Journal articles: 'PULSE (Computer file)'

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Zhu, Yu Quan, Zheng Fei Hu, and Bao Ji Ma. "The STM32 and Programmable Power Supply Communication in the ELID Grinding Dynamic Control System." Advanced Materials Research 605-607 (December 2012): 2073–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.605-607.2073.

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This paper describes based on the STM32 the dynamic control systems of the ELID grinding oxide film growth process. The system’s structure mainly includes the STM32 controller, DC pulse power source, VMOS circuit and optically coupled isolation circuit. The STM32 controller receives the oxide film thickness value from the host computer. According to the oxide film thickness values, the STM32 controller calls the process library automatically. Based on the process library parameters, the timer outputs the PWM square wave which the frequency and duty cycle can be adjusted, and the serial port output message controled DC power output. The PWM square wave is used to control the on-off of the VMOS circuit, which can be used as the DC converter of the programmable DC power supply, and generates high frequency pulse voltage to control the growth rate of the electrolyte. Finally, the experimental results show that DC pulse power supply output values and the expected output value are consistent.

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GUO, ZHONGYI, HAIFENG WANG, ZHENGJUN LIU, SHILIANG QU, JINGMIN DAI, and SHUTIAN LIU. "REALIZATION OF HOLOGRAPHIC STORAGE ON METAL FILM BY FEMTOSECOND LASER PULSES MICROMACHINING." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 18, no. 04 (December 2009): 617–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863509004828.

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Optical information has been stored on the metal film by femtosecond laser pulses with the aid of the computer-generated hologram (CGH). The Fourier transform of an object is performed by a computer, and then the resulted complex amplitude distribution is encoded by the detour phase method. The resulted cell-oriented CGH is directly written on the metal film deposited on the glass substrate using femtosecond laser by selective ablation. The object wave has also been reconstructed with high fidelity by using a collimated He-Ne laser beam.

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Pawliszewska, Maria, Dorota Tomaszewska, Grzegorz Soboń, Anna Dużyńska, Mariusz Zdrojek, and Jarosław Sotor. "Broadband Metallic Carbon Nanotube Saturable Absorber for Ultrashort Pulse Generation in the 1500–2100 nm Spectral Range." Applied Sciences 11, no. 7 (April 1, 2021): 3121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11073121.

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Herein, we report on the possibility of ultrashort laser pulse generation in the broadband spectral range using a saturable absorber based on free-standing metallic carbon nanotube thin film. Erbium, thulium, and holmium-doped all-fiber lasers were mode-locked with a single saturable absorber containing a 300 nm thick material layer. Subpicosecond pulses were generated at 1559, 1938, and 2082 nm. Our work validates the broadband operation of metallic carbon nanotube-based saturable absorbers and highlights the suitable performance of nanomatematerial for ultrafast photonic applications.

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De Lima, Jader A., Sidnei F. Silva, Adriano S. Cordeiro, and Michel Verleysen. "A CMOS/SOI Single-input PWM Discriminator for Low-voltage Body-implanted Applications." VLSI Design 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 469–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1065514021000012075.

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A CMOS/SOI circuit to decode Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) signals is presented as part of a body-implanted neurostimulator for visual prosthesis. Since encoded data is the sole input to the circuit, the decoding technique is based on a novel double-integration concept and does not require low-pass filtering. Non-overlapping control phases are internally derived from the incoming pulses and a fast-settling comparator ensures good discrimination accuracy in the megahertz range. The circuit was integrated on a 2 μm single-metal thin-film CMOS/SOI fabrication process and has an effective area of 2 mm2. Measured resolution of encoding parameter α is better than 10% at 6 MHz and VDD = 3.3 V. Idle-mode consumption is 340 μW. Pulses of frequencies up to15 MHz and α =10% can be discriminated for 2.3 V ≤ VDD ≤ 3.3 V. Such an excellent immunity to VDD deviations meets a design specification with respect to inherent coupling losses on transmitting data and power by means of a transcutaneous link.

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Bunting, Peter, John Armston, Richard M. Lucas, and Daniel Clewley. "Sorted pulse data (SPD) library. Part I: A generic file format for LiDAR data from pulsed laser systems in terrestrial environments." Computers & Geosciences 56 (July 2013): 197–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2013.01.019.

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Ibrahim, Noor M., and Eman K. Hassan. "Structural and Morphological of Pulsed Laser Deposited Magnesium Phthalocyanine (MgPc) Thin Film." Nano Hybrids and Composites 29 (June 2020): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/nhc.29.15.

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Magnesium Phthalocyanine (MgPc) was deposited on a glass substrate by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) using Q-Switching Nd: YAG laser with wavelength 1064(nm), (6Hz) Repetition rate, in addition to different laser energies (200,300,400 and 500 mJ) at room temperature under vacuum condition with (10-3torr). All films were annealed at (298K) for 1hour to attain crystallinity. X-ray diffraction of MgPc powder indicated the fact that MgPc crystallizes in polycrystalline with a monoclinic structure While comparing the MgPc of films, it’s found the intensity of characteristic peak is high as the number and energy of laser pulses increase and the crystallize is monoclinic form is observed in β-form. Miller indices, hkl, values for every one of the diffraction peaks in the spectrum of the XRD have been computed. The characteristic peak of Phthalocyanine (MgPc) is found at 2θ value 6.9137o with the hkl value of {100} for both MgPc powder and deposited thin film. The surface morphology of the films showed more uniform sized grains. EDX and FESEM analysis has shown that there has been an enhancement in the crystallinity and surface morphology as a result of the increase of laser energies and for finding the optimum parameters for which film provides more efficient structural characteristics.

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Kadhim, Ali, Paul Harrison, Jake Meeth, Alaa Al-Mebir, Guanggen Zeng, and Judy Wu. "Development of Combinatorial Pulsed Laser Deposition for Expedited Device Optimization in CdTe/CdS Thin-Film Solar Cells." International Journal of Optics 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1696848.

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A combinatorial pulsed laser deposition system was developed by integrating a computer controlled scanning sample stage in order to rapidly screen processing conditions relevant to CdTe/CdS thin-film solar cells. Using this system, the thickness of the CdTe absorber layer is varied across a single sample from 1.5 μm to 0.75 μm. The effects of thickness on CdTe grain morphology, crystal orientation, and cell efficiency were investigated with respect to different postprocessing conditions. It is shown that the thinner CdTe layer of 0.75 μm obtained the best power conversion efficiency up to 5.3%. The results of this work shows the importance that CdTe grain size/morphology relative to CdTe thickness has on device performance and quantitatively exhibits what those values should be to obtain efficient thin-film CdTe/CdS solar cells fabricated with pulsed laser deposition. Further development of this combinatorial approach could enable high-throughput exploration and optimization of CdTe/CdS solar cells.

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Wang, J. J., A. B. Limanov, Ying Wang, and James S. Im. "Observation of Superheating of Si at the Si/SiO2 Interface in Pulsed-laser irradiated Si Thin Films." MRS Proceedings 1770 (2015): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2015.727.

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ABSTRACTSubstantial superheating of single-crystal Si films at and near the bottom Si/SiO2 interface was observed. This was accomplished via back-side irradiation of a (100) single-crystal Si film on a quartz substrate using an excimer-laser pulse. The spatiotemporal details of the melting transition were tracked in situ using surface-side and substrate-side transient reflectance measurements, and the one-dimensional thermal profile evolution within the solid film during the heating period was numerically computed using the experimentally extracted temporal profile of the incident beam and temperature-dependent optical and thermal parameters of the materials. A simple lower-bound estimation identifies that superheating in excess of 100 K was attained within Si along the bottom (100)-Si/SiO2 interface even at moderate beam energy densities.

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Chen, Yao, Yao Shan, Huatian Tu, Haotian Zhang, Rong He, Yuxiang Zheng, Rongjun Zhang, Songyou Wang, Jing Li, and Liangyao Chen. "Quality Improvement of Laser-Induced Periodic Ripple Structures on Silicon Using a Bismuth-Indium Alloy Film." Applied Sciences 11, no. 2 (January 11, 2021): 632. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11020632.

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In this work, a new buffer layer material, a bismuth-indium (Bi-In) alloy, was utilized to improve the quality of large-area, laser-induced periodic ripple structures on silicon. Better-defined ripple structures and larger modification areas were obtained at different scanning speeds by pre-depositing a Bi-In film. The single-spot investigations indicated that ripple structures were much easier to form on silicon coated with the Bi-In film under laser fluences of 2.04 and 2.55 J/cm2 at a fixed pulse number of 200 in comparison with on bare silicon. A physical model in terms of the excellent thermal conductivity contributed by the free electrons in the Bi-In film homogenizing the thermal distribution caused by the laser irradiation in the early stage of the formation of laser-induced periodic surface structures was proposed to explain the above phenomena. The results show that the Bi-In film enabled a wider range of laser fluences to generate periodic structures and helped to form regular ripple structures on the silicon. In addition, the modulation effects of the laser fluence and pulse number on surface structures were studied experimentally and are discussed in detail.

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Dunets, Roman, Bogdan Dzundza, Liliia Turovska, Myroslav Pavlyuk, and Omelian Poplavskyi. "Features for the design of a specialized information-measuring system for the study of thermoelectric properties of semiconductors." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 2, no. 5 (110) (April 30, 2021): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2021.227135.

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Methods for studying thermoelectric parameters of semiconductors that are optimal for the implementation of software and hardware have been analyzed and selected. It is based on the Harman method and its modifications, adapted for pulse measurements, which are convenient to implement on a modern element base. An important advantage of these methods is the absence of the need for accurate measurements of heat fluxes, which greatly simplifies and reduces the time for conducting experimental research. The required operating ranges for the voltage 10 µV–1 V, for the current 10 µA–300 mA and the element base performance at the processing level of 40–200 million samples per second have been determined. Structural and electrical circuits, as well as software for a specialized computer system for studying thermoelectric parameters of both bulk and thin-film thermoelectric materials, and express analysis of the operational characteristics of finished modules have been developed. It has been shown that the proposed scheme copes well with the task. And the use of FPGA and 32-bit microcontrollers provide sufficient processing speed up to 200 MSPS and the necessary synchronization modes for the implementation of the Harman pulse method even when studying films of nanometer thickness. Experimental studies of both bulk thermoelectric modules based on Bi2Te3 and thin-film thermoelectric material based on PbTe have been carried out. The effectiveness of the developed tools and techniques has been shown, which made it possible to more than halve the time for sample preparation and experiment. Based on the presented models, all the main thermoelectric and operational parameters have been determined, in particular, electrical conductivity, Seebeck coefficient, thermal conductivity, thermoelectric figure of merit. As a result of the development of specialized computer tools, it was possible to reduce the labor intensity of the process of measuring the main electrical and operational parameters of semiconductor thermoelectric materials and energy conversion modules based on them, as well as to automate the process of defects identification of thermoelectric modules. The labor intensity of the research process has decreased not only due to the automation of the measurement process, but also due to an optimized technique that allows research on a sample of one configuration, since the manufacture and preparation of samples are the most laborious

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Babaev, V. G., M. S. Dzhidzhoev, V. M. Gordienko, M. A. Joukov, A. B. Savel'ev, V. Yu Timoshenko, A. A. Shashkov, and R. V. Volkov. "X-Ray Production and Second Harmonic Generation by Superintense Femtosecond Laser Pulses in the Solids with Restricted Thermal Conduction." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 06, no. 04 (December 1997): 495–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021886359700037x.

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Two new types of targets: ultrathin freely suspended carbon films and porous Si, both revealing thermoconductivity restriction leading to plasma overheating upto electron temperature above 1 keV under "moderate" intensities 1015 - 1016 W · cm-2 has been investigated experimentally. For the ultrathin carbon film of 20–30 nm X-ray yield threefold increase has been observed. Computer simulations decribe well the observed behaviour of the X-ray yield, and the electron temperature of 700 eV was deducted for the film of 10 nm in thickness. Por-Si produces greater X-ray flux under intensity of 1016 W · cm-2 as compared to the solid Si. If the intensity increased the total X-ray yield from por-Si undergoes "saturation", while the X-ray yield from solid Si fits as ≈ I2. Simple model to describe the "overheating" of Si plasma using a set of ultrathin films is developed. Some promising advantages of new targets are discussed.

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Novikov, Herman A., Rustem M. Bayazitov, Rafael M. Batalov, Ildar A. Faizrakhmanov, Gennadii D. Ivlev, and Stanislav L. Prokop'ev. "Experimental Study and Simulation of the Structure-Phase Transitions in Deposited Ge Layers during Pulsed Laser Annealing." Solid State Phenomena 247 (March 2016): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.247.24.

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Ion-beam deposition of amorphous Ge layers on different substrates (silicon and quartz) has been performed. Deposited amorphous Ge layers were subjected to pulsed laser annealing (λ = 0.69 μm, τ = 80 ns). Simultaneously the optical probing of the Ge surface was carried out. The computer simulation of heating processes and phase transitions was performed taking into account the temperature dependences of film and substrates’ parameters and phase transition energies. The results of the dynamics of heating, melting, crystallization and plasma formation processes are well described by simulation data. It is shown that the threshold values for radiation power density and phase transition rates are determined mainly by thermophysical parameters of the substrates and thermal contact between Ge melt and substrate.

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Seino, Taisaku, Michihiro Watanabe, Kazutaka Sato, and Susumu Hioki. "Analysis of resistance change of thick-film resistor by electric pulse loading." Electronics and Communications in Japan (Part II: Electronics) 80, no. 5 (May 1997): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1520-6432(199705)80:5<47::aid-ecjb7>3.0.co;2-2.

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Zhang, Lizheng, and I. Charles Ume. "Application of Experimental and Finite Element Modal Analysis in Development of a Novel Solder Joint Inspection Systems." Journal of Microelectronics and Electronic Packaging 5, no. 3 (July 1, 2008): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/1551-4897-5.3.97.

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Inspection of flip chip solder joints has been a crucial process in the electronics manufacturing industry to reduce manufacturing cost, improve yield, and ensure product quality and reliability. New inspection techniques are urgently needed to fill in the gap between available inspection capabilities and industry requirements of low-cost, fast-speed, and highly reliable inspection systems. The laser ultrasound inspection system under development aims to provide a solution that can overcome some of the limitations of current inspection techniques. This research project is based on laser ultrasound and interferometric techniques. A pulsed laser generates ultrasound on the chip's surface, and the entire chip is excited into structural vibration. An interferometer is used to measure the vibration displacement of the chip's surface at several points, and solder joints with different qualities cause different vibration responses. By analyzing the surface vibration responses, defects in solder joints may be detected and/or classified. In this paper, a broadband laser pulse is used for dynamic excitation of the chip before its vibration signature is analyzed. Experimental modal analysis extracts and estimates the modal information (mode frequencies and mode shapes) from raw vibration signals. Multiple-point surface responses are scanned with an interferometer under repeated laser pulse excitation. Spectral estimation on the raw vibration signals gives dominant-mode frequencies. The corresponding vibrational patterns are obtained by reconstructing the scanned grids using the decomposed signals at each mode frequency. Because we are interested only in the transverse vibration on the chip's surface, and because the chip's length and width are much larger than its thickness, it can be modeled as a rectangular plate with pin supports. Modal analysis by finite element modeling is applied to devices with and without defects. The objectives are to identify the differences of mode frequencies and mode shapes between good chips and chips with defects and to identify measurement points that show maximum difference in the presence and absence of defects.

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MATVEEV, V. N., V. A. BEREZIN, V. T. VOLKOV, A. A. FIRSOV, O. V. KONONENKO, and V. I. LEVASHOV. "EXTRAORDINARY HALL EFFECT IN ULTRA-THIN Fe–Pt FILMS AND FABRICATION OF NANOMICRO HALL DEVICES." International Journal of Nanoscience 03, no. 01n02 (February 2004): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x04001924.

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Fe – Pt alloy thin and ultra thin films were deposited by the pulse laser evaporation method. Micronano Hall devices were fabricated from ultra thin films by an Ar plasma etching process using electron beam lithography procedures. The extraordinary Hall effect (EHE) in Fe – Pt alloy thin and ultra thin films and micronano Hall devices was investigated. The film thickness reduction is found to cause an increase in Hall voltage, which means an enhancement of field sensitivity of the Hall sensor. Maximum sensitivity S=260 Ω/ T was measured in ultra thin film with thickness d=20 Å.

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Calì, C., F. Cornacchia, A. Di Lieto, F. Marchetti, and M. Tonelli. "Nd:YVO4 crystalline film grown by pulsed laser deposition." Optical Materials 31, no. 9 (July 2009): 1331–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2008.10.032.

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Sarwar, F., Z. Chen, J. Wu, D. C. Webster, and V. R. Marinov. "Excimer Laser Ablation of High Aspect Ratio Microvias Using a Novel Sensitizer-Enhanced Photopolymer." Journal of Microelectronics and Electronic Packaging 8, no. 2 (April 1, 2011): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/imaps.294.

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A new drop-in sensitizer has been developed for use with COTS negative tone photoresist to facilitate the laser fabrication of high aspect ratio microstructures in a thick film of photopolymer. Microvias with diameters as small as 50 μm have been successfully laser ablated in a 160 μm thick layer of the sensitized photoresist. Ablation rates of up to 86 nm/pulse have been achieved with an excimer laser.

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Özçete, Enver, Selahattin Kiyan, İlhan Uz, Meltem Songür Kodik, and Yusuf Ali Altuncı. "The role of whole-body computed tomography in determining risky patient group with regard to polytrauma patients in the emergency department." Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine 25, no. 3 (February 14, 2018): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1024907918755174.

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Backround: High rates in trauma-related mortality pose a major health problem and increase every day. Early diagnosis and treatment can be lifesavers for this patient group in the emergency departments, which serve as the first place to admit trauma patients in a hospital. Objectives: We aim to determine high-risk criteria to indicate trauma patients getting the most use from whole-body tomography in patients with multiple traumas and reduce unnecessary computed tomography. Methods: We examined retrospectively all electronic files and computed tomography results of patients, who had been admitted to emergency department due to trauma, and who had undergone whole-body computed tomography. Results: We found that possibility of multiple injuries increased by 5.9 times in patients requiring mechanical ventilation. Possibility of multiple injuries in patients with free fluid in the Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma increased by 5.6 times. We also observed that possibility of multiple injuries in patients with Glasgow Coma Score < 13 increased by 4.3 times. Possibility of multiple injuries in hypoxic patients increased by 3.2 times. Possibility of multiple injuries in patients with a pulse ≥ 120/min increased by 1.8 times. Possibility of multiple injuries in patients with shock index ≥ 0.9 increased by 1.7 times. Conclusion: High-risk group in terms of multiple traumas involves mechanical ventilation need in trauma patients, positive Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma, Glasgow Coma Score being under 13, hypoxia, tachycardia, positive shock index, and extravehicular traffic accidents. Whole-body computed tomography should be performed in this patient group.

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Egorov, A. A., L. A. Sevastyanov, V. D. Shigorin, A. S. Ayriyan, and E. A. Ayriyan. "Properties of nematic LC planar and smoothly-irregular waveguide structures: research in the experiment and using computer modeling." Computer Optics 43, no. 6 (December 2019): 976–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2412-6179-2019-43-6-976-982.

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Nematic liquid crystal planar and smoothly-irregular waveguide structures were studied experimentally and by the computer modeling. Two types of optical smoothly-irregular waveguide structures promising for application in telecommunications and control systems are studied by numerical simulation: liquid crystal waveguides and thin film solid generalized waveguide Luneburg lens. Study of the behavior of these waveguide structures where liquid crystal layer can be used to control the properties of the entire device, of course, promising, especially since such devices are also able to perform various sensory functions when changing some external parameters, accompanied by a change in a number of their properties. It can be of interest to researchers not only in the field of the integrated optics but also in some others areas: nano-photonics, optofluidics, telecommunications, and control systems. The dependences of the attenuation coefficient (optical losses) of waveguide modes and the effective sizes (correlation radii) of quasi-stationary irregularities of the liquid-crystal layers on the linear laser radiation polarization and on the presence of pulse-periodic electric field were experimentally observed. An estimate was made of the correlation radii of liquid-crystal waveguide quasi-stationary irregularities. The obtained results are undoubtedly important for further research of waveguide liquid crystal layers, both from the theoretical point of view, and practical – in the organization and carrying out new experimental researches, for example, when developing promising integrated-optical LC sensors.

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Al-Aufi, Y. A., B. N. Hewakandamby, G. Dimitrakis, M. Holmes, A. Hasan, and N. J. Watson. "Thin film thickness measurements in two phase annular flows using ultrasonic pulse echo techniques." Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 66 (April 2019): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2019.02.008.

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Marchand, Wolf-Dietrich, Oddbjørn Bruland, and Ånund Killingtveit. "Improved Measurements and Analysis of Spatial Snow Cover by Combining a Ground Based Radar System With a Differential Global Positioning System Receiver." Hydrology Research 32, no. 3 (June 1, 2001): 181–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2001.0011.

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The paper describes the realization of a new snow measurement system where a Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is connected to a Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) receiver. A snow scooter pulled a radar antenna, a distance wheel triggered the radar pulses and the reflections were stored in a control unit. A marker was set on the radar file each time a position was logged on the DGPS receiver. Thus, each position was directly related to a snow depth measured by the GPR. The obtained accuracy of the position was in the range of 5-10 m and manual calibration measurements were used to ensure good quality of the snow depth data. The system was tested in the Norwegian catchment Aursunden during the period of maximum snow accumulation, 12th – 23rd April 1999. Landscape features were analyzed with a Geographic Information System (GIS) and extensive snow measurements were worked out in representative areas. The obtained data on the snow cover were later used for statistical analysis. In addition to the efficiency which makes it possible to measure large areas in a relatively short time, the major advances in the described system is that the obtained data can be used directly in a computer aided GIS. Nevertheless, further improvement is needed because of 1) the possibility for ambiguous connection between snow depth log and position log, 2) the distance between consecutive positions is not constant since it is time dependent, 3) the algorithm for automatically detection of the ground reflection from the radar log-file still needs interference from the user.

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Geiser, Jürgen, and Sven Blankenburg. "Monte Carlo Simulations Of Elastic Scattering With Applications To Dc And High Power Pulsed Magnetron Sputtering For Ti3SIC2." Communications in Computational Physics 11, no. 5 (May 2012): 1618–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4208/cicp.210211.270511a.

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AbstractWe simulate the particle transport in a thin film deposition process made by PVD (physical vapor deposition) and present several models for projectile and tar-get collisions in order to compute the mean free path and the differential cross section (angular distribution of scattered projectiles) of the scattering process. A detailed description of collision models is of the highest importance in Monte Carlo simulations of high power impulse magnetron sputtering and DC sputtering. We derive an equation for the mean free path for arbitrary interactions (cross sections) that includes the relative velocity between the particles. We apply our results to two major interaction models: hard sphere interaction & screened Coulomb interaction. Both types of interaction separate DC sputtering from HIPIMS.

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Simion, B. M., R. Ramesh, E. Marinero, R. L. Pfeffer, and G. Thomas. "Microstructural and magneto-optical characterization of ferrimagnetic multilayered thin-film rare-earth iron garnet heterostructures." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 52 (1994): 898–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s042482010017222x.

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The continuous demands of the computer industry for increased reliability, portability, and density of storage media, has opened a new chapter in the magnetic recording research, by focusing on the viability of magneto-optical materials for storage. Several materials are considered presently to be at the forefront of this new quest: ternary rare-earth transition-metal alloys (such as GdTbFe or TbFeCo), garnets, and Co/Pt or Co/Pd mutilayers. Of these, the ferrimagnetic garnets, due to their relatively flexible structure, may accommodate a large number of substituting ions, allowing thus for a very good control of their magnetic and magneto-optical properties. The good results obtained during thegrowth of epitaxial superconducting oxide thin films by pulsed laser deposition (PLD), has encouragedus to try this novel deposition technique in the growth of multilayered heteroepitaxial ferrimagneticiron garnet thin films.Superlattice heterostructures consisting of alternating single crystalline ferrimagnetic yttrium-iron-garnet (YIG) and bismuth-iron-garnet (BIG) thin film layers, as well as alternating YIG and europiumsubstituted BIG (EBIG), were deposited on single crystalline (111) paramagnetic gadolinium-galliumgarnet (GGG) substrates.

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KOIVULA, HANNA, DOUGLAS BOUSFIELD, and MARTTI TOIVAKKA. "Use of confocal laser scanning microscopy and a computer model to understand ink cavitation and filamentation." October 2010 9, no. 10 (November 1, 2010): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj9.10.7.

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In the offset printing process, ink film splitting has an important impact on formation of ink filaments. The filament size and its distribution influence the leveling of ink and hence affect ink setting and the print quality. However, ink filaments are difficult to image due to their short lifetime and fine length scale. Due to this difficulty, limited work has been reported on the parameters that influence filament size and methods to characterize it. We imaged ink filament remains and quantified some of their characteristics by changing printing speed, ink amount, and fountain solution type. Printed samples were prepared using a laboratory printability tester with varying ink levels and operating settings. Rhodamine B dye was incorporated into fountain solutions to aid in the detection of the filaments. The prints were then imaged with a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) and images were further analyzed for their surface topography. Modeling of the pressure pulses in the printing nip was included to better understand the mechanism of filament formation and the origin of filament length scale. Printing speed and ink amount changed the size distribution of the observed filament remains. There was no significant difference between fountain solutions with or without isopropyl alcohol on the observed patterns of the filament remains.

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Maximov, Maxim, Denis Nazarov, Aleksander Rumyantsev, Yury Koshtyal, Ilya Ezhov, Ilya Mitrofanov, Artem Kim, Oleg Medvedev, and Anatoly Popovich. "Atomic Layer Deposition of Lithium–Nickel–Silicon Oxide Cathode Material for Thin-Film Lithium-Ion Batteries." Energies 13, no. 9 (May 8, 2020): 2345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13092345.

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Lithium nickelate (LiNiO2) and materials based on it are attractive positive electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries, owing to their large capacity. In this paper, the results of atomic layer deposition (ALD) of lithium–nickel–silicon oxide thin films using lithium hexamethyldisilazide (LiHMDS) and bis(cyclopentadienyl) nickel (II) (NiCp2) as precursors and remote oxygen plasma as a counter-reagent are reported. Two approaches were studied: ALD using supercycles and ALD of the multilayered structure of lithium oxide, lithium nickel oxide, and nickel oxides followed by annealing. The prepared films were studied by scanning electron microscopy, spectral ellipsometry, X-ray diffraction, X-ray reflectivity, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and selected-area electron diffraction. The pulse ratio of LiHMDS/Ni(Cp)2 precursors in one supercycle ranged from 1/1 to 1/10. Silicon was observed in the deposited films, and after annealing, crystalline Li2SiO3 and Li2Si2O5 were formed at 800 °C. Annealing of the multilayered sample caused the partial formation of LiNiO2. The obtained cathode materials possessed electrochemical activity comparable with the results for other thin-film cathodes.

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Choi, Woo-Jin, Wan Woo Park, Yangdo Kim, Chang Sik Son, and Donghyun Hwang. "The Effect of ALD-Zn(O,S) Buffer Layer on the Performance of CIGSSe Thin Film Solar Cells." Energies 13, no. 2 (January 15, 2020): 412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13020412.

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In this paper, we report the development of Cd-free buffers using atomic layer deposition (ALD) for Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2-based solar cells. The ALD process gives good control of thickness and the S/S +O ratio content of the films. The influence of the growth per cycle (GPC) and the S/(S+O) ratio, and the glass temperature of the atomic layer deposited Zn(O,S) buffer layers on the efficiency of the Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 solar cells were investigated. We present the first results from our work on cadmium-free CIGS solar cells on substrates with an aperture area of 0.4 cm2. These Zn(O,S) layers were deposited by atomic layer deposition at 120 °C with S/Zn ratios of 0.7, and layers of around 30 nm. The Zn(O,S) 20% (Pulse Ratio: H2S/H2O+H2S) process results in a S/Zn ratio of 0.7. We achieved independently certified aperture area efficiencies of 17.1% for 0.4 cm2 cells.

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Li, C. J., Y. Li, H. Tong, L. Zhao, Q. C. Kong, and Z. Q. Wang. "An EDM pulse power generator and its feasible experiments for drilling film cooling holes." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 87, no. 5-8 (March 12, 2016): 1813–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-016-8598-0.

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Radi, Abd-Elgawad, Nadia Abd El-Ghany, and Tarek Wahdan. "Voltammetric Determination of Flunixin on Molecularly Imprinted Polypyrrole Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode." Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5296582.

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A novel electrochemical sensing approach, based on electropolymerization of a molecularly imprinted polypyrrole (MIPpy) film onto a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) surface, was developed for the detection of flunixin (FXN). The sensing conditions and the performance of the constructed sensor were assessed by cyclic, differential pulse and (DPV) square wave voltammetry (SWV). The sensor exhibited high sensitivity, with linear responses in the range of 5.0 to 50.0 µM with detection limits of 1.5 and 1.0 µM for DPV and SWV, respectively. In addition, the sensor showed high selectivity towards FXN in comparison to other interferents. The sensor was successfully utilized for the direct determination of FXN in buffalo raw milk samples.

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Mkrtychev, Oleg. "Calculation of the temperature field of the material in the thermal model of laser ablation." EPJ Web of Conferences 196 (2019): 00047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201919600047.

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The mechanisms of laser ablation of materials under the interaction of powerful pulsed laser radiation with a material coated with a thin film system were studied. One of the first models of such interaction of high-power laser radiation with matter was the thermal model. A onetemperature thermal model was used when considering the interaction of laser radiation with dielectrics, and a two-temperature model was used when considering the interaction of laser radiation with metals. When studying the processes of laser ablation within the framework of the thermal model, the method of moments with a special selection of the test function was chosen. Computer simulation was conducted to study the dependence of the surface temperature and the characteristic thermal length on the radiant flux. Variants with both constant and variable optophysical characteristics of the phenomenon were considered. Calculations were performed for different time ranges under different initial conditions. The results of the numerical experiment agree well with the data of other authors.

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Kuzminykh, Y., A. Kahn, and G. Huber. "Nd3+ doped Sc2O3 waveguiding film produced by pulsed laser deposition." Optical Materials 28, no. 6-7 (May 2006): 883–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2005.09.051.

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Kaminski, Slawomir, Edward Mis, Maciej Szymendera, and Andrzej Dziedzic. "New Trim Configurations for Laser Trimmed Thick-Film Resistors – Experimental Verification." Journal of Microelectronics and Electronic Packaging 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/1551-4897-2.1.19.

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Laser trimming is the most effective and popular trimming method of thick-film and LTCC resistors at present. It is also still a subject of continuing theoretical and experimental analysis and optimization. Very recently a new approach to this process was suggested. It consists in replacing two-contact bar resistors by three-contact distributed structures trimmed by narrow cuts just around additional contact of different shape [1,2]. This paper presents experimental verification of such an approach. The relative trim characteristic and sensitivity are analyzed as a function of additional contact shape and cut length. Next long-term stability, pulse durability and low frequency noise are compared for two- and three-contact resistors versus trim pathway length. These investigations are completed by simulation of electrical potential distribution in two- and three-contact resistors with various length of trimming kerf.

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Kim, Sung-Hun, and Won-Ju Cho. "Lithography Processable Ta2O5 Barrier-Layered Chitosan Electric Double Layer Synaptic Transistors." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 3 (January 29, 2021): 1344. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22031344.

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We proposed a synaptic transistor gated using a Ta2O5 barrier-layered organic chitosan electric double layer (EDL) applicable to a micro-neural architecture system. In most of the previous studies, a single layer of chitosan electrolyte was unable to perform lithography processes due to poor mechanical/chemical resistance. To overcome this limitation, we laminated a high-k Ta2O5 thin film on chitosan electrolyte to ensure high mechanical/chemical stability to perform a lithographic process for micropattern formation. Artificial synaptic behaviors were realized by protonic mobile ion polarization in chitosan electrolytes. In addition, neuroplasticity modulation in the amorphous In–Ga–Zn-oxide (a-IGZO) channel was implemented by presynaptic stimulation. We also demonstrated synaptic weight changes through proton polarization, excitatory postsynaptic current modulations, and paired-pulse facilitation. According to the presynaptic stimulations, the magnitude of mobile proton polarization and the amount of weight change were quantified. Subsequently, the stable conductance modulation through repetitive potential and depression pulse was confirmed. Finally, we consider that proposed synaptic transistor is suitable for advanced micro-neural architecture because it overcomes the instability caused when using a single organic chitosan layer.

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Joseph, Jaison, R. B. Tangsali, V. P. Mahadevan Pillai, R. J. Choudhary, D. M. Phase, and V. Ganeshan. "Microstructure and Magnetic Properties of Nano Crystalline Manganese Ferrite Thin Film Fabricated by Pulse Laser Deposition." Advanced Science Letters 22, no. 4 (April 1, 2016): 825–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/asl.2016.6936.

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Majchrzak, Ewa, and Bohdan Mochnacki. "Numerical solutions of the second-order dual-phase-lag equation using the explicit and implicit schemes of the finite difference method." International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow 30, no. 4 (May 20, 2019): 2099–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/hff-11-2018-0640.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is the application of the finite difference method (FDM) for numerical modeling of the microscale heat transfer processes occurring in the domain of thin metal film subjected to a laser pulse. The problem discussed is described by the different variants of the second-order dual-phase-lag equation (DPLE). The laser action is taken into account by the introduction of internal volumetric heat source to the governing equation. The capacity of the source is dependent on the geometrical co-ordinates and duration of the laser beam. The modified forms of DPLE presented in the paper, resulting from the certain substitutions introduced to the basic equation. Design/methodology/approach At the stage of numerical computations, the different variants of the FDM are applied. Both the explicit and implicit FDM schemes are used. The formula determining the capacity of the internal heat source suggests the formulation of the task discussed using the cylindrical co-ordinate system. The in-house programs realizing the numerical computations concern the axially-symmetrical tasks. In this paper, the metal films made of the nickel and gold are considered. Findings The algorithms presented make possible to analyze the heating/cooling processes occurring in the domain of metal film having a thickness Z for the different laser parameters (laser intensity, characteristic time of laser pulse and laser beam radius) and the different materials (optical penetration depth, reflectivity of irradiated surface, lag times, thermal conductivity and volumetric specific heat). Research limitations/implications Not for all metals, one can find information on lag times. In the literature, analytical formulas can be found to calculate these values, but they are strongly approximated. It should be pointed out that there are some limitations concerning the delay times of material considered, which assure the physical correctness of the second-order DPLE. Originality/value The FDM algorithm concerns the three-dimensional cylindrical domain while a large majority of the second-order DPLE numerical solutions have been obtained for the one-dimensional tasks. Both the implicit and explicit numerical schemes are proposed and the testing computations confirm the correctness and effectiveness of the algorithms presented.

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Villaça-Carvalho, Maria Fernanda Lima, Juliani Caroline Ribeiro de Araújo, Juliana Mariano Beraldo, Renata Falchete do Prado, Mari Eli Leonelli de Moraes, Luiz Roberto Coutinho Manhães Junior, Eduardo Norberto Codaro, et al. "Bioactivity of an Experimental Dental Implant with Anodized Surface." Journal of Functional Biomaterials 12, no. 2 (June 7, 2021): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfb12020039.

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Background: Several studies proved that anodic oxidation improves osseointegration. This study aimed to optimize osseointegration through anodization in dental implants, obtaining anatase phase and controlled nanotopography. Methods: The division of the groups with 60 titanium implants was: control (CG); sandblasted (SG); anodized (AG): anodized pulsed current (duty cycle 30%, 30 V, 0.2 A and 1000 Hz). Before surgery, surface characterization was performed using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Dispersive Energy Spectroscopy (EDS) and Raman Spectroscopy. For in vivo tests, 10 New Zealand white rabbits received an implant from each group. The sacrifice period was 2 and 6 weeks (n = 5) and the specimens were subjected to computed microtomography (μCT) and reverse torque test. Results: AFM and SEM demonstrated a particular nanotopography on the surface in AG; the anatase phase was proved by Raman spectroscopy. In the μCT and in the reverse torque test, the AG group presented better results than the other groups. Conclusion: The chemical composition and structure of the TiO2 film were positively affected by the anodizing technique, intensifying the biological characteristics in osseointegration.

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Cocean, Alexandru, Iuliana Cocean, Nicanor Cimpoesu, Georgiana Cocean, Ramona Cimpoesu, Cristina Postolachi, Vasilica Popescu, and Silviu Gurlui. "Laser Induced Method to Produce Curcuminoid-Silanol Thin Films for Transdermal Patches Using Irradiation of Turmeric Target." Applied Sciences 11, no. 9 (April 28, 2021): 4030. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11094030.

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A new possible method to produce a transdermal patch is proposed in this paper. The study refers to the pulsed laser deposition method (PLD) applied on turmeric target in order to obtain thin layers. Under high power laser irradiation of 532 nm wavelength, thin films containing curcuminoids were obtained on different substrates such as glass and quartz (laboratory investigation) and hemp fabric (practical application). Compared FTIR, SEM-EDS and LIF analyses proved that the obtained thin film chemical composition is mainly demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin which is evidence that most of the curcumin from turmeric has been demethixylated during laser ablation. Silanol groups with known role into dermal reconstruction are evidenced in both turmeric target and curcuminoid thin films. UV–VIS reflection spectra show the same characteristics for all the curcuminoid thin films, indicating that the method is reproducible. The method proves to be successful for producing a composite material, namely curcuminoid transdermal patch with silanol groups, using directly turmeric as target in the thin film deposited by pulsed laser technique. Double layered patch curcuminoid—silver was produced under this study, proving compatibility between the two deposited layers. The silver layer added on curcuminoid-silanol layer aimed to increase antiseptic properties to the transdermal patch.

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Buford, J. A., and J. L. Smith. "Adaptive control for backward quadrupedal walking. III. Stumbling corrective reactions and cutaneous reflex sensitivity." Journal of Neurophysiology 70, no. 3 (September 1, 1993): 1102–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1993.70.3.1102.

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1. Four cats were trained to walk backward (BWD) and forward (FWD) on a motorized treadmill. Mechanical (taps) or electrical (pulses) stimuli were applied to the dorsal or ventral aspect of the hind paw during swing or stance. Hindlimb kinematic data, obtained by digitizing 16-mm high-speed film, were synchronized with computer-analyzed electromyograms (EMG) recorded from anterior biceps femoris (ABF), vastus lateralis (VL), lateral gastrocnemius (LG), tibialis anterior (TA), and semitendinosus (ST). Responses to taps and pulses, as well as the modulation in cutaneous reflex sensitivity to pulses, were described for both walking directions and stimulus locations. 2. After dorsal taps that obstructed FWD swing, the hindlimb initially drew back away from the obstacle with knee flexion and ST activation, ankle extension with TA suppression and LG activation, and hip extension with ABF facilitation. Next, the limb was raised over the obstacle with resumed TA activity and enhanced knee and ankle flexion, and then compensatory knee and ankle extension positioned the limb for the ensuing stance phase. 3. For ventral taps that obstructed BWD swing, the initial response also tended to draw the limb away from the obstacle with hip and ankle flexion and TA facilitation and reduced knee flexion with weak VL facilitation and suppression of ST activity. Next, ST activity resumed as knee and ankle flexion raised the limb over the obstacle, and then compensatory extension completed the swing phase for BWD walking. Thus the initial kinematic and EMG responses to obstacles were opposite for BWD versus FWD swing, and these responses were consistent with active avoidance of the obstacles. Responses during BWD walking were subtle, however, compared with those for FWD. 4. After nonobstructing taps (ventral FWD, dorsal BWD), ST and TA activation and knee and ankle flexion were coincident, demonstrating that the aforementioned differences in responses to obstructing obstacles were not simply location dependent. Regardless of the direction of walking or the location of stimulation, taps applied during stance had little immediate kinematic effect, but the subsequent swing phase was usually exaggerated, as if the response was programmed to avoid any lingering obstacle. 5. Electrical pulses did not elicit the full-blown responses typically evoked by taps. The sequencing in activation of ST and TA characteristic after laps was absent after pulses, and there were rarely dramatic kinematic responses to pulses like those easily elicited by taps. There were, in fact, few differences in responses to electrical stimulation for BWD versus FWD walking.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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Kus, Waclaw, and Jolanta Dziatkiewicz. "Multicriteria identification of parameters in microscale heat transfer." International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow 27, no. 3 (March 6, 2017): 587–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/hff-03-2016-0109.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present the multicriteria identification method used for solving the microscale heat transfer problem. The thin film exposed to ultrashort laser pulse is modeled using the finite difference method. The parameters of the model are tuned on the basis of experimental data. The multicriteria identification of the numerical model parameters is performed for subsets of experimental data. Design/methodology/approach The multicriteria identification method is used in the paper. The Pareto front for two criterions is created. The two-temperature model of heat transfer in microscale is used in the numerical model. Findings The multicriteria identification for two subsets of experimental data leads to different results. The obtained Pareto front allows to choose the most suitable set of numerical model parameters. Originality/value The multicriteria identification method was used for the first time to solve the microscale heat transfer problem.

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39

Strawbridge, K. B. "Developing a portable, autonomous aerosol backscatter lidar for network or remote operations." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 6, no. 3 (March 26, 2013): 801–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-801-2013.

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Abstract. Lidar has the ability to detect the complex vertical structure of the atmosphere and can therefore identify the existence and extent of aerosols with high spatial and temporal resolution, making it well suited for understanding atmospheric dynamics and transport processes. Environment Canada has developed a portable, autonomous lidar system that can be monitored remotely and operated continuously except during precipitation events. The lidar, housed in a small trailer, simultaneously emits two wavelengths of laser light (1064 nm and 532 nm) at energies of approximately 150 mJ/pulse/wavelength and detects the backscatter signal at 1064 nm and both polarizations at 532 nm. For laser energies of this magnitude, the challenge resides in designing a system that meets the airspace safety requirements for autonomous operations. Through the combination of radar technology, beam divergence, laser cavity interlocks and using computer log files, this risk was mitigated. A Continuum Inlite small footprint laser is the backbone of the system because of three design criteria: requiring infrequent flash lamp changes compared to previous Nd : YAG Q-switch lasers, complete software control capability and a built-in laser energy monitoring system. A computer-controlled interface was designed to monitor the health of the system, adjust operational parameters and maintain a climate-controlled environment. Through an Internet connection, it also transmitted the vital performance indicators and data stream to allow the lidar profile data for multiple instruments from near ground to 15 km, every 10 s, to be viewed, in near real-time via a website. The details of the system design and calibration will be discussed and the success of the instrument as tested within the framework of a national lidar network dubbed CORALNet (Canadian Operational Research Aerosol Lidar Network). In addition, the transport of a forest fire plume across the country will be shown as evidenced by the lidar network, HYSPLIT back trajectories, MODIS imagery and CALIPSO overpasses.

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40

Strawbridge, K. B. "Developing a portable, autonomous aerosol backscatter lidar for network or remote operations." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 5, no. 6 (November 30, 2012): 8609–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-5-8609-2012.

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Abstract. Lidar has the ability to detect the complex vertical structure of the atmosphere and can therefore identify the existence and extent of aerosols with high spatial and temporal resolution, making it well-suited for understanding atmospheric dynamics and transport processes. Environment Canada has developed a portable, autonomous lidar system that can be monitored remotely and operate continuously except during precipitation events. The lidar, housed in a small trailer, simultaneously emits two wavelengths of laser light (1064 nm and 532 nm) at energies of approximately 150 mJ/pulse/wavelength and detects the backscatter signal at 1064 nm and both polarizations at 532 nm. For laser energies of this magnitude, the challenge resides in designing a system that meets the airspace safety requirements for autonomous operations. Through the combination of radar technology, beam divergence, laser cavity interlocks and using computer log files, this risk was mitigated. A Continuum Inlite small footprint laser is the backbone of the system because of three design criteria: requiring infrequent flash lamp changes compared to previous Nd:YAG Q-switch lasers, complete software control capability and a built-in laser energy monitoring system. A computer-controlled interface was designed to monitor the health of the system, adjust operational parameters and maintain a climate-controlled environment. Through an internet connection, it also transmitted the vital performance indicators and data stream to allow the lidar profile data for multiple instruments from near ground to 15 km, every 10 s, to be viewed, in near real-time via a website. The details of the system design and calibration will be discussed and the success of the instrument as tested within the framework of a national lidar network dubbed CORALNet (Canadian Operational Research Aerosol Lidar Network). In addition, the transport of a forest fire plume across the country will be shown as evidenced by the lidar network, HYSPLIT back trajectories, MODIS imagery and CALIPSO overpasses.

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Scagliotti, M., M. Salvato, M. De Crescenzi, P. Castrucci, N. G. Kovalchuk, I. V. Komissarov, S. L. Prischepa, et al. "2D Carbon Material/Silicon Heterojunctions for Fast Response Self-Powered Photodetector." International Journal of Nanoscience 18, no. 03n04 (April 2, 2019): 1940088. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x1940088x.

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Photodetectors (PDs) based on single-walled carbon nanotube film/silicon and graphene/silicon heterojunctions have been realized for fast applications. We investigated the response of the PDs to femtosecond pulsed laser using a three-electrode configuration for photoconductive operations. Both junction PDs exhibit rise times of some nanoseconds, detecting light from ultraviolet (275[Formula: see text]nm) to infrared (1150[Formula: see text]nm). Applying a gate voltage [Formula: see text], the rise time decreases down to about 1[Formula: see text]ns, making our devices comparable to most commercial PDs.

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Xue, Ning, Yunpeng Ren, Xudong Ren, Naifei Ren, Qing Lin, Qiqi Wang, and Kai Qin. "Phase filed simulation of dendritic growth of copper films irradiated by ultrashort laser pulses." Computational Materials Science 148 (June 2018): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2018.02.014.

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Bunea, Mihaela-Cristina, Victor-Constantin Diculescu, Monica Enculescu, Horia Iovu, and Teodor Adrian Enache. "Redox Mechanism of Azathioprine and Its Interaction with DNA." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 13 (June 24, 2021): 6805. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22136805.

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The electrochemical behavior and the interaction of the immunosuppressive drug azathioprine (AZA) with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) were investigated using voltammetric techniques, mass spectrometry (MS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The redox mechanism of AZA on glassy carbon (GC) was investigated using cyclic and differential pulse (DP) voltammetry. It was proven that the electroactive center of AZA is the nitro group and its reduction mechanism is a diffusion-controlled process, which occurs in consecutive steps with formation of electroactive products and involves the transfer of electrons and protons. A redox mechanism was proposed and the interaction of AZA with DNA was also investigated. Morphological characterization of the DNA film on the electrode surface before and after interaction with AZA was performed using scanning electron microscopy. An electrochemical DNA biosensor was employed to study the interactions between AZA and DNA with different concentrations, incubation times, and applied potential values. It was shown that the reduction of AZA molecules bound to the DNA layer induces structural changes of the DNA double strands and oxidative damage, which were recognized through the occurrence of the 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine oxidation peak. Mass spectrometry investigation of the DNA film before and after interaction with AZA also demonstrated the formation of AZA adducts with purine bases.

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Dembiński, Czesław, Zbigniew Potok, Stanisław Dolny, Richard Kminiak, and Tomasz Rogoziński. "Performance of Filter Bags Used in Industrial Pulse-Jet Baghouses in Wood-Based Panels Furniture Factory." Applied Sciences 11, no. 19 (September 26, 2021): 8965. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11198965.

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The study specifies the value of the dust resistance coefficient in the process of wood dust filtration in a pilot-scale test stand. The experiments were carried out for one type of filter material—polyester with a PP film previously used in different production lines. Filter bags from the filtering installation of the processing line for narrow surfaces of furniture panels of the honeycomb structure with a chipboard frame, HDF, natural veneer cladding, and a line of CNC drilling machines, were taken into account. Before the pilot-scale tests, the bags had been in use in industrial installations from zero to nine months. All tests were performed under identical filtration conditions. The values of the dust resistance coefficient depend on the operating time and the conditions in which filtration is carried out in an industrial plant, and increased from 6507 s−1 to 10,208 s−1 for the bags from the filter of the narrow surfaces processing line and to 29,729 s−1 for the bags from the filter of the drilling line. The most important factor influencing the properties of the filter bag in the process of wood dust filtration in an industrial filter is the cleaning pulses frequency.

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45

Aoshi, Taiki, Toshi Nagata, Mina Suzuki, Masato Uchijima, Dai Hashimoto, Alireza Rafiei, Takafumi Suda, Kingo Chida, and Yukio Koide. "Identification of an HLA-A*0201-Restricted T-Cell Epitope on the MPT51 Protein, a Major Secreted Protein Derived from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, by MPT51 Overlapping Peptide Screening." Infection and Immunity 76, no. 4 (January 22, 2008): 1565–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01381-07.

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ABSTRACT CD8+ T cells play a pivotal role in protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. We identified a novel HLA-A*0201-restricted CD8+ T-cell epitope on a dominant secreted antigen of M. tuberculosis, MPT51, in HLA-A*0201 transgenic HHD mice. HHD mice were immunized with plasmid DNA encoding MPT51 with gene gun bombardment, and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) production by the immune splenocytes was analyzed. In response to overlapping synthetic peptides covering the mature MPT51 sequence, the splenocytes were stimulated to produce IFN-γ by only one peptide, p51-70. Three-color flow cytometric analysis of intracellular IFN-γ and cell surface CD4 and CD8 staining revealed that the MPT51 p51-70 peptide contains an immunodominant CD8+ T-cell epitope. Further analysis using computer algorithms permitted identification of a bona fide T-cell epitope, p53-62. A major histocompatibility complex class I stabilization assay using T2 cells confirmed that this epitope binds to HLA-A*0201. The T cells were capable of lysing MPT51 p53-62 peptide-pulsed T2 cells. In addition, MPT51 p53-62-specific memory CD8+ T cells were found in tuberculin skin test-positive HLA-A*0201+ healthy individuals. Use of this HLA-A*0201-restricted CD8+ T-cell epitope for analysis of the role of MPT51-specific T cells in M. tuberculosis infection and for design of vaccines against tuberculosis is feasible.

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Meloni, Francesca, Maria I. Pilo, Gavino Sanna, Nadia Spano, and Antonio Zucca. "Ru(terpy)-Based Conducting Polymer in Electrochemical Biosensing of Epinephrine." Applied Sciences 11, no. 5 (February 26, 2021): 2065. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11052065.

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A heteroleptic [Ru(terpy)2]2+ (terpy = 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine) complex was electrochemically polymerized to give the corresponding metal-containing conducting polymer on gold and glassy carbon electrodes. The polymerization of the Ru(II) complex was allowed by a terthiophene functionalization on one of the two terpy coordinating fragments, whereas the presence of -COOH substituents on the second terpy ligand enabled the film to immobilize a tyrosinase enzyme by cross-linking with glutaraldehyde. Then, the Ru(terpy) conducting polymer worked as a transducer as well as an immobilizing agent in the design of amperometric biosensors for the determination of epinephrine. The electrochemical behavior of enzymatic sensors containing Ru(terpy)-based conducting polymers was investigated by differential pulse voltammetry and chronoamperometry. Analytical performances and kinetic parameters were calculated, suggesting a potential application of the reported biosensors in the determination of epinephrine in pharmaceutical products.

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Pullteap, Saroj, and Piyawat Samartkit. "A High Sensitivity of Vital Signs Detector using Fiber Optic-based Fabry-Perot Interferometer." ECTI Transactions on Electrical Engineering, Electronics, and Communications 18, no. 2 (August 31, 2020): 98–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.37936/ecti-eec.2020182.218271.

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In this paper, a development of high sensitivity for vital sign detector based on the fiber optic-based Fabry-Perot interferometer (FFPI) has been proposed. Two interested parameters; heart rate (HR), and also blood pressure (BP) are measured as the vital sign parameters for investigating the performance of the FFPI. Particularly, the proposed sensor is exploited to detect human arterial pulse for indicating the number of interference signals (fringes). A fringe counting technique is, consequently, applied in associate with the deflection of material technique to demodulate the observed number of fringes into HR and BP. Additionally, the reflective thin film with reflectance of approximately 55% is utilized for attaching to the human wrist during the measurement. Furthermore, a digital sphygmomanometer model OMRON HEM-7130 is employed as a reference sensor. After 20 times of repeatability on the same human subject, the FFPI could indicate the systolic and diastolic BP, as well as HR, with average error of 0.94%, 1.64%, and 1.01%, respectively. Moreover, the FFPI could determine the mentioned parameters in decimal numbers, as opposed to the reference sensor. This could, thus, verified that the FFPI is a very sensitive and more precise instrument for applying to the vital sign measurement.

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García de Blas, Mario, Morten Andreas Geday, Jose Manuel Otón, and Xabier Quintana Arregui. "Two-Dimensional Digital Beam Steering Based on Liquid Crystal Phase Gratings." Applied Sciences 11, no. 8 (April 17, 2021): 3632. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11083632.

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Electrically tunable phase gratings are able to steer an incoming light beam without employing movable parts. Here, we present the design and implementation of a 2D beam steering device by cascading two orthogonal 1D liquid crystal (LC) based phase gratings, each having an array of 72 rectangular individually controlled pixels and driven by a custom 12-bit Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) electrical driver. High-resolution structures in glass wafers coated with transparent Indium-Tin Oxide (ITO) have been prepared using Direct Laser Writing (DLW) techniques. With DLW, a high number of pixels can easily be drawn with an interpixel space of less than 3 μm, leading to devices with a high fill factor. The active area of the cascaded device is 1.1 × 1.1 mm2. We present a 72 × 72 point efficiency map corresponding to a maximum diagonal steering angle of 1.65°. Special attention has been paid to make the device compatible with space application by avoiding electronics in the active area.

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Agop, Maricel, Nicanor Cimpoesu, Silviu Gurlui, and Stefan Andrei Irimiciuc. "Investigations of Transient Plasma Generated by Laser Ablation of Hydroxyapatite during the Pulsed Laser Deposition Process." Symmetry 12, no. 1 (January 9, 2020): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12010132.

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The optimization of the pulsed laser deposition process was attempted here for the generation of hydroxyapatite thin films. The deposition process was monitored with an ICCD (Intensified Coupled Charged Device) fast gated camera and a high-resolution spectrometer. The global dynamics of the laser produced plasma showed a self-structuring into three components with different composition and kinetics. The optical emission spectroscopy revealed the formation of a stoichiometric plasma and proved that the segregation in the kinetic energy of the plasma structure is also reflected by the individual energies of the ejected particles. Atomic Force Microscopy was also implemented to investigate the properties and the quality of the deposited film. The presence of micrometric clusters was seen at a high laser fluence deposition with in-situ ICCD imaging. We developed a fractal model based on Schrödinger type functionalities. The model can cover the distribution of the excited states in the laser produced plasma. Moreover, we proved that SL(2R) invariance can facilitate plasma substructures synchronization through a self-modulation in amplitude.

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DVURECHENSKII, A. V., J. V. SMAGINA, V. A. ZINOVYEV, S. A. TEYS, A. K. GUTAKOVSKII, and R. GROETZSCHEL. "MODIFICATION OF GROWTH MODE OF Ge ON Si BY PULSED LOW-ENERGY ION-BEAM IRRADIATION." International Journal of Nanoscience 03, no. 01n02 (February 2004): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x04001778.

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Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) experiments were performed to study growth modes induced by hyperthermal Ge + ion action during molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) of Ge on Si (100). The continuous and pulsed ion beams were used. These studies have shown that ion-beam bombardment during heteroepitaxy leads to decrease in critical film thickness for transition from two-dimensional (2D) to three-dimensional (3D) growth modes, enhancement of 3D island density and narrowing of island size distribution, as compared with conventional MBE experiments. The crystal perfection of Ge / Si structures with Ge islands embedded in Si was analyzed by Rutherford backscattering/channeling technique (RBS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results of Kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulation have shown that two mechanisms of ion beam action can be responsible for stimulation of 2D–3D transition. They are: (1) surface defect generation by ion impacts and (2) enhancement of surface diffusion.

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Journal articles on the topic 'PULSE (Computer file)'

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