they were all men, had usually lived in the 'heroic' age of nineteenth-century capitalism and the books themselves were clearly prepared for the edification of the young. (Cohen 61) The contemporary reception by audiences of the texts discussed in this article is unknown. In particular, the degree to which children were able to resist the none too subtle moral lessons contained in their texts and stories is a question requiring empirical research that has yet to be carried out. However, it is evident that the promotion of the work ethic has been a successful enterprise and this article has shown that 19thcentury books played an active part in that. Although not everyone subscribes to the work ethic today, the myth of the self-made man remains a myth in most English speaking countries, even though the disparities between rich and poor are widening and it is becoming more and more difficult for the poor to become rich through talent, effort and opportunities. Despite the dysfunctionality of the work ethic it continues to be promoted and praised, accepted and acquiesced to. It is one of the least challenged aspects of industrial culture. Yet it is based on myths and fallacies which provide legitimacy for gross social inequalities. If we are to protect the planet and our social health we need to find new ways of judging and valuing each other which are not work and income dependent. References Beder, Sharon. Selling the Work Ethic: From puritan pulpit to corporate PR. London: Zed Books, 2000. Bernstein, Paul. American Work Values: Their Origin and Development. Albany, NY: State U of New York P, 1997. Cherrington, David J. The Work Ethic: Working Values and Values that Work. New York: AMACON, 1980. Chinoy, Ely. Automobile Workers and the American Dream. 2nd ed. Urbana and Chicago: U of Illinois P, 1992. Cohen, Philip. "Teaching Enterprise Culture: Individualism, Vocationalism and the New Right." The Social Effects of Free Market Policies: An International Text. Ed. Ian Taylor. New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1990. 49-91. Furnham, Adrian. The Protestant Work Ethic: The Psychology of Work-Related Beliefs and Behaviours. London: Routledge, 1990. Roach, John. Social Reform in England 1780-1880. London: B T. Batsford, 1978. Thomis, Malcolm I. The Town Labourer and the Industrial Revolution. London: B.T.Batsford, 1974. Ward, J. T. The Age of Change 1770-1870. London: A&C Black, 1975. Links http://www.horatioalger.com/ http://www.aobs-store.com/reviews/mcguffey.htm http://www.ihot.com/~has/ http://www.liberty-tree.org/ltn/mcguffeys-reader.html Citation reference for this article MLA Style Beder, Sharon. "The Promotion of a Secular Work Ethic" M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 4.5 (2001). [your date of access] < http://www.media-culture.org.au/0111/Beder.xml >. Chicago Style Beder, Sharon, "The Promotion of a Secular Work Ethic" M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 4, no. 5 (2001), < http://www.media-culture.org.au/0111/Beder.xml > ([your date of access]). APA Style Beder, Sharon. (2001) The Promotion of a Secular Work Ethic. M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 4(5). < http://www.media-culture.org.au/0111/Beder.xml > ([your date of access]).

If thinking about home necessitates thinking about “place, space, scale, identity and power,” as Alison Blunt and Robyn Dowling (2) suggest, then thinking about home themes in popular music makes no less a conceptual demand. Song lyrics and titles most often invoke dominant readings such as intimacy, privacy, nurture, refuge, connectedness and shared belonging, all issues found within Blunt and Dowling’s analysis. The spatial imaginary to which these authors refer takes vivid shape through repertoires of songs dealing with houses and other specific sites, vast and distant homelands, communities or, less tangibly, geographical or cultural settings where particular relationships can be found, supporting Blunt and Dowling’s major claim that home is complex, multi-scalar and multi-layered. Shelley Mallett’s claim that the term home “functions as a repository for complex, inter-related and at times contradictory socio-cultural ideas about people’s relationships with one another…and with places, spaces and things” (84) is borne out heavily by popular music where, for almost every sentiment that the term home evokes, it seems an opposite sentiment is evoked elsewhere: familiarity versus alienation, acceptance versus rejection, love versus loneliness. Making use of conceptual groundwork by Blunt and Dowling and by Mallett and others, the following discussion canvasses a range of meanings that home has had for a variety of songwriters, singers and audiences over the years. Intended as merely partial and exploratory rather than exhaustive, it provides some insights into contrasts, ironies and relationships between home and gender, diaspora and loss. While it cannot cover all the themes, it gives prominence to the major recurring themes and a variety of important contexts that give rise to these home themes. Most prominent among those songs dealing with home has been a nostalgia and yearning, while issues of how women may have viewed the home within which they have often been restricted to a narrowly defined private sphere are almost entirely absent. This serves as a reminder that, while some themes can be conducive to the medium of popular music, others may be significantly less so. Songs may speak directly of experience but not necessarily of all experiences and certainly not of all experiences equally. B. Lee Cooper claims “most popular culture ventures rely upon formula-oriented settings and phrasings to attract interest, to spur mental or emotional involvement” (93). Notions of home have generally proved both formulaic and emotionally-charged. Commonly understood patterns of meaning and other hegemonic references generally operate more successfully than alternative reference points. Those notions with the strongest cultural currency can be conveyed succinctly and denote widely agreed upon meanings. Lyrics can seldom afford to be deeply analytical but generally must be concise and immediately evocative. Despite that, this discussion will point to diverse meanings carried by songs about home. Blunt and Dowling point out that “a house is not necessarily nor automatically a home” (3). The differences are strongly apparent in music, with only a few songs relating to houses compared with homes. When Malvina Reynolds wrote in 1962 of “little boxes, on the hillside, little boxes made of ticky-tacky,” she was certainly referring to houses, not homes, thus making it easier to bypass the relationships which might have vested the inhabitants with more warmth and individuality than their houses, in this song about conformity and homogeneity. The more complex though elusive concept of home, however, is more likely to feature in love songs and to emanate from diasporal songs. Certainly these two genres are not mutually exclusive. Irish songs are particularly noteworthy for adding to the array of music written by, or representational of, those who have been forced away from home by war, poverty, strife or other circumstances. They manifest identities of displacement rather than of placement, as studied by Bronwen Walter, looking back at rather than from within their spatial imaginary. Phil Eva claims that during the 19th Century Irish émigrés sang songs of exile in Manchester’s streets. Since many in England’s industrial towns had been uprooted from their homes, the songs found rapport with street audiences and entered popular culture. For example, the song Killarney, of hazy origins but thought to date back to as early as 1850, tells of Killarney’s lakes and fells, Emerald isles and winding bays; Mountain paths and woodland dells… ...her [nature’s] home is surely there. As well as anthropomorphising nature and giving it a home, the song suggests a specifically geographic sense of home. Galway Bay, written by A. Fahy, does likewise, as do many other Irish songs of exile which link geography with family, kin and sometimes culture to evoke a sense of home. The final verse of Cliffs of Doneen gives a sense of both people and place making up home: Fare thee well to Doneen, fare thee well for a while And to all the kind people I’m leaving behind To the streams and the meadows where late I have been And the high rocky slopes round the cliffs of Doneen. Earlier Irish songs intertwine home with political issues. For example, Tho’ the Last Glimpse of Erin vows to Erin that “In exile thy bosum shall still be my home.” Such exile resulted from a preference of fleeing Ireland rather than bowing to English oppression, which then included a prohibition on Irish having moustaches or certain hairstyles. Thomas Moore is said to have set the words of the song to the air Coulin which itself referred to an Irish woman’s preference for her “Coulin” (a long-haired Irish youth) to the English (Nelson-Burns). Diasporal songs have continued, as has their political edge, as evidenced by global recognition of songs such as Bayan Ko (My Country), written by José Corazon de Jesus in 1929, out of love and concern for the Philippines and sung among Filipinos worldwide. Robin Cohen outlines a set of criteria for diaspora that includes a shared belief in the possibility of return to home, evident in songs such as the 1943 Welsh song A Welcome in the Hillside, in which a Welsh word translating roughly as a yearning to return home, hiraeth, is used: We’ll kiss away each hour of hiraeth When you come home again to Wales. However, the immensely popular I’ll Take You Home Again, Kathleen, not of Irish origin but written by Thomas Westendorf of Illinois in 1875, suggests that such emotions can have a resonance beyond the diaspora. Anti-colonial sentiments about home can also be expressed by long-time inhabitants, as Harry Belafonte demonstrated in Island in the Sun: This is my island in the sun Where my people have toiled since time begun. Though I may sail on many a sea, Her shores will always be home to me. War brought a deluge of sentimental songs lamenting separation from home and loved ones, just as likely to be parents and siblings as sweethearts. Radios allowed wider audiences and greater popularity for these songs. If separation had brought a longing previously, the added horrors of war presented a stronger contrast between that which the young soldiers were missing and that which they were experiencing. Both the First and Second World Wars gave rise to songs long since sung which originated in such separations, but these also had a strong sense of home as defined by the nationalism that has for over a century given the contours of expectations of soldiers. Focusing on home, these songs seldom speak of the details of war. Rather they are specific about what the singers have left behind and what they hope to return to. Songs of home did not have to be written specifically for the war effort nor for overseas troops. Irving Berlin’s 1942 White Christmas, written for a film, became extremely popular with US troops during WWII, instilling a sense of home that related to familiarities and festivities. Expressing a sense of home could be specific and relate to regions or towns, as did I’m Goin’ Back Again to Yarrawonga, or it could refer to any home, anywhere where there were sons away fighting. Indeed the American Civil War song When Johnny Comes Marching Home, written by Patrick Sarsfield Gilmour, was sung by both Northerners and Southerners, so adaptable was it, with home remarkably unspecified and undescribed. The 1914 British song Keep the Home Fires Burning by Ivor Novello and Lena Ford was among those that evoked a connection between home and the military effort and helped establish a responsibility on those at home to remain optimistic: Keep the Homes fires burning While your hearts are yearning, Though your lads are far away They dream of home, There’s a silver lining Through the dark clouds shining, Turn the dark clouds inside out, Till the boys come Home. No space exists in this song for critique of the reasons for war, nor of a role for women other than that of homemaker and moral guardian. It was women’s duty to ensure men enlisted and home was rendered a private site for emotional enlistment for a presumed public good, though ironically also a point of personal hope where the light of love burned for the enlistees’ safe return. Later songs about home and war challenged these traditional notions. Two serve as examples. One is Pink Floyd’s brief musical piece of the 1970s, Bring the Boys Back Home, whose words of protest against the American war on Viet Nam present home, again, as a site of safety but within a less conservative context. Home becomes implicated in a challenge to the prevailing foreign policy and the interests that influence it, undermining the normal public sphere/private sphere distinction. The other more complex song is Judy Small’s Mothers, Daughters, Wives, from 1982, set against a backdrop of home. Small eloquently describes the dynamics of the domestic space and how women understood their roles in relation to the First and Second World Wars and the Viet Nam War. Reinforcing that “The materialities and imaginaries of home are closely connected” (Blunt and Dowling 188), Small sings of how the gold frames held the photographs that mothers kissed each night And the doorframe held the shocked and silent strangers from the fight. Small provides a rare musical insight into the disjuncture between the men who left the domestic space and those who return to it, and we sense that women may have borne much of the brunt of those awful changes. The idea of domestic bliss is also challenged, though from the returned soldier’s point of view, in Redgum’s 1983 song I Was Only Nineteen, written by group member John Schuman. It touches on the tragedy of young men thrust into war situations and the horrific after-affects for them, which cannot be shrugged off on return to home. The nurturing of home has limits but the privacy associated with the domestic sphere has often concealed the violence and mental anguish that happens away from public view. But by this time most of the songs referring to home were dominated once more by sentimental love, often borne of travel as mobility rose. Journeys help “establish the thresholds and boundaries of home” and can give rise to “an idealized, ideological and ethnocentric view of home” (Mallett 78). Where previously songsters had sung of leaving home in exile or for escape from poverty, lyrics from the 1960s onwards often suggested that work had removed people from loved ones. It could be work on a day-by-day basis, as in A Hard Day’s Night from the 1964 film of the same name, where the Beatles illuminate differences between the public sphere of work and the private sphere to which they return: When I’m home, everything seems to be alright, When I’m home feeling you holding me tight, tight, yeah and reiterated by Paul McCartney in Every Night: And every night that day is through But tonight I just want to stay in And be with you. Lyrics such as these and McCartney’s call to be taken “...home to the Mull of Kintyre,” singled him out for his home-and-hearth messages (Dempsey). But work might involve longer absences and thus more deepfelt loneliness. Simon and Garfunkel’s exemplary Homeward Bound starkly portrays a site of “away-ness”: I’m sittin’ in the railway station, got a ticket for my destination… Mundaneness, monotony and predictability contrast with the home to which the singer’s thoughts are constantly escaping. The routine is familiar but the faces are those of strangers. Home here is, again, not simply a domicile but the warmth of those we know and love. Written at a railway station, Homeward Bound echoes sentiments almost identical to those of (Leaving on a) Jet Plane, written by John Denver at an airport in 1967. Denver also co-wrote (Take Me Home) Country Roads, where, in another example of anthropomorphism as a tool of establishing a strong link, he asks to be taken home to the place I belong West Virginia, mountain momma, Take me home, Country Roads. The theme has recurred in numerous songs since, spawning examples such as Darin and Alquist’s When I Get Home, Chris Daughtry’s Home, Michael Bublé’s Home and Will Smith’s Ain’t No Place Like Home, where, in an opening reminiscent of Homeward Bound, the singer is Sitting in a hotel room A thousand miles away from nowhere Sloped over a chair as I stare… Furniture from home, on the other hand, can be used to evoke contentment and bliss, as demonstrated by George Weiss and Bob Thiele’s song The Home Fire, in which both kin and the objects of home become charged with meaning: All of the folks that I love are there I got a date with my favourite chair Of course, in regard to earlier songs especially, while the traveller associates home with love, security and tenderness, back at home the waiting one may have had feelings more of frustration and oppression. One is desperate to get back home, but for all we know the other may be desperate to get out of home or to develop a life more meaningful than that which was then offered to women. If the lot of homemakers was invisible to national economies (Waring), it seemed equally invisible to mainstream songwriters. This reflects the tradition that “Despite home being generally considered a feminine, nurturing space created by women themselves, they often lack both authority and a space of their own within this realm” (Mallett 75). Few songs have offered the perspective of the one at home awaiting the return of the traveller. One exception is the Seekers’ 1965 A World of Our Own but, written by Tom Springfield, the words trilled by Judith Durham may have been more of a projection of the traveller’s hopes and expectations than a true reflection of the full experiences of housebound women of the day. Certainly, the song reinforces connections between home and intimacy and privacy: Close the door, light the lights. We’re stayin’ home tonight, Far away from the bustle and the bright city lights. Let them all fade away, just leave us alone And we’ll live in a world of our own. This also strongly supports Gaston Bachelard’s claim that one’s house in the sense of a home is one’s “first universe, a real cosmos” (qtd. in Blunt and Dowling 12). But privacy can also be a loneliness when home is not inhabited by loved ones, as in the lyrics of Don Gibson’s 1958 Oh, Lonesome Me, where Everybody’s going out and having fun I’m a fool for staying home and having none. Similar sentiments emerge in Debbie Boone’s You Light up My Life: So many nights I’d sit by my window Waiting for someone to sing me his song. Home in these situations can be just as alienating as the “away” depicted as so unfriendly by Homeward Bound’s strangers’ faces and the “million people” who still leave Michael Bublé feeling alone. Yet there are other songs that depict “away” as a prison made of freedom, insinuating that the lack of a home and consequently of the stable love and commitment presumably found there is a sad situation indeed. This is suggested by the lilting tune, if not by the lyrics themselves, in songs such as Wandrin’ Star from the musical Paint Your Wagon and Ron Miller’s I’ve Never Been to Me, which has both a male and female version with different words, reinforcing gendered experiences. The somewhat conservative lyrics in the female version made it a perfect send-up song in the 1994 film Priscilla: Queen of the Desert. In some songs the absentee is not a traveller but has been in jail. In Tie a Yellow Ribbon round the Ole Oak Tree, an ex-inmate states “I’m comin’ home. I’ve done my time.” Home here is contingent upon the availability and forgivingness of his old girl friend. Another song juxtaposing home with prison is Tom Jones’ The Green, Green Grass of Home in which the singer dreams he is returning to his home, to his parents, girlfriend and, once again, an old oak tree. However, he awakes to find he was dreaming and is about to be executed. His body will be taken home and placed under the oak tree, suggesting some resigned sense of satisfaction that he will, after all, be going home, albeit in different circumstances. Death and home are thus sometimes linked, with home a euphemism for the former, as suggested in many spirituals, with heaven or an afterlife being considered “going home”. The reverse is the case in the haunting Bring Him Home of the musical Les Misérables. With Marius going off to the barricades and the danger involved, Jean Valjean prays for the young man’s safe return and that he might live. Home is connected here with life, safety and ongoing love. In a number of songs about home and absence there is a sense of home being a place where morality is gently enforced, presumably by women who keep men on the straight and narrow, in line with one of the women’s roles of colonial Australia, researched by Anne Summers. These songs imply that when men wander from home, their morals also go astray. Wild Rover bemoans Oh, I’ve been a wild rover for many a year, and I’ve spent all my money on whiskey and beer… There is the resolve in the chorus, however, that home will have a reforming influence. Gene Pitney’s Twenty-Four Hours from Tulsa poses the dangers of distance from a wife’s influence, while displaying opposition to the sentimental yearning of so many other songs: Dearest darlin’, I have to write to say that I won’t be home anymore ‘cause something happened to me while I was drivin’ home And I’m not the same anymore Class as well as gender can be a debated issue in meanings attached to home, as evident in several songs that take a more jaundiced view of home, seeing it as a place from which to escape. The Animals’ powerful We Gotta Get Outta This Place clearly suggests a life of drudgery in a home town or region. Protectively, the lyrics insist “Girl, there’s a better life for me and you” but it has to be elsewhere. This runs against the grain of other British songs addressing poverty or a working class existence as something that comes with its own blessings, all to do with an area identified as home. These traits may be loyalty, familiarity or a refusal to judge and involve identities of placement rather than of displacement in, for instance, Gerry and the Pacemakers’ Ferry Cross the Mersey: People around every corner, they seem to smile and say “We don’t care what your name is, boy. We’ll never send you away.” This bears out Blunt and Dowling’s claim that “people’s senses of themselves are related to and produced through lived and metaphorical experiences of home” (252). It also resonates with some of the region-based identity and solidarity issues explored a short time later by Paul Willis in his study of working class youth in Britain, which help to inform how a sense of home can operate to constrict consciousness, ideas and aspirations. Identity features strongly in other songs about home. Several years after Neil Young recorded his 1970 song Southern Man about racism in the south of the USA, the group Lynyrd Skynyrd, responded with Sweet Home Alabama. While the meaning of its lyrics are still debated, there is no debate about the way in which the song has been embraced, as I recently discovered first-hand in Tennessee. A banjo-and-fiddle band performing the song during a gig virtually brought down the house as the predominantly southern audience clapped, whopped and stamped its feet. The real meanings of home were found not in the lyrics but in the audience’s response. Wally Johnson and Bob Brown’s 1975 Home Among the Gum Trees is a more straightforward ode to home, with lyrics that prescribe a set of non-commodified values. It is about simplicity and the right to embrace a lifestyle that includes companionship, leisure and an enjoyment of and appreciation of nature, all threatened seriously in the three decades since the song’s writing. The second verse in which large shopping complexes – and implicitly the consumerism they encourage – are eschewed (“I’d trade it all tomorrow for a little bush retreat where the kookaburras call”), is a challenge to notions of progress and reflects social movements of the day, The Green Bans Movement, for instance, took a broader and more socially conscientious attitude towards home and community, putting forward alternative sets of values and insisting people should have a say in the social and aesthetic construction of their neighbourhoods as well as the impacts of their labour (Mundey). Ironically, the song has gone on to become the theme song for a TV show about home gardens. With a strong yet more vague notion of home, Peter Allen’s I Still Call Australia Home, was more prone to commodification and has been adopted as a promotional song for Qantas. Nominating only the desire to travel and the love of freedom as Australian values, both politically and socially innocuous within the song’s context, this catchy and uplifting song, when not being used as an advertisement, paradoxically works for a “diaspora” of Australians who are not in exile but have mostly travelled for reasons of pleasure or professional or financial gain. Another paradox arises from the song Home on the Range, dating back to the 19th century at a time when the frontier was still a strong concept in the USA and people were simultaneously leaving homes and reminiscing about home (Mechem). Although it was written in Kansas, the lyrics – again vague and adaptable – were changed by other travellers so that versions such as Colorado Home and My Arizona Home soon abounded. In 1947 Kansas made Home on the Range its state song, despite there being very few buffalo left there, thus highlighting a disjuncture between the modern Kansas and “a home where the buffalo roam” as described in the song. These themes, paradoxes and oppositional understandings of home only scratch the surface of the wide range of claims that are made on home throughout popular music. It has been shown that home is a flexible concept, referring to homelands, regions, communities and private houses. While predominantly used to evoke positive feelings, mostly with traditional views of the relationships that lie within homes, songs also raise challenges to notions of domesticity, the rights of those inhabiting the private sphere and the demarcation between the private and public spheres. Songs about home reflect contexts and challenges of their respective eras and remind us that vigorous discussion takes place about and within homes. The challenges are changing. Where many women once felt restrictively tied to the home – and no doubt many continue to do so – many women and men are now struggling to rediscover spatial boundaries, with production and consumption increasingly impinging upon relationships that have so frequently given the term home its meaning. With evidence that we are working longer hours and that home life, in whatever form, is frequently suffering (Beder, Hochschild), the discussion should continue. In the words of Sam Cooke, Bring it on home to me! References Bacheland, Gaston. The Poetics of Space. Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1994. Beder, Sharon. Selling the Work Ethic: From Puritan Pulpit to Corporate PR. London: Zed Books, 2000. Blunt, Alison, and Robyn Dowling. Home. London: Routledge, 2006. Cohen, Robin. Global Diasporas: An Introduction. London: UCL Press, 1997. Cooper, B. Lee. “Good Timin’: Searching for Meaning in Clock Songs.” Popular Music and Society 30.1 (Feb. 2007): 93-106. 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Damned Whores and God’s Police: The Colonization of Women in Australia. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1975. Walter, Bronwen. Outsiders Inside: Whiteness, Place and Irish Women. London: Routledge, 2001. Waring, Marilyn. Counting for Nothing: What Men Value and What Women Are Worth. Wellington, NZ: Allen & Unwin, 1988. Willis, Paul. Learning to Labor: How Working Class Kids Get Working Class Jobs. New York: Columbia UP, 1977. Citation reference for this article MLA Style Varney, Wendy. "Homeward Bound or Housebound?: Themes of Home in Popular Music." M/C Journal 10.4 (2007). echo date('d M. Y'); ?> <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0708/16-varney.php>. APA Style Varney, W. (Aug. 2007) "Homeward Bound or Housebound?: Themes of Home in Popular Music," M/C Journal, 10(4). Retrieved echo date('d M. Y'); ?> from <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0708/16-varney.php>.