Academic literature on the topic 'Pulse Density Modulation'

AbstractThe resonant type power supplies of medium frequency designed for magnetron sputtering processes often use pulse density modulation to regulate the average discharge power level. While the output power level changes then number of pulses in a group changes, but the discharge current pulses are the same from pulse to pulse: their parameters (duration time, amplitude) do not change with the discharge power. The goal of this paper is to present the influence of medium frequency discharge power level on the direct current I-V characteristics of a single Langmuir probe and resulting plasma parameters caused by the pulse density modulation. The sputtering processes of titanium and copper were diagnosed at two spatial positions. The measured Langmuir probe I-V characteristics showed strong dependence on the discharge power. As the discharge powering pulses stay the same with the discharge power level change, such influence was unlikely to occur. Using time-resolved analysis of probe current waveforms the origin of this influence was indicated. The influence of discharge power level on the single probe Langmuir I-V characteristics and resulting plasma parameters was eliminated using a simple method of scaling the results. Finally, the reliable plasma parameters were calculated.

Pulse density modulation (PDM) can be used to regulate the output power of the resonant converter. However, in some case of low Q value, the output current is discontinuous and unstable in light load condition which is regulated by PDM. In order to solve this problem, a new Hybrid Pulse Density Modulation method is proposed. The principle of the Hybrid Pulse Density Modulation technique and the control method are analyzed in detail. Through experiments, it is proven that this method not only has the advantages of symmetrical control pulse distribution, smooth and continuous output current, simple control. It also achieves modular design, we can adjust the levels of the inverters output power flexibly through change the number of the basic control module.

PWM signals are widely used and are easy to implement in a variety of LEDs applications, however they suffer from significant harmonic generation. As an alternative, SPDM - Stochastic Pulse Density Modulation or SSDM – Stochastic Signal Density Modulation ideas may be considered. The SPDM idea is to spread the energy at different frequencies so that it is easier to filter the desired harmonics, because of their lower amplitudes. Example of implementation of SPDM in LED application using a programmable system-on-chip device is presented in the paper. Proper operation of the proposed implementation is proved by the laboratory results. Full Text: PDF ReferencesW. Wojtkowski, A. Karpiuk, The Influence of the PWM frequency and duty cycle of a RGB LED driver on the optical spectrum of the emitted light, Przeglad Elektrotechniczny, 2012, R. 88, nr 4a, pp. 217-219. CrossRef J. Hegedüs, G. Hantos, A. Poppe, Light output stabilisation of LED based streetlighting luminaires by adaptive current control, Microelectronics Reliability, vol. 79, pp. 448-456, 2017. CrossRef J. Kusznier, W. Wojtkowski, Spectral properties of smart LED lamps, PHOTONICS LETTERS OF POLAND, VOL. 12 (1), 16-18 (2020) CrossRef I. Fryc, P. Tabaka, "Zanieczyszczenia nocnego nieboskłonu światłem emitowanym przez oprawy oświetlenia zewnętrznego", Przeglad Elektrotechniczny R93(6), 46 (2017). DirectLink I. Fryc, F. Bisegna, P. Tabaka, Lighting of recreation grounds as a source of sky glow - the influence of luminaire type on this phenomenon, 1st IEEE International Conference On Environment And Electrical Engineering and 17th IEEE Industrial And Commercial Power Systems Europe (2017). CrossRef M. Gilewski, "The ecological hazard of artificial lighting in greenhouses", Photon. Lett. Poland 11(3), 87 (2019). CrossRef J. Kusznier, W. Wojtkowski, Impact of climatic conditions on PV panels operation in a photovoltaic power plant, IEEE, 2019 15th Selected Issues of Electrical Engineering and Electronics (WZEE), Zakopane, Poland (2019). CrossRef J. Kusznier, W. Wojtkowski, Impact of climatic conditions and solar exposure on the aging of PV panels, IEEE, 2019 15th Selected Issues of Electrical Engineering and Electronics (WZEE), Zakopane, Poland (2019). CrossRef PSoC® Technical Reference Manual - Document No. 001-14463 Rev. *K. Cypress Semiconductor Corp. 2017. DirectLink

<p><em> </em><em>Switched mode power supply (SMPS) converter is a dc-dc power electronic converter which is used to step up or step down the dc output voltage. A dimmable driver circuit for Light Emitting Diode (LED) lamp for automotive lighting with dimming feature is used in this paper. A flyback converter is used as a driver circuit operated in discontinuous conduction mode to perform dimming control of LEDs. High overall circuit efficiency is achieved by regulating the current through the LED lamps using pulse density modulation scheme.</em><em> The </em><em>LED driver circuit design and operating principle is discussed in detail. A gentle current control feature is achieved by pulse density modulation technique. The high performance driver circuit is designed for 25 W LED lamps.</em><em> </em></p>

The emergence of silicon-carbide (SiC) devices has been a 'game changer' in the field of power electronics. With desirable material properties such as low-loss characteristics, high blocking voltage, and high junction temperature operation, they are expected to drastically increase the power density of power electronics systems. Recent state-of-the-art designs show the power density over 17 ; however, certain factors limit the power density to increase beyond this limit. In this dissertation, three key factors are selected to increase the power density of SiC-based grid-connected three-phase converters. Throughout this dissertation, the techniques and strategies to increase the power density of SiC three-phase converters were investigated. Firstly, a magnetic integration method was introduced for the coupled inductors in the interleaved three-phase converters. Due to limited current-capacity compared to the silicon insulated-gate bipolar transistors (Si-IGBTs), discrete SiC devices or SiC modules, operate in parallel to handle a large current. When three-phase inverters are paralleled, interleaving can be used, and coupled inductors are employed to limit the circulating current. In Chapter 2, the conventional integration method was extended to integrate three coupled inductors into two; one for differential-mode circulating current and the other for common-mode circulating current. By comparing with prior research work, a 20% reduction in size and weight is demonstrated. From Chapter 3 to Chapter 5, a full-SiC uninterruptible power supply (UPS) was investigated. With the high switching frequency and fast switching dynamics of SiC devices, strategies on electromagnetic inference become more important, compared to Si-IGBT based inverters. Chapter 3 focuses on a common-mode equivalent circuit model for a topology and pulse width modulation (PWM) scheme selection, to set a noise mitigation strategy in the design phase. A three terminal common-mode electromagnetic interference (EMI) model is proposed, which predicts the impact of the dc-dc stage and a large battery-rack on the output CM noise. Based on the model, severe deterioration of noise by the dc-dc stage and battery-rack can be predicted. Special attention was paid on the selection of the dc-dc stage's topology and the PWM scheme to minimize the impact. With the mitigation strategy, a maximum 16 dB reduction on CM EMI can be achieved for a wide frequency range. In Chapter 4, an active PWM scheme for a full-SiC three-level back-to-back converter was proposed. The PWM scheme targets the size reduction of two key components: dc-link capacitors and a common-mode EMI filter. The increase in switching frequency calls for a large common-mode EMI filter, and dc-link capacitors in the three-level topology may take a considerable portion in the total volume. To reduce the common-mode noise emission, different combinations of the voltage vectors are investigated to generate center-aligned single pulse common-mode voltage. By such an alignment of common-mode voltage with different vector combinations, noise cancellation between the rectifier and the inverter can be maximally utilized, while the balancing of neutral point voltage can be achieved by the transition between the combinations. Also, to reduce the size of the dc-link capacitor for the three-level back-to-back converter, a compensation algorithm for neutral point voltage unbalance was developed for both differential-mode voltage and the common-mode voltage of the ac-ac stage. The experimental results show a 4 dB reduction on CM EMI, which leads to a 30% reduction on the required CM inductance value. When a 10% variation of neutral point voltage can be handled, the dc-link capacitance can be reduced by 56%. In Chapter 5, a 20 kW full-SiC UPS prototype was built to demonstrate a possible size-reduction with the proposed PWM scheme, as well as a selection of topologies and PWM schemes based on the model. The power density and efficiency are compared with the state-of-the-art Si-IGBT based UPSs. Chapter 6 seeks to improve power density by a change in a modulation method. Triangular conduction mode (TCM) operation of the three-level full-SiC inverter was investigated. The switching loss of SiC devices is reported to be concentrated on the turn-on instant. With zero-voltage turn-on of all switches, the switching frequency of a three-level three-phase SiC inverter can be drastically increased, compared to the hard-switching operation. This contributes to the size-reduction of the filter inductors and EMI filters. Based on the design to achieve a 99% peak efficiency, a comparison was made with a full-SiC three-level inverter, operating in continuous conduction mode (CCM), to verify the benefit of the soft switching scheme on the power density. A design procedure for an LCL filter of paralleled TCM inverters was developed. With 3.5 times high switching frequency, the total weight of the filter stage of the TCM inverter can be reduced by 15%, compared to that of the CCM inverter. Throughout this dissertation, techniques for size reduction of key components are introduced, including coupled inductors in parallel inverters, an EMI filter, dc-link capacitors, and the main boost inductor. From Chapter 2 to 5, the physical size or required value of these key components could be reduced by 20% to 56% by different schemes such as magnetic integration, EMI mitigation strategy through modeling, and an active PWM scheme. An optimization result for a full-SiC UPS showed a 40% decrease in the total volume, compared to the state-of-the-art Si-IGBT solution. Soft-switching modulation for SiC-based three-phase inverters can bring a significant increase in the switching frequency and has the potential to enhance power-density notably. A three-level three-phase full-SiC 40 kW PV inverter with TCM operation contributed to a 15% reduction on the filter weight.
Doctor of Philosophy
The power density of a power electronics system is regarded as an indicator of technological advances. The higher the power density of the power supply, the more power it can generate with the given volume and weight. The size requirement on power electronics has been driven towards tighter limits, as the dependency on electric energy increases with the electrification of transportation and the emergence of grid-connected renewable energy sources. However, the efficiency of a power electronics system is an essential factor and is regarded as a trade-off with the power density. The size of power electronics systems is largely impacted by its magnetic components for filtering, as well as its cooling system, such as a heatsink. Once the switching frequency of power semiconductors is increased to lower the burden on filtering, more loss is generated from filters and semiconductors, thus enlarging the size of the cooling system. Therefore, considering the efficiency has to be maintained at a reasonable value, the power density of Si-based converters appears to be saturated. With the emergence of wide-bandgap devices such as silicon carbide (SiC) or gallium nitride (GaN), the switching frequency of power devices can be significantly increased. This is a result of superior material properties, compared to Si-based power semiconductors. For grid-connected applications, SiC devices are adopted, due to the limitations of voltage ratings in GaN devices. Before commercial SiC devices were available, the power density of SiC- based three-phase inverters was expected to go over 20 𝑘𝑊 𝑑𝑚3 ⁄ . However, the state-of-the art designs shows the power density around 3 ~ 4 𝑘𝑊 𝑑𝑚3 ⁄ , and at most 17 𝑘𝑊 𝑑𝑚3 ⁄ . The SiC devices could increase the power density, but they have not reached the level expected. The adoption of SiC devices with faster switching was not a panacea for power density improvement. This dissertation starts with an analysis of the factors that prevent power density improvement of SiC-based, grid-connected, three-phase inverters. Three factors were identified: a limited increase in the switching frequency, large high-frequency noise generation to be filtered, and smaller but still significant magnetic components. Using a generic design procedure for three-phase inverters, each chapter seeks to frame a strategy and develop techniques to enhance the power density. For smaller magnetic components, a magnetic integration scheme is proposed for paralleled ac-dc converters. To reduce the size of the noise filter, an accurate modeling approach was taken to predict the noise phenomena during the design phase. Also, a modulation scheme to minimize the noise generation of the ac-ac stage is proposed. The validity of the proposed technique was verified by a full-SiC three-phase uninterruptible power supply with optimized hardware design. Lastly, the benefit of soft-switching modulation, which leads to a significant increase in switching frequency, was analyzed. The hardware optimization procedure was developed and compared to hard-switched three-phase inverters.

This thesis deals with the design of a power converter for induction heating of iron components designed for a power of at least 2.5 kW. The induction furnace forms a series resonant LC circuit. The thesis contains a description and a design of individual parts of the converter, including wiring diagrams and a design of printed circuit boards. At the end of the work are then described the mechanical construction, the course of recovery and testing the operation of the inverter.

碩士
南台科技大學
電機工程系
93
The universal dimming technology have already been researched and developed successfully by using pulse density modulation (PDM) mechanism. The dimming mechanism is applicable in various types of lighting lamps like incandescent lamp, fluorescent lamp with traditional ballast, fluorescent lamp with electronic ballast, white light emitting diode lamp, high-intensity discharge (HID) lamp, etc…… Bellow are advantages by using the PDM mechanism: (1)The circuit is simple, the cost is cheap. (2)The dimming effect is obvious. (3)System stability is high, and efficiency is good. (4)The operation interface is fully digitalized, friendly and remotely controllable. (5)The darker the luminance, the lower the power is consumed for all kinds of lamps. (6)While using, it will not quite cause the harmonic distortion (THDi(%)) of electricity to increase sharply. (7)Range of adjusting luminance is broad, very practical. Because of a great deal of advantage of this method, so patents for invention of relevant technology have already been obtained from two countries, and a new-type patent from another country. But the relevant technology actually still has two shortcomings: (1)The power factor has not reached expectancy. (2)The total power consumption has not reached expectancy. We should make greater efforts to improve these shortcomings in order to commercialize as soon as possible and to make better contributions to the general public.

abstract: Pulse Density Modulation- (PDM-) based class-D amplifiers can reduce non-linearity and tonal content due to carrier signal in Pulse Width Modulation - (PWM-) based amplifiers. However, their low-voltage analog implementations also require a linear- loop filter and a quantizer. A PDM-based class-D audio amplifier using a frequency-domain quantization is presented in this paper. The digital-intensive frequency domain approach achieves high linearity under low-supply regimes. An analog comparator and a single-bit quantizer are replaced with a Current-Controlled Oscillator- (ICO-) based frequency discriminator. By using the ICO as a phase integrator, a third-order noise shaping is achieved using only two analog integrators. A single-loop, singlebit class-D audio amplifier is presented with an H-bridge switching power stage, which is designed and fabricated on a 0.18 um CMOS process, with 6 layers of metal achieving a total harmonic distortion plus noise (THD+N) of 0.065% and a peak power efficiency of 80% while driving a 4-ohms loudspeaker load. The amplifier can deliver the output power of 280 mW.
Dissertation/Thesis
Ph.D. Electrical Engineering 2011