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1
Hostachy, J. C., G. Lenon, J. L. Pisicchio, C. Coste, and C. Legay. "Reduction of pulp and paper mill pollution by ozone treatment." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 2-3 (1997): 261–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0533.
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The pulp and paper industry is facing more stringent regulations on the quality of effluent discharges to receiving waters, especially for bleached pulp mills. In most cases, these regulations concern mainly AOX concentrations, biotoxicity and COD level in the final discharges. An effective way to improve pollution balance would be to use ozone as an external treatment to meet environmental regulations. The first part of this work has consisted in the identification of the polluting steps in pulp and paper mill processes in terms of toxic effects. After identification, effluents streams that contribute the most to the global pollution of the mill were selected for ozone treatment. For bleaching effluents, the goal was to eliminate acute toxicity and chlorophenolics to increase biodegradability. Depending on the nature of the effluent, complete detoxification and an increase of biodegradability can be obtained with low ozone doses (0.5-1 kg/ADt of pulp). Ozone has also been applied on the final effluent discharges before and after biological treatment. In hardwood and softwood pulp and paper mill final discharges, the residual COD can be eliminated with a catalyzed ozone treatment. This treatment may allow a water quality sufficient for reutilisation which could lower water consumption of the pulp processes.
2
St-Jean, Sylvie D., Simon C. Courtenay, and Roy W. Parker. "Immunomodulation in Blue Mussels (Mytilus edulis) Exposed to a Pulp and Paper Mill Effluent in Eastern Canada." Water Quality Research Journal 38, no. 4 (2003): 647–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2003.041.
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Abstract Blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) were caged at three sites situated at increasing distance from the point of discharge of a pulp and paper mill effluent from July to October 1998. Two additional cages were deployed: one inside and one at the mouth of the adjacent industrialized Pictou Harbour. After 90 d exposure, we measured growth, survival, haemocyte counts (HC), phagocytic activity (PA), lysosome retention (LR) and bacterial clearance (BC). There was a small but significant difference in growth between cages. Mussels closest to the mill effluent grew the most while those at the mouth of the harbour grew the least. Mussels from three cages showed similar difficulty in clearing bacteria; the cage inside the harbour, the cage nearest to the pulp mill effluent and the cage furthest from the pulp mill, receiving a mixture of both pulp mill and harbour effluents. The mussels from those cages also showed the highest heavy metal burdens and conversely, the cage showing the most rapid clearance, outside both effluents, also showed the lowest heavy metal burden. Mussels caged in the pulp mill effluent showed lower PA and LR and higher mortality during the bacterial clearance test than other mussels. These results suggest that immunological biomarkers might be a useful and more sensitive adjunct to endpoints presently being measured from caged bivalves in environmental effects monitoring (EEM) programs, and assessments of aquatic environmental quality.
3
Langi, A., and M. Priha. "Mutagenicity in Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents and in Recipient." Water Science and Technology 20, no. 2 (1988): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0054.
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The mutagenic properties of pulp and paper mill effluents were studied in three mills: bleached kraft mill with aerated lagoon treatment (Mill 1), bleached kraft mill with activated sludge treatment (Mill 2) and mechanical pulp/paper mill (Mill 3). Both treated and untreated effluents, process streams and molecular fractions were tested for mutagenicity (Ames test. Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and SCE sister chromatid exchange test, Chinese hamster ovary cells). To verify the potential environmental effects the mutagenic activity of concentrated recipient lake water (Mill 2) was also studied. The Ames mutagenicity of the bleached kraft mill effluent (BKME) originated from the first chlorination filtrate, SCE mutagenicity also occurred in the alkali extraction stage filtrate (Mill 1). No Ames mutagenicity was detected in the paper mill effluent, but it was SCE mutagenic. Activated sludge treatment of BKME removed both Ames and SCE mutagenicity, but the aerated lagoon treated BKME was still SCE mutagenic. No mutagenic activity was detected in the recipient water concentrates.
4
Krishnappan, Bommanna G. "Effect of pulp mill effluent on the transport of suspended sediment in the Athabasca River near Hinton, Alberta, CanadaThis paper is one of a selection of papers in this Special Issue in honour of Professor M. Selim Yalin (1925–2007)." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 36, no. 10 (2009): 1598–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l09-054.
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Field and laboratory measurements of the transport of the suspended sediment from the Athabasca River near Hinton, Alberta, Canada are described. The objective of these measurements was to examine the influence of pulp mill effluent entering the river from a nearby pulp mill on suspended sediment. The results of the field measurement showed that the effluent had significant impact on the transport of the sediment. Specifically, the effluent increased the deposition rates of the sediment and caused a substantial reduction of sediment concentrations in reaches downstream of the effluent outfall. The reduction in sediment concentrations and the concomitant sediment loads can only be attributed to the pulp mill effluent as there were no abrupt changes in the hydraulic characteristics of the river in the reach of interest. These observations were confirmed by laboratory experiments that were carried out using a rotating circular flume located at the National Water Research Institute in Burlington, Ontario, Canada. The findings of this study have implications for modelling suspended sediment transport in rivers receiving bleached pulp mill effluents.
5
Martel, Pierre, Tibor Kovacs, and Virginie Bérubé. "The Benefits of Biotreatment for Reducing the Effects of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents on Fish Reproduction in Laboratory Tests." Water Quality Research Journal 43, no. 2-3 (2008): 161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2008.019.
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Abstract Pulp and paper mill effluents have been reported to cause changes in reproductive indicators of fish in laboratory and field studies. These changes include reduced egg production and gonad size, and altered hormone levels and expression of secondary sex characteristics. We examined the performance of biotreatment plants for their potential in abating effects of pulp and paper mill effluents on fish reproduction under laboratory conditions. A bleached kraft mill effluent (BKME) treated in an aerated lagoon and a thermomechanical pulp mill effluent (TMPE) treated by aerobic sludge in a sequential batch reactor were selected for study. Mature fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) were exposed to effluents before and after biotreatment under continuous renewal conditions for 21 days. Egg production was monitored daily, while morphometric parameters (length, weight, gonad size), secondary sexual characteristics, and steroid hormone and vitellogenin levels were measured at the end of the effluent exposure. The effluent from both mills before biotreatment impaired the reproductive capacity of minnows (egg production) at concentrations of 10 and 20% vol/vol, but not at 2% vol/vol. Exposure to biotreated effluents from both mills at concentrations of 2, 10, 20, and 40% vol/vol caused no significant differences in overall reproductive capacity of minnows as compared with controls. These results indicate that biotreatment can significantly improve the quality of a BKME and an effluent from a TMP mill with respect to the reproductive capacity of fish as determined in laboratory tests.
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Parrott, Joanne L. "Overview of Methodology and Endpoints in Fathead Minnow Lifecycle Tests Assessing Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents." Water Quality Research Journal 40, no. 3 (2005): 334–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2005.038.
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Abstract Fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) lifecycle tests have been used to assess the effects of many North American pulp mill effluents. Fish are exposed under controlled laboratory conditions to final effluent, from the egg stage through hatching, juvenile stage and mature adult stage. Outlined here are methods for the lifecycle test (which takes from 4 to 5 months to complete) with sampling of juvenile fish at 1, 2 and 3 months of age, and sampling of mature adults after breeding. The results of most fathead minnow lifecycle studies have shown that pulp mill effluents cause metabolic and reproductive disruption (enlarged livers, reduced egg production, smaller gonads, decreased sex hormones and reduced secondary sex characteristics). Thus, the fathead minnow lifecycle assay is able to mimic the most commonly observed changes seen in wild fish exposed to pulp mill effluents. Sensitive indicators of reproductive effects in fathead minnows exposed for a lifecycle to pulp mill effluents include secondary sex characteristics, time to first reproduction and number of eggs laid. Egg production is often the most sensitive response to pulp mill effluents. Because of the length and cost of full lifecycle tests, a shortened assay using adult fish was developed as a screen for endocrine-disrupting compounds. This assay, the terminal reproduction test, has been used with success on a few pulp mill effluents. The assay exposes fathead minnow breeding pairs for three weeks to effluent, and compares egg production, sex characteristics and bioindicators of reproductive performance in pre-exposure versus post-exposure fish. For assessment of pulp mill effluents, it appears that the sensitivity of the shortened terminal reproductive fathead minnow assay may be improved by assessing bioindicators of reproductive performance (such as circulating levels of sex hormones, and circulating or hepatic vitellogenin) along with changes in secondary sex characteristics and egg production.
7
Priha, Maarit. "Bioavailability of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluent Phosphorus." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 5-6 (1994): 93–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0705.
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The aim of this study was to examine the stability and bioavailability of different phosphorus fractions of pulp and paper mill effluents in order to assess the environmental benefits of reducing their phosphorus discharges. Two types of effluent were studied: activated sludge treated bleached kraft mill effluent and activated sludge treated paper mill effluent. Phosphorus was characterized on the basis of its solubility and chemical reactivity. The stability of particulate phosphorus was studied in long-term (6-8 weeks) degradation tests. The bioavailability of different phosphorus fractions was measured by algal growth potential tests. In bleached kraft mill effluent (BKME) the proportion of dissolved phosphorus in relation to the total phosphorus was on an average 80%, and of this, approximately 80-90% was reactive phosphorus. During a 6-8 week incubation period some 60-70% of the particulate phosphorus in BKME was dissolved as soluble phosphorus, and most of it was of the reactive type. Approximately 90% of the dissolved phosphorus and 45% of the particulate phosphorus in BKME was biologically available phosphorus (BAP). Altogether some 80% of the total phosphorus in activated sludge treated BKME was available for algae either immediately or after inherent degradation. The percentages of dissolved and particulate phosphorus of paper mill effluent (PME) total phosphorus were of the same order of magnitude as those of BKME, but less than 20% of the dissolved phosphorus was of the reactive type. Approximately 50-60% of the particulate phosphorus in PME was dissolved in degradation tests, and 90% of it was biologically available.
8
Järvinen, Risto. "Nitrogen in the effluent of the pulp and paper industry." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 2-3 (1997): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0502.
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Nitrogen concentrations of effluent before and after treatment plant in two mills have been measured during five days time in a bleached kraft pulp mill and in a newsprint mill. In effluents before treatment the concentration of inorganic nitrogen was low but in the effluent of kraft pulping process, the main part is inorganic nitrogen. In effluent after treatment the concentration of inorganic nitrogen is low. After activated sludge treatment plant the concentration of dissolved organic nitrogen is about 0.6 mg/l and nitrogen in suspended solids determines fluctuation of nitrogen content in treated effluent. There is no need for biological nitrogen removal processes if the addition of nitrogen in the treatment is correct.
9
Haq, Izharul, Vineeta Kumari, Sharad Kumar, Abhay Raj, Mohtashim Lohani, and Ram Naresh Bhargava. "Evaluation of the Phytotoxic and Genotoxic Potential of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluent Using Vigna radiata and Allium cepa." Advances in Biology 2016 (August 29, 2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8065736.
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Pulp and paper mill effluent induced phytotoxicity and genotoxicity in mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) and root tip cells of onion (Allium cepa L.) were investigated. Physicochemical characteristics such as electrical conductivity (EC), biological oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total phenols of the pulp and paper mill effluent were beyond the permissible limit specified for the discharge of effluent in inland water bodies. Compared to control plants, seedling exposed to 100% effluent concentration showed a reduction in root and shoot length and biomass by 65%, 67%, and 84%, respectively, after 5 days of treatment. A. cepa root tip cells exposed to effluent concentrations ranging from 25 to 100% v/v showed a significant decrease in mitotic index (MI) from 32 to 11% with respect to control root tip cells (69%) indicating effluent induced cytotoxicity. Further, the effluent induced DNA damage as evidenced by the presence of various chromosomal aberrations like stickiness, chromosome loss, anaphase bridge, c-mitosis, tripolar anaphase, vagrant chromosome, and telophase bridge and micronucleated and binucleated cell in A. cepa. Findings of the present study indicate that pulp and paper mill effluents may act as genotoxic and phytotoxic agents in plant model system.
10
Buchanan, Ian D. "Pulp and Paper Mill Effluent Management." Water Environment Research 89, no. 10 (2017): 1417–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143017x15023776270494.
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Elnakar, Haitham, and Ian D. Buchanan. "Pulp and Paper Mill Effluent Management." Water Environment Research 90, no. 10 (2018): 1065–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143018x15289915807164.
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Elnakar, Haitham, and Ian D. Buchanan. "Pulp and paper mill effluent management." Water Environment Research 91, no. 10 (2019): 1069–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wer.1179.
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13
Kantardjieff, A., and J. P. Jones. "Practical experiences with aerobic biofilters in TMP (thermomechanical pulping), sulfite and fine paper mills in Canada." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 2-3 (1997): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0525.
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An industrial aerobic biofilter technology has been piloted extensively in Canada on several types of pulp and paper mill effluents, resulting in one full scale operational facility at one Canadian fine paper mill. In addition two industrial scale pilot plant tests were performed with the same technology, one in an integrated sulfite pulp and paper mill and one in a TMP mill. In the case of the fine paper mill, the full scale plant has two cells (8 m × 8 m × 6 m height of the media) and treats an unclarified but screened effluent with a loading of 3500 kg BOD/d. The system produces low quantities of biosludge (0.28 kg TSS/kg BOD removed), has a rapid rate of recovery after shock loadings and is very energy efficient (150 kW installed power for aeration). Pilot plant treatability studies were performed at one integrated Canadian sulfite mill using a combination of a biofilter-aerated lagoon system. The biofilter treated the most concentrated stream (sulfite pulp mill effluent) and this stream was then combined with the remaining wastewaters of the mill and polished in an aerated stabilization basin (ASB). The high quality ASB effluent (50 mg BOD/L/30 mg TSS/L) was non toxic to rainbow trout, Daphnia magna and photoluminescent bacteria. Integrated TMP mill effluents were treated in a 5 m3 aerobic biofilter filled with two types of media (10 to 20 mm and 20 to 30 mm). Under average loading conditions of 3.5 kg BOD/d.m3 media, the system produced effluents meeting regulation limits for BOD, TSS as well as for toxicity.
14
Campin, D. N., S. J. Buckland, D. J. Hannah, and J. A. Taucher. "The Identification of Dioxin Sources in an Integrated Wood Processing Facility." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 3-4 (1991): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0463.
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A study was undertaken of the PCDD and PCDF export vectors from a major facility that comprises a bleached kraft pulp mill, paper mills, and previously, a timber processing sawmill. The PCDD and PCDF levels in pulps, untreated effluent, the final effluent, sludges, and discharge to the receiving waters, were studied. The total toxic equivalents were calculated, and the individual PCDD and PCDF profiles showed that there were several contributing sources of dioxins. The various effluent streams that contribute to the final effluent were studied, including the bleached effluent, the other kraft mill effluents, and site effluents from other processing areas. Mass balances of PCDDs and PCDFs from the effluent treatment systems are presented. The paper outlines the use of full PCDD and PCDF profile measurements as a means of identifying the point sources of dioxin contamination from within the facility, and outlines the procedures that are being implemented to control the emission of dioxins in the final effluent.
15
Driessen, W. J. B. M., and C. O. Wasenius. "Combined Anaerobic/Aerobic Treatment of Peroxide Bleached TMP Mill Effluent." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 5-6 (1994): 381–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0731.
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In this paper combined anaerobic/aerobic treatment is illustrated by two examples at integrated pulp and paper mills with peroxide bleached TMP pulp production. The concept of combined biological treatment is to treat the more polluted effluents from the TMP pulp mill in an anaerobic reactor and subsequently to mix them with the less concentrated effluent, for treatment by an aerobic process. Extensive pilot research was done to confirm the feasibility of anaerobic treatment of peroxide bleached TMP mill effluent COD removal efficiencies of 55-60% were achieved at volumetric loading rates of up to 20 kg/m3/d. Possible toxic effects from peroxide could easily be neutralized by removal in a preacidification tank. Long term full scale experience proved that combined anaerobic aerobic treatment is an attractive and reliable method for treatment of peroxide bleached TMP mill effluent.
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Kovacs, Tibor, Pierre Martel, and Maria Ricci. "A Shortened Adult Fathead Minnow Reproduction Test Developed for Investigation of Cause and Investigation of Solution Work Involving Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents." Water Quality Research Journal 42, no. 2 (2007): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2007.012.
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Abstract The regulatory Environmental Effects Monitoring (EEM) program in Canada has found that pulp and paper mill effluents reduce the gonad size of wild fish. In such cases, there is a need for Investigation of Cause (IOC) and Investigation of Solution (IOS) studies to find the cause(s) for these responses as well as cost-effective mitigation strategies. IOC and IOS work requires the availability of practical (in terms of time and effluent volume needs) and biologically meaningful tests for assessing fish reproduction in the laboratory. One available fish reproduction test uses adult fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) and involves a two- to three-week pre-exposure period and a three-week exposure to a test substance. Work was undertaken to determine if both the pre-exposure and effluent-exposure phases could be reduced, leading to a shorter test with a lower effluent volume requirement. For this purpose, effluent samples were taken from two thermomechanical (newsprint) pulp mills and used in tests with ≤7 days of pre-exposure and 5 to 6 days of effluent exposure. Egg production was monitored in each test, and in tests with effluents from one mill, other endpoints - such as gonad somatic indices and whole-body sex steroid levels, as well as vitellogenin activity in males - were measured. The shortened fish reproduction test in this study provided results similar to tests of longer duration, specifically in terms of egg production, and was able to distinguish between pulp and paper mill effluents of different potencies. The test was also found to be directly applicable for toxicity identification evaluation work as it was clearly able to distinguish between the solids and soluble fractions of a biotreated newsprint mill effluent. As such, the test is a promising tool for EEM-related IOC and IOS work.
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Bussières, Dany, Marthe Monique Gagnon, Julian Dodson, and Peter V. Hodson. "Does annual variation in growth and sexual maturation of white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) confound comparisons between pulp mill contaminated and reference rivers?" Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 55, no. 5 (1998): 1068–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f98-014.
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A previous study on the effect of pulp and paper effluents on white sucker (Catostomus commersoni), conducted in 1991 and 1992, in both effluent-exposed and reference rivers showed that fish grew faster at downstream sites than at upstream sites. However, in contrast with fish from a reference river, fish exposed to effluent showed no decrease in age or size at first maturity or increase in gonad size or fecundity in response to greater growth. The objective of the present study, conducted in 1993, was to test if differences in measures of growth and sexual maturation between fish populations in exposed and reference rivers would vary from year to year and whether such variation would affect conclusions concerning the effects of pulp mill effluents. Although size at age, fecundity, and age at first maturity varied between the two studies, patterns of demographic responses to pulp mill effluents, relative to reference populations, remained the same, i.e., conclusions about effects of pulp mill effluents did not change despite variation in demographic variables between years and sites. This study reaffirmed the view that only by including the fish populations in a reference river could effects due to bleached kraft mill effluent be separated from effects due to nutrient gradients.
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Madan, Sangeeta, Preeti Sachan, and Utkarsh Singh. "A review on bioremediation of pulp and paper mill effluent – An alternative to conventional remedial technologies." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 10, no. 1 (2018): 367–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v10i1.1632.
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At present, a large amount of water required for paper production and various chemicals has been identified in effluents, which is produced at different steps of paper making in paper mills. The pulp and paper industry is typically related to pollution difficulties related to high biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), colour, suspended solids, lignin and chlorinated compounds. Several studies have been made on eliminate these difficulties of pulp and paper effluents, the problem still continues. Although the physical and chemical methods are on the track of treatment, they are not on par with biological treatment because of cost ineffectiveness and residual effects. The biological treatment is known to be effective in reducing the organic load and toxic effects of paper mill effluents. Some microorganisms including bacteria and fungi have been involved in degrading the chemicals present in pulp and paper mill effluent. This article is an overview of the attempts made by several researchers worldwide to use biotechnological methods for degradation of the toxic compounds present in pulp and paper mill effluents by using fungi, bacteria, algae and enzymes. The current study clearly shows that application of native dominant bacterial and fungal isolates may be used forthe treatment of large pulp and paper mills effluents.
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K, KANNAN, and OBLISAMI G. "EFFECT OF RAW AND TREATED PAPER MILL EFFLUENT IRRIGATION ON VIGOUR INDICES OF CERTAIN CROP PLANTS." Madras Agricultural Journal 79, January (1992): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.a01725.
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Irrigation with the combined raw effluent from paper and pulp mill reduced the germination and vigour indices of crop plants. The combined effluents after dilution did not significantly affect the germination and growth. The combined effluent after aerobic treatment in a benchscale activated sludge system, when used for irrigation without any dilution favoured the growth of crop plants.
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Ahmed, Manal. "Treatment of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluent." Journal of High Institute of Public Health 29, no. 3 (1999): 581–96. https://doi.org/10.21608/jhiph.1999.396287.
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Kenefick, S. L., B. G. Brownlee, T. R. Perley, and S. E. Hrudey. "A chemical and sensory study of odour compounds in the Athabasca River, Alberta, Canada." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 11 (1995): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0390.
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As of early 1993, the Athabasca River received effluent from one bleached kraft pulp mill (Mill A), three chemithermomechanical pulp and paper mills, one oil sands extraction and upgrading plant and a number of municipal effluents. In the latter half of 1993 a second bleached kraft pulp mill (Mill B) began operation midway along the river. An investigation was carried out to characterize the odours in the river water using both chemical and sensory methods, in a pre- and post-operational study of the second bleached kraft mill. Both surveys were carried out under ice during low flow conditions. Samples were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after extraction using a closed-loop stripping apparatus (CLSA). In addition, sensory analysis by flavour profile panel and olfactory gas chromatography of the CLSA extracts were performed. In 1993 all analytical methods confirmed that compounds characteristic of bleached kraft mill effluent were detectable for more than 950 km downstream from Mill A and that this effluent was the major source of odour to the Athabasca River. Chemical and sensory results for 1994 samples (collected after Mill B began operation) indicated a decrease in the impact of Mill A compared with the 1993 survey. The Mill B effluent had distinctive odour but its impact on the river was difficult to detect due to dilution and background odour from the Mill A effluent.
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Lee, Hing-Biu, and Thomas E. Peart. "Occurrence of Nonylphenol Ethoxylates and Their Metabolites in Canadian Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents and Sludge." Water Quality Research Journal 34, no. 4 (1999): 633–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1999.033.
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Abstract A survey of the concentrations of nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPnEO) and their metabolites in the primary and secondary treated effluent and sludge samples collected from pulp and paper mills was conducted. Through the coordination of the Pulp and Paper Research Institute of Canada (PAPRICAN), 19 Canadian and one U.S. mill of various process types and waste treatment methods supplied samples in this study. Previously developed solid-phase extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, high performance liquid chromatography and gas chro-matography/mass spectrometry methods were used for the determination of NPnEO and their metabolites, nonylphenol (NP) and the carboxylates (NPEC), in effluent and sludge samples. The levels of NPnEO ranged from <2 to 129 (median 4.5) µg/L and from <2 to 71.3 (median 5.8) µg/L for the primary and secondary effluents, respectively. The concentrations of NP varied from <0.1 to 1.32 (median 0.35) µg/L in the primary effluent and from <0.1 to 4.32 (median <0.1) µg/L in the secondary effluent. NPECs were found in only one primary and four secondary effluent samples, with an overall concentration range from <1 to 32 µg/L. These results are lower than those reported for paper mill effluents discharged into the lower Fox River, WI, USA. For the pulp and paper mill sludge, the levels of NPnEO and NP, on a dry weight basis, varied from <1 to 90.8 (median 21) µg/g and from <0.05 to 121 (median 1.3) µg/g, respectively. While NPnEO and NP were detected in nearly all sludge, their concentrations were lower than those observed for digested sewage sludge. Again, NPEC were found in only four samples, with an overall range from <1 to 18.5 µg/g. No relationship between the nonylphenolic levels in the effluent samples and the process and waste treatment types of the mill was found.
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Prasanta, Nanda, and Panigrahi Sudarshan. "Haematological alteration in air breathing fishes on exposure to paper mill effluent." Biolife 4, no. 4 (2022): 704–6. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7350728.
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<strong>ABSTRACT</strong> Air breathing fishes like <em>Channa punctatus, Clarias batrachus</em> and <em>Anabas testudineus</em> were exposed to paper mill effluent (20%) for a period of 30 days. Changes in haematological parameters like Haemoglobin (Hb), Total Erythrocyte Count (TEC), Total Leucocyte Count (TLC) and Packed Cell Volume (PCV) was observed at end of exposure period. Among the three fishes <em>Clarias batrachus </em>was found to be more tolerant than other two fishes. <strong>Key words:</strong> Air breathing, Paper mill effluent, Haematology <strong>REFERENCES</strong> APHA (1995): Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water,19<sup>th</sup> Edition, American Public Health Association. Dacie & Lewis (1975): Practical haematology: 5<sup>th</sup> ed Churchil-livingston, Edinburgh. Hontela, A., Daniel, C. and Rasmussea, J. B. (1997): Structural and functional impairment of the hypothalamo-pituitary interregnal axis exposed to bleached kraft mill effluent in the St. Maurice River, Quebec., Ecotoxicology, 6(1), 1- 12. Porika Raju and Estari Mamidala (2015). Anti-diabetic activity of compound isolated from Physalis angulata fruit extracts in alloxan induced diabetic rats. The Ame J Sci & Med Res, 2015,1(1); Pages 1 -6. doi:10.17812/ajsmr2015.11.1 Mishra A ,C P M Tripathy, A K Dwivedi ,and V K Dubey( 2011):Acute toxicity and behavioural response of fresh water fish ,<em>Mystus vittatus</em> exposed to pulp mill effluent ,Journal of Env.Chem and Ecotoxicology,Vol 3(6),pp.167-172,June 2011. Munkittrick K R , Van Der Kraak, G . J. Mcmaster M. E ,Port C B (1992)Response of hepatic mixed function oxygenase (MFO) activity and plasma sex steroids to secondary treatment and mill shutdown., Environ Toxicol Chem 11(10):1427-1439. Nanda P. & M. K. Behera (1996): Nickel induced changes in some haemato-biochemical parameters of <em>H.fossilis</em>, <em>Env</em>. & <em>Ecol</em>., 14 (1) 82-85. Nanda P, S. Panigrahi & M.K.Behera(1999): Physico-chemical & microbial analysis of OPM effluent, <em>Env. & Ecol. , </em>17(4)975-77. Nanda P, S. Panigrahi & M.K.Behera (2000): Toxicity of Paper mill effluent to fishes <em>Env. & Ecol.,</em>18,(1)220-223. Nanda P, D. P. Nath & M. K. Behera (2002): Respiratory metabolism in fish <em>O. mossambicus</em> exposed to paper mill effluent, <em>Env. & Ecol. </em>20(3):570-572. Nanda P, S. Panigrahi, B.R.Nanda, M.K. Behera & E.Kariali(2004): Histopathological abnormalities in fish climbing perch ( <em>A. testudineus</em>) due to paper mill effluent. <em>Env. & Ecol. </em>22(1):24-25 Pathan T S ,Sonawane DI and Khillare Y K (2009): Toxicity and behavioural changes in fresh water fish <em>Rasbora daniconius </em>exposed to paper mill effluent .Journal of Biotech Research International 2(4):263-266 Ukagwu J I ,Onuoha G U C and Chude L A (2012):Haematological changes in juvenile catfish (<em>Clarias gariepinus</em> ) exposed to pulp & paper mill effluent under field condition in Imo River Owerrinta, Abia State, Nigerian Journal of Agriculture ,Food and Environment 8(1):86-93. Vijayaram; K.; Chitra, S.; Asha, U. & Vasugi, S. (1988) : Hematological effects of paper mill effects on the fresh water fish <em>Rasbora daniconius</em>, Indian. J. Environ. Hlth. Vol. 30. No. 4396-399. Wahbi O M ,Shalaby S.M. &El –Dakar A Y (2004). Effect of pulp & paper mill industrial on some blood parameters,gonads and flesh proteins in experimentally exposed striped sea bream <em>Lithognathus mormyrus</em> ,Egyptian journal of aquatic research,30(A):25-42. Walden, C C (1976): The toxicity of pulp and paper mill effluent and corresponding measurement procedures Water Research,10(8)639-664.
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Galvão F°, J. B., V. M. Grieco, R. P. A. Araújo, M. R. Ortolano, E. Bertoletti, and M. L. L. C. Ramos. "Treatability Studies and Toxicity Reduction in Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents." Water Science and Technology 20, no. 1 (1988): 149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0018.
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A study of the liquid effluents of various production process stages and of the final effluent of the RIPASA S/A Celulose e Papel plant, by means of conventional parameters and toxicity, was undertaken. Using these parameters, the performances of the current treatment system (an aerated pond) and of pilot-scale experimental systems (using aerobic biological processes with one or two stages) were compared. The two-stage system yields better results in the improvement of final effluent quality. Biological degradation rates were also determined. It is thought that these discharges will not have an impact on the receiving water, as far as toxicity is concerned.
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Videla, S., and C. Diez. "Experiences of wastewater treatment in Chilean forest industry." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 2-3 (1997): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0523.
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The present situation of water treatment facilities in the forest industry of Chile is briefly described. Some data of the Chilean pulp mill production and the present level of water pollution are shown. This paper is the result of five years of applied research conducted to study and evaluate liquid effluent treatment from pulp, paper and board mills. We describe laboratory results corresponding to three industrial mills that we have studied. The first case presented in this paper corresponds to a bleached Kraft pulp mill with a fiber line consisting in a MCC digester, a delignification unit and four steps in bleaching. In this mill the effluents are treated in an extended lagoon and the suspended solids are settled in a primary treatment. Lab scale lagoons were installed to developed start up strategies and to determine optimal operational efficiencies. The second case that we present is a paper mill, with primary treatment in an air flotation unit used for separating suspended solids. A technical economical analysis was necessary to burn solid sludge in order to improve energy balance. Finally, the third case we have studied corresponds to a hardboard mill effluent. In this case, high COD, mainly as colloidal solids, characterize this effluent. Laboratory experiences were made using a system of two sequential aerated lagoons.
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A.P., Tripathy, Uma Mahesh A., Padhi N., and Panigrahi A.K. "Comparative Study and Possible Phycoremediation of Effluent of JK Pulp and Paper Mill and Select Heavy Metals on Cyanobacteria." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS 02, no. 01 (2022): 22–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33745/ijbei.2022.v02i01.003.
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Pulp and Paper Mill effluent contains toxic heavy metals like Hg, Cd and Pb. These effluent are deadly toxic to the aquatic organisms as these effluents are discharged into River Nagavalli without biological treatment. The main objective of the present study was to assess the Paper mill effluent: its impact on blue green algae (BGA) and whether BGA can be used for detoxification of the effluent waste water. The contaminated river water contained significant amount of heavy metals. An attempt was made to study the impact of heavy metals like Hg, Cd and Pb present in effluent on BGA/cyanobacterium under laboratory controlled conditions and a strategy was planned to study these heavy metals in combination as mixture. All the heavy metals tested showed stimulation and better growth at sub-lethal concentrations (MAC value) but at higher concentrations heavy metals were deadly toxic. The heavy metals when combined produced higher toxicity. No stimulation in the exposed alga was observed in heavy metal combinations. The algae could remove heavy metals from the effluent of the paper mill. The paper mill effluent though highly toxic but showed better behavior at sub-lethal concentrations towards the cyanobacterium. From the observed data it is evident that Westiellopsis was more tolerant than other BGA tested. This alga has potency to grow under stressful conditions and can be safely used for phycoremediation of paper mill effluent after dilution of the effluent. Along with the tested BGA other aquatic macrophytes in combination can be tried for total biological treatment of paper mill effluent before being discharged into the environment.
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Singh, Ajay Kumar, Adarsh Kumar, and Ram Chandra. "DETECTION OF REFRACTORY ORGANIC POLLUTANTS FROM PULP PAPER MILL EFFLUENT AND THEIR TOXICITY ON Triticum aestivum; Brassica campestris AND Tubifex-tubifex." Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences 8, no. 5 (2020): 663–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18006/2020.8(5).663.675.
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The pulp and paper industry released different chemical pollutants that are directly discharged into the environment without proper treatment. This experiment was carried out to study the effect of pulp paper mill sludge amendments with garden soil (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%), and garden soil was utilized as a control in a pot experiment. This study revealed the growth parameters of Triticum aestivum and Brassica campestris in germination percentage and germination index values decreased with rising in sludge concentration. Further, Soil amended with 25% paper mill sludge slightly reduced the growth in root length, shoot length, biomass, photosynthetic, and 50% sludge amended soil had variable effects on the root, shoot, and photosynthetic pigment of T. aestivumand B. campestris. However, the toxicity of effluent on tubifex-tubifex worms was also carried out at selected concentrations (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%). Results of the study suggested that after 24 hours of exposure (>25% concentration), tubifex worms showed various changes such as morphological changes; hemoglobin content disappeared at the lethal concentrations of pulp paper mill effluent; cell bursting, and the back of the body became white with body disintegration at the lethal concentrations of pulp paper mill effluent. This article mainly focuses on the toxicity of the organic pollutants in terrestrial and aquatic life due to pulp paper mill effluent.
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Rovel, J. M., J. P. Trudel, P. Lavallée, and I. Schroeter. "Paper mill effluent treatment using biofiltration." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 10-11 (1994): 217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0764.
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The results achieved on industrial effluents from four different paper mills, ranging from highly diluted effluents from units for the production of fine papers using bleached cellulose, to much more concentrated effluents from an integrated pulp and paper plant, show the potential and advantages of the Biofor process. Implemented as a complement to or replacement for activated sludge systems, the BioforR process, which dispenses with the clarification step and offers excellent resistance to sudden load and flow rate variations, is particularly well suited to the needs of this industry. This explains the rapid success already achieved in Europe and expected soon in North America.
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Ferreira, Carolina Trindade, Raymundo Cordero García, and Rebeca Yndira Cabrera-Padilla. "Determination of kinetic constants on thermophilic aerobic wastewater treatment of Kraft bleaching cellulose effluent." Brazilian Journal of Development 8, no. 11 (2022): 75465–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.34117/bjdv8n11-317.
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Recalcitrant compounds found in pulp and paper mill effluents, which are usually generated at high temperatures, have shown the potential for thermophilic treatment. Using bleached kraft pulp mill effluents, this study aims to evaluate the acclimation conditions of mesophilic aerobic sludge to thermophilic conditions and determine the kinetic parameters. Two feeding strategies were used for this purpose: in the first approach, the first reactor R1 was fed with bleached kraft pulp effluent, while in the second strategy the reactor R2 was fed with easily biodegradable synthetic effluent and then the gradual substitution for bleached effluent was performed after sludge acclimation to a thermophilic environment. Both reactors were operated in batch at 55ºC. The second strategy has a slight advantage in COD (chemical oxygen demand) degradation and a considerable higher biomass production. The kinetic parameters (KS, µmax, Y, Kd) for both approaches were obtained using the Monod model. Those values indicated that the approach used for reactor R2 provided higher reaction speed.
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Dewi, R., J. A. Van Leeuwen, A. Everson, S. C. Nothrop, and C. W. K. Chow. "The effects of nutrient limitation (nitrogen and phosphorus) on BOD removal from post-coagulated Pinus radiata sulfite pulp and paper mill wastewater in a baffled aerated stabilisation basin–laboratory pilot scale study." Water Science and Technology 63, no. 3 (2011): 491–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.248.
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The use of coagulation and flocculation for tertiary treatment of pulp and paper mill effluent was investigated, where the evaluation was based on the removal of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and BOD from post-coagulated wastewater. The study was undertaken on laboratory scale aerobic stabilisation basins (ASB). Two post coagulated (alum) wastewaters were studied, where the BOD:N:P ratios were 100:1.3:0.06 and 100:1.3:0.3. These wastewaters were treated in two identical concurrent simulations (A & B). The influent ratio for ‘A’ was selected representing the composition of actual coagulated Pinus radiata sulfite pulp effluent mixed with paper mill effluent. The input composition for ‘B’ represented a typical P concentration found in existing pulp and paper mill effluents. Unmodified sludge collected from a mill-pond was added at 4% v/v to each simulation replicating the treatment conditions at full-scale. Similar high percentage removals of BOD and COD occurred after 28 days (two HRTs) which were 94 and 67% respectively for ‘A’, and 98 and 70% respectively for ‘B’, where both remained at steady state during the third HRT. A statistical analysis of the data revealed that there was no significant difference in the sample variance of the BOD and COD results.
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Wingate, K. G., T. R. Stuthridge, L. J. Wright, C. P. Horwitz, and T. J. Collins. "Application of TAML® catalysts to remove colour from pulp and paper mill effluents." Water Science and Technology 49, no. 4 (2004): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0277.
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A TAML® catalyst (0.5 μM, 0.23 mg/L of effluent) combined with hydrogen peroxide (6.5 mM, 0.19 g/L of effluent) were capable of permanently removing 46% of the colour from bleach plant effluent (Eop, pine-derived) in one hour at 5,000 L effluent per day. Increasing concentrations to 2 μM catalyst (0.9 mg/L of effluent) and 22 mM peroxide (0.75 g/L of effluent), resulted in removal of 78% of the colour. In addition, 29% of the chlorinated organic material (AOX) was also removed. A laboratory investigation indicated that the oxidative process predominantly removed phenolic structures. The low aromatic content of the effluent meant that the majority of the organic material was not substantially altered during treatment. Thus chemical oxygen demand was essentially unchanged. This technology was able to remediate colour from effluents derived from both softwood (pine) and hardwood (eucalypt). Laboratory studies on catalyst life-time during effluent treatment, demonstrated that activity was maintained for a sufficient period to eliminate all the chromophore available to the active species, but that the catalyst did not survive long enough to be discharged into the receiving environment. Microtox tests showed that catalyst degradation products were not toxic to the receiving environment.
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Rusten, Bjørm, Erik Mattsson, Astrid Broch-Due, and Thorbjørn Westrum. "TREATMENT OF PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY WASTEWATERS IN NOVEL MOVING BED BIOFILM REACTORS." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 3 (1994): 161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0091.
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A new moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) has been developed, where the biomass is attached to small plastic elements that move freely along with the water in the reactors. Pilot-tests with these new biofilm reactors, have been performed at four different pulp and paper mills. The wastewaters tested were paper mill effluent, bleachery effluent, NSSC effluent and a mixture of CTMP and ground wood effluents. Good results were obtained with all the different wastewaters. These results are presented and discussed, together with full-scale design data for the MBBR treatment plants constructed at two of the mills.
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Gauthier, Francis, Josh D. Neufeld, Brian T. Driscoll, and Frederick S. Archibald. "Coliform Bacteria and Nitrogen Fixation in Pulp and Paper Mill Effluent Treatment Systems." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, no. 12 (2000): 5155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.12.5155-5160.2000.
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ABSTRACT The majority of pulp and paper mills now biotreat their combined effluents using activated sludge. On the assumption that their wood-based effluents have negligible fixed N, and that activated-sludge microorganisms will not fix significant N, these mills routinely spend large amounts adding ammonia or urea to their aeration tanks (bioreactors) to permit normal biomass growth. N2 fixation in seven Eastern Canadian pulp and paper mill effluent treatment systems was analyzed using acetylene reduction assays, quantitative nitrogenase (nifH) gene probing, and bacterial isolations. In situ N2 fixation was undetectable in all seven bioreactors but was present in six associated primary clarifiers. One primary clarifier was studied in greater detail. Approximately 50% of all culturable cells in the clarifier contained nifH, of which >90% were Klebsiella strains. All primary-clarifier coliform bacteria growing on MacConkey agar were identified as klebsiellas, and all those probed contained nifH. In contrast, analysis of 48 random coliform isolates from other mill water system locations showed that only 24 (50%) possessed thenifH gene, and only 13 (27%) showed inducible N2-fixing activity. Thus, all the pulp and paper mill primary clarifiers tested appeared to be sites of active N2fixation (0.87 to 4.90 mg of N liter−1 day−1) and a microbial community strongly biased toward this activity. This may also explain why coliform bacteria, especially klebsiellas, are indigenous in pulp and paper mill water systems.
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Khan, R. A., D. E. Barker, K. Williams-Ryan, and R. G. Hooper. "Influence of crude oil and pulp and paper mill effluent on mixed infections of Trichodina cottidarium and T. saintjohnsi (Ciliophora) parasitizing Myoxocephalus octodecemspinosus and M. scorpius." Canadian Journal of Zoology 72, no. 2 (1994): 247–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z94-033.
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Samples of longhorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus octodecemspinosus) were exposed to sediment contaminated with crude oil or pulp and paper mill effluent for periods up to 13 months in the laboratory. Other samples were collected at sites where crude oil or effluent from a pulp and paper mill are discharged. The intensity of gill infections of Trichodina spp. on exposed fish was significantly higher than on controls 5, 9, and 13 months after exposure. The intensity of the ciliates was also greater on sculpins collected near an oil-receiving terminal than on those sampled 5 km from the polluted site. Field collections of longhorn and shorthorn (Myoxocephalus scorpius) sculpins at and distant from a pulp and paper mill had high and low intensities of the ciliates, respectively. Similarly, the intensity of trichodinid ciliates was also significantly greater in longhorn sculpins exposed to effluent-contaminated sediment than in controls 5 months after exposure. The results suggest that the intensity of gill-inhibiting species such as trichodinids in susceptible fish hosts increases after chronic exposure to crude oil and to pulp and paper mill effluent, and the parasites may serve as indicators of pollution.
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Vinod, Kumar. "Comparative assessment of phytoremediation feasibility of water caltrop (Trapa natans L.) and water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes Solms.) using pulp and paper mill effluent." Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science 1, no. 1 (2016): 13–21. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1121585.
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Experiments for the comparative assessment of phytoremediation feasibility of water caltrop (<em>Trapa natans</em> L.) and water hyacinth (<em>Eichhornia crassipes</em> Solms.) using paper mill effluent were carried out for 60 days. The results revealed that the pulp and paper mill effluent was varied in characteristics and highly loaded with TDS, EC, BOD5, COD, TKN, PO4 3- , Na+ , K+ , Ca2+, Mg2+, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, SPC and MPN. It was observed that and both the plant species <em>T. natansand</em> <em>E. crassipes</em> significantly (P<0.05/P<0.01/P<0.001) reduced the contents of TDS, EC, BOD, COD, TKN, PO4 3- , Na+ , K+ , Ca2+, Mg2+, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, SPC and MPN of pulp and paper mill effluent after phytoremediation experiments. Albeit, the maximum removal of these parameters were obtained at 60 days of the phytoremediation experiments but the removal rate of these parameters were gradually increased from 15 days to 45 days and it was decreased at 60 days. The most contents of Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn was translocated in the leaves of <em>T. natans</em> and <em>E. crassipes</em> during the phytoremediation experiments whereas, the least contents of Cr, Ni and Pb was translocated in the leaves of <em>T. natans</em> and <em>E. crassipes</em>. Among both the macrophytic species (i.e. <em>T. natans</em> and <em>E. crassipes</em>) used for the phytoremediation, <em>E. crassipes</em> was found to be more effective for the removal of different parameters of pulp and paper mill effluent in comparison to <em>T. natans</em>. Therefore, <em>T. natans</em> and <em>E. crassipes</em> can be used effectively to reduce the pollution load of pulp and paper mill effluent.
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Habets, Leo, and Willie Driessen. "Anaerobic treatment of pulp and paper mill effluents – status quo and new developments." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 6 (2007): 223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.232.
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Since the early 1980s, anaerobic treatment of industrial effluents has found widespread application in the pulp and paper industry. Over 200 installations are treating a large variety of different pulp and paper mill effluents. Amongst various anaerobic systems the UASB and IC are the most applied anaerobic reactor systems. Anaerobic treatment is well feasible for effluents originated from recycle paper mills, mechanical pulping (peroxide bleached), semi-chemical pulping and sulphite and kraft evaporator condensates. The advantages of anaerobic pre-treatment are (1) net production of renewable energy (biogas), (2) minimized bio-solids production, (3) minimal footprint and (4) reduced emission of greenhouse gases. Via in-line application of anaerobic treatment in closed circuits (paper kidney technology) further savings on cost of fresh water intake and effluent discharge levies are generated.
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Kannadasan, T., V. Sivakumar, C. Basha, Arun Parwate, K. Senthilkumar, and K. Kannan. "COD reduction studies of paper mill effluent using a batch recirculation electrochemical method." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 13, no. 3 (2011): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10026-011-0034-5.
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COD reduction studies of paper mill effluent using a batch recirculation electrochemical method The conventional method of treating pulp and paper mill effluent involves the biological oxidation by bacterial action of aerobic and anaerobic conditions and aerobic lagooning method, which are less efficiency of removing COD. To overcome the drawbacks of the existing treatment process, in the present work an attempt has been made to study the electro oxidative destruction of the pulp and paper mill effluent using an electrochemical method and the effect of various parameters such as concentration of supporting electrolytes, current densities, flow rates of electrolyte and reservoir volumes of the effluent were conducted. From the experimental results it is observed that the rate of reduction of COD of the effluent increased with an increase in the supporting electrolyte (sodium chloride) concentration, current density where as it decreased with increase in the reservoir volume and the flow rate of electrolyte. The residence time distributions studies have also been conducted to study the behavior of the electrochemical reactor.
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Adisesha, H. T., S. Purwati, P. R. Panggabean, and S. E. Sarief. "Utilization of a small soda pulp and paper mill effluent for rice field irrigation." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 2-3 (1997): 205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0519.
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Padalarang pulp and paper mill, a soda pulp and paper mill without chemical recovery, located near Bandung, Indonesia, discharges untreated effluent mixed with domestic waste water into surrounding rice fields. For more than 60 years, paddy has been harvested 3 times a year. An in-depth study to characterize the effluent, the soil and the biomass production was conducted to define the evidence. A field study using four experimental plots indicated that soil irrigated with effluent had a higher concentration of potassium, calcium, sodium ions and greater cation exchange capacity than near-by soil. Analysis of well water showed that the effluent had no effect on the ground water. A reduction of suspended solids and BOD occurred in the effluent while flowing through rice fields. The yields of paddy demonstrated significant positive effect of effluent either in dry or in rainy season, while zeolites as soil amendment did not give significant effect to the already high paddy crop yield.
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Samal, Ashis Kumar, and V. Madhava Rao. "Optimization of COD Removal from Pulp and Paper Mill Effluent using Electrooxidation." YMER Digital 21, no. 06 (2022): 594–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.37896/ymer21.06/59.
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Available treatment methods for pulp and paper industries waste effluent include biological treatment, adsorption, chemical precipitation, which are of high cost of the treatment and suitable for small and medium scale industries. Among the available methods, the chemical precipitation method is commonly used, which requires addition of chemical coagulants and generates more sludge compared to electrooxidation. The electrochemical method of organic matter destruction is a suitable alternative for the treatment of pulp and paper mill effluent, which combines the benefit of electrooxidation and electrocoagulation, capable of removing fine particles as a result of coagulation and electric field. The objective of the study is to evaluate the potential of electrooxidation for organic matter destruction from the pulp and paper mill effluent under various operating conditions such as pH, voltage, reaction time, and to optimize the operating conditions to maximize COD removal using response surface modelling. The wastewater for this study was collected from a pulp and paper mill located in Odisha, with wastewater collected from the outlet of the wastewater discharge before entering the treatment plant, and stored under 20 C to prevent its degradation. The results obtained from this study concluded 73.48% COD removal under optimum conditions (pH=9, V=11.2 V, RT=60 min) however, under experimental conditions, COD removal of 72.90% was observed. This batch monopolar electrooxidation system is efficient to remove COD from pulp and paper mill wastewater, and further studies are required on a continuous reactor to scale up the COD removal by electrooxidation. Keywords: Biological Treatment, Electrooxidation, Electrocoagulation, Chemical Precipitation, Sludge
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Amit, Kumar Garg, Faheem Mohammed, and Singh Sumer. "Synergistic Bacterial Detoxification of Rayon Grade Pulp Paper Mill Effluent." International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 14, no. 3 (2022): 7–24. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13843086.
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The rayon grade paper (RGP) manufacturing industry discharges a huge amount of effluent containing high level of colr, COD, BOD, resins, tannins and many potentially hazardous compounds released during various processing stages. Microbes especially bacteria are Mothers nature’s innovative recyclers, converting toxic compounds into harness by product. In this study, bacterial strains were first isolated from sludge sample by nutrient enrichment technique and then subjected into two rounds of screening. The first screening was based on the bacterial efficiency to decompose lignin + PCP in the presence and absence of a simpler form of carbon and nitrogen and second on the basis of their COD, color and lignin reduction ability. Two bacteria designated as XPB4 and XPB6 showed highest ability to remove pollution parameters and were identified as S. marcescens, and Bacillus megaterium, respectively. These selected bacteria were used for further RGP treatment studies. Overall, the maximum reductions of COD, color and BOD after bacterial co-culture treatment were 91.6%, 76% and 85.8%, respectively than single culture. We also evaluate the BOD/COD ratio during bacterial treatment of RGP effluent, with this ratio increasing from 0.4 to 0.7 (42%) higher. This increase of BOD/COD indicates that the complex compound contributing to COD was decreasing more in RGP effluent. In addition, HPLC, GC-MS and Genetoxicity assessment showed that most of the toxic organic pollutants from RGP effluent have been removed by this develop bacterial co-culture.
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Borges, Maria Tereza, Claudio Mudado Silva, Jorge Luiz Colodette, Rubens Chaves de Oliveira, and Flavio Tesser. "Enzymatic bleaching of eucalyptus kraft pulp: effects on the prebleaching filtrate, pulp quality and paper properties." Holzforschung 67, no. 2 (2013): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2011-0130.
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Abstract Enzymatic bleaching appears to be a promising approach for clean bleaching processes and the reduction of bleaching chemical consumption. In this work, the quality of the filtrates and the pulps has been characterized after enzymatic prebleaching stages of eucalyptus kraft pulp. Four different conditions with xylanase were investigated. Following each prebleaching stage, the properties of the pulp [kappa number, brightness, content of hexenuronic acid (HexA), xylan removal, and pulp yield lost], and of the resulting effluents (chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), color, and conductivity) were determined. In addition, a complete bleaching sequence was performed to characterize the pulp quality at the end of the sequence. Finally, the pulp was refined in a PFI mill, and the mechanical and physical properties of the resulting paper were determined. The best pulp quality was achieved at pH 7, at which a lower kappa number, higher pulp brightness, and smaller amount of HexA were observed. Under this condition, however, a larger yield loss and a higher effluent COD load had to be accepted. After the complete bleaching sequence, the enzymatic treatments yielded pulps with higher brightness and viscosity as well as with a lower kappa number. The enzymatic treatments resulted in small changes in the mechanical and physical properties of the paper handsheets produced.
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Rickwood, Carrie J., and Monique G. Dubé. "Application of a Pair-Breeding Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas) Adult Reproduction Bioassay to a Pulp Mill Effluent." Water Quality Research Journal 42, no. 2 (2007): 82–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2007.011.
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Abstract A short-term reproductive bioassay was applied to observe performance of pair-breeding fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) before and after exposure to treated pulp and paper mill effluent. Reproductive performance was assessed for 21 days under controlled laboratory conditions to obtain baseline data of endpoints including cumulative egg production, number of spawning events, hatching success, and occurrence of deformed larvae. Breeding pairs were then exposed to 50 and 100% concentrations of secondary treated effluent for an additional 21 days. A significant reduction in egg production after exposure to both 100 and 50% pulp mill effluent was observed. This was accompanied by an increased appearance of pathological lesions (eosinophilic material) in male gonads as well as increased gonad size (gonadosomatic index). Reduced hatching success and appearance of larval deformities were also observed after exposure to both 50 and 100% pulp mill effluent. The pattern of responses observed may indicate that the reduced reproductive output was due to exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds within the effluent. By using the short-term fathead minnow bioassay, we were able to identify a response pattern to pulp mill effluent that is indicative of exposure to estrogenic and/or androgenic compounds.
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Fitamo, Temesgen, Olli Dahl, Emma Master, and Torsten Meyer. "Biochemical methane potential of kraft bleaching effluent and codigestion with other in-mill streams." February 2016 15, no. 2 (2016): 80–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj15.2.80.
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A biochemical methane potential assay was conducted to investigate the anaerobic digestibility of bleaching effluent from hardwood kraft pulping and the potential of codigestion with other effluents from an integrated pulp and paper mill. Four in-mill streams were tested individually and in combination: total bleaching effluent, alkaline bleaching effluent, kraft evaporator condensate, and chemithermomechanical pulping effluent. The total bleaching effluent, consisting of the chlorine dioxide bleaching and alkaline bleaching effluents, exhibited the highest potential for organic matter degradation and methane generation. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal ranged from 57%–76%, and methane generation was 220–280 mL/g COD contained in the wastewater, depending on the degree of dilution. When codigestion was tested, the composite consisting of total bleaching effluent, chemithermomechanical pulping effluent, and kraft condensate was most efficient in terms of COD removal (51%) and methane generation (200 mL/g COD contained in the wastewater). The total bleaching effluent is the largest contributor to the overall amount of wastewater at this mill; it contains relatively low concentrations of anaerobic inhibitors such as adsorbable organic halogens (36 mg/L), total sulfur (170 mg/L), and resin and fatty acids (3.2 mg/L). Therefore, the total bleaching effluent from hardwood kraft pulping may be considered for full-scale anaerobic wastewater treatment, either as a singular stream or as part of a composite stream including other in-mill effluents.
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Halttunen, Sakari. "Clarifier Performance in Activated Sludge Process Treating Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 5-6 (1994): 313–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0725.
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High suspended solids concentrations are typical for pulp and paper industry treated effluents. A new clarifier model was developed to find the reasons for this problem. The model clarifier is divided into four different zones: inlet, settling, thickening and separation. In the inlet zone sludge is transported by water flow and neither thickening nor settling will happen. When water velocity decreases the main part of the sludge will settle until it reaches the thickening zone. Thickening will continue until the sludge is pumped away from the clarifier. Concentration increase depends on sludge concentration, time and specific thickening coefficient. The minor part, which is specific to the sludge, enters the separation zone and will either settle in the thickening zone or stay in the effluent. In intensive field studies on 12 different activated sludge processes sludge volume in the clarifier, effluent suspended solids concentrations and sludge settling qualities were examined. Modelled sludge blanket volumes were verified with blanket measurements. Modelled effluent suspended solids were also verified by concentration measurements. Sludge thickening characteristics can be estimated by DSVI. From the data collected two empirical relationships were noticed between sludge settling properties and process operation. Solids concentration in clarified water depends on settling number, which is the mean number of sludge settling during its residence time in the process (sludge age). Sludge settling properties seem to depend on collision load, which is defined as COD-load divided by return sludge biomass flow.
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Folke, J. "Regulatory Requirements for Pulp and Paper Mill Effluent Control: Scientific Basis and Consequences." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 3-4 (1991): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0458.
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The Ministers' Declaration from the 2nd North Sea Conference recommended a goal to be set to diminish the discharge of hazardous substances via rivers by 50% over the next 10 years, e.g. to diminish the discharge of persistent halogenated compounds from pulp and paper mill effluents. The Paris Convention adopted this recommendation later. Based on a study conducted for the EEC Commission, we have arrived at the following conclusions to fulfil this goal. For historic reasons the regulation of the pulp and paper industry includes some parameters which may not be the most appropriate ones, e.g. BOD5 and AOX. To regulate the bleached pulp mills by AOX/TOC1 is not recommendable. PCDD/PDDFs are very difficult to regulate at present. Regulation of polychlorinated phenolics (PoCPs) in the effluent may prove to be a valid indirect measure of TCDD-equivalents, but this has yet to be proven. To ensure sufficient removal of hazardous compounds, we recommend that standards for TSS be stringent, as the major fraction of hazardous compounds is associated with suspended solids (including PoCPs and PCDD/PCDFs). Effluent control should be based on pH, COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand using dichromic acid), TSS (total suspended solids) and PoCPs. At present there are not sufficient data available to establish a regulation based on these parameters. So, further data should be obtained.
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Chaudhari, Parmesh Kumar, Bidyut Majumdar, Rumi Choudhary, Deepak Kumar Yadav, and Shri Chand. "Treatment of paper and pulp mill effluent by coagulation." Environmental Technology 31, no. 4 (2010): 357–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593330903486665.
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Yedla, S., A. Mitra, and M. Bandyopadhyay. "Purification of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluent UsingEichornia Crassipes." Environmental Technology 23, no. 4 (2002): 453–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593332508618406.
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Stratton, S. C., P. L. Gleadow, and A. P. Johnson. "Pulp mill process closure: a review of global technology developments and mill experiences in the 1990s." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 3 (2004): 183–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0192.
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The impact of effluent discharges continues to be an important issue for the pulp manufacturing industry. Considerable progress has been made in pollution prevention to minimize waste generation, so-called manufacturing “process closure.” Since the mid-1980s many important technologies have been developed and implemented, many of these in response to organochlorine concerns. Zero effluent operation is now a reality for a few bleached chemi-thermomechanical pulp (BCTMP) pulp mills. In kraft pulp manufacturing, important developments include widespread adoption of new cooking techniques, oxygen delignification, closed screening, improved process control, new bleaching methods, and systems that minimize pulping liquor losses. Coupled to this is a commitment to reduce water use and maximize reuse of in-mill process streams. Some companies pursued bleach plant closure, and many have been successful in eliminating a portion of their bleaching wastewaters. However, the difficulties inherent in closing bleach plants are considerable. For many mills the optimal solution has been found to be a high degree of closure coupled with external biological treatment of the remaining process effluent. No bleach plants at papergrade bleached kraft mills are known to be operating effluent-free on a continuous basis. This paper reviews the important worldwide technological developments and mill experiences in the 1990s that were focused on minimizing environmental impacts of pulp manufacturing operations.
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Chandra, Ram, and Rachna Singh. "Decolourisation and detoxification of rayon grade pulp paper mill effluent by mixed bacterial culture isolated from pulp paper mill effluent polluted site." Biochemical Engineering Journal 61 (February 2012): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2011.12.004.
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RACˇ ICˇ KOZMUS, ALEKSANDRA, ANDREJA ŽGAJNAR GOTVAJN, ALEKSANDRA LOBNIK, NINA NOVAK, ALJAZ KLASINC, and GREGOR DRAGO ZUPANCIC. "Anaerobic treatment to improve sludge recovery at a deinked fiber pulp and paper mill." February 2016 15, no. 2 (2016): 127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj15.2.127.
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Investigations were conducted to explore the use of anaerobic treatment options that may allow complete recovery of primary and waste activated sludge streams for incineration from a graphic paper mill with an integrated deinked pulp plant. The effective reduction of waste activated sludge quantity (55%–65%) was obtained by the anaerobic treatment of wastewater from the deinked pulp plant or by the anaerobic stabilization of the mill effluent from primary treatment, where chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency of 67.6% and 64.8%, and biogas potential of 440 and 496 m3/t CODremoved were achieved, respectively. The anaerobic treatment of wastewater and alkali hydrolysis of waste activated sludge decreased the dewatering properties of solids residue in treated effluent resulting in a negative impact on the sludge recovery energy balance. The addition of municipal wastewater to anaerobic treatment in the amount of 18 vol%, representing 10% of the total COD, increased the reduction of waste activated sludge to 78%, with a positive impact on the treatment costs and efficiency. Anaerobic treatment of the studied effluents may enable incineration of all mill sludge with a positive energy balance, a reduction of biological wastewater treatment operational cost by up to 83%, and mill conventional energy demands by up to 2.7%, resulting in total cost savings of up to EUR 5.2 (USD 5.60) per ton of paper.