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Lopes, Alice do Carmo Precci. "Biogas production potential from kraft pulp mill sludge." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2017. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/10437.
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Previous issue date: 2017-03-28<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>O processo de fabricação da polpa celulósica kraft demanda elevada quantidade de água e energia. Embora a indústria gere parte de sua própria energia pela queima do licor negro na caldeira de recuperação e biomassa residual na caldeira de biomassa, a indústria ainda é dependente de energia elétrica e combustíveis fósseis adicionais. Devido ao aumento da tarifa de energia, a indústria de celulose tem sido motivada a aumentar sua eficiência energética, tornando-se autossuficiente. A produção de biogás a partir do lodo gerado na estação de tratamento de efluentes da indústria constitui uma potencial alternativa de gerenciamento dos resíduos e produção de energia. O objetivo principal desta dissertação foi avaliar o potencial da produção de biogás a partir dos lodos primário e secundário provenientes da indústria de celulose kraft branqueada. A dissertação foi estruturada em 5 Capítulos desenvolvidos em forma de artigos científicos. O Capítulo 1 apresentou uma revisão de literatura sobre os processos de produção de celulose kraft e de biogás, bem como um panorama sobre legislações brasileiras relacionadas à implantação de biodigestores. Foi concluído que há pouco estudo relativo à digestão anaeróbia de lodo de celulose kraft. Adicionalmente, apesar de o Brasil apresentar um grande potencial de produção de biogás, o país ainda carece de incentivos governamentais no setor. O Capítulo 2 objetivou (i) identificar a melhor relação substrato/inóculo (2/1, 1/1 e 0.4 g VS substrato /g VS inóculo ); (ii) identificar o melhor tipo de inóculo (lodo de UASB ou lodo de UASB + estrume); e (iii) estimar o potencial de substituição da energia elétrica demandada pelo sistema de aeração da estação de tratamento de efluentes da indústria de celulose kraft branqueada a partir do biogás produzido. Para tanto, foram utilizados como substratos o lodo primário (PS), lodo secundário (SS) e a mistura de ambos (MIX). Os resultados mostraram que o lodo secundário possuiu maior potencial de produção de biogás para uma relação 1/1 g VS substrato /g VS inóculo , utilizando lodo de UASB como inóculo. O estrume aumentou a produção de metano do lodo primário para relação S/I 1/1, porém pré-tratamentos devem ser testados de modo a aumentar a biodegradabilidade do substrato. Por fim, o biogás produzido apresentou potencial de substituir 23% daxi demanda de energia elétrica da estação de tratamento de efluentes. O Capítulo 3 objetivou (i) estimar o potencial de produção de biogás em condições termofílicas a partir do PS, SS e MIX; (ii) calibrar o modelo de digestão anaeróbia desenvolvido por Rajendran et al. (2014); e (iii) determinar a melhor composição do lodo e a influência de adição de nitrogênio no sistema de digestão anaeróbia a partir de simulações numéricas. Foi identificado que (i) a máxima produção de metano foi atingida pelo lodo secundário em 30 dias (46.9 NmL CH4/g VS); (ii) o modelo de digestão anaeróbia foi aplicável para lodo de celulose kraft após ajustes; (iii) a melhor composição de lodo foi de 21.62% de carboidratos, 61,67% de lipídeos e 16.72% de proteínas. A adição de nitrogênio aumentou a produção de metano para o PS e o MIX, mas reduziu para o SS. Os Capítulos 4 e 5 foram desenvolvidos por estudantes intercambistas como parte do programa Living Lab Biobased Brazil. Os objetivos do Capítulo 4 foram ajustar o modelo de Rajendran et al. (2014) para a condição mesofílica e simular o uso do biogás em forma de eletricidade e calor. A partir da simulação foi possível produzir 88 GJ/d de calor e 148 kW de potência elétrica. Além disso, a partir do ajuste do modelo de Rajendran et al. (2014) para a condição mesofílica, foram propostas melhorias para o modelo. Por fim, o Capítulo 5 objetivou apresentar potenciais alternativas para o gerenciamento do lodo de celulose kraft pós-digestão anaeróbia, utilizando a ferramenta de Análise de Multi-Critério simplificada. A partir das alternativas avaliadas (aterro sanitário, aplicação no solo, compostagem, incineração, pirólise/gaseificação e produção de algas), a compostagem se apresentou como a melhor opção.<br>The kraft pulping process is energy intensive. Although the mill generates part of its own energy by burning the black liquor in the recovery boiler and wooden biomass in the biomass boiler, it still relies on additional electricity and fossil fuel sources. Due to an energy price increase, the pulp industry has been driven to optimize its energy efficiency and self-sufficiency. One attractive industrial opportunity is to produce biogas from sludge using the anaerobic digestion technology. Thus, the main objective of this dissertation was to evaluate the potential of biogas production from bleached kraft pulp mill primary and secondary sludges. The dissertation was structured in 5 Chapters written as scientific papers. Chapter 1 presented a literature review about kraft pulp mills, biogas production, and legislations related to the implantation of biodigesters. It was concluded that there are still very few studies related to the anaerobic digestion of kraft pulp mill sludges. Additionally, although Brazil has great potential for biogas production, the country still faces barriers related to political incentives. Chapter 2 aimed at (i) identifying the best substrate to inoculum ratio (2/1, 1/1, and 0.4 g VS substrate /g VS inoculum ); (ii) identifying the best inoculum type (UASB sludge and UASB sludge + cow dung); and (iii) estimating the potential of substituting the electricity demand of the mill’s effluent treatment plant (ETP) aeration system. The substrates used consisted of primary (PS) and secondary (SS) sludges, and the mixture (MIX) between PS and SS. The results showed that the SS presented the highest methane production, with an optimal ratio of 1 g VS substrate /g VS inoculum using UASB sludge as inoculum. Cow dung increased the methane production of the PS for S/I = 1/1, but pre-treatment of PS should be tested to increase the substrate biodegradability. Finally, the methane yield led to a potential substitution of 23% of the ETP electricity demand. Chapter 3 aimed to (i) estimate potential biogas production under thermophilic conditions for the same substrates; (ii) calibrate the anaerobic digestion model developed by Rajendran et al. (2014); and (iii) simulate the best sludge composition and the influence of nitrogen addition on anaerobic digestion system. It was found that the (i) the maximum methane yield was achieved with theix secondary sludge at 30 days (46.9 NmL CH4/g VS); (ii) the applied anaerobic digestion model was applicable for the kraft pulp mill sludge after minor adjustments; (iii) optimal sludge composition was found to be 21.62% carbohydrates, 61.67% lipids and 16.72% proteins. The addition of nitrogen increased the methane yield for PS and MIX, but decreased it for SS. Chapters 4 and 5 were the result of work developed by bachelor exchange students as part of the Living Lab Biobased Brazil Program. Chapter 4 aimed to adjust the Rajendran et al. (2014) model for mesophilic conditions and simulate biogas use in the form of electricity and heat. From the simulation, a potential heat production of 88 GJ/d and electric power of 148 kW was found. From Chapter 4, possibilities for improving the Rajendran et al. (2014) model were proposed. Finally, Chapter 5 aimed at giving an insight into the possible alternatives for managing the anaerobically digested kraft pulp mill sludge using a simplified Multi- Criteria Decision Analysis tool. From the analyzed alternatives (landfill, land application, composting, incineration, pyrolysis/gasification and algae production), composting appeared to be the most suitable alternative.
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Peters, Jennifer. "The activated sludge treatment of pulp and paper wastewater." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0027/MQ50650.pdf.
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Peters, Jennifer 1973. "The activated sludge treatment of pulp and paper wastewater /." Thesis, McGill University, 1998. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21319.
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Biological treatment of pulp and paper wastes by activated sludge is widely practiced in industry to reduce the organic content and toxicity of the wastewater. Most industrial applications require the treatment of a combination of streams from various processes. The composition of the combined stream varies since shock loadings and spills may occur. The objective of this research was to determine the effects of these variations on the microbial community and, ultimately, on the kinetics of the reduction of biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). This will improve the understanding of control requirements for the process.<br>Effluents from two mills in Quebec were examined. Initially, effluents from a chemithermomechanical pulp (CTMP) mill were used in this research. The objective was to study the effect of six different waste streams mixed with total mill effluent (0--100%) on the reduction of COD and on the microbial population. The remainder of this research focused on treating effluents from a Kraft mill and investigated the effect of hydraulic residence time (HRT) and step inputs of 1%, 2.5% and 5% black liquor on the reduction of COD and BOD5 and on the microbial population. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Baker, Scott Alan. "Activated sludge biotreatability of pulp and paper bleach wastes : investigation of bleaching options." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/21647.
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Karlsson, Robin. "Anaerobic digestion of biological sludge from the pulp and paper industry." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema vatten i natur och samhälle, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-60527.
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The need for - and use of non-fossile fuels such as biogas have increased due to global warming, oil depletion and stricter environmental regulations. Organic wastes can be anaerobically digested in order to produce biogas, which can be utilized to generate heat or electricity. So far, little attention has been directed towards anaerobic digestion of organic wastes from the forest industry. Due to high sludge management costs and more rigorous environmental legislation, the demand for new and/or improved disposal methodologies has increased. Substrate treatment methods such as enzyme addition and ultrasound are of interest in order to make anaerobic digestion of organic wastes, e.g. biological sludge, economically feasible. The aim of this study is to evaluate if biological sludge from the pulp and paper industry can be used for methane production in anaerobic digestion and to investigate the effects of ultrasound pre-treatment and enzyme treatment. The aim of the study was accomplished by performing four batch experiments, during 67-110 days, and a six months laboratory-scale semi-continuous digestion experiment. Substrates were provided by a chemical and a mechanical paper mill, whereas Kemzymes® from Kemira and ultrasound equipment from Ultra Sonus were used for sludge treatment. The short term average accumulation of methane per added g VS rate increased both when ultrasound pre-treatment and enzyme treatment was applied in batch experiments. The enzyme treatment was considered to have a greater potential in larger scale and was consequently used in the semi-continuous digestion experiment. Positive effects of the treatment were however difficult to prove. Adapting the enzyme treatment to be more specific for the degradation of the sludge is recommended. It is possible that there are inhibitory interactions between ultrasound pre-treatment and enzyme treatment. 75% ultrasound pre-treatment is an alternative to complete pre-treatment and renders equivalent average accumulation of methane per added g VS. Storage of ultrasound pre-treated biological sludge at 4°C for six and 13 days does not affect the average accumulation of methane per added g VS. Enzyme treatment of biological sludge enhanced the average accumulation of methane per added g VS from indigenous material in the inoculum. It is likely that anaerobic digestion of biological sludge from the pulp and paper industry can render a stable biogas production. High viscosity and agitation problems were predominant in the semi-continuous digestion experiment and can be difficult to control in larger scale. The results from the semi-continuous digestion experiment are similar with those obtained from the batch experiments. The methane production rates in this study are lower (biological sludge from chemical pulp process) or higher (mechanical ditto) in comparison to those presented data by Puhakka et al. (1992). Different types of biological sludge were used and might explain the prevailing differences.
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Carpenter, Andrew. "An Evaluation of Pulp Sludge as a Component In Manufactured Topsoils." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 1998. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/Carpenter.pdf.
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Morais, Ismarley Lage Horta. "Biological treatment of pulp and paper mill effluents with aerobic granular sludge." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2016. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/9372.
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Previous issue date: 2016-12-15<br>O tratamento de águas residuárias com lodo aeróbio granular apresenta muitas vantagens em comparação ao processo convencional de lodos ativados com lodo floculento. Os grânulos são agregados microbianos densos e compactos que possibilitam uma maior retenção de biomassa no reator biológico e uma elevada capacidade de sedimentação, favorecendo a remoção biológica de matéria orgânica, nutrientes, compostos tóxicos e clarificação final do efluente devido à estrutura e propriedade de sedimentação do lodo. Estes benefícios resultaram em um aumento do interesse de implantação do processo de tratamento com lodo aeróbio granular e a busca de maiores informações à respeito da formação, estabilidade e a influência dos parâmetros operacionais sobre a granulação. Assim, este trabalho apresenta uma revisão bibliográfica com a compilação das informações recentes sobre o lodo aeróbio granular incluindo a possibilidade de utilização dos grânulos aeróbios em biorreatores a membrana, em elevadas temperaturas e as aplicações em plantas de tratamento de larga escala. Foi realizada, ainda, a avaliação da adição de 100 mg.L-1 e 200mg.L-1 de cálcio na estabilidade, resistência mecânica e diâmetro dos grânulos formados em reatores em batelada sequencial alimentados com efluente de uma fábrica de polpa celulósica kraft. Os reatores apresentaram eficiências similares de remoção de matéria orgânica e o diâmetro médio dos grânulos foi de cerca de 11 mm em todos os reatores, embora os grânulos formados no reator que recebeu 100 mg.L-1 de Ca2+ apresentou velocidade de sedimentação 36% superior aos demais e maior resistência mecânica. A melhoria da granulação pode ser obtida ainda pela seleção de microrganismos que contribuem para a formação dos agregados. A produção de substâncias poliméricas extracelulares (SPE) pelas bactérias é um dos fatores que influencia a agregação celular, uma vez que as SPE agem como agente cimentante e atuam na adesão entre as células. A produção de SPE de dezenove isolados microbianos, obtidos de grânulos aeróbios formados no tratamento de efluente de fábrica de papel reciclado foi avaliada e seis isolados dos gêneros Staphylococcus, Agrobacterium, Enterobacter e Rhodococcus melhoraram a granulação biológica. A ausência destes isolados nos testes de co-agregação reduziu a relação entre proteínas e polissacarídeos (relação PN/PS) e diminuiu a formação de agregados.<br>Aerobic granular sludge wastewater treatment has many advantages over the conventional activated sludge process. The granules are dense and compact microbial aggregates that allow a higher biomass retention in the biological reactor and a high settling velocity, favoring the biological removal of organic matter, nutrients, toxic substances and improves wastewater clarification. Due to the sludge structure and settleability, these benefits have attracted considerable interest in the implementation of the aerobic granular sludge process and givenrise to the need for better understanding of the formation, stability and influence of the operational parameters on the granulation. Thus, this work was divided into three chapters. Chapter 1 presents a review of recent developments on aerobic granular sludge including the possibility of using aerobic granules in membrane bioreactors, at high temperatures and for a full-scale implementation. The addition of divalent cations in the reactors can enhance granulation and granule stability. In Chapter 2, the effect of the addition of 100 mg.L-1 and 200 mg.L- of calcium in the stability, mechanical strength and diameter of the granules formed in sequential batch reactors (SBR) fed with pulp mill effluent was evaluated. The reactors showed similar organic matter removal efficiencies and granule size was approximately 11 mm in all SBR, although the granules formed in the reactor with addition of 100 mg.L- of Ca2+ had a settling velocity 36% higher and greater mechanical resistance than the others. Granulation can also be enhanced by the selection of microorganisms that contribute to the aggregates formation. Bacterial extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production is one factor that contributes to cell aggregation, since EPS acts as an intercellular cement that may reinforce cohesion inside the bacterial clusters. In Chapter 3, EPS production of nineteen microbial isolates obtained from aerobic granules formed in the recycled paper wastewater treatment was evaluated and six isolates of the genera Staphylococcus, Agrobacterium, Enterobacter and Rhodococcus contributed to biological granulation. The absence of these isolates in the co-aggregation tests reduced the protein-polysaccharide ratio (PN / PS ratio) and reduced the aggregates formation.
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Hagelqvist, Alina. "Sludge from pulp and paper mills for biogas production : Strategies to improve energy performance in wastewater treatment and sludge management." Doctoral thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för ingenjörs- och kemivetenskaper, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-26171.
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The production of pulp and paper is associated with the generation of large quantities of wastewater that has to be purified to avoid severe pollution of the environment. Wastewater purification in pulp and paper mills combines sedimentation, biological treatment, chemical precipitation, flotation and anaerobic treatment, and the specific combination of techniques is determined by the local conditions. Wastewater treatment generates large volumes of sludge that after dewatering can be incinerated and thus used for bio-energy production. Sludge is currently viewed as biofuel of poor quality due to its high water content, and some mills treat it solely as a disposal problem. Two strategies have been identified as feasible options to improve the energy efficiency of sludge management. One is drying using multi-effect evaporation followed by incineration. The other is anaerobic digestion of the wet sludge to produce methane. This thesis explores the energy balances of sludge management strategies in pulp and paper mills with special focus on anaerobic digestion. The first part consists of a system analysis, used to evaluate some wastewater treatment processes and sludge management, and the second part of empirical studies of anaerobic digestion of pulp and paper mill sludge. It was shown that the use of energy for aeration in aerobic biological treatment should be kept to the minimum required for acceptable quality of the processed water. Additional aeration for reduction of the generated sludge will only result in reduced energy generation in a subsequent methane generation stage. In the second part of the thesis, it is shown that anaerobic digestion is a feasible option for sludge management as it leads to production of high value biogas. Co-digestion with grass silage, cow/pig manure or municipal sewage sludge should then be used to counteract the low nitrogen content of pulp and paper mill sludge.
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Latva-Somppi, Jouko. "Experimental studies on pulp and paper mill sludge ash behavior in fluidized bed combustors /." Espoo : Technical Research Centre of Finland, 1998. http://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/publications/1998/P336.pdf.
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Graham, Brian Robert. "Comparison of powdered activated carbon and activated sludge treatment of a kraft pulp mill wastewater." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/10257.
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The Powdered Activated Carbon Treatment$\rm\sp{TM}$ (PACT$\rm\sp{TM})$ process consists of powdered activated carbon addition to the activated sludge treatment process. Objectives were (1) to compare treatment of kraft pulp mill wastewater using activated sludge versus PACT$\rm\sp{TM},$ by measuring toxicity, organic load, adsorbable organic halides (AOX) and metals and (2) to assess how three operating conditions: (1) carbon dose; (2) hydraulic retention time; (3) solids retention time, affected performance. Findings were: (1) Lengthy hydraulic retention times are unnecessary. Short hydraulic retention times (4 h) provide adequate treatment. (2) Activated sludge treatment alone removes most biochemical oxygen demand, PACT$\rm\sp{TM}$ offers no improvement. PACT$\rm\sp{TM}$ improves removal of soluble chemical oxygen demand. PACT$\rm\sp{TM}$ improves removal of AOX. Powdered activated carbon dose is the sole determinant of this increased removal. (3) Activated sludge treatment alone removes Microtox$\rm\sp{TM}$ toxicity. PACT$\rm\sp{TM}$ slightly improves treatment of highly toxic wastewaters. Significant chronic toxicity towards Ceriodaphnia remains in effluents from both activated sludge and PACT$\rm\sp{TM}.$ Both treatments remove toxicity to Ceriodaphnia, but PACT$\rm\sp{TM}$ effluents are more toxic. Powdered activated carbon alone exhibits toxicity to Ceriodaphnia. (4) The effect of PACT$\rm\sp{TM}$ on removal of metals is inconclusive. (5) PACT$\rm\sp{TM}$ treatment of kraft mill wastewater would be very expensive. (6) PACT$\rm\sp{TM}$ has limited benefits over activated sludge for the treatment of kraft mill wastewater, therefore PACT$\rm\sp{TM}$ is not recommended for treatment of kraft mill wastewater.
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Njeim, Albert Wajeeh. "Simulation program for treatment of wastewater from a mechanical pulp operation using activated sludge process." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ31628.pdf.
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Hjalmarsson, Louise. "Hydrolysis of waste activated sludge from pulp and paper mills : effect on dewatering properties and biogas potential by utilizing existing side streams." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema Miljöförändring, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-176914.
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A big challenge within pulp and paper mills is the large quantities of waste activated sludge (WAS) that is produced during the wastewater treatment. The WAS is made up of biological cells and extra polymeric substances (EPS) and can bind a large amount of water causing difficulties to dewater the WAS. This study aimed to determine how to improve the dewatering properties of the WAS by using hydrolysis. Hydrolysis will cause the cells to disrupt and the bound water in the cells and the water trapped by the EPS can be released. Specifically, this study investigated what impact hydrolysis with heat, alkalis, and acids had on the WAS dewatering properties. In addition to the impact on the dewatering properties, the release of organic material and nutrients from the cells has also been important for biomethane production. In this study, it was specifically NH4-N, PO43- and COD that have been studied. WAS from paper mills have in general poor methane potential so it was of interest to see how the WAS was affected by hydrolysis and how hydrolysis could improve the methane production. To test the hypothesis of whether hydrolysis could affect the WAS and improve the dewatering properties, several experiments were performed. The experiments included thermal hydrolysis at temperatures of 70-90 °C, acidic hydrolysis with acids such as spent acid and acid water, and alkalis such as green liquor sludge and EOP. All acids and alkalis used in the study were chemicals that exist at the paper mills included in this study. To test the dewatering properties, methods such as TS analysis on the accept, CST-analysis, and a belt press were used. Analyses were also performed on the reject to measure the suspended solids and the nutrients NH4 – N, PO43– and COD in the WAS. This study did also determine what effect hydrolysed WAS had on the biomethane potential. In this study were the paper mills BillerudKorsnäs in Skärblacka and SCA in Östrand included. Hence was sludge from the two mills of interest to analyse. This study has shown better dewatering properties with an increase in the total solids (in the accept) after the thermal hydrolysis, the acidic hydrolysis with spent acid, and the alkali hydrolysis with green liquor sludge. Specifically did the acidic hydrolysis with spent acid improve the dewatering properties in terms of an increase in TS in %. The biggest increase in TS in % could be seen after using 10% spent acid ratio. The TS for the WAS from SCA Östrand increased in this experiment by 107 %. The thermal hydrolysis also showed promising results both in terms of dewatering properties and in the release of organic material. The biochemical methane potential test results showed a better and more rapid stabilized production of biomethane after hydrolysis of WAS compared to untreated WAS. The thermal hydrolysis both increased the rate of production and the total amount of methane produced. The thermally hydrolysed WAS from SCA Östrand improved the methane production from 77 Nml methane/g VS to 95 Nml methane/ g VS. The WAS from BillerudKorsnäs improved the methane production from 40 Nml methane/ g VS to 55 Nml methane/ g VS. These results, both from the methane potential tests and the results of the increased dewatering properties, show that the concept with hydrolysing should be evaluated further for improving the dewatering of the WAS.
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Mäkinen, L. (Liisa). "Improvement of resource efficiency in deinked pulp mill." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2013. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526201337.
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Abstract Paper recycling is an ecological strategy for disposing of waste paper, but more importantly, recovered paper is an important source of raw material in the paper and board industry. Deinked pulp production from recovered paper has proved economically viable by comparison with virgin fibre pulp manufacturing, but this viability is now threatened by increasing waste disposal costs, as up to 25% of the raw material available for deinked pulp production can end up in the reject streams, which then have to be disposed of. The most common practice at present is incineration and disposal of the resulting ash in landfills, but tightening legislation has meant that landfills have become very expensive and are likely to be completely banned in the near future. Thus new ways have to be sought for managing the waste problem in deinked pulp production in order to ensure that the recycled paper production remain both economically and environmentally feasible. The aim of this thesis was to study means of improving the material efficiency of a deinked pulp mill without excessively detracting from end product quality or the performance of the combined sludge dewatering stage. First, an analytical procedure was developed for determining the utilisation potential of reject streams, and a considerable potential for material recovery from these streams was identified. The results presented here show that 80% of the most valuable long fibres from the fine-screening rejects and 15% of the fine material from the flotation froth reject can be recovered. Altogether, with the simultaneous recovery of both categories of reject, it would be possible to improve the material efficiency at the deinked pulp mill by a total of about 5 percentage units, which can be considered significant for process efficiency. Moreover, this would enable the fibre content of the combined sludge to be kept above a certain limit, so that the combined sludge dewatering properties would not be affected. Consequently, the results presented in this thesis provide several widely applicable means for improving the resource efficiency of a deinked pulp mill<br>Tiivistelmä Paperin kierrätys uusiksi paperituotteiksi on ympäristöystävällinen tapa jätepaperin käsittelemiseksi. Uusiomassan valmistus on myös taloudellisesti kannattavaa verrattuna paperimassan valmistukseen neitseellisistä raaka-aineista. Taloudellinen kannattavuus on kuitenkin vaarassa jätemaksujen alati kasvaessa, sillä siistausmassan valmistuksessa jopa 25 % kierrätyspaperiraaka-aineesta päätyy jätejakeisiin, jotka hävitetään yleisesti polttamalla ja läjittämällä syntynyt tuhka kaatopaikalle. Lainsäädäntö on rajoittanut kaatopaikkasijoittamista ja se on nykyään hyvin kallista. Tulevaisuudessa jätteiden kaatopaikkasijoittaminen voi olla jopa täysin kiellettyä. Jäteongelman ratkaisemiseen tarvitaan siis uusia menetelmiä, jotta kierrätyspaperin valmistus säilyisi sekä taloudellisista että ympäristöllisistä näkökulmista kannattavana toimintana. Tämän väitöskirjatyön tavoitteena oli etsiä keinoja parantaa siistausmassan valmistuksen resurssitehokkuutta palauttamalla käyttökelpoisia materiaaleja jätevirroista takaisin prosessiin siten, ettei heikennetä lopputuotteen laatua eikä lietteidenkäsittelyprosessin toimintaa. Väitöstyön alussa kehitettiin analyysiproseduuri rejektivirtojen hyötykäyttöpotentiaalin arvioimiseksi ja siistamon rejektijakeissa havaittiin merkittävästi hyödynnettävää materiaalia. Tulokset osoittavat, että 80 % hienolajittelun rejekteissä poistuneista arvokkaista pitkistä kuiduista voidaan palauttaa takaisin prosessiin. Lisäksi flotaation vaahtorejektistä voidaan palauttaa 15 % hienoainetta. Palauttamalla yhtäaikaisesti sekä kuituja hienolajittelun rejekteistä että hienoainetta flotaation vaahtorejektistä, voidaan siistausmassan valmistuksen materiaalitehokkuutta parantaa yhteensä noin 5 prosenttiyksikköä, mikä on merkittävä parannus prosessitehokkuuteen. Kuitujen ja hienoaineen samanaikainen palauttaminen pitää lisäksi lietteiden käsittelyssä seoslietteen kuitupitoisuuden tarpeeksi korkeana, jotta sen vedenerotusominaisuudet säilyvät hyvinä. Tämän tutkimuksen tuloksena löydettiin siis useita laajalti sovellettavissa olevia keinoja siistausmassan valmistuksen resurssitehokkuuden parantamiseksi
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Cardell, Lina. "Anaerobic digestion of pre-treated biological sludge from pulp and paper industry using heat, alkali and electroporation." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema vatten i natur och samhälle, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-57496.
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The biological sludge formed in the pulp and paper wastewater treatment constitutes a costlyproblem to dispose off due to poor dewaterability. It is often incinerated or used as soilconditioner improvement. By using anaerobic digestion of the biological sludge, thedewaterability can be increased. Thanks to the formation of biogas, the sludge volume isdecreased and energy can be recovered as methane. By pre-treating the sludge, the biogasproduction can be increased, making the anaerobic digestion more economically feasible. Eleven samples of biological sludges from six Swedish pulp and paper mills, chosen torepresent different types and sizes of mills available in Sweden, were pre-treated with alkali(NaOH, pH12), heat (80˚C, 1 hr) and electroporation (2000 pulses, 10 kV/cm). Initialmethane production rate and methane potential of all sludges and pre-treatments weredetermined using batch experiment. A combination of two sludges (from the same mill) pretreatedwith alkali and heat was further investigated in a semi-continuous digester experiment. The batch experiments showed that alkali pre-treatment had the greatest positive effect onmethane production. Heat treatment performed second best, whereas electroporation had no orlittle effect. Overall, pre-treatments increased the initial methane production rate, but withinsignificant effects on the methane potential. Heat pre-treatment showed no difference inbiogas production compared to the control in the semi-continuous digester experiment. Alkalitreatment was shown to inhibit biogas production and cause high accumulation of acetate. Itcould not be concluded whether it was an effect from hydroxide or sodium ion addition.Further analysis of the NaOH impact on floc structure, toxicity and bioavailability issuggested to determine the suitability of alkali-treated sludge for anaerobic digestion.<br>Bioslam, som bildas vid vattenreningen på pappers- och massabruk, utgör en kostnad attomhänderta på grund av avvattningssvårigheter. Kvittblivning sker oftast genom förbränningeller användning som jordförbättringsmedel. Genom rötning kan slammet bli merlättavvattnat och tack vare att det bildas biogas minskar slamvolymen samtidigt som energikan utvinnas från metanet. Produktionen av biogas kan ökas genom att förbehandla slammetinnan rötning, vilket skulle innebära ekonomiska fördelar. Denna studie har undersökt effekten av förbehandling för elva bioslam från sex svenskapappers- och massabruk, valda att representera olika typer och storlekar på svenska bruk.Behandlingen gjordes med alkali (NaOH, pH12), värme (80˚C, 1 h) och elektroporering(2000 pulser, 10 kV/cm). Effekten av förbehandling på initial metanproduktionshastighet ochmetanpotential undersöktes med hjälp av satsvis utrötning (batch) av alla slam. Enkombination av två slam från samma burk utvärderades i ett semi-kontinuerligt rötningsförsökefter förbehandling med värme och alkali. Resultatet från utrötningsförsöket visade att den alkaliska förbehandlingen hade störst positivinverkan på metanproduktionen. Värmebehandlingen presterade näst bäst, medanelektroporeringen visade sig ha liten eller ingen effekt. Generellt sett ökade den initialametanproduktionshastigheten till följd av förbehandling, medan metanpotentialen förblevoförändrad. Värmebehandling gav ingen effekt på biogasproduktionen i det semikontinuerligarötningsförsöket jämfört med kontroll, medan alkalisk förbehandling inhiberadebiogasproduktionen och orsakade höga koncentrationer av ackumulerat acetat. Det kunde inteavgöras huruvida det var natrium- eller hydroxidjoner, som orsakade inhiberingen. För attkunna utvärdera möjligheten att röta slam, som förbehandlats med NaOH, rekommenderasvidare analys av dess påverkan på flockstruktur, toxicitet och biotillgänglighet.
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Leiviskä, T. (Tiina). "Coagulation and size fractionation studies on pulp and paper mill process and wastewater streams." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2010. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514260889.
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Abstract
This thesis aims to increase our knowledge about the characteristics of chemical pulp process and wastewaters and how problematic substances, e.g. wood extractives, could be removed effectively and selectively by coagulation–flocculation with either internal or external water treatment. Characterization was performed by investigating kraft pulp bleaching filtrates, as well as wastewater, before (influent) and after (effluent) the activated sludge treatment by means of a range of chemical analyses and by carrying out size fractionation studies. Cationic polyelectrolytes were used to purify oxygen stage bleaching filtrate, and charge analyses (zeta potential, charge quantity) were carried out in order to understand the coagulation phenomenon. In activated sludge treatment, the enhancement of particle removal, either by filtration or using a chemical in the primary clarifier, would lead to savings in aeration costs and result in a more stable process. Microfiltration already with a large pore size (8 µm) removed 30–50% of the wood extractives from the influent. Separate treatment stages for certain wastewater fractions, e.g. debarking plant effluent, would ensure cost-efficiency. After the activated sludge process, the wood extractives were present as particles (18%) and < 3 kDa fraction (82%). β-sitosterol occurred only in particles in the effluent. The release of harmful components into the environment could be decreased by microfiltration (e.g. 0.45 µm) of the final effluent or using a chemical in the secondary clarifier. Interestingly a huge increase in BOD was realized in the 3 kDa fraction of both influent and effluent, which indicated the presence of toxic substances in the larger fractions. After passing the effluent into the water system, there might be a similar jump in the BOD because the effluent is diluted many-fold. This would contribute to the formation of areas with an oxygen deficit. In the coagulation–flocculation studies, effective and selective removal of wood extractives (92%) from the oxygen stage filtrate was obtained with a cationic polyelectrolyte of medium molecular weight and medium charge density at 72 °C and pH 5–6. The multimodal zeta potential distribution gave more information than the average zeta potential. Aggregation of colloidal particles occurred when only one zeta potential was observed. The number of different zeta potentials diminished with decreasing pH and after exceeding a certain polyelectrolyte dosage level.
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Ball, Darrell. "Comparison of the PACT(TM) and activated sludge processes, for the treatment of a kraft pulp mill wastewater." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/9634.
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This study has compared the conventional activated sludge process to the Powdered Activated Carbon Treatment (PACT$\rm\sp{TM})$ process for the treatment of a bleached kraft mill effluent. The PACT$\rm\sp{TM}$ process involves the addition of powdered activated carbon (PAC) to the aeration basin of an activated sludge system. Powdered activated carbon has a very high surface area and is able to adsorb large amounts of hydrophobic compounds, such as organochlorines. This process was selected because it was likely to increase the removals of toxins including adsorbable organics halides (AOX) and because it had not been evaluated for this type of wastewater. Bench scale continuous flow reactors, with internal sludge recycle, were used in this study. The design and process control parameters varied included hydraulic retention time, solids retention time and powdered activated carbon dose. PAC doses of 0.1-1.0 g/L were used. Four feeds were used in this study, which were collected at different times, from a bleached kraft pulp mill batch operation. Two conceptual models for effluent SCOD prediction were developed and tested. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Pereira, Sofia Filipe. "Modelling of a wastewater treatment plant using GPS-X." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/13621.
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Dissertation to obtain the degree of Master in Chemical and Biochemical Engineering<br>The work present in this thesis was conducted in Portucel Soporcel mill, in the industrial complex of Setúbal, and had as main objective the modelling of the treatment process of the effluents from this industry, using for this purpose the software GPS-X. This program has a clear-cut graphical interface and uses a specialized translator that converts the graphical process into material balance equations, based on dynamic models. These models allow, besides the kinetic descripton of the treatment process carried out at the WWTP, to simulate new scenarios towards the study of critical parameters for the process as well as optimization and control of the WWTP.
The effluent that arrives to Portucel’s WWTP, from the pulp and paper mills of the complex, is particularly rich on fibers (solids), lignin, chlorinated and sulphur compounds, resin acids, phenols and starch. It has a brown colour due to the presence of lignin and has a high oxygen chemical demand (about 1,095 g O2/m3). The WWTP uses the activated sludge process with extended aeration. This method allows an efficient removal of organics at the same time as it minimizes the sludge production.
For the modelling of the process it was necessary to collect historical data related to the WWTP’s performance over the last 3 years. This data was used as input values for the influent characterisation and as output values to achieve the treated effluent characterisation. Since the first simulation did not lead to the desired output results, it was necessary to proceed to the model calibration, by means of a more detailed study concerning the nutrient and organic fractions of the influent.
Once the model was calibrated, a study of the urea flowrate was conducted. The urea is added to the influent, before the beginning of the biological oxidation, as a way to satisfy the nitrogen requirements along the treatment process. However, this flowrate was never submitted to a study that evaluated, in a higher detail, the effective requirements of this nutrient. Thus, some simulations were done using the software, by decreasing successively the value of the urea flowrate and the results obtained were analyzed. Furthermore, these simulations were validated in the WWTP itself, at Portucel, through the decrease of the urea flowrate to half the normal value. Both the simulations and Portucel’s results showed that, actually, the addition of urea is not necessary because it does not affect the treatment process in a significant way, namely in terms of the removal of chemical oxygen demand. The simulations have also showed that the concentration of nitrogen in the final effluent diminishes significantly with the reduction of the urea flowrate, which could be advantageous in an environmental point of view.
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Rodriguez, Daigard Ricardo Ortega. "Wood properties of 17-year-old Pinus taeda L. trees under composted pulp-mill sludge fertilization by tree-ring analysis." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-21082018-175821/.
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The analysis of the fertilization effects on wood productivity and tree-wood quality is important in forest plantations management.. The monitoring of these practices are generally defined by the continuous measurement of tree dimensions in permanent plots in periodic forest inventories. This methodology implies the availability of information restricted to a few years. On the other hand, the annual tree-ring analysis constitutes an efficient alternative methodology to the permanent plots uses. This study aimed to analyze the growth, wood density and nutritional concentration of 60 Pinus taeda trees treated with 6 different doses of composted pulp-mill sludge (CPMS): 0 , 20, 40, 80 and 100 t ha-1. Ten 17 year-old-trees for each treatment were selected, felled and wood cross sections (5 cm, thickness) were cut at the base, 1.30 m (DBH), 25, 50, 75 and 100% (6 cm, commercial trunk height). The annual tree-rings of the wood discs were delimitated and radial-longitudinally synchronized, and the tree stems reconstructed. Twin radial thin wood slices were cut transversely (DBH, trunk position), conditioned and analyzed by non-destructive techniques of X-ray densitometry and X-ray fluorescence (μ-XRF), to obtain the microdensity and wood nutrients profile. Width, density, biomass and nutrient concentration chronologies were analyzed by dendrochronological methods and correlated to seasonal variations of rainfall and temperature. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied to explore the interaction of tree-ring variables, as well as analysis of variance (ANOVA) to verify the difference between treatments. The results analysis are presented in three chapters aiming to reach the main objective of this study. In Chapter I, the radial variation of the tree-ring microdensity and the integration of tree-ring density and width data in allometric equations were analyzed in order to improve the estimation of wood biomass production. Also, the response of the Pinus taeda trees to the CPMS treatments was dated. In Chapter II the response of the stem P. taeda trees development to the CPMS doses was analyzed. Increments of up to 24, 37 and 127% in the stem diameter, height and volume, respectively were observed. It is also proposed a management guide based on the simulation of P. taeda wood production under 84 t ha-1 CPMS for 21-year rotation and thinning at 7 and 13 years resulted in a wood productivity of 11.9 m3 ha-1 or 5.04 Mg ha-1 per year. In Chapter III the tree-ring nutrients concentration (phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, calcium, manganese and iron; P, S, K, Ca, Mn and Fe) were quantified. Ca and Mn decrease in the pith-bark direction; K and S decrease from the pith up to 8-9th annual tree-ring and, then, increase to the bark and Fe e P presented no distinguished radial trends. The results integration showed mainly correlations of P. taeda trees growth, wood density and nutrient concentration with local precipitation and significantly effects of CPMS soil fertilizer up to the 5th year after their application. This study provided an historical evaluation of growth, wood density and nutrient concentration of P. taeda trees. Evidencing the application of annual tree- rings in the monitoring of forest plantations under silvicultural treatments.<br>Na aplicação de fertilizantes em plantações é fundamental o entendimento e a avaliação do efeito na produtividade e qualidade da madeira das árvores das espécies florestais. Os processos de monitoramento destas práticas são, geralmente, definidos pela mensuração contínua das dimensões das árvores em parcelas permanentes em inventários florestais periódicos. No geral, esta metodologia de monitoramento implica na disponibilidade de informações restritas a poucos anos. Por outro lado, a análise dos anéis de crescimento anuais constitui-se em eficiente metodologia alternativa ao uso de parcelas permanentes. Neste contexto, o presente estudo visa analisar o crescimento, densidade e concentração de nutrientes dos anéis de crescimento anuais do lenho de 60 árvores de Pinus taeda de 17 anos de plantação experimental submetida a 6 tratamentos com resíduo celulósico compostado (CPMS), sendo: 0, 20, 40, 80 e 100 t ha-1. Foram selecionadas 10 árvores correspondentes a cada tratamento, cortados discos do lenho a 0, DAP, 25, 50, 75 e 100% da altura comercial do tronco (6 cm de diâmetro mínimo), delimitados e mensurados os anéis de crescimento na sua seção transversal e construído o crescimento radial-longitudinal do tronco das árvores. Amostras radiais gêmeas foram cortadas transversalmente do lenho dos disco do DAP do tronco, acondicionadas e analisadas por técnicas não destrutivas de densitometria de raios X e por fluorescência de raios X (μ-XRF), determinando-se a variação radial da microdensidade e dos nutrientes do lenho. As análises dendrocronológicas dos anéis de crescimento anuais propiciaram a construção das cronologias da largura, densidade, biomassa e concentração dos nutrientes, comparando-as com as variações sazonais de precipitação pluviométrica e de temperatura. Aplicou-se se a análise de componentes principais (PCA) para explorar a interação das variáveis dos anéis de crescimento, bem como a análise de variância (ANOVA) para verificar a diferença entre tratamentos. Os resultados das análises são apresentados em três capítulos atendendo ao objetivo do presente estudo. NoCapítulo I, analisou-se a variação radial da microdensidade dos anéis de crescimento, e a integração dos dados de densidade e largura dos anéis de crescimento em equacões alométricas para melhorar a estimativa da produção de biomassa de madeira. Ainda foi datada a resposta das árvores de Pinus taeda aos tratamentos com CPMS. No Capítulo II analisou-se o histórico da resposta do desenvolvimento do tronco das árvores de Pinus taeda às doses de CPMS, com incrementos de até 24, 37 e 127% no diâmetro, altura e volume do tronco, respectivamente. Propõe-se, ainda, a confecção de guia de manejo baseado na simulação da produção de madeira de P. taeda submetido a 84 t ha-1 CPMS para rotação de 21 anos e desbastes ao 7º e 13º ano resultando em produtividade de 11,9 m3 ha-1 ou 5,04 Mg ha-1 por ano. No capítulo III quantificou-se a concentração de nutrientes (fósforo, enxofre, potássio, cálcio, manganês e ferro; P, S, K, Ca, Mn e Fe) nos anéis de crescimento anuais das árvores. Observou-se que Ca e Mn diminuem na direção medula-casca; K e S diminuem da medula até o 8-9º anel, em seguida, aumentam na direção da casca, enquanto Fe e P não apresentaram tendências radiais. Os resultados integrados do histórico do crescimento, densidade da madeira e concentração de nutrientes no lenho das árvores de P. taeda mostraram que a variabilidade anual esta correlacionada, principalmente, com a precipitação local e com o efeito da aplicação de CPMS até cerca do 5º ano. O presente estudo propiciou a avaliação histórica do crescimento, densidade e concentração de nutrientes do lenho das árvores de Pinus taeda. Evidenciando a aplicação dos anéis de crescimento anuais no monitoramento de plantações florestais submetidas a tratamentos silviculturais.
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Neufeld, Josh D. "Development of a quantitative method for functional gene detection in pulp and paper wastewater treatment systems." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33430.
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The recent development of culture-independent methods has revolutionized the study of complex microbial communities such as those present in activated sludge treatment systems. DNA probes that hybridize to genes coding for key enzymes that catalyze microbial processes have been widely used. Can such probes be used to quantify target genes and thus quantify the potential of a microbial community to carry out a reaction of interest?<br>Optimal conditions for DNA extraction, probe validation, hybridization, and activity measurements were determined for the pulp and paper treatment system environment under study. Using gene probes for key denitrification genes (nirS, nirK), the correlation between denitrifiers and denitrification activity in an enrichment culture and activated sludge samples was tested. The same correlation between nitrogen fixation and nitrogen-fixing bacteria in primary clarifiers was assessed using a probe for the gene encoding a component of the nitrogenase enzyme (nifH). This work was successful in establishing the correlation between gene numbers and their corresponding enzymatic activity and thus supports the quantitative hybridization approach for the monitoring of microbial communities. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Frigon, Dominic. "Molecular and phenotypic characterization of the microbial communities in two pulp and paper wastewater treatment systems." Thesis, McGill University, 1998. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=29803.
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Phylogenetic hybridization and phenotypic fingerprinting were applied to the analysis of bacterial communities in wastewater treatment systems. These approaches were aimed at (i) developing monitoring tools able to foresee operational problems, and (ii) providing the rationale to optimize the operation of bioreactors. The work presented is intended to first describe the community found in two reactors treating pulp and paper mill effluent, and second evaluate the possibilities of these techniques with respect to the development of new monitoring tools.<br>Phylogenetic membrane hybridization showed that the bacterial communities were dominated by Alpha and Beta Proteobacteria, a structure probably linked to the low F:M ratio. Other important factors determining the community structure were the proportion of COD in the high molecular weight fraction, the sludge age, phosphate addition, and the concentration of specific compounds (alcohols, phenols, volatile fatty acids) in the influent. The community structure partly determined the sludge characteristics demonstrating its potential value in the assessment of reactor performance. The results obtained by phylogenetic membrane hybridization suggest that the probes used in a monitoring tool would not need to be targeted to the species level to provide relevant information. However, they also suggest that the technique is more sensitive to changes in population density as opposed to changes in bacterial metabolism.<br>Phenotypic fingerprinting measured a smaller difference between the communities of the two reactors studied than what was measured by phylogenetic membrane hybridization. However, differences in heterotrophic activities observed between the two communities were linked to differences in influent composition.
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Pouliot, Cédrick. "Acetate and poly-b-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) metabolism by the activated sludge floc community of a hardwood Kraft pulp and paper mill." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=82401.
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This research followed acetate carbon (C) uptake, metabolism, and fate through a typical modern Kraft pulp and paper mill AS system. Freshly collected mill biomass (AS floc suspensions) was placed under conditions representing four key phases of AS biotreatment: (1) initial acetate uptake by aerated starved AS; (2) ongoing acetate uptake; (3) aerobic metabolism of acetate-loaded AS in acetate-stripped effluent; and (4) anaerobic, settled biomass metabolism. Conditions mimicked the mill system as closely as possible. Acetate carbon uptake kinetics and conversion to CO2, growth products, PHB, and secreted metabolites in each of the four phases were measured. The role of PHB synthesis in the initial stripping of acetate from mill effluent and the PHB production potential of this mill AS were also investigated.<br>Results showed that acetate was rapidly taken up by high-affinity systems in the AS. During the initial exposure of mill-starved AS, acetate greatly stimulated AS-O2 uptake, and was quickly converted to PHB and CO 2. Upon depletion of available effluent acetate, as occurs in the downstream sections of the aeration tank, O2-uptake rates decreased and the acetate-C stored in AS-PHB was slowly released as CO2, and partly used for growth. Under secondary clarifier-like anaerobic conditions, the AS released virtually no CO2. However, substantial amounts of PHB were used for growth under anaerobic conditions and a small proportion of the original acetate C exited the cells as organic acids.
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Bhathena, Jasmine. "The physical and physiological effects of nitrogen and phosphorus limitation on a pulp and paper mill effluent biotreatment microbial community /." Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=80228.
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The influence of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) limitation on pulp and paper mill activated sludge (AS) floc properties was studied using a bioreactor fed with synthetic Kraft mill effluent. The bioreactor and synthetic effluent were designed and shown to perform like the real mill system providing the AS, establishing the in vivo relevance of the results. Limitation of either N or P produced inadequate effluent biotreatment, shown by poor BOD5 and suspended solids removal, and by decreased biomass health, performance, and floc settling. Greatly enhanced poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) (but not carbohydrate or extracellular polymeric substances [EPS]) synthesis was the common response of the floc microbial community to N limitation over many days. In contrast, P-limitation increased total carbohydrate and EPS, but not PHB.<br>N limitation, but not P limitation, caused the net floc surface charge to be much more negative, while P-limitation, but not N-limitation, increased the floc bound water content and surface hydrophobicity. Thus, in real pulp and paper mill AS systems, careful manipulation of N or P additions may be useful to optimize the key process of charged polymer-assisted AS dewatering.
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Donnér, Disa. "Impact on carbon emissions applying the sustainable EffiSludge wastewater treatment concept to the Nordic pulp- and paper industry." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema Miljöförändring, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-148610.
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The pulp- and paper industry (PPI) faces a great challenge in finding new ways to reduce its overall carbon emissions. Large quantities of water are used in the pulp- and paper making process. In this context, a more sustainable wastewater treatment with a lower carbon footprint is of relevance for the PPI. Applied to a pulp- and paper mill (PPM) in Norway, the ongoing demonstration project “EffiSludge for LIFE” lowers the wastewater treatments (WWT) energy consumption while turning residual waste (bio sludge) into energy by implementing a new wastewater treatment concept. The aim of this study was to evaluate the current carbon footprint from a hypothetical PPM WWT plant, the potential lowering of the carbon footprint when applying the EffiSludge concept and the benefits in a larger scale assuming EffiSludge would be applied at all of the PPMs WWT in the Nordic countries represented by Sweden, Norway and Finland. An estimation of a current and future carbon footprint from one example mill was provided through the construction of one baseline and two case scenarios. Results from a laboratory biomethane potential experiment together with the responses from a survey and contributions from one example mill provided relevant input to the scenarios. The major impact on carbon emissions in the scenarios came from reducing electricity needed to aerate the biological WWT step. The maximum current carbon footprint from the parts of the WWT process included in the baseline scenario was 9.6-13 kg CO2-eq/kg pulp and the estimated future carbon footprint when implementing the EffiSludge concept was estimated as 3.6-5.9 kg CO2-eq/kg pulp. A reduction of 6-8 kg CO2-eq/kg pulp could be expected by implementing the EffiSludge concept. If the EffiSludge concept was introduced in all of the WWTP connected with Nordic PPMs a reduction of the carbon footprint with 55-180 million kg CO2-eq could be expected each year. This would reduce the total carbon emissions from the European PPI with 0.2-0.5 % annually
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Ramberg, Anna. "Utvärdering av avloppsvattenreningen vid Hallsta Pappersbruk : Kartläggning av inkommande avloppsvatten och optimering av driftparametrar." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Earth Sciences, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-88886.
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<p>Hallsta paper mill uses large amounts of water during the pulp and paper making processes. The wastewater is treated in two separate activated sludge processes referred to as BIO 1 and BIO 2. The main aim is to reduce the organic substance content, measured as COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) before the wastewater is released into the environment. Since the effluent produced is very rich in organic substances, the addition of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are necessary to give satisfactory treatment results. Problems with sludge bulking sometimes occur which lead to increased levels of suspended matter and nutrients in the effluent. Periods of high concentration of phosphorus is also of great concern. The aim of this study is to investigate the causality behind the sludge bulking, with the help of scientific literature and analysis of previously compiled data using multivariate data analysis. COD and nutrients present in the influent will also be surveyed to identify variations in concentration caused by the paper making process.</p><p>The scientific literature points toward low nitrogen and phosphorus levels as the major causes of the bulking sludge, as this leads to increased growth of filamentous bacteria to the detriment of the preferred flocculating species. A full scale experiment was conducted in an attempt to evaluate sufficient dosage levels of N and P to reduce this problem. The experiment has produced stabile results with low percentages of suspended organic matter and nutrients.</p><p>Evaluation of the previously collected data using Multivariate Data Analysis did not lead to any correlation between variables being found, other than the impact of sludge concentration on COD-reduction. No relevant explanation to periods of high phosphorus levels could be found neither in the scientific literature nor in the multivariate data analysis.</p><p>Bleaching of the paper pulp, with hydrogen peroxide and lye, results in a subsequent increase in COD concentration in the wastewater. The study shows an increased COD in the water approximately 12 hours after the increased dosing of these bleaching agents. Also the amounts of easily degradable COD increases following increased dosage of hydrogen peroxide and lye. The content of easily accessible phosphorus in the influent represents a minimum of 25 % and 20 % of the amount theoretically required for BIO1 and BIO2 respectively. The influent levels of nitrogen represents 33 % and 100 % for BIO1 and BIO2 respectively.</p><p>From this study it has been possible to deduce that a controlled dosage of nutrients in relation to the incoming level of COD, is of great importance to the efficient treatment of COD rich effluent in the systems under investigation at Hallsta Papermill.</p><br><p>Vid Hallsta Pappersbruk används stora mängder vatten vid tillverkningen av massa och papper. Det förorenade processvattnet renas i två separata anläggningar, BIO1 och BIO2, båda med biologisk rening av typen aktivt slam. Avloppsvattnets höga halter av kolföreningar, vilka analyseras som COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), kräver extra tillsats av kväve och fosfor för att erhålla tillfredsställande reningsresultat. I den biologiska reningen uppstår periodvis problem med slamsvällning, något som resulterar i höga utsläpp av suspenderat material och organiskt bundna näringsämnen. Även perioder med höga fosforutsläpp förekommer. Syftet med examensarbetet är att genom litteraturstudier och analys av historiska data, med hjälp av multivariat dataanalys, utreda orsakerna till problemen. Även en kartläggning av variationerna i inkommande avloppsvatten med avseende på COD och lättillgängliga näringsämnen genomförs.</p><p>Utifrån information från litteraturen tyder problemen med slamsvällning ofta på bristande tillgång på kväve och fosfor vilket bland annat kan resultera i kraftig tillväxt av filamentösa bakterier. För att komma till rätta med problemen startades ett styrt försök med beräknade optimala doseringskvoter. Försöket resulterade i stabil drift för båda anläggningarna med låga utsläppsnivåer av både suspenderat material och näringsämnen.</p><p>Resultatet från utvärderingen av driftsdata med multivariat analys visar att slamhalten har betydelse för COD-reduktionen i BIO1. Någon förklaring till problemen med höga fosforutsläpp har inte framkommit vare sig ur litteraturstudie eller multivariat dataanalys.</p><p>Vid alkalisk oxiderande blekning av termomekanisk pappersmassa ökar den totala COD-koncentrationen i avloppsvattnet i samband med höjd dosering av blekkemikalier. Studien visar att en ökad COD-koncentration kan observeras i vattnet in till BIO1 ca 12 timmar efter förhöjd dosering av blekkemikalier. Samtidigt ökar andelen lättnedbrytbart COD till följd av ökad blekningsgrad. Kartläggningen av inkommande vatten visar att mängden lättillgängligt kväve i avloppsvattnet in till biologierna motsvarar ca 33 % och 100 % av det teoretiskt beräknade behovet för BIO1 respektive BIO2. För fosfor uppgår motsvarande till minst 25 % respektive 20 % för BIO1 och BIO2.</p><p>Under examensarbetets gång har det kunnat konstateras att dosering av närsalter i förhållande till inkommande mängd COD är av stor vikt för en väl fungerande rening av det COD-rika avloppsvattnet vid Hallsta Pappersbruk.</p>
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Moraeus, Peter. "Simulering av COD-fraktioner i en aktivslamanläggning vid en sulfatmassafabrik." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Earth Sciences, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-88910.
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<p>This thesis work was made for Södra Cell Mörrums bruk in Blekinge. The purpose of the work was to develop a computer model in the simulation program Extend for the removal and balance of organic oxygen consuming substances, measured as COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), in the new biological treatment plant in the mill. The plant produces two different pulp products, TCF- (Totally Chlorine Free) pulp and ECF- (Elementary Chlorine Free) pulp, for sale. The different bleaching procedures affect the characteristic of the wastewater and thus the effectiveness of the biological treatment plant.</p><p>In the model that was developed the COD in the wastewater was divided into five different COD-fractions: soluble easily degradable (SS), soluble hardly degradable (SR), soluble inert (SI), particulate inert (XI) and particulate biomass (XB). To create the model FlowMac™ was used as a base. FlowMac™ is a library module in Extend adapted for pulp and paper mills. Some of the blocks only needed a slight modification while others, for example the sedimentation basin and the bioblocks, had to be done from scratch. The calibration of the model was made from data from a period of eleven weeks and a validation was made from data that differed as much as possible from the calibration data. Then the model was used to find out in what way an increase in production to 480 000 annual tons should affect the discharge of organic oxygen consumption substances.</p><p>Results from the model indicates that the goals for the total COD-discharge will be hard to achieve with an increase in production to 480 000 annual tons. Despite the fact that production of TCF-pulp generates more COD than ECF-production the total discharge of COD is lower at TCF-production. The reason is that easier degradable COD is generated in TCF-bleaching. One of the major problems is that the torrent of water that is bypassed the biological treatment plant contains a large amount of COD and the efficiency of the treatment plant must be very high if the goals for the total COD-discharge shouldn’t be exceeded.</p><br><p>Det här examensarbetet gjordes för Södra Cell på Mörrums Bruk i Blekinge. Arbetet bestod i att göra en modell i simuleringsprogrammet Extend över nedbrytningen och massbalansen av organiska syreförbrukande ämnen, mätt som COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), i den nybyggda biologiska reningsanläggningen på bruket. Mörrums bruk är en sulfatmassafabrik som producerar både TCF- (Totally Chlorine Free) och ECF- (Elementary Chlorine Free) massa för avsalu. De olika blekningsmetoderna påverkar sammansättningen på avloppsvattnet och därmed också den biologiska reningsanläggningens reduktion av COD.</p><p>I modellen som utvecklades delades inkommande COD i obehandlat vatten upp i fem olika COD-fraktioner: löst lättnedbrytbart (SS), löst svårnedbrytbart (SR), löst inert (SI), partikulärt inert (XI) och partikulärt nedbrytbart COD i form av biomassa (XB). För att bygga modellen användes FlowMac™ som utgångspunkt. FlowMac™ är en biblioteksmodul i Extend avpassad för pappersbruk. En del block behövde bara modifieras medan andra block, t.ex. sedimenteringen och bioblocken, fick byggas till. Modellen kalibrerades med medelvärden från en elvaveckorsperiod och en validering gjordes med data från några veckor med mer extrema värden på inkommande vatten. Med modellen gjordes en simulering för att undersöka vad en produktionsökning till 480 000 årston skulle innebära med avseende på utsläppen av organiska syreförbrukande ämnen.</p><p>Resultat från modellen tyder på att det vid en ökning av produktionen till 480 000 årston blir svårt att nå de uppställda totala utsläppsmålen för COD. Vid produktion av TCF-massa bildas mer COD men utsläppsmängderna är lägre än vid ECF-produktion. Anledningen är att den COD som bildas ut vid TCF-blekning innehåller en större mängd lättnedbrytbart COD. En bidragande orsak till att det blir svårt att hålla utsläppsmålen för COD är att de flöden som leds förbi reningsanläggningen innehåller mycket COD vilket gör att verkningsgraden över reningsanläggningen måste vara hög för att klara målen för totala COD-utsläppet.</p>
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Carmo, Dirlane de Fátima do. "Tratamento biológico termofílico de efluente sintético de polpa celulósica através do processo combinado anaeróbio-aeróbio." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-08012016-133839/.
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A viabilidade técnica de um sistema termofílico combinado de reatores anaeróbio-aeróbio foi avaliada para tratamento de efluente sintético da indústria de pasta de celulose não branqueada. Estas indústrias apresentam efluente com temperatura superior a 40ºC e o tratamento termofílico pode eliminar a necessidade do resfriamento, necessário para a faixa mesofílica de tratamento, reduzindo custos. Os reatores foram inoculados com lodo mesofílico com gradual adaptação para a condição termofílica. Na faixa mesofílica (37,5 a 42,5ºC) a eficiência do sistema foi de (69±3)%, com maior eficiência do reator anaeróbio (56±7)%. Depois que os reatores apresentaram equilíbrio dinâmico aparente, a temperatura foi gradualmente aumentada de 45,0 para 52ºC. As eficiências de remoção de DQO do sistema variaram de 57% a 88%. A porcentagem de metano no biogás foi decrescendo com o aumento de temperatura, de 77% para valores abaixo do limite de detecção do método cromatográfico utilizado. A eficiência do reator anaeróbio foi baixa e houve acúmulo de ácidos, principalmente acético. O reator aeróbio apresentou maior eficiência de remoção de DQO porém a concentração no licor misto foi baixa. Após a alteração no tempo de detenção hidráulica dos reatores UASB e de lodos ativados para 24 horas e 8 horas, respectivamente, os reatores operaram em faixa de temperatura de 52 a 57ºC por 85 dias. As eficiências de remoção de DQO do sistema variaram de 54% a 70%. A eficiência do reator UASB continuou baixa enquanto o reator aeróbio apresentou bom desempenho, com eficiências variando de 3% a 35% e de 43% a 75%, respectivamente. As concentrações de SSV no licor misto aumentaram, variando de 122 mg/L a 2940 mg/L. Em faixa de temperatura termofílica houve predomínio de Methanosaetas sp e bacilos no reator anaeróbio, não havendo diferenciação significativa de morfologias comparando com a fase mesofílica. No reator aeróbio houve diferenciação a partir da temperatura de 42,5ºC e predominaram bacilos, cocos e filamentos em temperatura termofílica. Os resultados demonstram a viabilidade do tratamento termofílico, mas outros experimentos são necessários antes da aplicação industrial do processo.<br>The technical feasibility of a combined thermophilic anaerobic-aerobic biological reactors configuration was evaluated in this work using a synthetic unbleached pulp mill effluent. These industries introduce effluent with temperature greater 40ºC and the treatment would eliminate the need of cooling that is required for the mesophilic range, reducing the costs. The reactors were inoculated with mesophilic sludge with gradual adaptation to the termophilic condition. In the mesophilic range (37.5 to 42.5ºC) the efficiency of the combined system was (69±3)%, with the higher efficiency in the anaerobic reactor (56±7)%. After the reactors reached apparent steady state regime the temperature was gradually increased from 42.5 to 52ºC. The system efficiency ranged from 57% to 88%. The percentage of methane in the biogas decreased with the increase in temperature, from 77% to values below the detection limit of the chromatographic measurement used in this work. The anaerobic efficiency was low and the reactor accumulated fatty acid, mostly acetic. The aerobic reactor presented higher efficiency removal of COD but the mixed liquor concentration was lower. After adjustment in the hydraulic retention time of both reactors, with the UASB operating with 24 hours HRT and the aerobic with 8 hours HRT, the reactors operated in the temperature range of 52 to 57ºC during 85 days. The overall removal efficiency ranged from 54% to 70%. The efficiency of the UASB reactor remained lower while the aerobic reactor presented good performance, with COD removal efficiency in the range of 3% to 35%, respectively. The mixed liquor VSS concentration increased with the increase in temperature from 122 mg/L to 2940 mg/L. In thermophilic temperature there was predominance of Methanosaetas sp and baccilus in the anaerobic reactor, without significant differentiation of morphology in comparison with the mesophilic temperature. In the aerobic reactor there was differentiation in temperature of 42.5ºC and baccilus, cocus and filamentous predominated in the thermophilic temperature. These results indicated the feasibility of the thermophilic treatment but other experiments are needed before industrial application of this process.
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Mussoline, Wendy. "Enhancing the methane production from untreated rice straw using an anaerobic co-digestion approach with piggery wastewater and pulp and paper mill sludge to optimize energy conversion in farm-scale biogas plants." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00995326.
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The research describes an optimized waste-to-energy technology that utilizes agricultural residues for renewable energy, while reducing global methane emissions and maintaining food security. Laboratory-, pilot- and farm-scale anaerobic batch digesters were evaluated to enhance methane production from the anaerobic digestion of untreated rice straw in dry conditions using a novel co-digestion approach. An existing farm-scale biogas plant loaded with rice straw and piggery wastewater produced 295 MWh in a 422-day digestion cycle. The long acclimation period (approximately 200 days) and low biogas yield (181 LCH4/kgVS) could be enhanced by adding anaerobic sludge from the pulp and paper mill treatment process. In a laboratory setting, the addition of the sludge resulted in a specific methane yield of 335 LCH4/kgVS within 92 days. Hydrolysis of the straw was accelerated, and stable conditions were observed in terms of pH, alkalinity and nutrients. Similar improvements were demonstrated in pilot-scale digesters (1 m3) - a specific methane yield of 231 LCH4/kgVS was achieved in a 93-day digestion cycle with the sludge compared to 189 days without the sludge. Insufficient mixing within the pilot-scale system caused lower overall methane yields than those obtained in the laboratory-scale digesters. If sufficient mixing and mesophilic conditions are maintained within the farm-scale system, the co-digestion of rice straw with pig wastewater and paper mill sludge (wet weight ratio of 1:1.25:0.5) has the potential to reduce the retention time to three months (versus 422 days) and increase methane yields to over 300 LCH4/kgVS
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Rodrigues, Cleuber Lúcio da Silva. "Mecanismos de remoção de compostos orgânicos no sistema de lodos ativados de uma fábrica de polpa Kraft branqueada de eucalipto." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2011. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/3739.
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Previous issue date: 2011-02-25<br>The composition and adsorptive capacity of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in a eucalyptus bleached kraft pulp mill activated sludge plant were investigated. Samples of primary and secondary effluents and activated sludge were collected over five months. Effluents were characterized by quantifying dissolved organic carbon (DOC), chemical (COD) and biological (BOD) oxygen demands, adsorbable organic halogen (AOX), acid soluble lignin (ASL), and specific absorbance (SUVA254). EPS extracted from sludge were characterized in terms of protein, carbohydrates and DOC. The samples were analyzed by GC-MS to identify the main compounds present in effluents and in EPS extracts. In addition, a laboratory study was conducted to assess the relative importance of degradation and adsorption as removal mechanisms of organic matter in aerobic biological effluent treatment. The characterization results showed the profile of organic matter removal in the treatment system, with removal efficiencies of 85, 78 and 40% for BOD5, DOC and COD, respectively. High removal (40%) was also achieved for the compounds measured as AOX. The SUVA254 relationship increased slightly from 1.13 to 1.43 (L / mg.m). The characterization of EPS from the treatment plant sludge showed that proteins (19.9 mg / g VSS) represented 3.5 times more mass than carbohydrates (6.1 mg / g VSS), the DOC content was 6.0 mg / g VSS. Octadeca-9,12-dienoic and hexadecanoic acids were identified in EPS extracts, indicating the importance of participation of exopolymers in the adsorption of pollutants, since these lipophilic wood extractives were not degraded during the biological treatment and were identified with the same structures in the secondary effluent. In the organic matter adsorption study, the values of DOC, phenols and ASL were significantly lower after treatment with active biomass (AE) than after treatment with inactive biomass (IE) and without biomass (SE). COD and extractives showed no significant difference between AE, IE and SE treatments, although there was a tendency towards lower values of these parameters after AE treatment. EPS protein/carbohydrate ratios were 5.65, 6.95 and 6.05 for AE, IE and the control treatment, respectively. Average parameter values found in the laboratorystudy were higher than those found in the characterization of the EPS fromthe treatment plant sludge. The adsorptive capcity of EPS was verified from the results obtained in this study.<br>A composição e capacidade de adsorção das substâncias poliméricas extracelulares (EPS) do lodo ativado do sistema de lodos ativados de uma fábrica de polpa kraft branqueada de eucalipto foram investigadas. Amostras de efluente primário e secundário e do lodo biológico foram coletadas mensalmente ao longo de cinco meses. Os efluentes foram caracterizados quantos aos valores das demandas química (DQO) e bioquímica (DBO5) de oxigênio, carbono orgânico dissolvido (COD), halógenos orgânicos adsorvíveis (AOX), lignina solúvel em ácido (LSA), fenóis e absorbância ultravioleta específica (SUVA254). Extratos das EPS do lodo biológico foram preparados e caracterizados quanto aos teores de proteínas, carboidratos e COD. A identificação dos principais compostos presentes nos efluentes e nos extratos de EPS foi realizada por cromatografia gasosa- espectrometria de massa (CGEM). Um estudo laboratorial também foi realizado para avaliar a importânica relativa da degradação e adsorção para a remoção das diferentes classes de compostos orgânicos no tratamento biológico aeróbio. Os resultados da caracterização mostraram o perfil de remoção da matéria orgânica no sistema de tratamento. Houve remoção de 85, 78 e 40% para DBO5, DQOs e COD, respectivamente. Elevada remoção (40%) também foi conseguida para o AOX. A relação SUVA254 apresentou um ligeiro aumento de 1,13 para 1,43 (L/mg.m). A caracterização das EPS do lodo do sistema de tratamento da fábrica mostrou que as proteínas (19,9 mg/g SSV) representaram 3,5 vezes mais massa das EPS do que os carboidratos (6,1 mg/g SSV), o contéudo de COD total foi 6,0 mg/g SSV. Os ácidos octadeca-9,12-dienóico e hexadecanóico foram identificados em extratos de EPS, evidenciando importância da participação dos exopolímeros na adsorção dos poluentes, já que estes extrativos lipofílicos da madeira não foram degradados durante o tratamento biológico, pois puderam ser identificados com as mesmas estruturas no efluente secundário. vii Nos estudos de adsorção da matéria orgânica, os valores de COD, LSA e fenóis totais foram significativamente menores após o tratamento com biomassa ativa (AE) do que após os tratamentos com biomassa inativa (IE) e sem biomassa (SE). Para a DQO e os extrativos, não foi observada diferença significativa entre os tratamentos AE, IE e SE, embora houvesse uma tendência de menores valores desses parâmetros após o tratamento AE. A relação proteína/carboidratos foi de 5,65, 6,95 e 6,05, para AE, IE e o controle, respectivamente. Os valores médios dos parâmetros encontrados no estudo laboratorial foram superiores aos resultados obtidos na caracterização das EPS do lodo sistema de tratamento da fábrica. Através dos experimentos foi possivel verificar a propriedade adsortiva das EPS.
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Pěček, Jan. "Úprava kalů z čistíren odpadních vod před jejich dalším využitím." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-233898.
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Industrial production of cellulose is an energy intensive process. Businesses aim to utilized as much input energy, materials as possible while minimizing the waste as well. In addition to the main product – cellulose and large amounts of organically polluted water which is subsequently treated in waste water treatment plants. This PhD thesis deals with formation of suitable mixing formula for sludge from cellulose production and available materials (waste) from close neighborhood of Biocel Paskov a.s. so that well balanced cofermentation products are achieved. This mainly involves grass from lawn maintenance, grass ensilage, potato peels, and leftovers from vegetable processing. Fermentation processes (both mesophilic and thermophilic) of prepared fermentation products were conducted in semi-continuous and continuous laboratory fermentation units. Reduction of organic mass depending on residence time was closely observed as well as production and quality of biogas along with quality of output digestate. Course of process behaviour under controlled pH was tested. Results of particular tests were integrated into graphs. Conclusion of the thesis presents balance scheme drawn for selected variants, and design of real fermentation station with individual buildings, operations, basic machinery and equipment description including investment costs. Financial calculation and expected investment return was conducted in two variants – without subsidies and including subsidies from Operational Programme Renewable Sources of Energy.
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Pereira, Renata de Oliveira. "Combinação de tratamento biológico aeróbio com processos oxidativos avançados visando intensificar a remoção de matéria orgânica em efluentes da indústria têxtil e de celulose kraft." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2007. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/3822.
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Previous issue date: 2007-02-15<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>Bleached kraft pulp and textile effluents contain hard to degrade and, or toxic substances, and these industries often cannot meet legal limits for effluent chemical oxygen demand using conventional effluent treatment. Use of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) is therefore being studied to treat their effluents. AOPs use a strong oxidizing agent to degrade organic matter but present high cost and data on their application in industrial effluents is lacking. The objective of this study was therefore to evaluate efficiency of combining AOPs (TiO2/UV, H2O2/UV, H2O2/TiO2/UV) with aerobic biological treatment to increase removal of recalcitrant organic matter in industrial effluents. Neither pretreatment of alkaline bleached kraft pulp effluent nor post-treatment of combined bleached kraft pulp effluent by the AOPs resulted in increased effluent biodegradability probably because of high effluent chloride levels. Under the conditions studied, the AOPs were not able to attack and degrade the recalcitrant organic matter in the kraft pulp effluent, contrary to literature reports. However, AOP treatment of acid bleached kraft pulp effluent should be evaluated since a beneficial effect of the AOPs was observed at low effluent pH. Pretreatment of textile effluent presented favorable results with the best treatment being 5 mmol L-1 H2O2/TiO2/UV. However, the efficiency of the process decreased with the increase in concentration of organic matter in the raw effluent. Even after aerobic biological treatment to reduce COD (755 mg L-1), satisfactory results were not obtained. For the textile effluent, the effect of COD concentration on AOP efficiency should be studied in greater detail since these processes present potential as a pretreatment.<br>Os efluentes das indústrias de celulose kraft branqueada e têxtil contêm substâncias de difícil degradação e, ou tóxicas. Estas indústrias, através de tratamentos convencionais não conseguem atingir a legislação com relação à demanda química de oxigênio. Devido a este fato, estuda-se o uso de processos oxidativos avançados (POAs) para tratar estes efluentes. Os POAs são processos que utilizam um oxidante forte para degradar a matéria orgânica, no entanto, apresentam altos custos, faltando dados de sua aplicação em efluentes reais. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência dos POAs no tratamento de efluentes reais, juntamente com o tratamento biológico para aumentar a remoção da matéria orgânica recalcitrante. Para o efluente de celulose kraft, os POAs, tanto no pré-tratamento do efluente alcalino como no pós-tratamento do efluente combinado, não resultaram em aumento da biodegradabilidade, provavelmente devido ao alto teor de cloretos no efluente. Contudo, recomenda-se que se faça um estudo com o efluente ácido já que se observou um efeito benéfico de realizar o pré-tratamento oxidativo em pH baixo. Portanto, nas condições estudadas os POAs não conseguiram atacar a matéria orgânica recalcitrante nos efluentes da indústria de celulose, ao contrário dos relatos encontrados na literatura. O efluente têxtil apresentou resultados favoráveis no pré-tratamento, com o melhor tratamento sendo com 5 mmol L-1 H2O2/TiO2/UV. Porém, a eficiência do processo diminuiu com o aumento da concentração da matéria orgânica no efluente bruto. Mesmo após o tratamento biológico aeróbio no laboratório para reduzir a DQO (DQO = 755 mg L-1) não foi obtido um resultado satisfatório. Para o efluente têxtil, recomenda-se estudar mais detalhadamente o efeito da concentração de DQO do efluente sobre os POAs, uma vez que os mesmos apresentam potencial como pré-tratamento.
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Rezende, Natália Regina de. "Tratamento de efluentes da indústria de polpa kraft branqueada: lodos ativados versus reator de biofilme e leito móvel." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2011. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/3754.
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Previous issue date: 2011-05-30<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>Bleached kraft pulp production generates large volumes of wastewater. During the process, wood components such as lignin, extractives and fibers are removed and contribute to the organic load of these effluents. Pulp mill wastewater treatment is usually performed by biological processes but part of the organic load has low biodegradability (or high recalcitrance) and is not removed by the treatment. Moreover, some of these compounds be toxic and decrease survival and, or reproduction in aquatic organisms. Pulp mill effluents are commonly treated in activated sludge plants. This system consists of an aeration tank, where organic matter is removed by biomass (biological sludge), and a sedimentation tank (secondary sedimentation), where effluent clarification occurs through settling of the biological sludge, which is recycled to the aeration tank, which allows increasing the biomass concentration and contributes to greater treatment efficiency. The moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) has emerged as a new activated sludge system configuration aimed at greater organic matter removal efficiency combined with greater stability, lower solids production and less need for nutrients. In this system, the aeration tank is filled with plastic biofilm carriers that are suspended and in continuous movement within the aeration tank, permitting growth of biomass in both dispersed and biofilm forms. This configuration allows greater biomass retention and may result in better recalcitrant organic matter or toxicity removal from industrial effluent. This study compared activated sludge and MBBR systems in parallel with the MBBR with hydraulic retention times of 12 and 24 hours, and the reactors in series (with MBBR after the activated sludge system), with regard to removal of organic matter, extractives, lignin, phenolic compounds and toxicity of bleached kraft pulp mill effluent, as well as EPS production by biological sludge. Both systems showed high organic matter removal efficiency with no statistically significant differences between reactor configurations. In relation to recalcitrant compounds, the MBBR was more efficient than the activated sludge system in extractives removal, but there was no difference in removal of lignin or phenolic compounds. Protein contents were higher in EPS produced by biological sludge in the reactors operated in series than in parallel. In general, the chronic toxicity to Ceriodaphnia dubia was eliminated through biological treatment, independently of the system or hydraulic retention time. In general, theMBBR and activated sludge systems behaved similarly for most of the parameters analyzed and configurations evaluated.<br>O processo de produção de polpa celulósica kraft branqueada é conhecido pela geração de grande volume de efluentes. Durante o processo, componentes da madeira, como lignina, extrativos e fibras, são removidos e contribuem para o aumento da carga orgânica destes efluentes. O tratamento destas águas residuárias normalmente é realizado por processos biológicos e parte destes compostos orgânicos possui baixa biodegradabilidade (ou alta recalcitrância) e não são removidos durante o tratamento. Além disso, alguns desses compostos apresentam efeitos tóxicos e podem causar problemas em relação à sobrevivência e, ou reprodução de organismos aquáticos. Um dos processos biológicos mais utilizados por indústrias de polpa celulósica é o sistema de lodos ativados. Este sistema é composto por um tanque de aeração, no qual ocorre a remoção da matéria orgânica através de sua utilização por uma biomassa (lodo biológico), e um decantador (decantador secundário), no qual ocorre a clarificação do efluente através da sedimentação dos sólidos em suspensão. O fornecimento do oxigênio é realizado por aeradores superficiais, sopradores de ar ou injeção de oxigênio puro. O sistema apresenta ainda uma linha de recirculação de lodo, responsável pelo retorno da biomassa decantada ao tanque de aeração, o que permite o aumento da concentração da biomassa e contribui para uma maior eficiência do tratamento. O reator de biofilme e leito móvel (MBBR) surgiu como uma nova configuração do sistema de lodos ativados visando maior eficiência de remoção de matéria orgânica combinada com maior estabilidade, menor produção de sólidos e menor necessidade de nutrientes. Neste sistema, o tanque de aeração é preenchido com meios suportes que possibilitam o crescimento aderido juntamente com o crescimento disperso no meio líquido. Esta configuração permite maior retenção da biomassa e pode implicar em uma maior remoção de matéria orgânica recalcitrante ou tóxica de efluentes industriais. O presente estudo comparou o sistema de lodos ativados e reator MBBR operados em paralelo com tempos de detenção hidráulica de 12 e 24 horas, além dos reatores em série (com o MBBR após o sistema de lodos ativados). Foram avaliadas as eficiências dos sistemas em relação à remoção de matéria orgânica, extrativos, lignina, compostos fenólicos e toxicidade do efluente de uma fábrica de polpa kraft branqueada de eucalipto, além de produção de EPS pelo lodo biológico. Os resultados indicaram grande eficiência de remoção de matéria orgânica de ambos os sistemas nas diferentes configurações testadas, e não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos. Em relação aos compostos recalcitrantes, o MBBR apresentou-se mais eficiente na remoção de extrativos do que o sistema de lodos ativados, mas não houve diferença significativa para a remoção de compostos fenólicos. Em geral, o tratamento biológico foi capaz de eliminar a toxicidade a Ceriodaphnia dubia, independentemente do reator ou tempo de detenção hidráulico. De maneira geral, o reator MBBR comportou-se de maneira semelhante ao sistema de lodos ativados, para a maioria dos parâmetros analisados e para as configurações testadas.
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Paiva, Samantha Nazaré de. "Compósito cimento-lodo de ETE de indústria de papel para aplicação na construção civil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-12062007-105628/.
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O grande volume de resíduos sólidos industriais gerado pelo setor de celulose e papel e o alto custo do seu manejo estimulam pesquisas em busca de soluções mais adequadas para o seu gerenciamento. Uma alternativa que se destaca neste contexto é o aproveitamento destes resíduos em materiais de construção. Este trabalho visa o aproveitamento do lodo de ETE de indústria de papel na produção de compósitos cimentícios para uso na construção civil. Foi estudada a influência de diferentes teores da adição do lodo de ETE (5%,10%,20% e 30% em massa) em argamassa de cimento e areia, com relação água-cimento de 0,65. Determinou-se para o resíduo: teor de umidade; massa unitária; massa específica; pH; sazonalidade de geração e teor de sólidos fixos e para o compósito: massa específica aparente; absorção de água por imersão; absorção de água por capilaridade; retratibilidade; isolamento acústico; resistência à compressão e análise da microestrutura. O resíduo foi classificado como Classe II – A, não inerte e não perigoso, o que indica alto potencial para aproveitamento em materiais de construção. Sua incorporação na argamassa aumentou a absorção de água por capilaridade em 12,76 % e por imersão em 18,93% no traço com 30% de resíduo para a empresa "A". Houve também a diminuição da resistência à compressão com a incorporação do resíduo, entretanto definiu-se o ponto-ótimo de incorporação em 12% para as duas empresas avaliadas, garantindo assim a resistência mínima à compressão de 2,5 MPa, exigência para blocos sem função estrutural. A incorporação de resíduo também apresentou decréscimo na massa específica do compósito de 14% na empresa "A" e de 34% para a empresa "B" para os traços de 30% de resíduo. Os resultados permitem concluir que este compósito é adequado para uso em materiais de construção sem função estrutural.<br>The large volume of industrial solids residues generated by the pulp and paper sectors and its high management cost stimulate research aiming at finding adequate solutions to its management. An alternative that shows high potential in this context is using these residues in building materials. This work aims at studying the use of paper's mills effluent treatment solid waste in the production of cement composites to be used in construction. The influence of adding different sludge proportions (5%,10%,20% and 30% in mass) in cement and sand mortar, with a water-cement relation of 0,65 was studied. The humidity ratio, unit mass, specific mass, pH, generation season and fixed solid concentration for the residue; and specific apparent mass, water absorption by immersion, water absorption by capillarity, acoustic isolation, compression resistance and microstructure analysis for the composite. The residue was classifies as Class II – A, not inert and not dangerous, which indicated high potential for use as building materials. Its use in the mortar increased the water absorption by capillarity in 12.76% and in immersion by 18.93% in the trace of 30% residue from company "A". There was also a decrease in compression strength when the residue was incorporated, however the optimal incorporation point was defined in 12% for both evaluated firms, guaranteeing the minimum compression resistance of 2.5 MPa, required for block without structural function. The residue incorporation also presented a decrease in the composite specific mass of 34% for company "B" and 1% for company "A" for the traces of 30% residue. The results allow us to conclude that this composite is adequate for use as building materials with no structural function.
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Guaitolini, Maxwel. "Estudo da queima do lodo secundário da indústria de celulose em caldeira de leito fluidizado." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2014. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/5944.
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Previous issue date: 2014-07-28<br>The lack of physical space to lay out waste generated by the process is one of the major is a residue derived from pulping, bleaching of cellulosic fibers, and papermaking process; originally having the composting practice as final disposition method. High financial resources are involved to this disposition practice, including sludge transporting costs to a suitable place. Thus, the objective of this work is to provide technical support for burning a waste generated by the pulp and papermaking process at Fibria-MS, the secondary sludge from effluent treatment station, in a high pressure steam generation fluidized bed boiler. In this study, the burst test of a biomass mixture and biological sludge in a fluidized bed boiler presented the following trends, when compared to a control period (burning biomass only): reduction of dry sample content; reduction of the calorific value as such; maintenance of the value of calorific value for the dry sample; increased boiler air flow; reduction of the recirculated air flow in the boiler; bed temperature maintenance, however with greater data variability; increase in particulate matter and TRS emissions of the boiler, yet, showing acceptable values, according to Conama resolution. It was possible to conclude that the burning of treatment station biological sludge in fluidized bed boiler presents itself as an attractive practice to the pulp and paper industry, contributing to reduced occupancy of the landfill.<br>O setor de Celulose e Papel está em claro processo de expansão, crescimento este ocasionado pela criação de novas unidades fabris bem como pelo aumento de produção das unidades já existentes. No caso do aumento de produção em unidades já existentes, a falta de espaço físico para dispor os resíduos gerados pelo processo é um dos grandes problemas dessa indústria. Dentre os vários tipos de resíduos gerados, destaca-seo lodo biológico da estação de tratamento de efluentes, o qual é um resíduo derivado dos processos de polpação e branqueamento das fibras celulósicas e dos processos de refino e formação da folha de papel, tendo, originalmente, a prática de compostagem para sua disposição final. Para este tipo de disposição final, incluindo os custos de transporte do lodo até o local adequado, recursos financeiros elevados estão envolvidos. Desse modo, o objetivo deste trabalho é fornecer subsídios técnicos para queima de um resíduo gerado no processo de fabricação de papel e celulose da indústria Fibria-MS, o lodo secundário da estação de tratamento de efluentes, em uma caldeira de leito fluidizado de geração de vapor de alta pressão. No presente trabalho, o teste da queima de uma mistura de biomassa e lodo biológico em uma caldeira de leito fluidizado apresentou as seguintes tendências, quando comparado a um período controle (queima apenas de biomassa): redução do teor seco da amostra; redução do valor do poder calorífico tal qual; manutenção do valor de poder calorífico para a amostra seca; aumento da vazão de ar primário da caldeira; redução da vazão de ar recirculado na caldeira; manutenção da temperatura do leito, porém com maior variabilidade dos dados; aumento das emissões de material particulado e TRS da caldeira, entretanto, apresentando valores aceitáveis, segundo resolução do Conama. Foi possível concluir que a queima de lodo biológico da estação de tratamento em caldeira de leito fluidizado apresenta-se como uma prática atrativa à indústria de Celulose e Papel, contribuindo para a redução de ocupação do aterro sanitário.
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Kovara, Michael Anthony 1949. "The effect of temperature and overwater dissolved oxygen concentration on benthal feedback from pulp and paper mill sludges." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/191913.
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Settleable solids accumulate (benthal layer) in stabilization lagoons, reducing volume for treatment and providing a source of oxygen demand and nutrients (feedback). The objective of this research was to define the impact of overwater dissolved oxygen (DO) and temperature upon these benthal properties. Batch benthal deposits (2:1, vol/vol, primary clarifier underflow and waste activated sludge) under a continuous-flow overwater layer were subject to variable temperature and DO. Experiment conditions simulated a facultative lagoon. Over 124 days, DO uptake was measured and effluent was sampled for chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia-N, and ortho-phosphate. Nearly all phosphorus feedback occurred in the first 31 days, and ammonia-N feedback was most constant for the duration. COD feedback was greatly reduced and DO uptake increased slightly with increasing DO. All feedbacks increased more from 15°C to 20°C than from 20°C to 26°C. Residual sludge analyses indicated that phosphorus was limiting to benthal stabilization. Temperature dependent reactions caused a linear decrease in total and volatile suspended solids.
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OLIVEIRA, RAPHAEL GONCALVES RIEBOLDT. "EVALUATION OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE USE AND OZONATION PROCESS IN REMEDIATION OF GROUNDWATER DERIVED FROM PUMP AND TREAT SYSTEMS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2014. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=27697@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO<br>Em função do crescente número de área contaminadas, identificadas nos grandes centros urbanos, é de crucial importância a evolução e o desenvolvimento dos processos relacionados ao tratamento destes locais, visando reduzir os riscos à saúde humana e ao meio ambiente, associados à presença dos contaminantes no meio subterrâneo. A presente dissertação tem como objetivo principal avaliar a eficiência de diferentes técnicas processuais, que poderiam ser aplicadas no tratamento de águas subterrâneas contaminadas, incluindo a ozonização e o uso de lodo ativado. Para isso, foram realizados ensaios de tratabilidade no laboratório do Institute of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, da Universidade Técnica de Braunschweig, na Alemanha, os quais foram divididos em 3 etapas. A primeira etapa consistiu de um tratamento de caráter biológico, utilizando apenas o lodo ativado, coletado em estações de tratamento de efluentes sanitários, para a degradação de compostos orgânicos presentes em efluentes, artificiais e industriais, que simularam um efluente oriundo de um sistema de tratamento de uma área contaminada. A segunda etapa utilizou como técnica de tratamento, para o mesmo efluente, a ozonização, promovendo assim a oxidação química dos contaminantes. Por fim, foi utilizada uma combinação dos dois processos, sendo realizada a ozonização do efluente antes da degradação biológica. O objetivo desta etapa foi avaliar o incremento da biodegradabilidade do efluente por meio da ozonização. Os resultados obtidos indicaram, além da remoção da cor do efluente, uma efetiva redução dos valores de DQO, quando combinadas as duas
técnicas de tratamento, sugerindo que a combinação das mesmas pode ser uma boa alternativa para o tratamento de efluentes de alta complexidade.<br>Given the growing number of contaminated sites identified in large urban areas, it is of crucial importance the evolution and development of treatment processes for these sites, targeting the reduction of environmental and human health risks related to soil and groundwater contamination. The main goal of this dissertation is to evaluate the efficiency of various processing methods that could be applied in the treatment of contaminated groundwater, including the ozonation and activated sludge utilization. For that, jar tests were conducted in the laboratory of Institute of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, at Braunschweig Technical University, in Germany, in three steps. The first step performed a biological treatment utilizing the activated sludge only which was collected from sewage treatment plants for the biodegradation of organic compounds present in effluents, both artificial and industrial, which simulated the effluent from a contaminated site treatment system. The second step utilized as treatment method, for the same effluent, an ozonation process, promoting the chemical oxidation of the contaminants. At last, a combination of both methods was tested where the ozonation was done prior to the biodegradation. The objective of this step was to evaluate the additional results of the biodegradation of the effluent when an ozonation process is done first. The results showed, in addiction of the color removal from the effluent, a larger reduction of DQO when both techniques are combined, suggesting that the combination can be a good alternative for treatment of high complexity wastewater.
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Ganta, Madhuri. "Anaerobic digestion of pulp and paper mill solid wastes : evaluation of operational parameters and microbial diversity." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/27081.
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Granda, Cotlear Cesar Benigno. "Sugarcane juice extraction and preservation, and long-term lime pretreatment of bagasse." Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/1345.
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New technologies, such as an efficient vapor-compression evaporator, a stationary lime kiln (SLK), and the MixAlco process, compelled us to re-evaluate methods for producing sugar from cane. These technologies allow more water and lime to be used, and they add more value to bagasse.
Extracting and preserving the sugars, and lime pretreating the bagasse to enhance biodigestibility, all at the same time in a pile, was demonstrated to be unfeasible; therefore, sugar extraction must occur before lime treating the bagasse.
Sugar extraction should occur countercurrently by lixiviation, where liquid moves in stages opposite to the soaked bagasse (megasse), which is conveyed by screw-press conveyors that gently squeeze the fiber in each stage, improving extraction. The performance of a pilot-scale screw-press conveyor was tested for dewatering capabilities and power consumption. The unoptimized equipment decreased megasse moisture from 96 to 89%. Simulation of the process suggested that eight stages are necessary to achieve 98% recovery from typical sugarcane. The cumulative power for the screw-press conveyor system was 17.0±2.1 hph/ton dry fiber.
Thin raw juice preserved with lime for several months showed no sucrose degradation and no quality deterioration, except for reducing sugar destruction. The lime loading needed for 1-year preservation is 0.20 g Ca(OH)2/g sucrose. Shorter times require less lime.
After preservation, the juice was carbonated and filtered, and the resulting sludge pelletized. Due to their high organic content, the pellets were too weak for calcination temperatures used in the SLK. The organics must be decreased prior to pelletization and sodium must be supplemented as a binding agent.
Long-term lime pretreatment of bagasse showed two delignification phases: bulk (rapid) and residual (slow). These were modeled by two simultaneous first-order reactions. Treatments with air purging and higher temperatures (50 57oC) delignified more effectively, especially during the residual phase, thus yielding higher cellulase-enzyme digestibilities after 2 8 weeks of treatment. At temperatures > 60oC, pure oxygen purging is preferred.
Fresh bagasse was of better quality than old bagasse. Treatment with NaOH yielded a larger bulk delignification phase than Ca(OH)2.
Long-term lime pulping of bagasse was unsuitable for copy-quality paper, but it was appropriate for strawboard and other filler applications.
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Červinka, Martin. "Studie návrhu kalového čerpadla s vířivým kolem." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-229991.
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Diploma thesis deals with problems of design a sludge pump with a vortex impeller. Clearly summarizes the basic information on hydrodynamic pumps with a significant focus on sludge pumps. It contains a design of a vortex impeller, which is supported by CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamic) calculation in software Fluent. The aim of the work is to design vortex impeller, which could replace the existing channel impeller while maintaining the operating parameters of the pump.
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Hess, Jeremy. "In-Situ Testing of Uretek's Injectable Barrier as a Mechanism for Groundwater Control." Scholar Commons, 2016. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6095.
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Construction projects involving the installation or repair of subsurface structures or utilities often require dewatering to induce a temporary lowering of the local groundwater elevation to facilitate construction. In the event that a known contaminant plume is present in an adjacent area, this dewatering may inadvertently draw the contaminant into the previously uncontaminated work area. Uretek Holdings, Inc. has developed its Injectable BarrierSM to be installed prior to dewatering exercises to provide a groundwater cut-off by reducing the potential movement of groundwater due to the hydraulic gradient induced by dewatering. A benefit of Injectable BarrierSM as compared to conventional methods of hydraulic control is that excavation is not required prior to its installation and no excess soils are generated through its installation. Injectable BarrierSM is a proprietary process registered with the United States Patent and Trademark Office by Uretek Holdings, Inc.
Since methodical in-situ testing of the effectiveness of the Injectable BarrierSM has not been performed to date, it was the focus of this research to test the performance of the barrier under in-situ conditions utilizing a subsurface environment indicative of a West-Central Florida location. A testing plot to perform this research was selected on Hillsborough County property in Tampa, Florida which provided both a relatively shallow groundwater elevation in addition to a clay confining layer at a relatively shallow depth, making this an ideal location for testing the performance of the Injectable BarrierSM.
After establishing the native conditions through baseline pump testing and repeating the testing procedure following the installation of the Injectable BarrierSM, a quantification of the reduction in hydraulic conductivity was achieved. Pumping tests were performed on the Injectable BarrierSM at its standard spacing as well as modified versions of the barrier with variation in the lateral spacing to include 6 foot, 4 foot, 3 foot, and 2 foot injection patterns to determine if a modified injection process could improve its performance. The 3 foot lateral spacing corresponding to the standard Injectable BarrierSM process indicated a 20% reduction in the hydraulic conductivity following its installation. By performing a small scale excavation following the completion of all pumping tests, it was discovered that the dispersion of the material in the subsurface appeared insufficient to provide the coverage needed to establish a barrier capable of further reducing the local hydraulic conductivity, especially at the shallowest injection depth of 3 feet below land surface (ft bls). It is concluded that modified amounts of injected material, closer lateral injection spacing, and potentially modified injection temperatures and component ratios could increase the effectiveness of the Injectable BarrierSM.
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Havlát, Michal. "Konstrukční návrh výukového hydraulického okruhu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-227783.
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It is suitable to add practical illustrations of hydraulic tasks during teaching hydraulics and hydrology. These practical illustrations can be realized by mobile hydraulic circuit which is situated in the auditorium. This thesis is focused on constructional and project solution of the circuit which consists of a compensatory tank with sufficient capacity, pump aggregate and hydraulic measure flume. The construction of hydraulic flume must enable quick, simple and safety installation of a scaled down models of a hydro technical structures. The main requirements of a mobile teaching circuit are clearness of practical hydraulic illustrations, compact dimensions, comparatively low weight, mobility and simple control and manipulation. This diploma thesis also includes design of a scaled down models of a hydro technical structures, especially set of plate weirs, bed-crested weir, ogee-crested weir, culvert, Venturi flume, sluice and radial gate, pier and roughened bed. The hydraulic circuit drawing part also includes instrument carrier with level gauge. This diploma thesis includes theoretical text part, technical report of designed objects, hydraulic calculations and drawing part.
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Chang, Chia-Cheng, and 張家澄. "The research of composting pulp sludge." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/18700252408817361578.
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碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>農業企業經營管理碩士在職專班<br>103<br>Recycling of paper sludge treatment manual drain materials, insulating materials, fireproof materials and composting. Pulp sludge contains organic matter, nutrients required for crops and low metal content, suitable for composting, resource recycling, echoing the slogan of the love earth energy saving and environmental protection. This study of pulp sludge mixed three different adjustment sheet (mushroom medium waste, cow manure and bark compost) to bucket method for composting process after three weeks, group composition characteristic of analytical tests, applying changes of soil fertility of soil get compost products again after filling, learn the difference between the two. Other cabbage pot, the establishment of chemical fertilizers (CF) and no fertilizer in the control group (Blank, BK) to assess six pulp sludge compost on spinach growth, nutrient absorption and the effect of soil nutrient availability. Component analysis showed that after composting total potassium oxide and organic matter content is below the miscellaneous composting regulations standards, mainly due to cause low potassium content of pulp sludge, heavy metal parts were within regulations set standards, foster showed that application of pulp sludge composts can increase the effectiveness of soil composition. Pot experiments showed that pulp sludge (PS) composting because composting, resulting in application affect the growth of plants, compost application and not added composting treatment group compared with the increasing yield of water spinach. The results pointed out that although waste pulp sludge, its ingredients are in compliance with regulations and standards to make organic fertilizers or soil improvers, with very good handling. This research use of compost added to composting reduce the high temperature period.
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Peng, Ching-Fang, and 彭靖芳. "Production of Paper Pulp Sludge Lightweight Aggregate." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/96905005983904622763.
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碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>土木工程學系所<br>103<br>Paper pulp sludge generated after settlement and dehydration processing of paper waste sludge. The domestic paper industries were declared there is about 0.3 million tons of paper pulp sludge per year. The lightweight aggregates used by the civil engineering market were after about 1100℃ high temperature sintered, in the times of high energy prices and carbon dioxide emissions regulated, lightweight aggregates product of the high-temperature process, in sales marketing is quite difficult. This study developed a sintered type paper sludge lightweight aggregates. The paper sludge fiber having a porous, lightweight properties and organic matter, flammability, so that the lightweight aggregates produced in this study have excellent lightweight and thermal insulation properties and have green building materials characteristics. In order to reduce the energy-consuming, the paper sludge lightweight aggregate substitute the sintered lightweight aggregate products now in use is to be expected. At the same time, the paper pulp sludge can be resource again use, and create carbon reduction and economic benefits of lightweight aggregates industry.
The study use reservoir clay mix with limekiln green clay and pulp sludge as sintered material of lightweight aggregate. According to the study results, discovering the sintered temperature of reservoir clay mix with limekiln green clay can effectively be reduced to 1125℃, and the optimum of content is 20% to 30%. As the sintered temperature of reservoir clay mix with pulp sludge is set to 1200℃, the optimum of content is 10% to 30%. The properties of sintered aggregate results show that the particle density is 0.66g/cm3 to 1.55g/cm3, water absorption is 3% to 30%, and loss on ignition is 6% to 43%. The loss on ignition of aggregate is increase as the paper pulp sludge content is increase. It means the calorific value of paper pulp sludge can provide becomes higher. Therefore, the paper pulp sludge can be considered as a good material to provide heat energy.
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Hsueh, Ying-Chih, and 薛穎智. "Study on Recycling of Waste Paper Pulp Sludge." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/62271783278644987875.
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博士<br>國立中興大學<br>土木工程學系所<br>105<br>The study is based on using limekiln green clay and pulp sludge to fire lightweight aggregate. The lightweight aggregates used by the civil engineering market are sintered at a high temperature, about 1200 . In times of high energy prices and regulation of carbon dioxide emissions, lightweight aggregate products of the high-temperature process in sales marketing are not readily accepted. This study developed a sintered-type Waste Paper Pulp Sludge lightweight aggregate. In order to reduce energy consumption, substitution of some reservoir sediment clay in Waste Paper Pulp Sludge substitutes is to be expected. The study used two types of Waste Paper Pulp Sludge (green clay paper sludge and paper pulp sludge).
The sintering temperature was reduced effectively as the green clay paper sludge was substituted for some of the reservoir sediment clay, and the optimum substitute ranges of green clay paper sludge were 20% ∼ 30%. The optimum substitute ranges of the paper pulp sludge were 10% ∼ 30%. Test results show that the properties of aggregates have a particle density of 0.66 ∼ 1.55 g/cm3, a water absorption of 3% ∼ 30%, and a loss on ignition of 6% ∼ 43%. The loss on ignition of aggregate became greater with the increase in Waste Paper Pulp Sludge content. This means that the calorific value provided by the Waste Paper Pulp Sludge will increase as Waste Paper Pulp Sludge content increases. Waste Paper Pulp Sludge can therefore be considered a good material to provide heat energy for sintering lightweight aggregate.
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Sreckovic, Goran. "Modelling activated sludge treatment of pulp and paper wastewater." Thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/13869.
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The research aim was to develop a mathematical model for predicting the behaviour of an activated sludge
plant treating pulp and paper wastewater.
A one-dimensional mechanistic model for the primary and secondary clarifiers was selected. The Activated
Sludge Model No. 1, selected for the bioreactor, was modified to include components and processes related
to activated sludge treatment of pulp and paper wastewaters. The mechanistic models were calibrated against
data originating from full-scale facilities using genetic algorithms. The mechanistic models were connected
to neural networks to form hybrid models.
The response of the primary clarifier mechanistic model was fair for both overflow and underflow suspended
solids. The hybrid model did not improve the mechanistic model response.
The secondary clarifier mechanistic model response was very good for the underflow suspended solids and
poor for the overflow suspended solids. A hybrid model improved the secondary clarifier mechanistic model
in predicting overflow suspended solids concentrations. The neural network model introduced pH and BOD5
as variables related to clarification.
The activated sludge mechanistic model predictions for effluent COD, mixed liquor suspended solids,
phosphorus and oxygen uptake rate were very good. The model response was acceptable for nitrite plus
nitrate, but inadequate for ammonia.
The steady-state neural network model did not improve the activated sludge mechanistic model predictions.
Temperature- and pH-dependent growth and decay rates were introduced in the activated sludge mechanistic
model to gain an insight into the impact of variable model parameters on the overall model predictions. A
conclusion was that a reason for using the pH- and temperature-dependent parameters existed only if the
model responses for readily biodegradable COD and oxygen consumption were sought.
The introduction of different coefficients representing the COD content of active biomass and a remaining
portion of the mixed liquor suspended solids provided better model predictions for effluent COD and mixed
liquor suspended solids
The calibration results indicated the importance of having long term, dynamic data for both influent and
effluent COD fractions to improve model accuracy. Thus, a need for extending full scale plant measurements
to include influent and effluent COD fraction measurements was recognized.
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SHIH, CHENG-WEI, and 施承瑋. "Resource Recycling of Paper Sludge Derived from Pulp Manufacturing." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/5x65y2.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>大漢技術學院<br>土木工程與環境資源管理研究所<br>106<br>Abstract
A pulp mill in the east uses this film as raw material for pulping，using the fiber properties of different tree species，the production of various types of pulp，the factory used pulping method is sulfate pulping，in the pulping process will produce a large number of by-products of dilute black liquor，the liquid composition is mostly wood quality of trees，lignin has a high thermal content，so dilute black liquor (Solids accounted for 10%~15%) were condensed into thick black liquor (about 70% to 75% solids) by multi-effect evaporation，black liquor can be used as the fuel of the recovery boiler，after the boiler burns to form the bottom of the molten state，the molten and dilute white liquor dissolved into green liquid，green liquid and lime kiln of the firing reaction，After solid-liquid separation，clear liquid for white liquid，because white liquid contains sodium hydroxide，can be made into pulp chemicals，bleaching part of the use of ECF chlorine-free bleaching，can make the pulp stability，but also reduce the pollution load，in pulping and paper making process such as steaming，washing，bleaching，net slurry，pulp will produce process wastewater，The process wastewater flows through a ditch to the plant's wastewater treatment plant，which is produced by chemical coagulation sedimentation and biological aeration treatment。
The sludge produced by the wastewater treatment process in this plant can be divided into two categories，a chemical coagulation deposition of sludge，referred to as chemical sludge，two biological aeration of the waste sludge，referred to as biological sludge，chemical sludge fiber volume of about 25~30%，due to the fiber light suitable for making calcium silicate board，sludge after drying water content down to 30% below，Add concentration of 5% PVA PVA，taking the sample weight of 5% as additive amount，after mixing and stirring to 900kg pressure directly pressure molding，after many experiments that the volume proportion and forming pressure proportional to the amount of fiber，when the fiber content about 45~50%，directly using pressure molding，Its volume proportion can meet CNS 13777 must be less than 0.7 g/cm3 quality standard，another chemical sludge can not directly pressure molding into ordinary bricks，due to economic department of Waste Recycling Management regulations，if the use of products are fire-retardant building materials，in addition to fiber cement board and calcium silicate plate products，After 550 ℃ and above temperature is burnt，the remaining chemical sludge ash can be made into ordinary bricks. On the basis of Butland cement and sand grade proportioning，after 28 days ' curing by high-pressure molding，then the compressive strength，water absorption and other related tests，in order to understand the best mixing proportion of blank test，first with different proportions of cement，sand mixture after the compression molding，of which cement and sand mixing ratio of 3:2 when the test body made out of the strongest compressive strength，and the water absorption rate is proportional to the amount of sand added，as a result of the common brick CNS382，the addition of chemical sludge ash must be greater than 40%，so the study of chemical ash to 40%，50%，60% as the benchmark，and then add different proportions of cement and sand made of ordinary bricks made comparison，of which chemical sludge ash 50%，Cement 30 %，sand 20%，the amount of water-solid ratio of 0.3，the compression of ordinary bricks，the compressive strength of the CNS 382 products can meet the requirements of more than kgf/cm2，but the chemical sludge ash to add more than 40% conditions，its water absorption rate can not meet CNS 382 water absorption rate must be less than 15% The provisions of the chemical sludge is known to be good water absorption，suitable for use in grass-planting hollow bricks，rain so that rain can be inhaled into the bricks，waiting for the rain to stop and then slowly release the water in the bricks，moist mud to plant water。
Most of the domestic boiler fuel mainly heavy oil and coal，low sulfur heavy oil costs are too high，so most of the use of low-cost coal as the main fuel，but the composition of coal complex，as boiler fuel will also have air pollution such as PM2.5 problems，and many countries at home and abroad are banning coal，to create a new coal-fired boiler has its difficulties，Therefore，the search for low-cost and clean energy，many of the use of the boiler industry are in pursuit of，and the plant wastewater treatment process produced by chemical sludge and biological sludge，according to the economic Department of the cause of waste reuse management measures can be used as boiler auxiliary fuel，chemical sludge calorific value of about 1100~1400 kcal/kg，Ash is suitable for ordinary bricks after incineration. The bio-sludge is mixed with the sawdust produced by the plant with a wet base of 1:1 mixture，the water content is controlled below 30%，and then made into a fuel rod (block) by pressurized way，its total calorific value is about 4300~4500 kcal/kg，and its calorific value is 0.78 times times of bituminous coal (fuel) used in the power generation industry and can be used as a supplementary fuel for boilers. ，to achieve recycling economic benefits，after incineration of biological sludge ash，chemical sludge ash 50%，cement 30%，sand 20%，water solid ratio 0.3 as the benchmark，respectively，10%，20%，30%，40%，50% biological sludge mixed ash added to replace some or all of the chemical sludge ash，the control sludge adding ratio of 50%，By using 1500kg forming pressure to form ordinary bricks，the compressive strength of 28 days is not obviously increased，so the residual ash after fuel combustion is not obviously Bu material。
Key words：Fireproof building materials，boiler auxiliary fuel，fuel rods，common bricks，calcium silicate board。
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Zhang, Linghong. "CATALYTIC SUPERCRITICAL WATER GASIFICATION OF SEWAGE SLUDGE/SECONDARY PULP/PAPER-MILL SLUDGE FOR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/7612.
Full textAbstract:
Supercritical water gasification (SCWG) is an innovative hydrothermal technique, employing supercritical water (SCW, T≥374oC, P≥22.1 MPa) as the reaction media, to convert wet biomass or aqueous organic waste directly into hydrogen (H2)-rich synthetic gas (syngas). In the first stage of this research, a secondary pulp/paper-mill sludge (SPP, provide by AbitibiBowater Thunder Bay Operations) was gasified at temperatures of 400-550oC for 20 to 120 min in a high-pressure batch reactor for H2 production. The highest H2 yield achieved was 14.5 mol H2/kg SPP (on a dry basis) at 550oC for 60 min. In addition, SPP exhibited higher H2-generation potential than sewage sludges, likely attributed to its higher pH and higher volatile matter and alkali salt contents. In the second stage, a novel two-step process for sludge treatment was established. The first step involved the co-liquefaction of SPP with waste newspaper in a batch reactor at varying mixing ratios, aimed at converting the organic carbons in the feedstocks into valuable bio-crude and water-soluble products. The highest heavy oil (HO) yield (26.9 wt%) was obtained at 300oC for 20 min with a SPP-to-newspaper ratio of 1:2. This co-liquefaction process transformed 39.1% of the carbon into HOs, where 16.3% of the carbon still remained in the aqueous waste. Next, an innovative Ru0.1Ni10/γ-Al2O3 catalyst (10 wt% Ni, Ru-to-Ni molar ratio=0.1), with long-term stability and high selectivity for H2 production, was developed for the SCWG of 50 g/L glucose, where no deactivation was observed after 33 h on stream at 700oC, 24 MPa and a WHSV (weight hourly space velocity) of 6 h-1. The H2 yield was maintained at ~50 mol/kg feedstock. The addition of small amounts of Ru to Ni10/γ-Al2O3 was found to be effective in enhancing Ni dispersion and increasing the reducibility of NiO. Finally, the Ru0.1Ni10/γ-Al2O3 catalyst together with an activated carbon (AC) supported catalyst (Ru0.1Ni10/AC) were utilized for treating the aqueous by-product from sludge-newspaper co-liquefaction using a continuous down-flow tubular reactor. More than 90% of the carbon in the waste was destroyed at 700oC with the highest H2 yield of 71.2 mol/kg carbon noted using Ru0.1Ni10/AC.<br>Thesis (Ph.D, Civil Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2011-04-27 17:20:49.193
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Perera, Dharshini Marian. "Characterization and toxicity of pulp and paper mill sludge leachates." Thesis, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/4864.
Full textAbstract:
The main objective of this study was to investigate the characteristics of pulp and paper
mill sludge leachates and to assess their toxicity. Sludges from three mills in British Columbia
were subjected to aqueous leaching in laboratory columns at different pH levels to evaluate the
relationship between leachability of the contaminants and pH. Leachates were fractionated by
ultrafiltration into different molecular size fractions and the leachable contaminants were
characterized for carbon content, colour and fluorescence properties, chlorinated phenolics, resin
acids, metals and AOX content. The toxicity of the leachates was assessed by conducting
laboratory bioassays on Daphnia magna and using the Microtox bioassay. The bioconcentration
potential of the chlorinated phenolic compounds was measured using fresh water leeches.
Leachates were also collected from sludge previously applied to a test site and analyzed for
characteristics and toxicity to investigate the feasibility of applying pulp and paper mill sludge
to forest land as an organic fertilizer.
Leachability of carbon varied considerably between sludge leachates from different mills.
The soluble carbon content of subsamples of the same sludge leachate varied between one to
another, indicating the highly variable nature of these sludge leachates. Leachates of different
molecular size fractions had different colour and fluorescence properties. No consistent
relationship was found between the carbon distribution in the fractions and colour or
fluorescence suggesting that colour or fluorescence cannot be used as an estimate of the total
dissolved carbon or the predominance of any molecular size fraction in a sludge leachate. Leachability of contaminants was affected by pH. Generally the total concentration of
chlorinated phenolics and resin acids increased with increasing pH for sludge leachates for all
the mills. At higher pH’s, there was a tendency for the chlorinated phenolics with the lower
chlorination number to leach out more. The identifiable chlorinated phenolics were a very small
percentage (<0.5 %) of the adsorbable organic halides (AOX) in the leachates. The chlorinated
phenolic concentrations in the sludge leachates were low when compared to concentrations found
in treated effluents. Analysis of individual molecular fractions revealed the presence of low
molecular weight chlorinated phenolics and resin acids (<1000 Daltons) in the high molecular
(>1000 Daltons) weight fraction which indicated adsorption to these larger molecules.
Toxicity studies with the two bioassays revealed different sensitivities. Generally the
Microtox bioassay was more sensitive than the D.magna bioassay. The bioavailability of the
chlorinated compounds in the sludge leachates was confirmed by some high bioconcentration
factors in freshwater leeches.
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Chen, Shih-Chiang, and 陳世強. "Using Co-Fermentation to Enhance the Hydrogen Production of Pulp Sludge." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/49939410008891614804.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立高雄第一科技大學<br>環境與安全衛生工程所<br>99<br>The wastewater generated from the papermaking manufacturing could produce a pile of sludge after the wastewater disposal handled. This papermaking leftover would be highly possible to cause pollution to the environment and the land. This has been a noticeable issue faced by all around the world; Taiwan especially gets worst of the problem due to the limited space with a great population. Traditional handling to the sludge is through dehydration, drying, and incineration, but the operation still comes to handle final disposal. In order to meet the goal of non-harmfulness and physical stability control to the sludge, it is very difficult to minimize the amount of sludge generated and the cost of handling process increased. However, using co-fermentation to enhance the decomposition of papermaking sludge not only can reduce the amount of sludge output, but also can collect hydrogen by anaerobic bio-hydrogen treatment. This technology is not only beneficial for its economical products, but also sanitarily environmental for its recycling feature.
In the past, the conventional activated sludge (CAS) process is commonly used to treat municipal wastewater., because this environment might provide nitrogen, phosphorous, sulfur, and other microelement nutrition such as sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and iron etc. that are all needed nutrition to the microorganism species. This CAS method is not an efficient way to handle sewage, because the industrial sewage usually need the additive due to the lack of nitrogen, phosphorous and other microelement nutrition to grow microorganism species. This research is to discuss the process of the “Using Co-Fermentation to Enhance the Hydrogen Production of Pulp Sludge”, and to build the optimal environmental condition based on generating hydrogen. The research method is to make separated trial lots by adding different ratio of plant fungus and nutrients at the constant temperature of 41±1oC for the experiment. The wastewater generated from one of the papermaking manufacturer was used as the base for the experiment. Plant fungus derived from the mixing and growing process of anaerobic bio-hydrogen treatment fluid and paper sludge. Nutrients were collected from the same system as well.
The result found that the simultaneous addition of both plant fungus and nutrients generates bigger amount of nitrogen than adding nutrients only. The trial no. 23 also found that putting the base, plant fungus, and the nutrients for 50%, 25%, and 12.5% respectively would generate 181.18 ml nitrogen as the biggest accumulative amount. The result indicated that different density of plant fungus followed by the different ratio of nutrients has significant remark to the hydrogen production amount. At the ratio of nutrients ranged from 6.25% - 18.75%, its capacity obtained positive trend for the hydrogen production amount, but hydrogen producing potential (P), hydrogen producing rate (Rm), Specific hydrogen producing potential (Ps), Specific hydrogen producing rate (Rs) all became negative dropping when the ratio exceeded 18.75%. That indicated that the excess of the nutrients would limit microelement growth and activity.
After data analyzing by Polynomial regression analysis and Response Surface Method, it has been found that the mutual chemical interaction between plant fungus and nutrients has significant influence to the microelement species growth. It would be better for the growth environment under low ration of nutrient and plant fungus (N/Xo) condition. The best optimal processing condition for future study is suggested to control the ratio of nutrients/plant fungus at １ ml N/ml Xo.
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Wood, Nicholas. "Pretreatment of Pulp Mill Wastewater Treatment Residues to Improve Their Anaerobic Digestion." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/17237.
Full textAbstract:
Anaerobic digestion of excess biological wastewater treatment sludge (WAS) from pulp mills has the potential to reduce disposal costs and to generate energy through biogas production. The organic matter in WAS is highly structured, which normally hinders biogas production. This study investigated three methods of pretreating WAS from two different pulp mills before anaerobic digestion to improve biogas yield and production rate. The three pretreatment methods tested were: i) thermal pretreatment at 170oC, ii) caustic pretreatment at 140oC and pH 12, and iii) sonication at 20 kHz and 1 W/mL. Thermal pretreatment proved to be the most effective, increasing biogas yield by 280% and 50% and increasing production rates 300-fold and 10-fold for the two samples, respectively. Caustic pretreatment showed similar results, but resulted in the formation of soluble non-biodegradable compounds. Sonication was the least effective pretreatment and did not substantially increase biogas yield, but increased biogas production rate.
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Edalat, Manesh Maryam. "Utilization of Pulp and Paper Mill Sludge as Filler in Nylon Biocomposite Production." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/32703.
Full textAbstract:
The biological treatment of pulp and paper mills effluents results in the production of waste secondary sludge which is hard and costly to dewater and dispose. Secondary sludge, which is structurally comparable to the municipal sewage sludge, is composed of microbial cells, organic woody materials, and ash. In this work, the use of this waste biosolid as renewable and cost-cutting filler in the composite industry is proposed. Moreover, the effect of enzymatic treatment of the waste biosolid on the final properties of the manufactured biocomposite is studied. The high protein content of the secondary sludge (35 ± 5%) and the surface thermodynamics measured by Inverse Gas chromatography (IGC) led us to choose Nylon 11 as the main polymeric matrix. The biocomposites samples produced by compounding and injection molding of different mixtures of dried secondary sludge and Nylon were tested. The results of mechanical strength tests showed that a 10% sludge content does not lead to any significant deterioration of either tensile or flexural strengths. Therefore, it is concluded that the secondary sludge may be used as filler to reduce the cost while maintaining the mechanical properties of Nylon. Enzymatic modification of the waste biosolid to advance its application from cheapening filler to reinforcing filler has also been proposed in this work. Lipase and laccase utilized for the modification of the sludge in order to reduce the hydrophobicity and increase the molecular weight, respectively. Lipase application did not lead to any significant changes in either tensile or flexural strengths. This is attributed to the rather low content of lipids in the sludge. On the other hand, enzymatic modification of the sludge by laccase which increases the molecular weight of the existing lignins, resulted in significant improvement of the flexural strength of the manufactured biocomposite.