Journal articles: 'Pulley Mechanisms'

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Thurtell, Matthew J., Mikhail Kunin, and Theodore Raphan. "Role of Muscle Pulleys in Producing Eye Position-Dependence in the Angular Vestibuloocular Reflex: A Model-Based Study." Journal of Neurophysiology 84, no. 2 (August 1, 2000): 639–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2000.84.2.639.

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It is well established that the head and eye velocity axes do not always align during compensatory vestibular slow phases. It has been shown that the eye velocity axis systematically tilts away from the head velocity axis in a manner that is dependent on eye-in-head position. The mechanisms responsible for producing these axis tilts are unclear. In this model-based study, we aimed to determine whether muscle pulleys could be involved in bringing about these phenomena. The model presented incorporates semicircular canals, central vestibular pathways, and an ocular motor plant with pulleys. The pulleys were modeled so that they brought about a rotation of the torque axes of the extraocular muscles that was a fraction of the angle of eye deviation from primary position. The degree to which the pulleys rotated the torque axes was altered by means of a pulley coefficient. Model input was head velocity and initial eye position data from passive and active yaw head impulses with fixation at 0°, 20° up and 20° down, obtained from a previous experiment. The optimal pulley coefficient required to fit the data was determined by calculating the mean square error between data and model predictions of torsional eye velocity. For active head impulses, the optimal pulley coefficient varied considerably between subjects. The median optimal pulley coefficient was found to be 0.5, the pulley coefficient required for producing saccades that perfectly obey Listing's law when using a two-dimensional saccadic pulse signal. The model predicted the direction of the axis tilts observed in response to passive head impulses from 50 ms after onset. During passive head impulses, the median optimal pulley coefficient was found to be 0.21, when roll gain was fixed at 0.7. The model did not accurately predict the alignment of the eye and head velocity axes that was observed early in the response to passive head impulses. We found that this alignment could be well predicted if the roll gain of the angular vestibuloocular reflex was modified during the initial period of the response, while pulley coefficient was maintained at 0.5. Hence a roll gain modification allows stabilization of the retinal image without requiring a change in the pulley effect. Our results therefore indicate that the eye position–dependent velocity axis tilts could arise due to the effects of the pulleys and that a roll gain modification in the central vestibular structures may be responsible for countering the pulley effect.

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Gerbert, G. "Belt Slip—A Unified Approach." Journal of Mechanical Design 118, no. 3 (September 1, 1996): 432–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2826904.

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Slip measurements on thick flat belts, V-belts and V-ribbed belts running on small pulleys reveal that the slip is much higher than can be predicted with classical creep theory. Shear creep plays an important role and special care must be taken when analyzing the shear deflection of the V-belt and the ribs of the V-ribbed belt. Other mechanisms are present as well. The behavior in the seating and unseating regions changes the direction of the frictional forces in these regions on the driver pulley. A unified slip theory is presented for flat belts, V-belts and V-ribbed belts considering creep, shear, seating/unseating and compliance. Measurements and theory fit very well for practical tension levels. At low tension the measured slip is higher than the predicted one for V-belts and V-ribbed belts, which probably depends on the poor fit between the belt and the grooved pulley.

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Liang, Yunlei, Zhijiang Du, Weidong Wang, and Lining Sun. "A Novel Position Compensation Scheme for Cable-Pulley Mechanisms Used in Laparoscopic Surgical Robots." Sensors 17, no. 10 (September 30, 2017): 2257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s17102257.

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Eyvazova, Z. E., and T. E. Farajov. "Analysis of the performance indicators of oil well sucker-rod pumps." Dependability 18, no. 3 (September 5, 2018): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21683/1729-2646-2018-18-3-22-26.

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The paper notes that as the depths of operated wells grow, the application of cable and pulley mechanisms becomes preferable as compared to the existing pumpjacks. A generalized theoretical analysis of the kinematics of cable and pulley drives is set forth. The authors present the general theoretical analysis of the kinematics of the above mechanisms, as well as the results of computer calculations based of the developed equations for a number of cases. Further analysis of the results showed that the crank mechanisms of a rope pulley have “smooth” kinematics. The research resulted in a proposed invention of the design of mast-type oil well sucker-rod pump drive with lower steel intensity and power consumption that would allow increasing the performance of sucker-rod pumps.The Purpose of this article consists in finding a utility model of a pump for the well rod in order to ensure the environmental safety of the equipment. That is achieved by lightening the metal structure of the pump with rotary stem and energy consumption is reduced. In the context of this problem, some calculations were performed in order to prove the system’s dependability. Based on the performed calculations it was established that the light structure can be used instead of the old heavy structure being its environmentally safe version. Experimental studies conducted by AzINMASH Research and Design Institute of Petroleum Engineering (Baku, Azerbaijan) indicate the feasibility of normal operation of sucker-rod pumps under the condition that n∙S = 54÷60 m/min. The authors examined the dependence between the peak output Q and the number of strokes n for various standard pumpjack sizes. The analysis of the parameters shown that the value of the product n∙S in the existing pumpjacks is below the recommendations based on experimental data, i.e. there is a tangible opportunity of increasing the productivity by extending the stroke of the rod hanger center, since well pump barrels may be as long as 6 to 7 meters. Estimates show that while studying the kinematics of long-stroke drives the changes in the length of the rope may be practically disregarded due to the displacement of the rope-to-pulley contact point. This simplifies the formulas that describe the kinematics of this type of long-stroke drives. Using the resulting formulas, comparative computer calculations for various cases were performed. It is shown that cable and pulley mechanisms have “softer” kinematics. The calculations confirmed the advisability of modification of the pump’s design that ensured reduced pollution of environment and energy savings. The future world will need renewable sources of energy, more power-efficient oil and gas production, minimal or zero pollution of the environment, thus the proposed solution appears to be of relevance. The authors propose a more productive design of sucker-rod pump that is easy to install and maintain at oil and gas production facilities. That can be achieved based on the calculations mentioned above.

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Chen, Jia Chuan, and Jing Yu Liu. "A Photographing and Shooting Device Delivery System." Advanced Materials Research 510 (April 2012): 507–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.510.507.

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Related to the technological field of Photographing and Shooting Support Device, a Photographing and Shooting Device Delivery System includes shooting track and its Device Case. A shooting track covers at least a set of track-flexible track units. Each single unit in the meantime owns two main tracks and at least two horizontal track axes which inset between the two main tracks. The horizontal track axis can meet the needs of the length-adjustment devices in stretching out and drawing back the length of axes. A single Shooting Track Device Case consists of a Roker, Case itself, two Pulley Mechanisms that attached to the bottom of the Case, as well as a position device that has the Rocker fixed. The Rocker can take apart and connect with the Case through Position Device. At least one axis moving mechanism is attached to the Pulley Mechanism Device, which can collapse the length in order to the change of axis. In doing so, it will not only cut down the expense but also save labor. By replacing the tripod spider in positioning through the Rocker, it can boost enormous convenience, make shooting in a low angle into a reality, and occupies relatively a smaller space compared with the tripod spider.

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Chen, Tien Li, Tsing Tshih Tsung, Liang Yu Yang, and Ho Chang. "Driving Force Testing of Lift Mechanism for Green Energy Furniture." Advanced Materials Research 201-203 (February 2011): 2803–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.201-203.2803.

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The purpose of this study is testing the force of green energy lift mechanism and analyzes its result to get the key technology for green energy (saving force and energy). At first, the green energy lift mechanisms on the market are surveyed, then the mechanism are analyzed in this study. The force balance system of the mechanism is used to save force and energy. The position limitation of saving force and energy for the force balance system will be investigated. Universal testing machine is used to test the driving force by the different loads during the lift mechanism moving downward. The tested results of the driving force will be estimated. The study results show that the loads influence significantly the driving force. The angle between pulley and wire is the key factor of the driving force.

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Wang, Hongbo, Jun Kinugawa, and Kazuhiro Kosuge. "Exact Kinematic Modeling and Identification of Reconfigurable Cable-Driven Robots With Dual-Pulley Cable Guiding Mechanisms." IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics 24, no. 2 (April 2019): 774–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmech.2019.2899016.

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Václavík, Jaroslav, and Pavel Polach. "Experimental Verification of the Properties of Fibres for the Mechanisms Based on Parallel Kinematic Structures." Applied Mechanics and Materials 486 (December 2013): 195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.486.195.

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The paper was written in the framework of research in mechanisms of the increased mobility on the basis of parallel kinematic structures, for which a fibre control instead of rigid elements is designed. The experiment is focused on the verification of the fibre properties in simplified mechanical systems such as motion on an inclined plane, vibration of a moving weight hanging on a fibre and fibre interaction with two types of pulley. The arrangement and instrumentation of the experimental stand and of the system for the measurement of position and axial forces in a fibre are described. The results should serve for tuning the computational model, the results of which are also presented in the framework of specific experiments.

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Tawi, Kamarul Baharin, Izhari Izmi Mazali, Bambang Supriyo, Nurulakmar Abu Husain, Mohd Salman Che Kob, and Yusrina Zainal Abidin. "Pulleys' Axial Movement Mechanism for Electro-Mechanical Continuously Variable Transmission." Applied Mechanics and Materials 663 (October 2014): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.663.185.

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Pulley-based continuously variable transmission (CVT) with Metal Pushing V-belt (V-belt) is a type of automotive transmission that is widely applied currently by many car manufacturers worldwide. Unlike the conventional automotive transmissions, in a pulley-based CVT with V-belt, the transmission ratio (CVT ratio) is changed continuously without the use of discrete gears. Instead, the CVT ratio is varied through the simultaneous axial movement of the primary pulley and the secondary pulley. By axially moving both pulleys simultaneously, the radius of the V-belt on both pulleys will be changed accordingly, resulting in the change of the CVT ratio. The existing pulley-based CVTs in the market use electro-hydro-mechanical (EHM) actuation system to change and to maintain the desired CVT ratio through the hydraulic pressure. However, the application of EHM actuation system leads to some disadvantages, particularly in term of the high power consumption from the engine needed to maintain the desired CVT ratio. This reduces the efficiency of the powertrain system, which eventually increases the fuel consumption of the vehicles. In addition to that, the existing pulley-based CVTs also use single acting pulley mechanism to axially move the pulleys for changing the CVT ratio. Therefore, the issue of V-belt's misalignment, which shortens the lifespan of the V-belt, is inevitable here. In this paper, the pulleys' axial movement mechanism that uses electro-mechanical (EM) actuation system is proposed. Consequently, the working principle of the proposal is described and its potential benefits are discussed.

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Inoue, Motohiro, Miwa Nakajima, Tatsuya Hojo, Megumi Itoi, and Hiroshi Kitakoji. "Acupuncture for the Treatment of Trigger Finger in Adults: A Prospective Case Series." Acupuncture in Medicine 34, no. 5 (October 2016): 392–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/acupmed-2016-011068.

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Objective To determine the effect of acupuncture performed at the synovial and ligamentous tendon sheath (A1 pulley site) on pain during snapping and the severity of the snapping phenomenon in patients with trigger finger. Methods In this observational study, changes in the patients’ condition were compared before and after acupuncture treatment. Acupuncture was performed on 19 fingers of 15 patients. Acupuncture needles were inserted into the radial and ulnar sides of the flexor tendon at the A1 pulley of the affected finger. Treatment was performed daily up to a maximum of five times. Before and after each treatment, pain during snapping and the severity of snapping were evaluated using a visual analogue scale (VAS). Results VAS scores for pain and snapping severity were significantly improved immediately after the first treatment (p<0.001). Pain during snapping, assessed before each treatment, improved over time, reaching statistical significance from the second treatment onwards (p<0.001); similarly, a significant improvement in the severity of snapping was observed, also from the second treatment (p<0.001). Patients with clinically significant improvements (≥50%) in pain and snapping severity had a significantly shorter duration of the disorder than those with <50% improvement (p<0.05). Conclusions Acupuncture at the impaired A1 pulley site may be an effective treatment for trigger finger. We postulate that acupuncture may reduce inflammation/swelling of the synovial membrane of the tendon sheath, which predominates when the disorder is of short duration. Further research is required to confirm the efficacy/effectiveness of acupuncture for trigger finger and its mechanisms of action.

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Nie, Xichun, and Venkat Krovi. "Fourier Methods for Kinematic Synthesis of Coupled Serial Chain Mechanisms." Journal of Mechanical Design 127, no. 2 (March 1, 2005): 232–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1829726.

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Single degree-of-freedom coupled serial chain (SDCSC) mechanisms are a class of mechanisms that can be realized by coupling successive joint rotations of a serial chain linkage, by way of gears or cable-pulley drives. Such mechanisms combine the benefits of single degree-of-freedom design and control with the anthropomorphic workspace of serial chains. Our interest is in creating articulated manipulation-assistive aids based on the SDCSC configuration to work passively in cooperation with the human operator or to serve as a low-cost automation solution. However, as single-degree-of-freedom systems, such SDCSC-configuration manipulators need to be designed specific to a given task. In this paper, we investigate the development of a synthesis scheme, leveraging tools from Fourier analysis and optimization, to permit the end-effectors of such manipulators to closely approximate desired closed planar paths. In particular, we note that the forward kinematics equations take the form of a finite trigonometric series in terms of the input crank rotations. The proposed Fourier-based synthesis method exploits this special structure to achieve the combined number and dimensional synthesis of SDCSC-configuration manipulators for closed-loop planar path-following tasks. Representative examples illustrate the application of this method for tracing candidate square and rectangular paths. Emphasis is also placed on conversion of computational results into physically realizable mechanism designs.

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Krovi, Venkat, G. K. Ananthasuresh, and Vijay Kumar. "Kinematic and Kinetostatic Synthesis of Planar Coupled Serial Chain Mechanisms." Journal of Mechanical Design 124, no. 2 (May 16, 2002): 301–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1464563.

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Single Degree-of-freedom Coupled Serial Chain (SDCSC) mechanisms form a novel class of modular and compact mechanisms with a single degree-of-freedom, suitable for a number of manipulation tasks. Such SDCSC mechanisms take advantage of the hardware constraints between the articulations of a serial-chain linkage, created using gear-trains or belt/pulley drives, to guide the end-effector motions and forces. In this paper, we examine the dimensional synthesis of such SDCSC mechanisms to perform desired planar manipulation tasks, taking into account task specifications on both end-effector motions and forces. Our solution approach combines precision point synthesis with optimization to realize optimal mechanisms, which satisfy the design specifications exactly at the selected precision points and approximate them in the least-squares sense elsewhere along a specified trajectory. The designed mechanisms can guide a rigid body through several positions while supporting arbitrarily specified external loads. Furthermore, torsional springs are added at the joints to reduce the overall actuation requirements and to enhance the task performance. Examples from the kinematic and the kinetostatic synthesis of planar SDCSC mechanisms are presented to highlight the benefits.

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Zhang, Zhiyang. "Roof Snow Removal Device Based on Visual Sensing Technology." E3S Web of Conferences 233 (2021): 04010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123304010.

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Based on the analysis of the current situation of roof snow removal technology at home and abroad, this paper proposes a fully automatic roof snow removal device based on visual sensing technology. This product is composed of five functional modules: cutting snow removal module, frozen snow assisting removal module, pulley block anti-drop module, worm gear transmission module, and crawler movement module. Through the cooperation of various mechanisms, the efficient removal of snow on the roof is realized. Automatic removal can effectively reduce the adverse impact of snow on the roof on residents’ lives and economic development.

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Vallotton, Jacques, Santiago Echeverri, and Vinciane Dobbelaere-Nicolas. "Functional Hallux Limitus or Rigidus Caused by a Tenodesis Effect at the Retrotalar Pulley." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 100, no. 3 (May 1, 2010): 220–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/1000220.

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Functional hallux limitus is a loss of metatarsophalangeal joint extension during the second half of the single-support phase, when the weightbearing foot is in maximal dorsiflexion. Functionally, it constitutes a sagittal plane blockade during gait. As a result, the mechanical support and stability mechanisms of the foot are disrupted, with important consequences during gait. Functional hallux limitus is a frequent, though relatively unknown condition that clinicians may overlook when examining patients with complaints that are not limited to their feet, for they can also present other symptoms such as hip, knee and lower-back pain. The purpose of this article is to present a critical review of the literature on functional hallux limitus and to explain a previously described and simple diagnostic test (flexor hallucis longus stretch test) and a physiotherapeutic manipulation (the Hoover cord maneuver) that recovers the dorsiflexion of the hallux releasing the tenodesis effect at the retrotalar pulley, which according to our clinical experience is the main cause of functional hallux limitus. The latter, to the best of our knowledge, has never been described before. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 100(3): 220–229, 2010)

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Liu, Zhenwei, Xu Wang, Songlin Ding, Ran Zhang, and Luke McNabb. "A new concept of speed amplified nonlinear electromagnetic vibration energy harvester through fixed pulley wheel mechanisms and magnetic springs." Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 126 (July 2019): 305–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2019.02.010.

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Pozhbelko, V. I. "A Unified Theory of Structure, Synthesis and Analysis of Multibody Mechanical Systems with Geometrical, Flexible and Dynamic Connections. Part 1. Basic Structural Equations and Universal Structure Tables." Proceedings of Higher Educational Institutions. Маchine Building, no. 09 (726) (September 2020): 24–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/0536-1044-2020-9-24-43.

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Multibody mechanical systems (mechanisms and machine drives) are widely used in different fields of modern engineering due to their reliability and simple design. They can be found in robots, manipulators, technological and construction equipment, automatic lines, etc. This paper presents a unified theory of structure, synthesis and analysis of mechanisms and machines with geometrical (single and multiple kinematic pairs), flexible contact (friction or belt) and dynamic contactless (inertial, gravitational, etc.) connections. The theory can be used to construct planar and spatial single- and multi-loop kinematic chains of machines with a given number of closed loops and driving motors. Areas of possible existence of multibody mechanical systems with open, closed and mixed kinematic chain are determined. Based on these findings, various planar and spatial gear and linkage patentable mechanisms are developed that can be used in vibrational drives, variable structure systems requiring precise stoppage during the cycle, lever actuators of multi-axle locomotives, spatial mixers with several mixing tanks, tribometers for measuring the limiting pulling capacity of flexible belts of belt-and-pulley drives, and direct-drive devices for horizontal motion of a suspended load with a low set velocity.

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TAN, MING A., FRANZ K. FUSS, and GÜNTHER NIEGL. "DYNAMICS OF A2 FINGER PULLEY RUPTURE." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 07, no. 01 (March 2007): 75–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519407002157.

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A mathematical model of the A2 pulley system will enable us to have a better understanding of the mechanics of the pulley-tendon system and provide us with insights of the pulley rupture mechanism. The A2 pulley was modeled based on parallel pulley fibers attached to a phalanx with a tendon passing them. Mechanical properties of the pulleys such as stiffness, strength and friction were included in the model. A convergence test was done to ensure the accuracy of the test. The model managed to show high loads on flexed finger may lead to pulley ruptures. Further studies on the rupture mechanism showed that pulley ruptures are self-propagating when a constant force is applied and the rate of rupture increases, as fewer intact fibers are present to support the load. The initial rate of propagation is much slower and this accelerates as more fibers are ruptured. This explains the common occurrence of partial pulley ruptures.

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Girolimetto, Nicolò, Ivan Giovannini, Gloria Crepaldi, Gabriele De Marco, Ilaria Tinazzi, Niccolò Possemato, Pierluigi Macchioni, et al. "Psoriatic Dactylitis: Current Perspectives and New Insights in Ultrasonography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 12 (June 12, 2021): 2604. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10122604.

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Dactylitis, one of the most typical features of psoriatic arthritis (PsA), is the diffuse swelling of the digits and is determined by the involvement of different anatomic structures, including: the subcutaneous fibrous tissue “accessory pulley” system; flexor tendons, with their related structures; the articular synovium; the small enthesis of the hands. Dactylitis is currently considered both a marker of disease activity and severe prognosis and its importance in PsA is emphasized by the inclusion in the classification criteria of PsA. This review focuses on the role of imaging in the management of PsA patients with dactylitis in clinical practice and in a research setting. Furthermore, imaging could be a valuable tool to assist in unravelling some of the underlying mechanisms of the onset and chronicization of dactylitis in PsA patients.

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Carbone, G., L. Mangialardi, and G. Mantriota. "The Influence of Pulley Deformations on the Shifting Mechanism of Metal Belt CVT." Journal of Mechanical Design 127, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1825443.

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This paper is concerned with the shifting behavior of a metal belt CVT. The calculations are performed for the chain belt case by using a one-dimensional model of the belt: the radial thickness of the belt is neglected. The friction forces are modeled on the basis of the Coulomb friction hypothesis. The deformation of the belt, i.e., the variation of its transversal width, is shown to be negligible with respect to the variation of the local groove width caused by the elastic deformation of the pulleys and by the clearance in the bearings. The particular shape of the deformed pulley is described on the basis of Sattler model (1999) who showed that the variation of the groove angle and that one of the local groove width of the pulley can be easily described by simple trigonometric formulas. The paper shows that the characteristic behavior of the transmission during slow shifting maneuvers, referred to as “creep mode,” is caused by the bending of the pulleys, that is to say for rigid pulleys no “creep mode” can be observed. Moreover, the model shows that increasing the rate of change of speed ratio a transition from the “creep-mode” to the so called “slip-mode” behavior of the variator takes place, as experimentally observed.

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Martin, Michael G., and Victoria R. Masear. "Triggering of the Lesser Toes at a Previously Undescribed Distal Pulley System." Foot & Ankle International 19, no. 2 (February 1998): 113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107110079801900211.

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We have treated five patients with metatarsalgia and triggering of the lesser toes. This paper describes a mechanism of triggering that involves a previously undescribed flexor pulley system in the toes that is very similar to the pulley system in the fingers. The specific anatomy of the toe flexor pulleys is described based upon the dissections of 50 fresh-frozen cadaver toes. These pulleys were composed of transverse to obliquely oriented fibrous bands within the flexor sheaths from the metatarsal heads to the distal phalanges. We found a system of pulleys in the lesser toes and the great toe, analogous to that found in the hand. Trigger toe is a rare entity and is only briefly described in the literature. We believe it is more common than is now recognized and may be an important underdiagnosed cause of metatarsalgia. The diagnosis is made when active plantarflexion causes the toes to catch in flexion and the patient is then unable to extend them. Nonsurgical therapy consisting of steroid injection, NSAIDs, or changing footwear may be effective, otherwise surgical release of the A1 pulley may be required.

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Akehurst, S., N. D. Vaughan, D. A. Parker, and D. Simner. "Modelling of loss mechanisms in a pushing metal V-belt continuously variable transmission: Part 2: Pulley deflection losses and total torque loss validation." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 218, no. 11 (November 2004): 1283–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954407042580101.

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Micklem, J. D., D. K. Longmore, and C. R. Burrows. "Belt Torque Loss in a Steel V-Belt Continuously Variable Transmission." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 208, no. 2 (April 1994): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1994_208_167_02.

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To achieve the potential advantages to be gained by the use of a high ratio range, continuously variable transmission (CVT) in an automobile it is important that the system has a high efficiency and that any inherent loss mechanisms are fully understood. This paper investigates the belt-related torque loss in a steel V-belt CVT. Measurements show that the loss is dependent on the secondary pulley clamping force and on the belt configuration and these results are presented in the paper. A semi-empirical model is proposed to explain the loss. The agreement between the measured results and the values calculated from the model is shown to be good. It is also shown that when the system is in an overdrive ratio and a high efficiency is particularly important the torque loss is large and the efficiency is severely limited, probably to less than 90 per cent.

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Kagotani, Masanori, Kenichi Makita, Hiroyuki Ueda, and Tomio Koyama. "Transmission Error in Helical Synchronous Belt Drives in Bidirectional Operation Under No Transmitted Load (Influence of Pulley Flanges)." Journal of Mechanical Design 126, no. 5 (September 1, 2004): 881–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1765118.

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Helical synchronous belt drives are more effective than conventional synchronous belt drives with respect to reducing noise and transmission error per single pitch of the pulley. However, the helix angle of the tooth trace causes axial belt movement. Therefore, flanged pulleys are used in a helical synchronous belt drive, in order to prevent the belt from running off the pulley. In the present study, the transmission error in a helical synchronous belt drive using flanged pulleys under no transmitted load was investigated both theoretically and experimentally for the case where the pulley was rotated in bidirectional operation. The computed transmission error agrees well with the experimental results, thereby confirming the applicability of the proposed theoretical analysis for transmission error. In this case, transmission error is found to be generated by the difference in axial belt movement between the driving and driven sides, and by a change in the state of contact between the belt and pulley teeth flanks. The transmission error is reduced when the installation tension is set higher than the tension that causes a change in contact direction between the tooth flanks. In addition, transmission error does not occur when the driving and driven pulleys are of equal outside diameter and have no alignment error between the driving and driven pulleys in the axial direction.

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Schöffl, Isabelle, Thomas Baier, and Volker Schöffl. "Flap Irritation Phenomenon (FLIP): Etiology of Chronic Tenosynovitis After Finger Pulley Rupture." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 27, no. 4 (November 2011): 291–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.27.4.291.

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After a pulley rupture, most climbers regain the full function of their previously uninjured fingers. However, in some cases of pulley rupture, a persistent inflammation of the tendon sheath is observed. In this study, 16 cadaver fingers were loaded until pulley rupture and then studied for the rupturing mechanism. In addition, two patients with this pathology were investigated using ultrasound and MRI, and received surgery. In 13 fingers, a rupture of one or several pulleys occurred and almost always at the medial or lateral insertion. In one finger, a capsizing of the pulley underneath the intact tendon sheath was observed, leading to an avulsion between tendon and tendon sheath. A similar pathology was observed in the ultrasound imaging, in MRI, and during surgery in two patients with prolonged recovery after minor pulley rupture. In cases of prolonged tenosynovitis after minor pulley rupture, a capsizing of the pulley stump is probably the cause for constant friction leading to inflammation. In those cases, a surgical removal of the remaining pulley stump and sometimes a pulley repair may be necessary.

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Fushimi, Y. "Study on Transmitting Mechanisms for CVT using Block Type V-Belts: Analysis of Forces Acting on a Belt and Pulley thrusts at Transitional States." JSAE Review 16, no. 1 (January 1995): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0389-4304(95)94749-d.

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Beikmann, R. S., N. C. Perkins, and A. G. Ulsoy. "Nonlinear Coupled Vibration Response of Serpentine Belt Drive Systems." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 118, no. 4 (October 1, 1996): 567–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2888336.

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This theoretical and experimental study identifies a key nonlinear mechanism that promotes strongly coupled dynamics of serpentine belt drive systems. Attention is focused on a prototypical three-pulley system that contains the essential features of automotive serpentine drives having automatic (spring-loaded) tensioners. A theoretical model is presented that describes pulley and tensioner arm rotations, and longitudinal and transverse belt vibration response. A recent investigation demonstrates that infinitesimal belt stretching creates a linear mechanism that couples transverse belt vibration to tensioner arm rotation. Here, it is further demonstrated that finite belt stretching creates a nonlinear mechanism that may lead to strong coupling between pulley/tensioner arm rotation and transverse belt vibration, in the presence of an internal resonance. Theoretical and experimental results confirm the existence of this nonlinear coupling mechanism. In particular, it is shown that very large transverse belt vibrations can result from small resonant torque pulses applied to the crankshaft or accessory pulleys. These large amplitude transverse vibrations are particularly sensitive to seemingly small changes in the rotational mode characteristics.

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Miyazawa, T. "Study on transmitting mechanisms for CVT using a dry hybrid V-belt: numerical simulation of transmitting forces and pulley thrusts at steady and transitional states." JSAE Review 20, no. 1 (January 1999): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0389-4304(98)00041-1.

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Hong, Dennis W., and Raymond J. Cipra. "A Method for Representing the Configuration and Analyzing the Motion of Complex Cable-Pulley Systems." Journal of Mechanical Design 125, no. 2 (June 1, 2003): 332–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1564062.

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In this paper a systematic way of representing complex cable-pulley mechanism configurations and a method to analyze their motion is presented. This technique can also be used as an aid for synthesis. The cable-pulley system model that is being considered is planar and composed of three basic elements which are pulleys, blocks, and cables. A configuration table is used to identify the constraint equations by systematically defining the connections between the cables, pulleys, and blocks. The basic strategy is to use the constraint equations to generate the relationship between each variable and a subset of the variables identified as the inputs. A row reduction process on the system of constraint equations identifies the number of inputs and ultimately generates the relationships of each variable to the input(s). Results with different input variables can be easily obtained by a simple column interchange process. Examples are given to illustrate the procedure.

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Saab, Wael, William S. Rone, and Pinhas Ben-Tzvi. "Discrete modular serpentine robotic tail: design, analysis and experimentation." Robotica 36, no. 7 (March 6, 2018): 994–1018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263574718000176.

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SUMMARYThis paper presents the design, analysis and experimentation of a Discrete Modular Serpentine Tail (DMST). The mechanism is envisioned for use as a robotic tail integrated onto mobile legged robots to provide a means, separate from the legs, to aid stabilization and maneuvering for both static and dynamic applications. The DMST is a modular two-degree-of-freedom (DOF) articulated, under-actuated mechanism, inspired by continuum and serpentine robotic structures. It is constructed from rigid links with cylindrical contoured grooves that act as pulleys to route and maintain equal displacements in antagonistic cable pairs that are connected to a multi-diameter pulley. Spatial tail curvatures are produced by adding a roll-DOF to rotate the bending plane of the planar tail curvatures. Kinematic and dynamic models of the cable-driven mechanism are developed to analyze the impact of trajectory and design parameters on the loading profiles transferred through the tail base. Experiments using a prototype are performed to validate the forward kinematic and dynamic models, determine the mechanism's accuracy and repeatability, and measure the mechanism's ability to generate inertial loading.

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Kong, Lingyuan, and Robert G. Parker. "Mechanics and Sliding Friction in Belt Drives With Pulley Grooves." Journal of Mechanical Design 128, no. 2 (June 23, 2005): 494–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2168469.

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The steady mechanics of a two-pulley belt drive system are examined where the pulley grooves, belt extension and wedging in the grooves, and the associated friction are considered. The belt is modeled as an axially moving string with the tangential and normal accelerations incorporated. The pulley grooves generate two-dimensional radial and tangential friction forces whose undetermined direction depends on the relative speed between belt and pulley along the contact arc. Different from single-pulley analyses, the entry and exit points between the belt spans and pulleys must be determined in the analysis due to the belt radial penetration into the pulley grooves and the coupling of the driver and driven pulley solutions. A new computational technique is developed to find the steady mechanics of a V-belt drive. This allows system analysis, such as speed/torque loss and maximum tension ratio. The governing boundary value problem (BVP) with undetermined boundaries is converted to a fixed boundary form solvable by a general-purpose BVP solver. Compared to flat belt drives or models that neglect radial friction, significant differences in the steady belt-pulley mechanics arise in terms of belt radial penetration, free span contact points, tension, friction, and speed variations.

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Feng, Xiao, Wen-Bin Shangguan, Jianxiang Deng, and Xingjian Jing. "Modeling and dynamic analysis of accessory drive systems with integrated starter generator for micro-hybrid vehicles." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 233, no. 5 (April 15, 2018): 1162–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407018764159.

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Belt-driven integrated starter generator system is a hybrid transmission that resembles the conventional serpentine belt-driven system. The system contains an integrated starter generator that performs a “start-stop” function on the engine. A two-pulley tensioner mechanism is attached to the integrated starter generator to maintain belt tension. The objectives of this paper are to develop modeling and calculation methods for estimating the performances of the belt-driven integrated starter generator system and to investigate the influence of damping of the two-pulley tensioner on vibration and shock. A systematic modeling and analysis method is proposed. The modeling method for the two-pulley tensioner is distinguished from any existing studies, which are generic for modeling the tensioner in belt-driven integrated starter generator systems with different layouts. A typical belt-driven integrated starter generator system is presented and a model is established to predict the dynamic response of rotational vibrations of pulleys, tensioner motions, and tension fluctuations. A parametric analysis is conducted to evaluate the two-pulley tensioner parameters with respect to their impact on the performances of the belt-driven integrated starter generator system.

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Takuma, Takashi. "Design of Tendon-Driven Mechanism Using Geometrical Condition." Actuators 9, no. 3 (June 30, 2020): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/act9030048.

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A tendon-driven robot offers many advantages, such as easy designs for mass distribution that facilitate dexterous motion. A procedure to design such a robot using a single actuator to achieve the desired force direction and magnitude on an endpoint is presented herein. The force on the endpoint is generated by the single actuator and a wire that passes through pulleys attached on links. To set the pulley position for the desired force direction and magnitude, a geometrical condition is proposed. To evaluate the proposed method, a physical monopod robot was developed. We compared the calculated and physical forces on the endpoint of the physical robot for the desired directions. Finally, we confirmed that the proposed method provided the desired force on the endpoint without iterative trials.

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Bechtel, S. E., S. Vohra, K. I. Jacob, and C. D. Carlson. "The Stretching and Slipping of Belts and Fibers on Pulleys." Journal of Applied Mechanics 67, no. 1 (September 28, 1999): 197–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.321164.

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We derive the equations of motion for an extensible belt on a pulley in which all effects of inertia, including (for the first time) acceleration due to stretching, are retained in the momentum balance. These equations are also valid for fibers and films on rollers undergoing cold draw. We apply our equations to the problem of torque transmission by a belt between two pulleys, and compare the resulting solution to solutions in which centrifugal acceleration is included but stretching acceleration is neglected (the common engineering practice), and the solution in which both centrifugal and stretching accelerations are neglected. We find that ignoring both centrifugal and stretching accelerations results in an overprediction of the maximum moment that can be transmitted, and, for a given transmitted moment, underprediction of the slip angles on the driving and driven pulleys and overprediction of belt strain rates and normal and frictional forces from the pulley on the belt in the slip zones. The common engineering practice of including the effects of centrifugal acceleration but neglecting stretching acceleration also results in errors, for example underpredicting the maximum moment that can be transmitted, overpredicting the slip angles, and underpredicting belt strain rates and normal and frictional forces on the driving pulley. The percentage error increases as the ratios of belt stiffness to centrifugal acceleration or initial belt tension decrease. [S0021-8936(00)01401-X]

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Yue, M. G. "Belt Vibration Considering Moving Contact and Parametric Excitation." Journal of Mechanical Design 115, no. 4 (December 1, 1993): 1024–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2919251.

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The contacting point between belt and pulley is not fixed but moves along the pulley during vibration and that influences on the free span length of the belt. The concept vibrating length is introduced and that will affect the dynamic behavior of the belt. Parametric excitation can occur through periodic variations in belt tension and speed arising from loading of the pulleys by belt-driven accessories and from engines in automotive applications. Violent oscillations develop and resonance will occur when the frequency of excitation is close to twice or three times the natural frequency for varying tension and speed case, respectively.

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Gabl, Markus, Christoph Rangger, Martin Lutz, Christian Fink, Ansgar Rudisch, and Sigurd Pechlaner. "Disruption of the Finger Flexor Pulley System in Elite Rock Climbers." American Journal of Sports Medicine 26, no. 5 (September 1998): 651–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03635465980260050901.

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We treated 13 elite rock climbers for isolated disruptions of the pulleys of the long fingers. Diagnosis and treatment were based on the clinical finding of bowstringing, which was confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging. Eight patients had bowstringing indicating incomplete disruption of the major pulley A2 and were treated nonoperatively (group A). Five patients showed bowstringing indicating complete disruption of the pulley A2. After failed nonoperative treatment, the pulleys were reconstructed (group B). The mechanism of injury and clinical and subjective results were evaluated. At a 31-month follow-up (range, 18 to 43 months), loss of extension in the proximal interphalangeal joint measured 5.6° (range, 0° to 10°) in group A and 4° (range, 0° to 10°) in group B. Circumference of the finger section was increased 4.2 mm in group A (range, 0 to 10 mm) and 4.8 mm in group B (range, 0 to 10 mm). Grip strength decreased 20 N in group A (range, 10 to 50 N) and 12 N in group B (range, 10 to 30 N). Four patients in group A and one in group B had bowstringing at clinical evaluation. On follow-up magnetic resonance images, bowstringing remained unchanged in group A but was reduced in all patients in group B. Good subjective results were seen in both groups.

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Khadim, Qasim, Esa-Pekka Kaikko, Eero Puolatie, and Aki Mikkola. "Targeting the user experience in the development of mobile machinery using real-time multibody simulation." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 12, no. 6 (June 2020): 168781402092317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814020923176.

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Applying a semi-recursive multibody approach enables the solution of the equations of motion of a complex system in real time. This makes it possible to conduct human-in-loop simulations and analyse the user experience. The idea of recognizing the user experience to produce more efficient, competitive, and user-friendly products has been limited thus far to the field of information technology and the development of light physical products. This study introduces a simulation modelling procedure for a complex forklift mast system that can be used to help analyse the user experience. A multibody forklift model is introduced that includes the electric motors, a pump, a freelift, a mainlift and tilt cylinders, actuators, pulley and chain mechanisms, contacts, and tyres. The viscoelastic behaviour of the chain during longitudinal and transverse movement is simulated using a discrete model approach. Triplex mast speeds and hydraulic system efficiencies across working cycles are used to verify the performance of the introduced real-time simulation model against measurements taken from an equivalent reference forklift. To better evaluate the developed model, experienced and inexperienced forklift drivers were asked to drive an updated simulator and provide feedback. User experience inputs that can be made available early on in development using this new modelling approach will permit experts to evaluate and design more efficient complex mechanical systems.

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Leamy, Michael J. "On a Perturbation Method for the Analysis of Unsteady Belt-Drive Operation." Journal of Applied Mechanics 72, no. 4 (October 29, 2004): 570–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1940660.

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A perturbation method is presented for use in analyzing unsteady belt-drive operation. The method relies on the important assumption that for operating states close to steady operation, the friction state (i.e., whether the belt is creeping or sticking at any location on the pulley) is similar to that of the well-known steady solution in which a lone stick arc precedes a lone slip arc (Johnson, K. L., 1985, Contact Mechanics, Cambridge U.P., London, Chap. 8; Smith, D. P., 1999, Tribol. Int., 31(8), pp. 465–477). This assumption, however, is not used to determine the friction force distribution, and, in fact, the friction forces in the stick zone are found to be nonzero, in direct contrast to the steady solution. The perturbation analysis is used to derive expressions for the span tensions, the pulley tension distributions, the contact forces between the belt and the pulleys, and the angular velocity of the driven pulleys. Validity criteria are developed which determine bounds on the operation state for which the assumed friction state is upheld. Verification of response quantities from the perturbation solution is accomplished through comparison to quantities predicted by an in-house dynamic finite element model and excellent agreement is found. Additionally, the finite element model is used to verify the key assumption that a lone slip arc precedes a lone stick arc.

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Chaudhari, Ramkrushna, and A. G. Thakur. "Modern Conveyor Pulleys with Modified End Disc Design, Locking Device & Gearless Drive." International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 10, no. 9 (July 30, 2021): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.i9380.0710921.

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Nowadays, in order to mine the ore economically, it became necessary to increase the tonnage of mined ore, as well as to improve the method of transporting the ore that is to be mined. Belt conveyors are essential equipment for transferring the material from one place to targeted place and conveyor pulleys are the major component of conveyor system. Such kind of conveyor system needs reliable conveyor pulleys. Different type of conveyor pulleys are used throughout the conveyor system as per their function. In this research, the agenda is on modification of present conveyor pulley design by removing the most common causes of catastrophic fatigue failure which are used for high tension application in mining industry. The target during the research is on improvement of end disc design, elimination keyed connection in between shaft and hub by using locking device. The another development is to use of gearless drive technology for drive pulleys. This is obtained by continuous improvement and strategic standardized process to cater the need of mining application. These modified conveyor pulleys are best suitable for high capacity, high tension long distance conveyors used in mining industry.

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Öztürk, Cuneyt. "Audible Noise Produced by the Sporadic Changes of Tensile Forces in a Belt Driven System." Journal of Low Frequency Noise, Vibration and Active Control 14, no. 4 (December 1995): 193–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026309239501400404.

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The tensile forces of a drive belt have static and dynamic components. Static forces are related to the steady power transmission, whilst the dynamic forces are dependent on the eccentricity of the pulleys, non-uniformity of the belt and pulley surfaces and the dynamic loading. This study describes a successful endeavour to analyze the effects of variation of tensile forces on the noise emission of the drive system. In belt driven systems, the static tensile forces are dependent on initial tensioning, mean value of power transmission and belt speed. Dynamic tensile forces, which cannot be limited by the elastic extension and contraction of the belt relative to rigid pulley surface, are also considered as one of the major causes of noise emission. Results show that the tensile forces can cause parametric excitation of the transverse flexural vibrations that are dominant at twice the fundamental frequency of the belt span. The variations of static tensile forces and sporadic changes, whose fluctuations cause side peaks of the fundamental frequencies, can be considered in an analytical model by neglecting the inertia of the pulley and bending stiffness of the belt. Tensile forces can lead to further vibration and noise problems in belt driven systems by causing increase of torsional and rectilinear vibrations and amplification of noise emissions.

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Reutov, A. A., V. V. Kobishchanov, and V. I. Sakalo. "Dynamic Modeling of Lift Hoisting Mechanism Block Pulley." Procedia Engineering 150 (2016): 1303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.07.300.

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Cheng, G., and J. W. Zu. "Nonstick and Stick-Slip Motion of a Coulomb-Damped Belt Drive System Subjected to Multifrequency Excitations." Journal of Applied Mechanics 70, no. 6 (November 1, 2003): 871–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1629754.

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In this paper, the rotational vibration of a belt drive system with a dry friction tensioner subjected to multiple harmonic excitations is studied. The work is focused on the impact of the dry friction torque combined with the multiexcitation frequencies on dynamic characteristics of the system. An analytical solution procedure is developed for the first time to predict two kinds of periodic responses of the system, i.e., nonstop and one-stop motion characterized by the nonstick and stick-slip vibration of the tensioner arm in the system, respectively. Utilizing this method, parametric studies are carried out to obtain the frequency response of a prototypical belt drive system subjected to harmonic excitations from both the driving and driven pulleys. It is found that the tensioner Coulomb friction torque has a significant impact on the amplitude response of the system—it reduces the vibration amplitude of the tensioner arm, but for other components in the belt system it can either decrease or increase the amplitudes under different situations. Furthermore, if the excitation frequency from the driving pulley is larger than or equal to that from the driven pulley, the system vibration amplitudes are much larger than those under the opposite condition.

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Wu, Feng Qi, Jin Zhang, and Wen Qing Yao. "Movable Pulley Movement Characteristic Analysis Based on Adams." Advanced Materials Research 1030-1032 (September 2014): 1210–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1030-1032.1210.

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Based on the multi-body system dynamics in the ADAMS environment, a virtual prototype of crane hoisting mechanism was developed. In this model, the whole system was disassembled lifting mechanism system with flexible body dynamics model of the wire rope. The virtual running environment was established according to the actual working conditions, which is designed the lifting working process with rope-movable pulley contact. It is the key step to build hoisting mechanism dynamics model for performance analysis of system dynamics, which is the basis for the optimize design of hoisting mechanism. Virtual prototype simulation results will be applied to prototype design and evaluation, and save a lot of manpower and material resources. At the same time, the method has an advantage for dynamics analysis to simulating some dangerous movement conditions, which is hard to be replayed or simulated at the test actual working condition site. In particular, some cases cannot be recurrence in the accident handling process. Variable stiffness contact characteristics of wire rope-movable pulley of hoisting mechanism are implemented successfully through discrete multiple rigid body are applied to the wire rope in this paper , the establishment of a crane hoisting mechanism dynamic model is based on ADAMS, which realize hoisting mechanism flexible simulations, running virtual environments of hoisting mechanism is established, these results show that the model reflected the actual dynamics of hoisting mechanism, also present that some of the theoretical analysis results cannot confirm.

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Woods, Benjamin KS, and Michael I. Friswell. "Spiral pulley negative stiffness mechanism for passive energy balancing." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 27, no. 12 (August 24, 2015): 1673–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x15600904.

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Dowd, Michael B., and Erick O. Fuentes. "Closed traumatic A2 pulley rupture: rare mechanism of injury." Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 34, no. 4 (August 2009): 548–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753193408102467.

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Jin, XueJun, Jinwoo Jung, Jinlong Piao, Eunpyo Choi, Jong-Oh Park, and Chang-Sei Kim. "Solving the pulley inclusion problem for a cable-driven parallel robotic system: Extended kinematics and twin-pulley mechanism." Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 32, no. 6 (June 2018): 2829–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12206-018-0539-4.

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Kim, Minsung, and Jintai Chung. "Dynamic analysis of a pulley-belt system with different pulley radii and support stiffness." Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 32, no. 12 (December 2018): 5597–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12206-018-1106-8.

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ARAKI, Nobuhiko, and Yuichi NAKAZATO. "Study on pet robot for welfare using wire pulley mechanism." Proceedings of JSME annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (Robomec) 2020 (2020): 1A1—D06. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmermd.2020.1a1-d06.

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KINOSHITA, Yasushi, Junji FUJITA, Naofumi KITAGAWA, and Masanori TERAO. "Flat-belt breaking mechanism by debris generated on pulley surface." Proceedings of the Conference on Information, Intelligence and Precision Equipment : IIP 2021 (2021): IIP2A1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeiip.2021.iip2a1-3.

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Fujiki, Hiroumi, Chikara Nakagawa, Yuji Takeda, and Hiroki Cho. "Fabrication and Output Power Characteristics of a Pulley-type SMA Heat-engine with the Cooling Mechanism Contained in Pulley." Transactions of the Materials Research Society of Japan 41, no. 3 (2016): 285–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.14723/tmrsj.41.285.

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Mohammad Munib Rosadi, Retno Eka Pramitasari, and Ali Hasbi Ramadani. "PERANCANGAN SISTEM PENGGERAK TRAINER TRANSMISI MANUAL 5 PERCEPATAN TOYOTA KIJANG." Reaktom : Rekayasa Keteknikan dan Optimasi 4, no. 2 (December 15, 2019): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.33752/reaktom.v4i2.1252.

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The need for learning media in the Machine Element II course makes the transmission trainer to be immediately presented in order to become a means of supporting student learning. In a transmission trainer system a driving mechanism is needed so that the transmission can rotate. The drive mechanism must be reliable to ensure the transmission can rotate without constraints. Therefore, it is necessary to design and calculate in designing the transmission driving mechanism. The purpose of this study was to determine the design and calculation of the transmission trainer drive system. The design results show that the required motor specs are motors with 250 watts of power, driven pulley diameter 50 mm, driven pulley diameter 250 mm, distance between pulley axes is 335 mm. use v-belt type A with a length of 1175 mm. this drive system mechanism will produce a final torque of 393.01 kg.mm which is considered good because it is higher than the planned torque that is 325,85 kg.mm.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Pulley Mechanisms'

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